Mtk Vol3 No7

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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jzef@csda&; 0if;atmif(wdu k sKd) 080 3380 0580 ud&k w J if(h em*d, k m) 080 3628 9979 0if;ay:armif(ud&k ;D ,m;) 8210 3938 5712 rrif;rif;jyKH ;(tar&dum;) 1260 424 1434 aX;Edik (f e,fomvef) 31 6176 76582 pmrlrsm; ay; yd@k vdyk guT 161-0033 SHINJUKU-KU, SHIMO OCHIAI 1-11-7, OCHIAI ECO MANSION 301, TOKYO, JAPAN [email protected] [email protected] Home Page http://www.moethaukkye.com/

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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tckvdk'kef;ysH(7)pif; xyfrHypfv$wfcJhwJhtwGuf *syeftpdk;&twGif; ta&;ay: tpnf;ta0;yGu J jkd yKvkyfcg ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if u H kd ta&;,lyw d q f @kd r_awGjyKvkyb f @kd ukvor*~vjkH cKH a&;aumifpDuv kd nf; csufjcif;awmif;qdv k u kd yf gw,f? *syefEikd if rH mS &Sad ewJh *syefEikd if q H ikd &f mtar&duefot H rwf 'Thomas Scheiffer' uvnf;/ ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if &H @J tckvv kd yk &f yf[m tvGeaf =umufrufz, G &f maumif; wJh vky&f yfwckjzpfw,fv@kd &_@H cscJ+h y;D / tar&duefEikd if [ H m rdrEd ikd if eH @J r[mrdwEf ikd if H awGtwGuf tjrw J rf;umuG,o f mG ;rSmjzpfa=umif; xkwaf z:ajym=um;vdu k yf gw,f// ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if u H tckvt kd a&twGurf sm;wJh 'ke;f ysH(7)pif;udk bma=umifh ypfvw $ cf &hJ w,fqw kd mudak wmh tckvx kd ifjrifa0zefvsu&f adS e=uygw,f? r=umao; rDumvtwGi;f ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if &H @J EsLuvD;,m;vufeufxw k v f yk af &;ud&k yf qdik ;f zd@k *syefEikd if t H ygt0if (6)Edik if &H @J ndE‡ i_d ;f aqG;aEG;yGrJ mS ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if u H awmif;qdx k m;wmawGukd r&&Scd ahJ o;twGujf zpfb, G &f m&Sad eovd/k r=umrDrmS tar &duefe@J *syefEikd if w H @kd yl;aygif;+y;D ESpEf ikd if H ppfa&;tygt0if/ 'ke;f ysHvufeufawGukd um uG,Ef idk rf phJ pfa&; yl;aygif;avhusifb h @kd &Sad ewJu h pd u P kd qef@usifwt hJ aeeJ@tckvkd 'ke;f ysH awGypfv$wfvdkufjcif;jzpfw,fv@kd ,H=k unfvsuf&adS e=uygw,f//

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rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal tifwmeufowif;

ÐurBmzh vm;abmfv;kH yGw J iG f trSm;jyKvkyrf cd o hJ 'l ikd v f }l uD; &mxl;rSEw + x f u G /f vuf&Sdusif;yaewJh 2006 ckESpf/ urBmhzvm; abmvH;k +yKd iyf &JG @J tkypf k 'F'+yKd ifyt JG wGi;f =opaw;vs Edik if t H oif;eJ@ c±dak t;&Sm;Edik if t H oif;wd@k ,SOu f pm; cJw h +hJ yKd ifyrJG mS 'dik v f }l u;D tjzpfwm0ef,cl w hJ hJ t*Fvef h hJ tqdyk g Edik if o H m; 'Graham Poll'[m rdrrd mS ;,Gi;f cJw +yKd ifyt JG wGi;f rStrSm;twGuf wm0ef&adS =umif; 0efcH ajym=um;um/ tjynfjynfqikd &f m abmvH;k 'dik v f }l u;D &mxl;uae E_wx f u G af =umif;udk ZGev f (29)&ufae@ u twnfjyKajym=um;vdu k yf gw,f/ tqdyk gowif;a=umifh urBmah bmvH;k y&dowf awGtwGuf topf tqef;wckjzpfovd/k &,fp&mvnf;jzpfc&hJ w,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? olrmS ;,Gi;f cJw h t hJ rSm;uawmh tqdyk g+yKd iyf t JG wGi;f t±dak t;&Sm;toif;rS abmvH;k JG wGi;f t0gu'f(2)}urd jf ycJah omfvnf;/+yKd iyf u JG ae orm; 'Josip Simunic'udk +yKd iyf t rxkwyf pfb/J +yKd iyf +JG y;D cge;D rSm w}urd t f 0gu'fxyfrjH ycJw h t hJ wGuf pkpak ygi;f t0gu'f (3)}udrfjycJhw,fvdk@qdkygw,f// vleJ@emrnfvGJ+yD; rSm;,Gif;cJhwJhtrSm;wckjzpfayrJh urBmah bmvH;k tzG@J csKyf&@J Oya'udk csKd;azgufovdjk zpfc&hJ vd@k wm0ef&o dS yl yD D ol[m tckvEkd w _ x f u G &f wmjzpfa=umif; ajymqdck yhJ gw,f//(wuUov kd pf ;kd oD[)

