Mtk Vol2 No3

2

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SHINJUKU-KU,

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OCHIAI ECO MANSION 301, TOKYO, JAPAN

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SHIMO OCHIAI 1-11-7,

[email protected]

pm 27

[email protected]

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tifwmeufowif;rsm;

5

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ud, k af wG‹aqmif;yg;

6

(Tta=umif;t&monf t x u 2 AdkvfwaxmifwGif ynmoif=um;aeaom 9 wef;ausmif;om;usaemfESifh nDjzpfol 5 wef; ausmif;om;wd@k twef;wifpmar;yJaG jzqd&k eftwGuf R.I.Tausmif;a&Sr› w S w f ikd rf u S m;pD;&ef usaemfw@kd .zcifuvdu k yf @kd pOf trSew f u,fñuH awG@c&hJ aom tjzpftysuf rsm;udk a&;om;wifjyjcif;jzpfonf?) usaemfwdk@om;tzoHk;a,muf R.I.Ttkwf±dk;udk ausm+f y;D ausmif;0if;xJa&mufawmh oH;k em&DcaGJ vmuf &Srd nfxifonf? t&mtm;vH;k onf toufr&So d nfh tvm; wdwq f w d +f ird o f ufvsu&f o dS nf? xd@k twl r w&m;ypfcwfxm;aom rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm;.t&Sdef a=umifh ywf0ef;usiw f ckv;kH jrLrsm;zke;f v$r;f xm;ovdk jzpfaeonf? yHkrSefr[kwfaom ausmif;oGm;csdefjzpfaeaom a=umifh tdyaf &;r0jzpfaejcif;a=umif‚ h / rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH . taiG@rsm;a=umif‚ h rsuv f ;kH rsm;u odyrf zGichf si?f xdk@a=umifh acsmfrvJatmif renf; owd x m;I oG m ;ae&onf ? enf;enf;pdwcf s&onfu 'Dvrf;onf usaemf wdk@twGuf ae@ wdkif;oGm;aeus vrf;jzpfI b,f ae&mwGif bm&Sd onfqdkonfh t csuf u d k t=urf ; zsif;odae=uovdk tdrrf mS arG;xm;aom acG;ESpaf umifuvnf; um;*dwt f xd vdu k f ydk@ae=u? vS r f ; avsmuf & if ; tarajym vdu k o f nfh p um;rsm;udk jyefvnf =um; a,mifaerdonf? ‘nu ausmif;om; awGqENjywJt h oHrsm;=um;&a=umif;/ xd@k aemuf ypf cwfoaH wGvnf; qufwu kd =f um;&a=umif;/ rsu&f nf ,dAk ;kH rsm; toH;k ðyxm;onfrmS &yfuu G x f (J ta&Só› u@ uke;f )txdawmif ysE›H @HS aea=umif;/ 'Dtwdik ;f qdv k sif t ajctaeaumif;rnfrxifa=umif;ESihf pmar;yJo G mG ;ajz zd@k twGuf apmapmoGm;zd@k ta=umif;’ajymonf? xd@k aemuf taruxyfajymonfrmS ‘tu,fI vrf;rSm tcuftcJwpHw k &mawG@cJv h sif bk&m; w&m; udt k m±Hðk yvsuf at;at;aq;q;ajz&Si;f &ef’ESihf “t arud, k w f ikd v f nf; bk&m;a&Sw › iG f ab;roD&efrcjzpf atmif qkawmif;ay;rnfæ”[k tm;ay;pum;ajymyg onf? “om;}u;D / jznf;jznf;oGm;uG? acsmv f OJ ;D r,fæ” avmavm avmavmoGm;wuf aom usaemfu h kd acsmv f rJ nfp;kd I owday;vdu k af om tazhpum;oH =um;rS tawG;rsm;&yfomG ;onf? tazhpum;oHvnf; tqH;k tdru f acG;ESpaf umif. a[mifoEH iS t hf wl-

“vlo=H um;w,fa[h? &yfuu G x f u J vlawGvm;r odb;l æ”qd+k y;D ausmif;om;}u;D rsm;tcsi;f csi;f vSr;f o wday;oHukd twdik ;f om;=um;vdu k &f onf? xH;k pHtwdik ;f ae&mwum pyfpyfppk k ESihf a&Su › aeOD; aqmifomG ;wufaom usaemfu“usaemfw@kd yg? ausmif; om;awGygæ”[k toHðy &if; toH=um;vdu k af ombufo@kd rsuv f ;kH udk renf; jyL;+yI J =unfrh v d u kd o f nf? yxrqH;k awG@vdu k &f onfu usaemfh ab;em;u ae ðAef;qdk ay:xGuv f maom tud}k u;D (R.I.Tausmif; om;}uD;)

wa,muf? ±kww f &uf usaemfa&m/ us aemfh acG;ygvef@oGm;onf? xd@k aemuf [dak e&moH;k av; a,muf 'Dae&moHk;av;a,mufESifh pkpkaygif; t a,muftpdwaf usmaf vmuf&rdS nfxifonf? twdt usawmhrod? yxrOD; qH;k pawG@aomtud}k u;D u“ign h /D rif;acG;awGukd xde;f ygO;D æ” ‘[kwu f æ hJ ’[k jyefvnfajz=um;+y;D usaemfah cG;ESpf aumifukd vSr;f wm;vdu k o f nf? xdt k ud}k u;D u“ign h w D @kd u b,fausmif;uvJ? b,ftxdawmif oGm;&rSmrd@k vd@k apmapmpD;pD;xGuv f m&wmvJæ”[k ar;ygonf? od@k &mwGif usaemfw@kd ud=k unf+h y;D ar;aom xdt k ukd }u;D .rsuv f ;kH rSm a=umufp&maumif;avmufatmif &Jwu G I f aeygonf? xd@k twl olu, kd w f ikd v f nf; ol@ rsuv f ;kH udk vufuikd yf 0k gEiS hf r=umc% tkyaf e&ovdk usaemfwdk@uvnf; xdktudk}uD;udk aoaocsmcsm r=unfEh ikd ?f tb,fa=umifq h akd omf rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH . t aiG@rsm;rSm R.I.T ausmif;a&S› t0ift0*dwef m;a&muf

avav ydI k rsm;jym;avjzpfonf? usaemfupwifI ‘usaemfw@kd onf t³x³u 2 Adv k w f axmifausmif;om;rsm;jzpfa=umif;/ 'Dae@onf twef;wifpmar;yJG pwifajz&rnfah e@jzpfaoma=umifh oGm;ajz&eftvd@k iSm xGuv f mjcif;jzpfa=umif;’ ajymI um;*dwo f mG ;cGiðhf y&ef cGiahf wmif;ygonf? xdktcg tudk}uD;wa,mufu “nu igwdk@ ausmif;om;wcs›KdESifh [dkbuf&yfuGuf(taemufóu@ uke;f )uvlawGEiS hf &efjzpf&mrSp+y;D vltiftm;rsm;vm um ppfacG;(xdak cwfwek ;f u r³q³v. vHx k ed ;f wyfz@GJ udk ‘ppfacG;’[k ac:a0:oH;k E_e;f ygonf)rsm;. ypfcwfr_ a=umifh igw@kd ausmif;om;wOD; usq;kH oGm;a=umif;/ xdk udpPudkrauseyfvdk@ ,QKtxd qENjyae=u jcif;jzpfa=umif;/ igwdk@udk,fwdkif vnf; ausmif;a&Sw › iG f rmpwm *spf w pD ; ud k rD ; ±_ d › x m;a=umif ; / ausmif;a&S›wGif ppfacG;rsm; vuf euftjynfhtpHkESifh apmifh vsu&f adS =umif;/ xd@k twGuf a=umifh um;vrf;rsm; ydwf xm;rSmjzpfa=umif;ESihf pmar; yJo G mG ;ajzzd@k twGuf vG,rf nf rxifa=umif;” pd;k &dryf yl efaom pdwEf iS w hf m;ygonf? Tae&mwGif wckwifjyvdo k nf rSm pmar;yJo G mG ;ajz&jcif; ta=umif;jzpfygonf? trSet f wdik ;f 0efcH &vsif usaemfwdk@ rd om;pkonf xdt k csed w f ek ;f u rsuEf mS rJ‘G eif;jym;’ qif;&J om;vlwef;pm;rsm;jzpfonf? ,cifurcsr;f omcJah yrJh ,QKa&m[kqdkvsif ‘xdkenf;‚’[kajym&ygvdrfhrnf? (oem;atmif idjk yaejcif;r[kwyf g)od@k aomf usaemfw@kd rdom;pkrmS csr;f omonfu-trSew f &m;udck spfjrwfE;kd aompdw"f gwEf iS hf xdt k rSew f &m;twGuf rrSeaf omol rsm;.zdEydS rf t _ ay: tnHrh cH t±_;H ray;bJ &ifqikd w f eG ;f vSew f ufaom ZJo G wWEd iS rhf me? xdu k pd EP iS hf ‘pmar;yJo G mG ;ajzrnft h a=umif; bmqdik f vd@k wke;f ’[k ar;p&m&SEd ikd yf gonf? tajzrSm ‘usaemfh tm; twef;wifpmar;yJu G sro S rd nf’[kajymaom t wef;ydik q f &mr.pum;ukd rcHcsiaf oma=umifjh zpfonf? tusO;f csK;H azmfjy&vsif usaemfEiS ahf usmaf Zm(,QK=op a=w;vsa&mufaeol)vl&nfc|et f a±G;cH&r_tay: t wef;ydik q f &mr. ‘vdw k &’wynfah usm(f emrnfrazmf jyawmhyg)u rauseyfojzifh oufoufrjhJ yoem&Sm um uGeyf gc|eEf iS hf aygu&f mrSpygonf? uHaumif;I rsuv f ;kH ruef;jcif;jzpfonf? '%f&mu