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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twˆKy`wadW qmif;yg;

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arG ; ygw,f ? rEW av;u zg;om;v zke;f ac:vzk;H atmuf arhz, G cf &pf,efom oemjyKausmif;uae q,fwef;atmif+yD; rEW a v;wuU o k d v f ukd a&mufvmygw,f? rEWav;wuUokdvfxGuf/ vlxkwkduf xGuq f adk wmh aZmf0w d }f u;D (0if;az)/ aygO;D ouf/ armifomEk;d / wifr;dk / =unfatmif pwJh pmayorm;awGe@J pmaytEkynm nDtukad wGv@dk qk&d ygr,f? usaemfw@dk u uAsmorm;/ oluo wif;pmorm;yg? vlxkowif;pmvkyfae &mu &efukefvlxkwkdufcGJt,f'Dwmt jzpf wm0ef,zl @dk &efuek u f q dk if;oGm;&yg w,f? 1967 ckESpfawmfvSefa&;aumifpD vufxuf/ w±kw-f Arm ta&;tcif;qkd +yD; ppftkyfpkuzefwD;awmh olzkH;eJ@ykd@wJh owif;awGukd vlxkwkdufxJuae+yD; vl xka':a':eJ@twl usaemf zke;f em;usyw f ck pDe@J em;axmifowif;,l&bl;ygw,f? t oJw,m;,m;yg? tJ'g+y;D awmh &efuek f vkyo f m;jynfo@l ae@pOfowif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyfoGm;vkyf aewJh ol&, d t,f'w D m/ vlxt k ,f'w D m tjzpf tpOftvmtvGe}f u;D cJw h hJ q&m }uD;a&$Oa'gif;ukdvnf; tvkyfjzKwf/ rEW av;vlxo k wif;pmukv d nf; ydwyf pfwm cH&ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf vlxkpdef0if;eJ@ tawmf =umatmif tqufjywfc&hJ ygw,f? olu awmh tm&Se@J tmz&du˜u jynfo@l ol&J aumif;awG&@J twˆKyw ` adW wGudk ‘0if;aZmf’ trnfeJ@bmomjyefaeygw,f? usaemf uawmh a±$bb dk ufudk ausmif;q&mt jzpfe@J v$iphf OfomG ;cJyh gw,f// vlxpk ed 0f if;[m axmifoufppk ak ygi;f (13)ESpfwdwd&Sdygw,f? ukd;ukd;u|ef;t usOf;axmifudk tyk@d cH&wJh vlxo k wif;