ud, k af wG‹aqmif;yg; awmh ,ae@xufwikd f &Sad eqJjzpfonf? xdu k pd u P kd t wef;ydik q f &mrodaomtcg ‘usaemfraumif;vd@k ’[k ajymI ±du k Ef u S q f ;kH rygonf? xd@k aemuf ausmif;tkyf q&mr}u;D txda&muf+y;D rdbac:cdik ;f onft h xdjzpf=u ygonf? aemufq;kH [db k ufrb d rsm;u aus&maus a=umif;awmif;yefojzihf jyoem&Si;f oGm;aomvnf; twef;ydik q f &mru rauseyfaoma=umifh tcef;xJ wGi“f twef;wifpmar;yJG usro S rd nf”[k }urd ;f aom a=umifh oGm;ajzjcif;jzpfonf? ckeuta=umif;udq k uf&vsif xdak usmif;om;}u;D rsm; pd;k &draf oma=umifah jymaomfvnf; usaemfw@kd rSm ud, k t hf a=umif;ESiu hf , kd rf @kd rjzpfjzpfatmif oGm;&rSmjzpf onf? xd@k a=umifh ausmif;udak &mufz@kd twGuf b,fvkd oGm;&rnfvJ qdo k nft h csuu f ykd J t"duxm;I pOf;pm; cJhawmhonf? aemufqHk;&&SdonfhtajzrSm usKdufu vm;(c0Jjc)H zufrS jzwfxu G v f sif tqifajyEdik af =umif; od&onfhtwGuf tJ'Dhbufodk@oGm;&ef om;tzoHk; a,mufpvH;k ajcvSr;f jyif&awmhonf? xdt k cg yxrOD; qH;k pawG@cJah om tud}k u;D u“ignD/ rif;wd@k taeeJ@ rjzpfraepmar;yJo G mG ;ajz r,f qd&k ifawmh rSmvdu k cf sifw,f? tJ'guawmh tudk wd@k ausmif;om;wa,mufukd ppfacG;awGypfowfv@kd usqH;k oGm;+yq D w kd t hJ a=umif;eJ@ 'Dupd t P wGuf qENjy r,fqw kd t hJ a=umif;udk ausmif;rSm&Sw d hJ rif;oli,fcsif; awGukd ajymapcsifw,f? tu,fI tudw k @kd qENjycJh &if ign h w D @kd ausmif;om;awGvnf; yl;aygi;f yg0ifapcsif w,f? yd+k y;D oHo,&Si;f atmif tudw k @kd ausmif;om; usqH;k cJw h ahJ e&m vdu k jf yr,fæ”[kajymonf? xd@k aemuf usq;kH oGm;aom ‘udzk ek ;f armf’(xdt k csed f u usq;kH oGm;aom ausmif;om;.trnfrmS ‘udzk ek ;f armf’[krodcJhyg)ae&mudk vdkuf=unfhzdk@ac:ygonf? usaemfw@kd r=unf&h yJ g? =unfEh ikd af vmufonft h if tm;(owd)W r&Syd g? usaemf=unfrh o d nfu emusn;f pdwf jzifah jymaeaom xdt k ud}k u;D .rsuv f ;kH udo k mjzpfonf? ,ae@tcsed t f xd arhaysmufv@kd r&yg? xdak =umifh ‘r =unfhawmhbl;’[kajym+yD;/ “rSmvdkufonfhpum;udk awmh ajymjzpfatmifajymygrnf”[k uwday;cJhum ausmif;od@k a&mufatmif oGm;Edik rf nfh usKu d u f vm; zufo@kd om;tzoH;k a,mufpvH;k ajcvSr;f okwo f w k f ESihf avsmuf=uygonf? xdkae&mta&mufwGif usaemfwdk@om;tzoHk; a,mufpvH;k vH;k 0rxifxm;aom jrifuiG ;f aemufwck udk awG@vdu k &f onf? ‚rSm usKu d u f vm;ESiehf ;D aom abmvH;k uGi;f xJwiG f vlta,mufajcmufq,fausmf (twdtusawmh rajymEdik yf g? ckeuqENjyae=uaom ausmif;om;rsm;xuf ESpq f ausmaf usmaf vmuf rsm; wmaocsmonf)avmufpak ygi;f I xkid af e=uonf udk rsu0f g;xifxifawG@ jrifvu kd &f onf? wcsK› rd mS apmifðcH xm;=uonf? “bmvkyaf e=uwmvJæ”[k usaemfu rodojzifh ar;vdu k o f nf? touf}u;D }u;D vl}u;D wa,muf(ausmif;q&mjzpf rnfxifonf)xvm+y;D ‘nu [dak umifawGqv l @kd jy

7

\emwufuek =f ua=umif;/ ppfom;awGvnf; ausmif; xJo@kd a&mufvma=umif;/ rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH rsm;ESiv hf nf; ausmif;xJodk@typfcH&a=umif;/ tzrf;cHrnfpdk;aom a=umifh taqmifxw J iG rf aebJ 'DrmS vmI a&Smifae=u a=umif;’tp&So d nfjzifh ajymygonf? xdv k }l u;D pum; qHk;aomtcg xdkifaeaomtkyfpkxJrS tudk}uD;ESpf a,mufxvm+y;D xdt k xJrS wa,mufu“'DaumifawGaomif;use;f wmta=umif;r[kwb f ;l ? olw@kd a=umifh ausmif;ydwcf &H &if tm;vH;k 'kuaQ &mufO;D r,fæ? rif;wd@k awmif ausmif;oGm;zd@k tcuftcJjzpfae +yrD [kwv f m;æ”[k tjypfwifoEH iS ahf jymqdyk gonf? trSew f ikd ;f 0efc&H vsif xdt k csed w f ek ;f u b,fo@l p um;onfreS I f b,fo@l pum;rSm;onfqakd omtcsuf udk a0cJI G r&cJyh g? aocsmonfu xdt k ud}k u;D ajymae aompum;rsm;onf vwfwavmñuaH wG@ae&aom usaemfw@kd twGuf rSeaf eonf? od@k aomf pOf;pm;r& onfu“rdrad usmif;om;rsm;ESihf jyoemjzpfymG ;aeonfh tcsdew f iG f ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfae=u+y;D bma=umifh twlwuG0dkif;0ef;I ryl;aygif; rvkyfaqmif=uo vJæ´”qdkonfhtcsufESifh “vufeufrJhaom rdrd ausmif;om;wOD;tm; vufeuf&adS om ‘ppfacG;’rsm; u rw&m;ojzifh tEdkifusifhypfcwfcJhr_tay: ‘ausmif;om;pdw"f gw’f xm;+y;D qef@usiq f ENjyrsK;d r&dS =uyJ/ qef@usifq h ENjyaeonfh ud, k ahf usmif;om;rsm; tay: bma=umifhtjypfajymqdk&ovJ´”qdkonfh tcsu?f xd@k aemuf usaemft h m±kx H rJ mS ay:vmonfu em=unf;pdwjf zifh usaemfw@kd udrk mS vdu k af om pum;vH;k rsm;ESihf rsuv f ;kH rsm;? qufrpOf;pm;awmhyg? ta&;}u;D onfu ausmif; a&mufz@kd jzpfonf? em&Dar;vdu k af wmh ‘ig;em&Dx;kd zd@k q,frdepfavmufbJvdkawmhonf’[k od&onfh twGuf ava=um&Snrf aeawmhyJ ausmif;a&mufz@kd óu;pm;&awmhonf? yxrOD;qHk;&ifqdkif&onfu tkw±f ;kd udak usmEf ikd zf @kd ? ‚zuftjcrf;onf usaemfw@kd zuftjcrf;uvlawGvkd R.I.Tausmif;xJo@kd tkw±f ;kd ausmI f roGm;=u? ‚&yfuu G o f nf vlcsr;f omrsm;ae xdik af om &yfuu G jf zpfonf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh oHq;l óu;rsm;tjynf&h o dS nf? xd@k a=umifh xdik af eaomtud}k u;D rsm;udv k rS ;f ac:I tult nDawmif;&onf? ulnaD y;=uygonf? usaemfw@kd om; tzoHk;a,mufpvHk; tkwf±dk;ay:twda&mufatmif wGe;f wifay;=uonf? tkw±f ;kd ay:od@k a&mufomG ;aom vnf; ðAef;pm;}u;D ckeq f if;vd@k r&ao;? tb,fa=umifh qdak omf tkw±f ;kd ESiu hf yfvsu&f adS om jcx H u J acG;rsm;u wpGyx f ;kd a[mifI udu k zf @kd twGuf rmefzaD e=uaom a=umifhjzpfonf? usaemfwdk@om;tzoHk;a,muf a=umifh ‚jcx H rJ v S l rsm;Ed;k vm=uovkd w&yfuu G v f ;kH vnf; Ed;k uke=f uonf? “usaemfw@kd onf txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfa=umif;ESihf pmar;yJo G mG ;ajzcsit f wGuf ,ckvv kd yk f &jcif;jzpfa=umif;”&Si;f jy+y;D ordik ;f vrf;qHt k xd a&muf atmif okwaf jcwifIajy;&awmhonf?

ordkif;vrf;qHka&mufawmh ajcmufem&Dxdk;awmh rnf? vdik ;f um;wpD;rSr&S?d =um;um;rsm;om&S+d y;D xdk um;tm;vH;k uvnf; vSn;f wef;txd wa,muf‘ig; usy’f [kajymonf?(xdak cwfwek ;f u tif;pde-f ql;avAdv k w f axmif um;crSm wusyaf cwfjzpfonf) usaemf wdk@nDtudkESpfa,mufwGifygonfhaiGu wa,muf oH;k usy?f xd@k twGuaf =umifh um;orm;udk ESpaf ,muf aygi;f ig;usyx f m;&ef awmif;yef&onf? um;orm;t ud}k u;D uvnf; oabmaumif;ojzifch iG ðhf yonf? vSn;f wef;a&mufawmh ajcmufem&DcaGJ e+y?D xdak e &mwGifvnf; vdkif;um;rsm;r&Sd? =um;um;rsm;om&Sd onf? um;cay;p&mydkufqHravmufawmh? xdk@t wGuaf =umifh vrf;jyykvyd f tud}k u;D qDomG ;+y;D tusK;d ta=umif;&Si;f jyI tultnDawmif;&onf? xdt k udk }u;D aumif;r_a=umifh Adv k w f axmiftxd vdu k yf @kd ay;rnfh ud, k yf ikd u f m;wpD;ESihf vrf;ñuv H u kd cf iG &hf onf? ausmif;a&mufawmh pmar;yJaG jz&ef tcsed o f yd rf vdak wmh? wpGe;f wp=um;xm;yH&k Ivm;/ usaemfw@kd nD tudkESpfa,muf.yHkpHu ajy;v$m;ausmfjzwf vm& aoma=umifh vl±kyfray:vdk@bJvm;rod? “b,fvdk jzpfwmvJæ”[k 0dik ;f ar;=uonf? xdt k cg &ifqikd ñf uaH wG@cJ&h aomtjzpftysurf sm;ESihf rSm=um;vdu k af om R.I.Tausmif;om;tud}k u;D . p um;rsm;udk tmabmiftm&if;oefoefjzifh ajymawmh onf? q&m q&mrwcsK› v d nf; vmem;axmifonf? usaemfajymvdk@qHk;awmhrS rajymzdk@wm;onf? xdk@ twGuaf =umifh qufrajymawmh? tb,fa=umifq h kd aomf pm;ar;yJaG jzzd@k owday;acgi;f avmif;oHx;kd ae+y?D xd@k aemuf pmar;yJpG wifajz=um;awmhonf? od@k aomf- usaemhrf supf x d rJ mS a&m/ em;xJrmS yg , ae@tcsed t f xd=um;a,mifro d nfu pum;vH;k rsm;ESihf jrifuiG ;f ESp&f yf?

þaqmif;yg;jzifh ]ppfacG;}wd\ Yk &ufpuf ,kwfrmrIaMumifh usqHk;oGm;cJhaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif]udkzkef;armf} tygt0if rw&m;zdESdyfrIrSeforQ tnhH rcHt½I;H ray;yJ owd&å &dS EdS iS hf &ifqikd w f eG ;f vSef&Jaompdwf"gwfrsm; &SifoefzHGUNzdK; vmatmif jyKpkysKd;axmifay;cJhaom tarESiw hf uG R.I.Tausmif;om;Bu;D rsm; tm;vHk;udk aemufqHk;xGuf oufusef onft h xd av;pm;*kPjf yKvsu-f 'Dru kd a&pD rkcsatmif&rnf? usaemfwŒkd vufxufwi G f tm%m&Sip f epf usqH;k ap&rnf?

x 2 Adv k w f axmifausmif;om;wOD;

tawG;tac:aqmif;yg;

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tod^m%fynmtvif;udrk ay;vdw k hJ ZD;,kewfrif;}uD; (odr‹k [kw)f e³t³z

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57 ESpaf jrmuf u&iftrsK;d om;ae‹ *syefEikd if H wGif usi;f yjyKvkyf 11-2-2005(armif&iS /f bm;rm;rD', D mowif;axmuf)

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p±du k af wGuv kd yk w f ,fæ/ tJ'g aumif;r_uo k v kd w f &m; jzpfwJhtwGuf rsufarSmufrSm wrvGefb0awGrSm aumif;wJt h usK;d w&m;awGukd &&Scd pH m;&w,fæ? r aumif;wJt h jzpftysuaf wG vmjzpfw,fæ? qdv k w kd m uawmh vlcspv f cl ifaygw,fæ/ vlaumif;olaumif; awGe@J aygi;f azmf&w,fæ/ aumif;rGew f t hJ &yfrmS ae& w,fæ/ ynmawmfw,fæ/ csr;f omºu, G 0f w,fæ? xD a yguf w ,f p ojzif h a ygh æ aumif ; wmcsnf ; yJ a±G;jzpfomG ;w,fæ”? tJ'v D ykd J Ak'w < &m;awmfawGxJ rSm &Sw d ,fæ/ tapmydik ;f u azmfjyxm;+y;D +yæ D / bmvJ ‘Zaewdo'doyH gu’H qdw k maygæ h ? [kw+f yæ D / tJ'aD wmh 'Duae@jrefrmEdik if u H tm%m &Siaf wG[m urfy;l csm;u ydak ygv h ykd æ J ? jynfou l o kd wf w,fæ/ zrf;qD;ESdyfpufw,fæ/ rw&m;tkyfcsKyf w,fæ/ +y;D awmh vlawG jynfoal wGuo kd m r[kwb f ;l / Ak'&< @J om0uawGuv kd nf; csr;f omray;bl;æ? zrf;qD; +y;D twif;tusyf vl0wfvJ &Jbufpcef;yd@k ppfajrjyif a&Sw › ef;pcef;awGy@kd / 0denf;awmfe@J rnD atmifzefw;D xif&mpdik ;f cJw h mawG[m trsm;}u;D ygy?J aemufbmvJæ omoedu taqmuftODawGukd ajAmifususord ;f ydu k w f ,fæ/ apwemrygbJ Edik if aH &; tusK;d twGu[ f efjy bk&m;apwD ykx;kd awmfawG[m

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xD;awmfxifoa,mif a±$csoa,mifa,mif vkyjf y w,fæ? [dkausmif;0if 'Dausmif;xGuf tvSLvkyf ovdv k kd bke;f awmf}u;D psmyexrf;ovdv k kd omoem bmomudk tm%mtwGuf toH;k csw,fæ? +y;D awmh rif;usiw hf &m;eJ@rnDwhJ tjyKtr_awG &Sd ao;w,fæ? jynfolvlxkudk vdrfvnfwJhudpPawG/ w&m;r#wpGmvkyyf grh ,fæ/ tm%mtyfay;ygrh ,fæ/ ppfwef;vsm;udkjyefr,fqdk+yD; wu,fvufawG@rSm bmrSrvkyb f ;l ? Oya'a&;qJaG eovdv k kd trsK;d om;nD vmcHusi;f yaeovdv k kd pojzifh pojzifh auG@aumuf vdrv f nfvn S jhf zm; pum;yGm;csiw f ikd ;f yGm;+y;D pdwu f ;l wnfw h m vkyaf ewmawG&w dS ,fæ? tJ'Dtukodkvf&J@tusKd;awG rsufarSmufrSma&m wrvGeb f 0awGrmS yg rjzpfEikd b f ;l tusK;d ray;Edik b f ;l vd@k b,foal jymEdik rf vJæ ,ckrsuaf rSmufrmS vJ tusK;d ay; w,f? wrvGeb f 0awGrmS vJ tusK;d ay;rSmjzpfw,f? tJ'v D kd tusK;d ray;bl;qd&k if ‘Zaewdo'doyH gu’H qdw k hJ Ak'w < &m;awmfawG rSm;+y?D Ak'<w&m;awmfqdkwm b,fawmhrSrrSm;bl;? jzpf r,fq&kd if jzpfujkd zpfw,f? rjzpfb;l qd&k if b,fawmhrS rjzpfb;l æ? Ak'w < &m;awmfawG[m trSet f wdik ;f t&Sd twdik ;f jzpfwnfwhJ yuwdoabmw&m;awG&w dS ,f? uJ- [kwrf [kwf qef;ppf=unf&h atmifæ? tm %m&Siaf wG&@J t"duacgi;f aqmif Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; bmjzpfomG ;ovJæ´? aevdv k vd&k cdS w hJ hJ wu,ft h m %m&Si}f u;D / 1988 ckEpS rf mS yJ jyKwu f somG ;w,f? ol@wynf}h u;D OD;pdev f iG w f ufvmw,fæ/ ESpyf wf avmufycJ w H ,fæ jyKwu f sw,fæ? t=uaH y;t&m&Sd OD;armifarmif rcHbl;æ? vydkif;avmufyJ&SdcJhw,fæ jyKwu f somG ;w,f? Adv k cf sKy}f u;D apmarmifæ ol@vdyk J =unhaf wmh Adv k cf sKyrf LS ;}u;D b0eJ@ cHomG ;&wm? atmuf &JabmfawGu “Adv k cf sKyrf LS ;}u;D 'Dae@±H;k wufp&mrvdk awmhbl;æ”qd+k y;D ajymvdu k w f ahJ e@ jyKww f ahJ e@yJæ? tay:qH;k a&mufaew,fq+kd y;D bmtEW&m,frS r&Sd awmhb;l vd@k rxife@J ? tukov kd u f tusK;d ay;vm+yD qd&k if b,fae&maeae rvGwEf ikd b f ;l ? Adv k cf sKyrf LS ;}u;D tJ'Dwkef;u bmjzpfoGm;ovJæ? pdwfazmufoGm; w,fæ? tJ'g rdrjd yKwhJ tukov kd &f @J rsuaf rSmufb0rSm tusK;d ay;wmyJæ? tif;- +y;D awmh ausmb f / xGe;f =unf/ jrifah tmifpwJh 'k-Adv k cf sKy}f u;D (14)OD;tzJ@G / ae@jrifnaysmuf a=umuf p&m vef@p&m tukov kd t f usK;d cHomG ;&w,f? +y;D awmh tm%m&Siaf wG&@J xdyw f ef;acgi;f aqmif Adv k cf sKy}f u;D wifO;D rdom;pktajctae/ armfv+rKd i-f bm; tHch &D;pOfu Adv k cf sKyaf wG&@J &[wf,mOfZwfvrf;rsm;? jzpf=uwmawGu jzpfEikd pf &mr[kwaf yrJh tukov kd f u tusK;d ay;vm+yq D &kd if =uzH ef+y;D tusK;d ay;w,fæ? +y;D awmh Adv k cf sKy}f u;D a[mif;vnf;jzpf orwa[mif; vnf;jzpf rqvygwaD [mif;vJjzpfwhJ OD;ae0if;rdom;pk tajctae/ uJ- bmjzpfaevJæ tm;vH;k od+y;D om;qdk awmh xnfah &;p&mawmif rvdak wmhb;l æ? wzufo@kd

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(1939-45) 'kw, d urBmppf&@J *,uf/ ‘t*Fvyd t f cuf Armtcsuf’eJ@rd+yD; aemufq;kH rSm t*Fvyd x f u G o f mG ;&+y;D awmh aemufvmwJh ‘armifyv k J 'dik ;f 0efxufu’J qdo k vdk ppfbv D ;l }u;D *syef bD;vl;uu+y;D 0ifvmygawmhw,f? 1943/ =o*kwv f rSm zufqpf*syefu a±$&nfprd v f w G v f yfa&;eJ@ t"dywdt&Sirf if;}u;D &mxl;udk jrefrmwd@k tm; ay;oem;ygw,f? zufqpfw@kd &J@ o&kyo f ¾efukd vlxu k vH;k 0vufrcH/ 'gukd Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u aumif;aumif;em;vnfw,f? &cdik t f p&dw S hJ wdik ;f &if;om;awGuvnf; ajymufusm;ppfqifEa$J e=u+y?D q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f uvnf; “atmifqef;a& rif;ac:vmwJah umifawGukd rif;yJ jyefy@kd ay;vdu k yf gumG æ”qd+k y;D !$e=f um;aerSawmhæ 1945/ rwfv 27 &ufae@rSmawmh wjynfv;kH zufqpfqef@usiaf &;awmfveS af &;}u;D qifEy$J gawmhw,f? zufqpf*syefukd xdrk #v#ijf refpmG wdu k x f w k Ef ikd jf cif;rSm jynfv;kH uíwf zufqpfqef@usiaf &; awmfveS af &;a=umifyh gy?J zufqpfqef@usiaf &; awmfveS af &;[m Edik if aH &;t& rSeu f efr&_ w Sd ,f/ jynfo@l tiftm;rSm vH;k vH;k tajccHwhJ us,jf yef@wJjh ynfo@l ppfoabmaqmifw,f? 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7? =u,fqw kd mæwdraf wGvrkd vGirhf arsm rw&m;æapvd&k m apcdik ;f vd@k r& &yfwnfcsufæwnfae&mcdik +f rJ aumif;uifbæ kH edAmŠ efæ edAmŠ efrsm;ygæ 8? =u,fqv kd sif }u;D }u;D ao;ao; ta&mifu wom;wnf; aerif; vrif;wd@k vdk =u,frif;wdik ;f rSm tvif;eJ@tqif;&S+d y;D aumif;uifrmS om omwmjzpfw,fæ 9? r&Sjd cif; rwnf+rjJ cif;wd@k [m xm0&&Sjd cif; wnf+rjJ cif;jzpfw,f/ 'gayrJæ h 'gayrJv h @kd usaemf&@J usaemf&@J qEN[m =u,fawGukd raºuapcsifæ xm0&om a0apcsif =u,faºucsden f awGukd rvd;k vm; rjzwfoef;csifayrJh =u,ftpHt k vif rd;k aumif;uifukd tpOfxm0& opPmxm;wrf;waeolygæ