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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twˆKy`wadW qmif;yg; pdwf"mwfawGxm;wwfatmif oifay; wmyg? ,cktcg jynfyrSm ol@wynfah wG trsm;}u;D aygh? avjzwf+yD; roGm;EkdifrvmEkdifjzpfae wmukd t&yftac:eJ@ ‘'kuo Q nf’vk@d ac:yg w,f? 'gayrJh olu roefrpGr;f r[kwyf g bl;? ol@OD;aESmufe@J ol@uavmifu oef pGr;f vSygw,f? ESv;Hk a&m*g&Sad ewJh ol&@J ES vkH;u aysmhnHhroGm;cJhygbl;? 'D=um;xJ jynfya&mufaewJo h m;}u;D u ruse;f rrm jzpf+y;D uG,v f eG &f mS w,f? ol@ZeD;uvnf; armifw±Gmr,fw+rdK@ tr_xrf;ae&&Sm w,f? t+idrf;pm;vnf;&a&m avjzwf oGm;vkd@ ukvm;xkdifeJ@ oGm;&vm&yg w,f? ol@xufq;dk ygw,f? olvnf; ESv;Hk a&m*ge@J av,mOfp;D vk@d r&vk@d c&D;oGm;cJ ygw,f? tarvlxak ':trm[m ol@tart &if;vkyd gyJ? 'gayrJh tarharG;ae@awGudk r oGm;Ekdif&Smbl;? vlxkOD;vS 90 jynfhESpfrSm awmh rjzpfraeoGm;ygw,f? um;av; wpD;eJ@ wOD;wnf;vkdufyg+yD;/ oufom atmif nc&D;oGm;ygrS vrf;rSm um;wku d f cH&vk@d vufusK;d oGm;+y;D aq;±kw H uf&jyef ygw,f? tckq&dk if atmufp*D sib f ;l eJ@ ae & &Smwmyg? 'D=um;xJ vli,fawG zwf=u zk@d pmrjywfa&;w,f? vli,fpme,fZif; orm;awGuv dk nf; tpGr;f uket f ultnD ay;ygw,f? wcsKd@ vli,fpmayorm;/ owif;pmorm;awG ukdvnf; vlxkpdef0if;qDoGm;&if apmifh =unfhcH&ygw,f/ apmifh=unfhcH&r,fvkd@ vJ +crd ;f ajcmufc&H ygw,f? vlxkpdef0if;udk teDa&mifowif;pm q&mvk@d vnf; ajymxm;=uygw,f? rq v/ e0w/ etzeJ@ =u@H zGwt f okid ;f t0kid ;f u ajymwmyg? wcsK@d uvnf; =um;zl;em; 0eJ@ vef@+y;D usaemfu h adk r;zl;ygw,f? “q&m vlxpk ed 0f if;u teDqæ dk ”wJ?h

44 ESpaf jrmuf 7 Zlvikd t f xdr;f trSwf “teDqw dk m rif;u b,fvx dk ifovJr odbl;? tjymr[kwf/ trJr[kwfbl;qkd awmh aumif;wmayghuGmæ”vkd@yJ jyef ajym&ygw,f? ol a &;wJ h p m/ ol a jymwJ h p um;rS m vli,fawG±;dk om;zk@d / }uKd ;pm;zk@d / avhvmzk@d / tjrifus,fzkd@qkdwmawGyJ&Sdygw,f? 'g a=umifh vli,fawGu ol@pmawGudk w av;wpm;zwf=uwmyg? “rif;wkd@ ol@pm awGzwfae=uwmyJ/ r}ud K uf & if r zwf e J @ aygh u G m æ”vk d @ yJ ajym&ygw,f? ol@pm;yGo J mG ;&if vli,fawG wzGzJ v JG m =uwm awG@&ygw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H ta&; awmfyt Hk wGi;f u ol@tdrrf mS vlypdk nfyg w,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;0if;wif/ OD;rkd;olpwJh ta&;awmfykHacgif;aqmif awG u k d v nf ; roef p G r f ; wJ h = um;uae tppt&m&m tultnD/ t=uHOm%f awGay;cJyh gw,f? ckq&dk if oltouf[m (70)em;eD;ae yg+y?D usef;rma&;uvnf; jrifwv hJ w l idk ;f u 'kuw dQ ac:wmcH&wJt h ajctaersKd;yg? wae@a±$/ wae@aiGqo dk vkd tajctae rsKd;rSm atmufpD*sifbl;ukd jynfyuae aps;}u;D ay; 0,f,o l ;Hk pGaJ e&&Smwmyg? 'g ayrJ h ‘rsKd;rmefrcs / rcHo@l atmuf/ rajrm‡ ufo@l vuf’qkw d hJ jynfo@l owif; pmpdwf"mwfuawmh tjrJ&Sifoefvef; qef;v#uyf gy?J vlxo k wif;pmq&m yDo ygayw,fv@dk qkcd sifygw,f? oli,fcsif; vlxkpdef0if;ukd touf &Sn&f n S ef @J jynfo h @l owif;pmq&m pdwf "mwf qufvufarG;jrLEkid yf gapæ vli,fawG ukd oHr%dpw d "f mwfe@J erl emjyEkid yf gapvk@d qkawmif;arwWmyk@d o&if; tav;jyKvku d yf gw,fæ vlxkopPmjzihf-