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tvif;aqmif tvSaqmif;aeovdyk onfuae@jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd a&pDvw G v f yfa&;acwfO;D aumif;uifjyifvif; tm±k%rf ;kd aomuf,w H cGif acwfEiS t hf +yKd if acwf+yKd if/ VOB tarSmifxck iG ;f axmifpjk ywif; woGio f iG x f m0&pD;qif; tdo k pPm&Sif{&m0wD armif;jyefuw kd u kd af ewJh a'gif;rmef cH,cl suf/ ,H=k unfcsufrsm; xm0&jznhaf y;aewJhtm[m& tpp tapmifapmif tarSmifxck iG ;f tvif;udak qmif awmufy=u,fwcH eG rf sm;t=um; rd;k aomuf=u,fwcH eG w f pif; xGe;f awmufcjhJ yefya[hæ 13? tdk arara&æ =u,fawGw±H;k ±H;k udk zd;k vrif;}u;D u wjyKH ;jyKH ;=unfah ecdu k rf mS æ 14? usaemfuawmh jrifjh rwf jrifrh m; 0ihºf um; opPmw&m;=u,fyef;uH;k awG wjzwfjzwf wvufvufe@J twl aoG;ykwaf wGuakd zmufxw k f aemufrqkwpf wrf; "m;aoG;&if;/ tm;arG;&if; atmifpnfatmifarmif;oHwnHnH cGyaf 'gif;rmef =u,fwcH eG af tmifvaH wGe@J reufjzefqaD &So › @kd æ ta&mufcsDwufaeyg+yæ D ??

10? yef;wrsKd;wyGiw hf nf;eJ@ yef;O,smOfawmf}u;D ukd tvSrqifEikd o f vdk owW0g wrsKd;waumifwnf;eJ@ urBm}u;D [m rjynfrh pHk tvSrqifEikd o f vdk =u,fyiG w hf uH;k wnf;eJ@ cHpm;r_0dnmOf-arm(0f)cs,f&D toacsF/ teEW/ tqH;k tpr&Sw d hJ xm0&aumif;uifjyif}u;D udk tvSrqifEikd yf gbl;æ rSwcf suf? ? 11? =u,fawGuw kd w k hJ +*Kd vfwak wGawmifrS wvH;k wnf; tvkyrf jzpfwm obm0avmu}u;D &J@ opPmw&m;ygaemfæ 12? ESi;f qD/ py,f/ jrwfav;/ cGmndK yef;pHzk ;l yGihf tvSwifw h ifh a0a0qmqm yef;pHak r$;n‡i;f avtaoG;rSm O,smOfom,m =u,fpn kH atmuf tvSqif t,Ofwifh ±_wikd ;f ,Of =u,fpifawmufy tqif;vSvS at;jrva&mifjzm onfaqmif;wn&J@ rd;k aumif;uiftm±k%af tmuf "l0=H u,f/ ckEpS pf Of=u,f =u,fa&r_wf Neptune, Leood[/f Aries Libra, Scorpio, Pisces

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1? tm[m&rS 2005 ckEpS q f ef;wGif xGuaf y:vmaom rd;k aomuf=u,fpm=unfw h u kd Ef iS hf rd;k aomuf=u,fawmfveS af &; *sme,f txdr;f trSwt f jzpf 2? usqH;k oGm;cJah om tnw& 'Dru kd a&pD cGyaf 'gif;tmZmenf rsm;/ ppftyk pf . k tusO;f axmifrsm;twGi;f wdu k yf 0GJ ifqJ 'Dru kd a& pDo&l aJ umif;rsm;/ cGyaf 'gif;rsm;/ 3? jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDta&;awmfyt kH wGuf tcuftcJtrsK;d rsK;d rsm; =um;rS rqkwrf epf wdu k yf 0GJ ifcsDwufvsuf&o dS nfh awmfveS af &; pmapmiftoD;oD;/ awmfveS af &;&JabmftoD;oD;tm; *k%jf yKcH pm;ygonf? &Si;f vif;csuf? ? compass error-a&a=umif;oGm;vm&mwGif a&,mOf&dS oH vdu k t f rd af jrm‡ if. trSm;ud&k mS azGjcif;/ sight-a&a=umif;oGm;vm&mwGif ae/ v/ =u,fw@kd udk toH;k jyK I a&,mOf.wnfae&mudk wGucf sufjcif;/ way point-oabFma=umif;ajryHZ k ,m;uGuaf y: Y a&,mOf pwifxu G cf mG &mt&yfrS aemufq;kH qdu k u f yfrnfh t&yftxd jzwfoef;rnfv h rf;a=umif;rsm;udk a&;qJw G u G cf sufr/_ star chart-a&a=umif;/ ava=umif;oGm;vmr_wi G f toH;k jyK aom =u,frsm;Z,m;/ neptune-udw=f u,f(+*Kd vf) (od@k )a&mryifv,fapmife h wf/ leo-od[/f aries-rd\/ libra-wl/ scorpio-+Ap d m> / piscesrde(f =u,f+*Kd vfrsm;)

0wˆKwdk (1) armifcspx f eG ;f wk@d oli,fcsi;f wpkEiS hf usemf xkid ;f jrefrme,fpyf rJaqmufwiG f yxrt}urd f wESpef ;D yg; twlwuG aecJb h ;l =uonf? +y;D v#if befaumufEiS hf rkid w f &meD;yg;r#a0;aom ukvor*~. 'kuo Q nfrsm; qkid &f m r[mrif;}u;D ±H;k rS zGiv hf pS x f m;aom reDvKdG if 'kuo Q nfpcef;wGif 'kw, d t}urd f wESpcf cGJ ef@ twl wuG xyfraH ecJ=h u&jyefonf? Tok@d jzifh armifcspx f eG ;f wk@d oli,fcsi;f wpk. pdwf aepdwx f m;ukd usaemfocd iG &hf cJo h nfeh nf;wl usaemfh ta=umif;ukv d nf; olw@dk odciG &hf cJ=h ujyefonf? olw@dk wpkwiG t f ouft±G,Ef iS hf vky&f nfuidk &f nf t& acgi;f aqmiftjzpf *Gw[ dk ak jymI&rnf[k usaemf xifonf? xkpd Ofu armifcspx f eG ;f wk@d av;a,mufu ESpq f ,fausmt f &G,/f *Gwu dk ok;H q,fyif&adS e+y?D trSeq f adk omf *Gwo dk nf emrnf&if;um; r[kwaf y? ol. cE<mukd,fwnfaqmufykHwGif tay:ykdif;ESifh atmufyidk ;f tcsKd ;rusyJ atmufyidk ;f onf tay:ykid ;f xuf wkad eonfudk tpGjJ yKI *Gw[ dk ak c:=ujcif;yifjf zpf onf? *Gwu dk , dk w f idk u f vnf; ,if;ok@d ac:qkjd cif; tay: rjiif;qef/ auseyfvufc&H mS onf? TwGif ±kd;om;pGm0efcH&onf&Sdaomf *Gwkd ESiu hf saemf ESpEf pS af usmf twlwuGaecJ=h u aomfvnf; usaemfonf *Gw. dk emrnf &if;ukd a,mifrSm;Iyif wcgr#rar;cJh bl;ay? *Gwo dk nf olw@dk ig;a,muftyk pf k wGif touft&G,t f }u;D qk;H ESi@f pm tzwfq;Hk jzpfonf? &efuek +f rKd @/ OuUvmwGiaf epOf *Gwdk onf omreft0wftxnf tcsKyft vkyt f jyif ukwt f uôsuydk g csKyv f yk Ef idk f onf@ tyfcsKyq f &mwOD;vnf; jzpfcb hJ ;l onf? rJaqmufEiS hf reDvKGd iw f iG f *GwEdk iS hf usaemfw@dk vm a&mufqkHawG@=ujcif;onf trsm;oligenf;wl t a=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifyh ifjzpfonf? (2) *GwEdk iS ahf rmifcspx f eG ;f wk@d tkypf u k dk usaemf yxrqk;H av;pm;cJo h nfrmS rJaqmufwiG af epOf vlwumawG rvkyaf om tvkyu f v dk yk I f qif;&J'u k aQ &mufae=u aom jrefrmrsm;ukd ulnaD xmufyjhH cif;yif jzpfonf? TwGif olwumawGrvkyaf om tvkyq f &dk mwGif rsm;pGmt"dyg` ,&f ydS gonf? rSeyf gonf? rJaqmufwiG f t a=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;/ b0tzkzH jHk zifah &muf&dS aexkid =f uaom jrefrmrsm;onf pm;0wfaea&;twGuf puf±kH tvky±f H Yk txkyo f rm;/ pm;aomufqidk Yf tcsut f jyKwEf iS phf m; yGx J ;dk / aps;ESiu hf m;*dww f iG f ukex f rf;/ tdrrf sm;Y tdraf z:/ vrf ; Yqk d u U m ;eif ; ? Ttvk y f r sd K ;uk d jref r mwk d i f ; vkyu f idk =f uygonf? ok@d &mwGif armifcspx f eG ;f wk@d u rJ aqmufwiG f rnfonf jrefrmrSrvkyaf om tvkyw f ck jzpfonf@ tdro f musi;f wl;onft h vkyu f dk vkyu f idk =f u jcif;yifjzpfonf? xkd@xuftH=obG,f&maumif;onfrSm *GwkdESifh

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armifcspx f eG ;f wk@d onf olwumrvkyaf om tdro f m usif;wl;onfhtvkyfrS&aomaiGukd tokH;tjzKef;r&Sd/ jcpfjcpfuw k u f w k f pkxm;onf? +y;D v#if rJaqmufaq;±Hk ESihf tcsKycf ef;rsm;ok@d oGm;a&mufI 'kuaQ &mufaeom jrefrmrsm;ukd oGm;=unfo h nf? tcsKycf ef;wGif aiGay;rSvw G af y;rnfh jrefrmrsm;ukd *Gww dk @dk u tdro f musi;f wl;c&aiGjzifh a±G;xkwo f nf? rJaqmufaq;±Hw k iG f aqGr&Sd rsKd ;r&Sd twd'u k aQ &mufae aom jrefrmvlemrsm;tm; tpm;tpmESiahf q;bk;d 0g;c oGm;ay;onf? aemufqkH;aom *GwkdESifharmifcspfxGef;wkd@. 'ge cef;rSm aq;±Hk&Sd ykdif&SifrJhtavmif;/ jrefrmEkdifiHom; tavmif;rsm;ukd a&csKd ;ay;jcif;/ t0wftpm;0wf jyif qifay;jcif;ESit hf wl tprStqk;H tdro f musi;f wl;c& aiGjzifh ok\efxd ykd@aqmifay;jcif;yifjzpfavonf? Tokd@jzifh usaemfonf *Gwkd.trnfa&S@wGif aemufxyfemr0daooewckw;dk I ‘ya&mfzufqm*G wk’d [k ac:vku d rf ad vonf? (3) r[kwrf cH/ rrSerf vkyq f o dk nfh pum;.jy±kyu f dk us aemfreDvdGKif 'kuo Q nf

pcef;Y&SdpOf xif; xif;}u;D jrifvu dk &f onf? ,if;jy±kyu f dk az:aqmifvu dk f olum; ya&mfzufqm*GwEdk iS hf ol.vlrsm;yifjzpfonf? ae@wae@wGif b0wl jrefrmEkid if o H m;wOD;onf rk;d }u;D I a&pD;oefaom reDvKGd iaf wmifusacsmif;wGif a&csKd ; aepOf a&epf+y;D aoqk;H oGm;avonf? TwGif psmyeudpPay:vmonf? wOD;csif; w axmifpD tvSLaiGxnf0h if=uaomfvnf; ,if;aiGjzifh psmyeu rvSy? TwGif befaumufwufI tvSLcH

xGu=f u&jyefonf? ya&mfzufqm*Gwkdqkdolum; vufwH&Snfonf? rsupf pd ;l &Sonf? r[kwrf cH rrSerf vkyq f adk om pdw"f gwf ukv d nf; t+rw J rf; arG;jrLxm;yk&H onf? psmyemudpu P m; xkid ;f bke;f }u;D ausmif;0if;wGi;f &Sd rD; pufjzifh o+*Kõ vv f u dk +f y;D jzpfI +y;D ajrmufc+hJ yjD zpfonf? r+y;D ajrmufao;onfum;onfum;psmyem aiGa=u; &Si;f wrf;udpjP zpfonf? TwGif wntdycf &D;jzifh bef aumufo@dk wufomG ;avonf? aemufwae@wGif jyef a&mufvmonf? reDvKGd i'f u k o Q nfpcef;ok@d jyefa&muf I em&Dyidk ;f t=umwGif *Gwu dk , dk w f ikd f vufa&;jzifh psm yemaiGa=u;udpP tjynfhtpkH r&Sif;Ekdifv#if *Gwkdwkd@ taqmifonf a&S@wGif rnfoEl iS rhf S rqufo, G yf J oD; jcm;aeoGm;awmhrnf? ig;&uftwGi;f psmyemaiGpm&if; &Si;f vif;&ef *Gwu dk ykpd wmaxmifI &mZoHay;vku d f avonf? *Gww dk @dk taqmifa&S@onf yGv J rf;wr# pnf;um; oGm;awmhonf/ taqmiftoD;oD;&Sd jrefrmEdik if o H m; waxmife;D yg;wk@d onf *Gww dk @dk taqmifwiG f axmif xm;aom &mZoHudk vma&muf0idk ;f tk=H unf=h uonf? vl@obm0t& ykpd wmuk=d unf@+y;D wcsKd @u *Gwu dk dk toHwdwfaxmufcH=uonf? wcsdK@u toHxGuf axmufc=H uonf? *Gwkd.&mZoH aemufqkH;&ufra&mufrD =um;vl awG/ aphpyfnE‡d idk ;f olawG *Gww dk @dk taqmifo@dk ae@ ae@nn 0ifxu G =f uonf? *Gwu dk wif;cHxm; onf? ol@vufokH;pum;jzpfonfh tajccHrlukd awmh tavsmt h wif;rvkyEf idk [ f k *Gwu dk aphpyf olawGudk ajymvGwv f u dk o f nf? Tok@d jzifh *Gw. dk &mZoHaemufq;Hk &uf r wkdifrD w&uftvkdwGif psmyemaiGa=u;&Sif; wrf; wapmifxu G v f monf? ,if;&Si;f wrf;ukd taqmifwidk ;f Yuyfonf? *Gww dk @dk taqmifwiG v f nf; uyfonf? *Gwkdonf ol@vufxJwGif a&;rSwfxm; aom taqmiftoD;oD;rS &aiGEiS hf befaumufr&S aiG pm&if;pm&Guu f av;jzifh psmyemaiGpm&if;&Si;f wrf;ukd wku d q f idk pf pfaq;=unfo h nf? apmapmu r_eaf waw rsufESmonf wpwpjzifhjyHK;&$ifvmonf? +yD;v#if *Gw. dk yg;pyfr-S “acG;aumifawG &m*%ef;avmufawmh pm;yg apæ”wJh? (uae'ga&muf ya&mfzufqm a'guw f m *Gwo dk @dk )

tajymifajrmufqHk;[mo e³t³z usi;f yonfh anmifEpS yf ifnv D mcHwiG f twGi;f a&;rSL;(1) 'k Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ode;f pdeu f wkid ;f jynfw jynfukd tkycf sKy&f eftwGuf National Conventionac: trsK;d om;nDvmcHr&Sv d #if tkycf sKy&f efcufcaJ =umif;/ xd@k a=umifh wkid ;f jynfY National Conventionac: trsK;d om;nDvmcHqo kd nfrmS r&Srd jzpfvt kd yfa=umif; owif;axmufrsm;udk ajymjycJo h nf? trSerf mS Costitutionac: zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'r&Sv d sif wkid ;f jynfut kd yk cf sKyf&ef cufco J nf[k ajym& rnft h pm; National Conventionr&Sv d sif tkycf sKy&f efcufco J nf[k ajymqdck I hJ nDvmcHxYJ [movkyf aea=umif; ,ae@zGiyhf t GJ crf;tem;wufa&mufco hJ l trnfrazmfvo kd o l wif;axmufwOD;u 'DAb GD u D kd ajymjy a=umif; od&onf?

bmomjyefaqmif;yg;

17

vltcGit hf a&; udak v;pm;vdu k ef may;zd‹k qdv k #if aemufrusao;yg (vGiaf tmifp;kd ) 2005ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D twGi;f jrefrm e³t³z ppftm%mydik w f @kd . vkyaf qmif csufrsm;ESifhywfoufI xl;xl;jcm;jcm; owif;ESpcf &k cdS o hJ nf? wckrmS wd&pd m> ef ESprf sK;d jzpfonfh ig;ref;ESiv fh yd w f @kd udk pm; aomufqikd rf sm;wGif a&mif;csciG yhf w d yf if vdu k jf cif;jzpfonf? vdy/f a¹r/ tdraf jrm‡ if ESihf tjcm;aom &Sm;yg;wd&pd m> eftom; rsm;udk xl;jcm;qef;=u,faompm;zG,f &mrsm;tjzpf a&mif;csavh&Sdonfh pm; aomufqikd rf sm;od@k r=umc%qdo k vdk tm%mydkifrsm;u ±kwfw&uf0ifzrf; avh&o dS nf? wd&pd m> efrsm;.tcGit hf a&; (Animal Rights )udk umuG,fay; onf h aumif ; aomvuQ % mw&yf xGuaf y:vm+y[ D k qd&k ygrnf? &Sm;yg;wd&pd m> efrsm;udk rsK;d qufjywf roGm;atmif xde;f odr;f ay;&mwGif ‚ wd@k aexdik &f m obm0ywf0ef;usiu f kd r ysupf ;D atmif pDraH y;&efvnf; vdt k yf onf? pD;yGm;a&;avmbaZmwufr_ a=umifh opfawmrsm;udk ckwfxGif&Sif; vif;ypfvdkufonfhtcg opfa&mif;cs onfh aiG&&Sad omfvnf; tjcm;wbuf wGif ZD0ajymif;vJr_ (Biodiversity)rsm; jzpfay:vm+y;D v#if cef@rSe;f Ir&aom qH;k ±H;_ r_rsm;pGm &Sv d monf? xdkopfawmrsm;wGif aexdkifusuf pm;aom awm±dik ;f wd&pd m> efrsm; aoa=u ysupf ;D &onf? pm;usuaf jymif;a&$@=u& onf? opfawmrsm;r&Sad wmhojzifh rd;k acgijf cif;/ rd;k rsm;jcif;/ jrpfa&}u;D jcif;rsm; ESiw hf uG ,if;wd@k . aemufqufwq JG ;kd usK;d rsm;pGmudk jzpfay:aponf? jyefwGuf=unfhv#if qdk;usKd;rsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyif&onfh p&dwpf urSm opf a&mif;&onfhaiGxuf tqrwefrsm; jym;aernfjzpfonf? xdk@jyif&Sm;yg;wd&d p>mefrsm; qH;k ±H;_ &jcif;ESihf obm0ywf0ef; usif y suf p D ; &jcif ; rsm;a=umif h v nf ; oufqdkif&mtm%mydkifwdk@udk ukv or*~ESifh urBmhEdkifiHrsm;u twif; t=uyfzt d m;ay;aernfjzpfonf? aemufxl;jcm;r_wckrSm t&ifht&if umvrsm;u wcgr#r&Scd b hJ ;l aom jrefrm w&m;±Hk;. qHk;jzwfcsufyifjzpfonf? vrf;azmuf vkyfa&;pDrHudef;wckwGif aus;±Gmom;rsm;tm; twif;t=uyf vkyt f m;ay;cdik ;f apaom aus;&Gmvl}u;D