7 &ufZvl ikd &f @J ordik f;u¾ zd;k oH(vlx)k &mpkESpfw0ufeD;yg; ppftm%m&Sif tkyfpdk;r_atmufrSm &[ef;oHCmawmf awGe@J ausmif;om;awGtyg jynfoal wG qNjyvd@k towfc&H wmrsm;vSyg+y?D 'gayrJh 7 &uf Zlvdkifudka&mufw,fqdkwdkif; ppftyk pf &k @J yxrqH;k tpkvu kd t f tHv k u kd f vlowfr}_ u;D udk jyefvnfazmfxw k af jym qdkae=u&wm bma=umifhygvJ? tem a[mif;udjk yefazmf+y;D ta=umif;rJh jy\ emazmfaewmvm;? rajymrjzpfv@kd ajym ae=uwmvm;? (1) 7 &uf Zlvikd t f a&;tcif;[m Adv k af e 0if;tm%modrf;+yD;vdk@ av;v=umwJht cgrmS ay:ayguw f mjzpfygw,f? 'Dtm%m odr;f r_[m acwfopfArmjynfordik ;f &J@ t ajymif;tvJtauG@tcsKd ;}u;D wckjzpfygw,f? Adv k af e0if;wd@k ppftyk pf [ k m ppftyk pf k rsK;d qufe@J cs+D y;D wdik ;f jynftm%mudk odr;f ydu k af wmhr,fh wu,f&h nf±, G cf sufurkd ajymyJ wdik ;f &if;om;awGtay: rw&m;pGyf pG+J y;D tm%modr;f cJw h mjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tm%m&‘yxp’eJ@ t"du twdkuftcH ‘zqyv’wdk@[m awGa0 oGm;+y;D 1958-60 tm%modr;f r_wek ;f uvdk Adv k af e0if;u tm%mjyefvaJ$ vr

armifprG ;f &nf

tifwmeufay:wGifvnf; zwf±_Edkifyg+yD rd;k aomuf=u,fpm=unhw f u kd rf S OD;pD;xkwaf 0aeaom ‘rd;k aomuf=u,f*sme,f’tygt0if/ awmifu;kd &D;,m;Edik if x H w k f ‘axmifpjk ywif;owif;*sme,f’/ tar&duefEikd if x H w k f ‘yGio hf pf*sme,f’tygt0if NCGUBxkwf‘!Ge@f aygi;f ’owif;v$mwdk@udk atmufygvyd pf mwGif zwf±E_ ikd yf ga=umif; http://www.moethaukkye.com

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

vm;vd@k pOf;pm;olpOf;pm;eJ@ wke@f qdik ;f ae ygw,f? aemuf+yD; vuf0JqdkwJh ‘yrnw’xJ uvnf; renf;wJv h al wG[m Adv k af e0if; ajymwJh ‘qd&k , S v f pf’pum;ukd oGm;&nf us+yD; ppftkyfpkukd axmufcHajymvmyg w,f? Edik if aH &;t& wpHw k &m±_yaf xG;ae w,fv@kd qdEk ikd yf gw,f? wcsKd@owif;pm awGuvnf; prf;w0g;0g; a&;om;azmfjy ae=uygw,f? olw@kd taeeJ@ tzrf;cH&rSm eJ@ owif;pmwdu k t f ydwcf &H rSmudk owd xm;ae=uwJo h abmvnf;ygygw,f? (2) 'Dvdktaetxm;rSm ‘wuo’eJ@ ‘A uo’wdk@uae ppftkyfpktm%modrf; wmudk uef@uGufa=umif; twdtvif; a=unmvdu k yf gw,f? 'g[m tm%m&+y;D ump rmefwufaewJph pftyk pf u k dk trsuf ajcmif;ajcmif;xGuaf pcJyh gw,f? twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;awG awmif rajym0Hw h mudk 'Dravmufav;r avmufpm; ausmif;om;av;awGu &m &mpp ajym&aumif;vm;qd+k y;D ppfO;D bD vl;ozG,f or*~e@J ausmif;om;awGtay: OD;OD;zsm;zsm; &rf;um;&ufpufcJhwm[m wzufpmrsufEmS od@k «