(4)OD;udk w&m;±H;k rS axmif'%f (16)v csrSwfcJhonf? tvGef@tvGefrSefuef aom/ vkyo f ifv h yk x f u kd af om vlra_ &; aqmif±u G cf suEf iS hf w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; pHerlemjzpfygonf? TpHerlemtwdkif; om jrefrmwEdik if v H ;kH wGif us,u f s,f jyef@jyef@vkyfaqmifoGm;Edkifrnfqdkygu ay:wmqGJjcif;tygt0if twif;t"rR cdik ;f apjcif; (Forced labour)rsm; avsmh enf;oGm;Edik pf &m&So d nf? e³t³ztm%mydkifwdk@onf jynfol@ vkyif ef;pDru H ed ;f rsm;wGif twif;t"rRcikd ;f apr_rsm;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@vkyf aqmifvsuf&Sdonf[k taemufEdkifiH rsm;ESihf vl@tcGit hf a&;tzG@J rsm;u pGypf JG xm;onf? ILOonf +rdK@awmf&efukef wGif 2002 ckEpS rf pS I ±H;k cGzJ iG v hf pS +f y;D jref rmEdik if t H wGi;f twif;t"rRcikd ;f apr_rsm; yaysmufatmif pDrHaqmif±Gufvsuf&Sd onf? e³t³zuvnf; t"rRcikd ;f apr_rsm; udk wm;jrpfonft h rde@f udk xkwcf o hJ nf? txufygx;l jcm;csuEf pS cf t k & jrefrm Edik if w H iG f trsK;d om;a&;ESiq hf ikd af om udpP rsm;Y pwifw;kd wufvm+y[ D k qd&k ygrnf? yGiv hf if;&J0phH mG &ifqikd af jz&Si;f vdak om wd;k wufrj_ zpfonf? TonfrmS wm0efcH jcif;(Accountability)ESifh yGifhvif;jcif; (Transparency)qdkonfh EdkifiHa&; tESpfom&udk ta=umufw&m;uif; rJph mG pdraf c:vdu k jf cif;jzpfonf? urBmhEdkifiHtoD;oD;wGif vl@tcGifht k f a&; (Human Rights)udk av;pm;vdu emr_rsm; wpwpwd;k wuf vmaeonf [k ajymEdik af omtaetxm;od@k a&muf &Sad e+yjD zpfonf? od@k aomf tjrifrh m;qH;k tqifo h @kd ra&mufEikd af tmif [ef@wm;r_ rsm; &Sad eqJjzpfonf? tkypf ;kd oltm%m ydik rf sm;onf Edik if aH &;t& tusK;d pD;yGm; jzpfvjkd cif;/ uGjJ ym;jcm;em; aom,Ofaus; r_ukd vufrcHEikd af o;jcif;wd@k a=umifh vl@ tcGit hf a&;qdik &f mudprP sm; rwd;k wufyJ &Sad e&onf? wdik ;f jynfqif;&Jru _ kd evHr xlEdkifatmif pDrHcef@cGJr_nHhzsif;aev#if vnf; jynfov l x l . k arG;&mygv@l tcGihf ta&;rsm; qH;k ±H;_ aeOD;rnfomjzpfonf? xd@k jyif wdik ;f jynftcsi;f csi;f ppfjzpfymG ;ae aoma=umif‚ h / jynfwiG ;f ppfa=umif‚ h vl@tcGit hf a&;udk av;pm;vdu k ef mr_rsm;

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19

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a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; &cdik jf ynfc&D;pOfY 'Dru kd a&pDta&; qH;k r-o0g'ay;cJah om a±$apwDq&mawmf}uD; jyefveG af wmfrl armifopfatmif(ed&OPowif;)? ?&cdik jf ynfe,f/ ppfawGòr@Y a':atmifqef;pk =unftm; =o0g'ay;cJzh ;l aom a±$apwDausmif;xdik q f &mawmf=uD; bENwOD;yk n&mronf (14)&ufae@ eHeuf (7;44) rdepftcsed w f iG f ysv H eG af wmfra_ =umif; od&&dS ygonf// q&mawmft&Sib f &k m; ysv H eG af wmfrcl sed Yf q&mawmf.ouf awmfrmS (73)ESp&f +dS yD; 0gawmfrmS (53)0g &Sad =umif; od&&dS onf// q&mawmfonf a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 2002 ckEpS f 'DZbFmvtwGi;f ðyvkycf hJ aom &cdik jf ynfe,fc&D;pOftwGi;f wdik ;f rSL;armifO;D ESihf tm%mydik rf sm;rS a': atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf rawG@q&kH [k wm;jrpfxm;onfukd &J0phH mG tmcHum a': atmifqef;pk=unftm; q&mawmf.ausmif;Yyif vufcaH wG@qckH o hJ nf// q&m awmfrS a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS ahf wG@qpkH Of rde;f =um;cJah ompum;rSm“jrefrmpum;yHw k iG f ysut f pOf jyifc%[laompum;yH&k adS =umif;/ ,QKjrefrmEdik if H ppftm%m&Siaf tmufY ysufp;D aeaomfvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfvufxufY c%uav;jyif&jkH zifh wd;k wufaumif;rGeo f mG ;rnf[k rdr, d =kH unfa=umif;æ” ajym =um;cJo h nf/ xdu k o hJ @kd a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;vufcaH wG@qHrk a_ =umifh e³t³z rS pmoif wdu k rf sm;twGuf vpOfaxmufyahH eaom qef/ qD/ &dumQ rsm;udk jzwfawmufypfchJ a=umif; od&&dS onf/ q&mawmfow D if;oH;k aeaom ppfawG+rKd @/ a±$apwDausmif;rSm q&mawmfO;D OwWroDwif;oH;k aexdik cf ahJ om ausmif;awmfwckjzpfc+hJ y;D jrefrmEdik if aH &; vGwv f yfa&;acgi;f aqmifrsm; wnf;cd&k mausmif;wckjzpfonf? q&mawmfonf jrefrmvGwv f yfa&;rD;&SL;wefaqmif q&mawmfO;D OwWr. t i,fq;kH wynfjh zpfonfEiS t hf nD jrefrmvlx=k u;D vdv k m;aeaom 'Dru kd a&pDta&;udk wufºupGmaxmufcHaom q&mawmfwyg;jzpfonf//´

SNLD

21

'k=acgif;aqmifu, G v f eG f

1990 a±G;aumufyYGJ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf +y;D vsif v$waf wmftrwf trsm;qH;k a±G;aumufc&H onfh &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKy(f SNLD) ygwD 'k-'kuXU cGeo f mat;(c)aq;[Hrk ek ;f (touf 70) onf &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f erfch rf;aetdrYf azazmf0g&v D cGeo f mat;(c)aq;[Hrk ek ;f 23 &ufae@ eHeufyikd ;f wGif uG,v f eG o f nf? 1935 arv 13 &ufu &Sr;f jynfe,f odEw MD iG f arG;zGm;cJo h l cGeo f mat;onf 1939 wGif rEWav;Y &Jt&m&So d ifwef; wufa&mufc+hJ y;D 1960 rS 1985 txd vm±_;d ESihf erfch rf;wd@k wGif &Jt&m&St d jzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifum rqvygwYD 1974 rS 1984 xd erfch rf;+rKd @e,f jynfo@l aumifpOD uUXtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1988 wGif (SNLD)ygwD zJ@G pnf;wnfaxmif&mY A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmiftzJ@G 0if wOD;tjzpf yg0ifc+hJ y;D 1990 taxGaxGa±G;aumufyw GJ iG f erfch rf;+rKd @e,f rJqENe,f jynfo@l v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f jzpf a±G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufc&H onf? ‚onf jynfol@tusKd; o,fydk;r_rsm;twGuf rlq,f pmayESifh,Ofaus;r_aumfrwDu ‘aqcefz’qk ,refEpS w f iG f cs;D jri‡ chf o hJ nf? (SNLD)ygwD xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm; xde;f odr;f cHxm;&csed w f iG f uG,v f eG o f mG ; onht f wGuf ygwt D wGi;f acgi;f aqmifry_ ikd ;f ydrk t kd m;enf;r_EiS hf &ifqikd af e&onf? ,QKvtwGi;f Yyif ppftyk pf u k (SNLD)OuUX cGex f eG ;f OD;/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&; rSL; pdik ;f !$e@f vGi/f &Sr;f jynfwyfrawmf(ajrmufyikd ;f )acgi;f aqmif Adv k cf sKyaf qxifEiS hf &Sr;f 0g&ifh Edik if aH &;orsm;}u;D OD;a±$t;kH wd@k tygt0if &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om; acgi;f aqmif wcsK› t d m; zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f xm;onf? ,if;zrf;qD;r_a=umihf &Sr;f tzG@J rsm;ESihf e³t³z wdk@t=um; qufqHa&;tajctae wif;rmvsuf&Sd+yD; &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;Y ESpzf ufppfa&;jyifqifaeonho f wif;rsm; xGuaf y:vsu&f o dS nf?(acwf+yKd ifr)S

+idr;f tzGrJ sm; jyefvnfo;kH oyf&ef pDtmyDyw D u kd w f eG ;f rZÆdrtifwmeufowif;rS? ? pDtmyDyaD c: jynf ol@vGwaf wmfu, kd pf m;jyKaumfrwDu (58)ESpaf jrmuf jynfaxmifpak e@tcrf;tem;wGif pmrsuEf mS (6)rsuf ESmygonfh a=ujimcsuw f apmifxw k jf yef&mwGif wdik ;f &if;om;ta&;ESiyhf wfouf+y;D ppftyk pf o k nf *wd*0wf rsm; t}urd }f urd zf sucf ahJ =umif;ESihf xyfrI H vnf; *wd zsurf mS jzpfa=umif; ajymqdx k m;um nDvmcHwufrnfh ta&; jyefvnfo;kH oyf&ef wdu k w f eG ;f vdu k o f nf? “typftcwf&yfpcJ phJ Ofu jynfaxmifpt k a&;/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;ta&;ponfw@kd udk Edik if aH &;t& aqG; aEG;cGi/hf wdu k w f eG ;f awmif;qdck surf sm;tm; trsK;d om;nD vmcHwiG f wdu k w f eG ;f awmif;qdck =hJ uonf? vufawG@ wGirf l wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;.qEN/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. awmif;qdck surf sm;udk jynfaxmifppk pfppfrl tyg t0if jynfe,frsm;. ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKycf iG Ehf iS hf Oya'jyKyikd f cGifhtm%mponfwdk@udk wifjycGifhyif r&±Hkr#omru ,QKvnf;yJ pHn k t D pnf;ta0;Y wifjycGi&hf onfrsm;udk yif vku d af vsmr,f/ rvdu k af vsmrnfrmS a&&mrao

csmonft h ajctaeudk a&mufaeayonfæ”[k pDtm yDyD . a=ujimcsuw f iG f yg&o dS nf? “Tjzpf&yfudk oHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHt wGi;f &Sd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. vufeufuikd yf ËyuQ jzpf&jcif;. t"duta=umif;w&m;rsm;jzpfaom vlrsK;d wrsK;d u vlrsK;d wrsK;d tay: v$r;f rd;k jcif;/ zdEydS cf sKycf s,jf cif;/ tEdik u f sihf pd;k rd;k Adv k u f sjcif;/ vlrsK;d }u;D vlrsK;d i,f[I l cJjG cm;qufqjH cif;/ vlrsK;d wrsK;d ESiw hf rsK;d oHo,pdwrf sm; &Sad ejcif;wd@k udk yaysmufatmif ajz&Si;f vdo k nfh oaom xm;rsK;d r&Sjd cif;udk azmfjyvdu k jf cif;yif jzpfayonfæ”[k vnf; azmfjyxm;onf? xd@k tjyif wdik ;f &if;om;jynfot l m;vH;k ud, k yf ikd jf y Xmef;cGi&hf adS &;/ ud, k =hf urRmud, k zf efw;D cGi&hf a&;ESihf Edik if H a&;t& wef;wl&nfw&l &Sad &;twGuf tmrcHEikd o f nfh zJ@G pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'opfw&yf ay:aygu&f ef ppftyk pf k taejzifh 1990 a±G;aumufyt GJ Edik &f teft,fv'f yD g wDtygt0if tjcm;ygwaD wG wkid ;f &if;om;tzJ@G tpnf; awGe@J awG@qH+k y;D Edik if aH &;enf;t& tajz&Sm&rSmjzpf

a=umif; ajymqdx k m;onf? tqdyk gtcrf;tem;od@k pD tmyDyt D zJ@G 0ifrsm;/ teft,fv'f t D zJ@G 0ifrsm;/ zdw=f um; xm;aom tjcm;Edik if aH &;ygw0D ifrsm;/ oHwreftzG@J 0if rsm; pkpak ygi;f 600 cef@ wufa&mufco hJ nf? 1988 ckEpS f pufwifbmvu zJ@G pnf;cJah om pDtm yDyw D iG f &cdik t f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyrf S OD;at;om atmif/ a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if trsK;d om;'Drkd ua&pDtzJ@G csKyrf S ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;/ &Sr;f trsK;d om;'Drkd ua&pDtzJ@G csKyrf S OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;/ rGet f rsK;d om;'Dru kd &uf wpfwyfO;D rS Edik x f eG ;f ode;f wd@k tygt0if tjcm;wkid ;f &if; om;Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifonf?

tar&duefu ppftyk fp. k zrf;qD;aer+rsm;udk euf±id+ f;pGm ylyefa-umif;ajymqdk {&m0wDtifwmeufowif;rS? ? tar&dueftpk;d &. ajyma&;qkd cGi&hf o dS l &pfcsuaf bmufcsmu jrefrmppftyk pf t k m; wkid ;f &if; om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;ukd zrf;qD;aer_twGuf tar&dueftaejzifh euf¶i_d ;f pGmpk;d &dryf yl efrad =umif;ESihf a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf tjcm;aom Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;ukv d nf; ¹cif;csurf &Sd csucf si;f v$waf y;&ef ajymqkv d u dk o f nf? tar&dueftpk;d &u ppftyk pf k onf jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;tzk@d t"duusaom jynfaxmifpak e@t}udKtcrf;tem;ok@d wufa&mufcahJ om 'Dru dk a&pDacgi;f aqmif rsm;ESihf wkid ;f &if;om;ygwrD sm;rS tzG@J 0ifrsm;ukd zrf;qD;aejcif;tm; t"duxm;ajymqkjd cif;jzpfonf?

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&efuek t f ajcpdu k f jrefrmwdik ;f rf*sme,fupkd wifwnfaxmifow l OD;jzpfonfh OD; qefeaD qGtm; w&m;¶k;H wifppfaq;ae+y;D ESp&f n S af xmif'%fusEikd af =umif; tjynf jynfqikd &f m owif;vGwv f yfciG t hf zG@J jzpfonfh xdik ;f tajcpdu k f ta&S@awmiftm&S k f qdik &f mowif;tzG@cJ sKyf Southeast Asian Press Alliance ESihf uae'gt ajcpdu vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdak &; Edik if w H umtzG@J International Freedom of Expression Exchangewd@k rS ,refae@u ,ckuo hJ @kd xkwjf yefvu kd o f nf? 0ef}u;D csKyaf [mif; Adv k cf sKy}f u;D cif!eG @f zrf;qD;cH&+y;D wvt=um OD;qefeaD qG zrf;qD;cHc&hJ +y;D jrefrmwdik ;f rf*sme,f wnfaxmifEikd &f ef t"duusm;uefay;ol[k ,lq&ol zcif Adv k rf LS ;csKyo f ed ;f aqGonfvnf; ,cktcg zrf;qD;cHxm;&onf? 2000 jynfEh pS rf pS I xkwaf 0cJah om jrefrmwdik ;f rf*sme,fukd ppftyk pf . k 0g'jzef@ ,EW&m;wck[k vGwv f yfaom owif;ESiphf me,fZif;orm;rsm;u owfrw S =f u onf? OD;qefeaD qG. w&m;¶k;H wifppfaq;aeonfu h pd P jrefrmwdik ;f rf*sme,ftm; qufo, G af r;jref;&m wpHw k &majz=um;jcif;rðyacs? OD;qefeDaqGzrf;qD;cH&onfh ,refESpf Edk0ifbmvaemufydkif;rSpI ZeD;jzpfol a':,rif;xifatmifu ‚. 'kw, d tr_aqmift&m&Scd sKyf &mxl;ae&mwGif quf vuf wm0ef,al qmif&u G af eonf? xd@k jyif ‚zrf;qD;cH&+y;D aemufyikd ;f &yfqikd ;f oGm; onfh jrefrmwdik ;f rf*sme,ftifwmeufpmrsuEf mS rsm;udk ,ae@jyefvnfpwifae +yjD zpfa=umif; od&&dS onf? ({&m0wDowif;rS)

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zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk tajccHrcl sufrw S af &; ES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG sif;y ±d;k r(3)tifwmeufowif;rS tem*wfzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk zJ@G pnf;yHq k ikd &f m tajccHrrl sm;csrw S af &; ES;D aESmzvS,yf u GJ kd ,ckv 9 &ufae@rS 12 &ufae@txd xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfwae &mwGif usi;f ycJ&h m tzJ@G tpnf;toD;oD; rS udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (106)OD;wuf a&mufI tem*wfjynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf; yHOk ya'a&;qJ&G mwGif tajccH&rnfh rl(8) csufudk twnfjyKvufrSwfa&;xkd;cJh onf? TtajccHrl(8)csufrSm tcsKyftjcm tm%m/ wef;wla&;/ ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi/hf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifprk rl sm;/ vlenf;pk rsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;/ 'Dru kd a&pDtcGihf ta&; tajccHv@l tcGit hf a&;ESihf usm;r qdik &f m wef;wlnrD #r/_ bmoma&;udk t ajcrcHaom Edik if /H ygwDp'kH rD u kd a&pDpepf wd@k jzpfonf? “jynfaxmifpkppfppfudk wu,f wnfaqmifcsifw,fqdk&if tckusif;y oGm;wJh ES;D aESmzvS,yf u GJ csrw S o f mG ;wJh

tajccHral wGu wu,ft h w k jf rpfppfppf awGyg? tkwfjrpfawGrygyJeJ@ tajccH Oya'udk a&;qJv G @kd rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ? 'Dt ajccHtw k jf rpfawGukd ausm+f y;D awmh w jcm;[mawG u d k bmrS vk y f v d k @ r&yg bl;æ”[k ESD;aESmzvS,fyJG usif;ya&; aumfrwDOuUX v$wfawmfudk,fpm; vS,f a':pef;pef;uajymonf? xd@k tjyif a&Svyk if ef;pOftjzifh ,QKo abmwlnrD _ &&S+d y;D aom rl(8)csut f ay: wGif tajccHI zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'w&yfukd qufvuf a&;qJo G mG ;rnfjzpfa=umif;vnf; ajymqdk onf? qufvufI“tckusi;f yaewJh nDvmcHrmS trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKy/f &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om; rsm;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyef @J 1990 ckEpS u f a±G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufxm;wJh ud, k pf m; vS,af wG ryg0ifwmjzpfovdk e³t³z&J@ tajccHrl 6 csurf mS ygwhJ ‘tem*wfEikd if H a&;rSm wyfrawmfu wdik ;f jynfukd OD; aqmif&r,f’qkw d hJ tcsu[ f m trsm;

NLD-LAzJ‹G pnf;wnfaxmifjcif; 14 ESpaf jrmuf tcrf;

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vS,rf sm; wufa&mufc=hJ u+y;D e³t³zppf aumifp. D trsK;d om;nDvmcHonf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. wef;wla&;ESihf ud, k f ydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk azmfaqmifray;Edkif a=umif;/ vrf;jyajryHo k nfvnf; jrefrm Ed k i f i H . Ed k i f i H a &;/ pD ; yG m ;a&;t=uyf twnf;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkifrnfr[kwf a=umif; tqdyk gE;DS aESmzvS,yf w GJ iG f xkwf jyefaom a=umjimcsufxJwGif azmfjy xm;onf?

jrefrm'Dru kd a&pDa&; ES;D aESmzvS,yf GJ tar&duefwiG f 2 &uf-umusi;f y azazmf0g&v D 26 27 &ufae@u jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDta&; v_y&f mS ;aqmif±u G af e olrsm;tzJ@G tar&duefjynfaxmifpu k uruxjyKvyk +f y;D jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pD ES;D aESm zvS,yf u GJ kd tar&duefEikd if /H a*sm0h g&iS w f ef wuUov kd Yf usi;f ycJyh gonf? tqdyk g ES;D aESmzvS,yf u GJ kd tar&dt}u;D wef;t&m&Sd wurBmvH;k twdik ;f twm vkyaf qmifwu hJ pd &P yfrsm;qdik &f m tar&duef 'kw, d Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D azmfvef'zkd &efpuD;u wufa&muf+y;D tar&dueftpd;k &onf jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDa&; wufºupGm v_y&f mS ;aeolrsm;udk tcdik t f rm qufvufaxmufco H mG ;rnf[k uwdjyKajym=um; oGm;onft h jyif tajccHv@l tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk cHpm;cGirhf &Syd J jiif;y,fc&H ol jrefrmjynf olrsm;ESit hf wl wnDw!$w&f yfwnfaea=umif; ponfw@kd udk ajym=um;oGm;yg onf? ta0;a&muf 0ef}u;D csKyf a'guw f mpde0f if;uvn;f tar&duef. jrefrmppftm %m&Sipf ;kd rd;k aewJh jrefrmEdik if u H dk xda&mufaom pD;yGma&;ydwrf r_ sm; jyKvyk af eouJh od@k tD;,luvnf; jyKvyk yf g&ef ajym=um;oGm;cJyh gonf? (tmzufat)

AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif;cif!e $ @f tif;pdea f xmifb;l 0 w&m;±H;k Y tppfaq;cHc& hJ &mxl;u z,f&mS ;cHvu kd &f onfh Adv k cf sKy}f u;D cif!e$ @f +y;D cJo h nfh oDwif;ywf twGi;f u tif;pdeaf xmifb;l 0 txl;w&m;±H;k od@k oufaotjzpf vma&muf tppfaq;cHcahJ =umif; trnfrazmfvo kd nhf w&m;±H;k csKy0f efxrf;wOD;. ajymjy csut f & od&onf? ‚udk tqifjh rifh &Jt&m&So d ;kH OD;u vHjk cKH a&;jzifh txl;w&m;±H;k udk t&yf0wfypkH jH zifh ac:vmjcif;jzpf+y;D odoo d mom ±kyaf jymif;vJomG ;jcif;r&Sd [kvnf; od&onf? ('DAb GD o D wif;rS)

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ppftm%m&SifpepftqHk;owfa&;vm;æ toufqufa&;vm;æ (1) “bbvm;æ” “[kww f ,feef;pdeaf iG/ uJæajymæ” “bke;f }u;D ausmif;rSmawmh ajymuke=f u+yb D ba&” “[kwfvm;æ/ bmawGrsm;vJuG,fæ/ qlemrd±Hk oGi;f wJt h a=umif;rsm;vm;æ” “qlemrd±HkoGif;wmu waxmifavmufyJ&uyg w,fbbæ” “at;æat;æ/ b,fol@udk oGm;ay;rSmvJæ/ awmf=um q&m‘OD;ode;f azjrif’h ajymwJh oDv&Siq f ef tvSLcHxu G w f mrsK;d jzpfaeygO;D r,fæ” “zl;uwfuo kd mG ;=uwJh jrefrm(NGO's)awGukd ay; r,fwb hJ b&J@æ” “at;æat;æ/ aumif;ygw,f aumif;ygw,f/æ 'ge@J bke;f }u;D ausmif;rSmajymuke=f uwJh ta=umif;vJ qufygOD;æ” (2) “'Dvb kd b&J@æ/ jrefrmEdik if jH ynfwiG ;f rSm orwvl =urf;tzJ@G awG =urf;ukef &rf;ukew f o hJ wif;awGygæ” “a[ [kwv f m;æ/ b,fv=kd urf; b,fv&kd rf;yg vdru hf , G æ f / ajymprf;ygO;D æ” “wbufrSmu OD;cif!$ef@&J@vlawGudk tif;pdef axmifb;l 0rSm tr_ppf+y;D axmifawGcsaewJt h a=umif;/ tjcm;wbufrmS u ppfwikd ;f rSL;awG&@J tpnf;ta0;rSm tjyeftvSeyf pfcwf=uw,fv@kd Adv k cf sKy}f u;D armifat; &J@ twGi;f a&;rSL; ‘bd0k if;xGe;f ’tygt0if aoqH;k wJh owif;ygbbæ” “wu,fyv J m;eef;pdeaf iG/ jrefrmEdik if &H @J ppftm%m &Sipf epf[m ‘jzKw/f xkw/f &Si;f ’tqifu h aoewfe@J ypf cwfwt hJ qifu h kd a&muf+yaD ygæ h ” “ppfwyfxrJ mS OD;cif!e$ @f &J@ axmufvrS ;f a&;tpkukd &Sif;vdkuf+yD;wJhaemufrSm aemufxyfb,fESpfpkoGm; xyfrsm; uJaG eovJv@kd ygbbæ”

“at;æeef;pdeaf iGajymovdyk /J OD;oef;a±$[m OD;ae 0if;r[kww f mawmh aocsmw,faemfæ/ 'gq&kd if OD; oef;a±$&@J tpk/ Adv k cf sKy}f u;D armifat;&J@tpke@J Adv k cf sKyf a±$ref;&J@tpkq+kd y;D &SEd ikd w f ,faygu h , G æ f ” (3) “bbajymwJh tJ't D pkawG[m yd+k y;D tm;+yKd iv f mvd@k ypf=u cwf=ujzpfvm&if 88 ta&;awmfyu kH xuf yd+k y;D qd;k vmrvm;bb&,fæ” “'Dvv dk x J ifp&m&Sw d maygu h , G æ f / 88 ta&;awmf yHrk mS ppfwyfu vlxak wGuykd pfwmavæ? ck a&Sr› mS jzpf vmEdik w f mu wpke@J wpk/ wyfz@JG wcke@J wck taoypf cwfowfjzwfwmrsK;d jzpfvmEdik w f maygæ h ” “tJ't D pkawGxu J ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd tqH;k owfrt hJ pkaum ay:vmEdik af o;bvm;bb&J@æ” “Adv k cf sKycf if!e$ @f &J@ axmufvrS ;f a&;tkypf u k kd &Si;f +y;D wJah emufyikd ;f Adv k cf sKyaf ±$ref;ajymwJh ‘t&m&monf Oy a'atmufwiG &f &dS onf’ pum;t&eJ@ vlEpS af omif;eD; yg;avmufukd axmifuvGwaf y;w,fqakd wmh ppftm %m&Sipf epfukd tqH;k owfawmhrmS vm;qd+k y;D xifp&m jrifp&mawGaygah væ” “[kwfuJhbbæ” “'gayrifhæ'Da±G@vsm;r_awGudk =unfhae&if/ EdkifiH a&;tajymif;tvJukd rawG@&yJ ppfwikd ;f rSL;awG&@J t pnf;ta0;rSm ypfcwfre_ @J aoqH;k r_awGuo kd m awG@& w,favæ” “[kwfuJhygbbæ” “'ga=umifu h , G f &Si;f &Si;f ajym&&if OD;cif!e$ @f &J@vl awG ±H;k wifc&H wm&,f/ tusO;f om;awG ESpaf omif;eD; yg; jyefxu G v f mwm&,f/ trsK;d om;nDvmcH jyefvnf usi;f ywm&,f/ ppftm%m&Sipf epfzsuo f rd ;f zd@k eJ@awmh ta0;}u;D a0;aeao;wmudk awG@ae&w,favæ” (4) “OD;ae0if;eJ@ OD;oef;a±$rwlwJh=um;u eJeJyg;yg;

rdrdudk,fudk,frdrdowfaojcif; &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f / rlq,f+rKd @wGif txl;pkpH rf;ppfaq;a&;Xme 'kXmer_;=unfvif; atmifonf 10/ 2/ 2005 &ufae@u ol@udo k }l uKd ;qGcJ s+y;D owfaooGm;w,fv@kd od&ygw,f/ “olbma=umifh }uKd ;qGcJ saow,f vd@k r odb;l æ usaemfw@kd aq;±Hu k kd 10-2-2005 &ufae@rSm ol@tavmif;a&mufvmw,f/ ol@tavmif;udk ppfaq;=unfah wm@ =uKd ;qGcJ saoxm;a=umif; ckid cf ikd v f v Hk o Hk &d w,fæ”vd@k rlq,faq;±H0k efxrf;rSajymonf? “olb,fvjkd y\em&Sv d @kd tckvkd ol@ud, k o f l owfaow,fqw kd m usaemfw@kd vnf; rajymwwfb;l æ/ ol±;kH wufvmw,f/ ol@tcef;xJ0ifomG ;w,f/ 12;30 em&DavmufrmS olxu G rf vmvd@k 0efxrf;wa,muf ol@±H;k cef;xJ0if=unfah wm@ olu vufoef;cef@&Sw d hJ Edik v f eG }f uKd ;eJ@ ol@±H;k cef;twGi;f u xkww f ef;rSm &Smwpfvpf }u;D eJ@ aoaewmawG@&w,f/ tckawm@ ol@udk &ifu±JG x kH rJ mS xm;w,f? ol@ aqGrsK;d awGukd apmifah ew,fæ/ tm;vk;H a&mufuek =f u+yæ D ? 'Dae@12-2-2005 &ufae@ rGe;f vGJ 2;00em&DavmufrmS oj*Kd vrf ,fæ”vdk@ rlq,ftxl;pkpH rf;ppfaq;a&;±H;k rS 0efxrf;wOD;rSajymjyygw,f/ Zefe0g&v D ukeyf ikd ;f twGi;f rSmvnf; e³t³zppfwyftwGi;f rS Adv k cf sKyrf ;_ }u;D armifat;&J@ ud, k af &;t&m&Sd 'kAv kd rf ;_ }u;D Adv k 0f if;xGe;f vnf; ppf±;kH csKyt f wGi;f ol@ud, k o f o l wfaocJo h nf/ oef;Edik (f tifwmeufowif;rS)

armifyn k (-opa-w;vs) avmuf ‘xyf’=unfv h @kd &rvm;bbæ” “at;æat; 'Dv=kd unh&f if eD;vmwmxuf a0; wmudo k m jrif&w,feef;pdeaf iGæ? uJ uJ wckpiD gajym jyr,fæ/ em;axmifaemfæ” “[kwfuJhygbbæ” “OD;ae0if;u tm%m&vdk@ wESpfausmft=um 1964 rSm jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;vky&f atmifq+kd y;D awm wGi;f udk +ird ;f csr;f a&;ac:&Jw,feef;pdeaf iGæ” “[kwfuJhygbbæ” “+yD;awmh OD;Ektygt0if qef@usifbufEdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifawGudk (33)OD; t=uHay;aumfrwDzGJ@&J w,fæ” “[kwfuJhbbæ” “awmifov l ,form;/ tvkyo f rm;ES;D aESmyJaG wG vkyf+yD; (rqv)ygwDudkvJ ppfwyfausmaxmuf aemufceH @J OD;ae0if;u zJ@G &Jw,fu@GJ æ” “[kwfuJhbbæ” “at; aemuf+y;D (1974)ckEpS rf mS zJ@G pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'a&;qJ+G y;D jynfo h al umifpt D qifq h ifu h v kd nf; vkyf &Jw,favæ” “[kwfuJhbbæ” “ck OD;oef;a±$&@J (16)ESpu f mvrSm bmvky&f o J vJ/ bmvkycf o hJ vJ? at;avæ avsmah vsmah jym&&ifawmh ‘0’wyfz@GJ awG (Auy)eJ@ vrf;cJv G @kd Adv k cf if!e$ @f vuf jrefajcjrefe@J vkyw f hJ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;uwck/ a': atmifqef;pk=unfukd oH;k }urd o f ;kH cg tus,cf sKyef @J xde;f odr;f wmuwck/ at;avæ r&Sw d t hJ xJu wckcs;D usL; &rSmu r=umcifu vlEpS af omif;eD;yg;udk axmifawGxJ u vGwaf y;wmwckaygu h , G æ f ” “bbajymjyawmhrmS yJ (16)ESprf mS olw@kd twGuyf J tvkyu f jzpfwmud;k æ/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f av;pm;yg w,fbb&,f? tckvkd us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@od&wm” “at; at;æ/ eifcsn;f yJvnf; av;pm;raeeJ@/ udk a'gi;f ukv d J ajymxm;OD;/ 'd@k vm&ifvJ tawG@cHygO;D æ/ ylawmhylwmayghæ 'gayrJhæ 'gayrJhayghæ” ´´´´

tifwmeufwiG f zwf±E_ ikd yf g+yD rd;k aomuf=u,fpm=unfw h u kd rf S OD;pD;xkwaf 0 aom rd;k aomuf=u,f*sme,fEiS hf wjcm;aom pm=unfw h u kd q f ikd &f mta=umif;rsm;/ pmay a[majymyJG AD', D rkd w S w f rf;rsm;udk atmufyg tifwmeufvyd pf m±du k I f =unf±h E_ ikd yf ga=umif; http://www.moethaukkye.com/

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