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

44 ESpaf jrmuf 7 Zlvikd t f xdr;f trSwf t"dutm;jzifh 'Dta=umif;a=umifyh g? ol@b0rSm ausmif;om;or*~awGeJ@ a,mifv@kd rSrywfoufcb hJ ;l wJh Adv k af e0if; [m ordik ;f 0if&efuek w f uUov kd af usmif; om;rsm;or*~taqmuftOD}u;D udk rdik ;f Ak;H eJ@+zKd ypfcikd ;f cJw h m[m txufuajymcJw h hJ emusn;f csuaf =umifjh zpfw,fq&kd if rrSm; ygb;l ? ppfrjzpfru D ausmif;om;vSyk &f mS ;r_rmS yg0ifcw hJ hJ usaemhrf cd ifq&kd if tJ'w D ek ;f u udk,fhem;udk,fr,HkEdkifavmufatmifjzpf oGm;+yD; “olw@kd ES,-f rdu k ±f ikd ;f vdu k af v w,fæ“vd@k wjzpfawmufawmufajym cJw h m tcktxdrw S rf ad eygw,f? (3) Adkvfae0if;u ausmif;om;awGudk owfjyvdu k w f m[m wu,fu wjynf vH;k udk +crd ;f ajcmufvu kd w f mjzpfygw,f? ‘"g;"g;csif;/ vHv S cSH sif;&ifqikd rf ,f’vd@k a'gorxdr;f Edik yf J ajymwJt h xdjzpfcw hJ ,f? 'Dpum;=um;awmh vufeufrahJ usmif; om;awGtay: armufarmufrmrmpdef ac:aewJh wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmif}uD;udk vnf; vlxu k tH=h o=u&ygw,f? trSeu f ausmif;om;or*~awGtay: rSmxm;&SdwJh Adkvfae0if;&J@tmCmw[m ordik ;f eJ@csD+y;D ol@&ifx/J acgif;xJrmS ude;f atmif;aecJw h mjzpfygw,f? ocifatmifqef;tygt0if ol@&J@Edik if H a&;+yKd ifbufawGv@kd olowfrw S x f m;ol awGtm;vH;k vdv k [ kd m or*~rmS xdyyf ikd ;f u v_y&f mS ;cJo h al wGjzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; ‘wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;’rSm ol@q&mocifApde/f ocifxeG ;f tkyw f @kd eJ@ t+ydKif q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;&Jh ausmaxmufaemufcHtiftm;awG[m ausmif;om;or*~0ifa[mif;awGr[kwv f m;? 'D v l o wf y G J [ m tJ ' D & ef ò i;awG u d k azmufcv GJ u kd w f mvd@k ajym&ifvnf; rrSm; ygbl;? olwav#mufvHk;t±H_;ay;cJh&wJh ausmif;om;or*~udk jyeftEdkif,lwJh oabmjzpfygw,f? (4) ol@&J@'Dvo l wfy[ GJ m ausmif;om;awG udo k m OD;wnfwmr[kwyf J wjynfv;kH udk ‘jrifw,fr[kwv f m;æ=unfx h m;=u’vd@k pHjyvkyjf yvdu k w f myg? wdkif;jynf&J@t!Gef@tzl;vdk@qdkwJh t oufi,f&, G w f ahJ usmif;om;awGuakd wmif owf&w J ,f/ usefwt hJ v$mt oD;oD;udk awmh ajymp&mrvdb k ;l qdw k t hJ "dyg` ,fyg?

'D v l o wf r _ [ m aemif p pf t k y f p k t qufquftwGuf &J&o J wfjzwfwt hJ pOf tvmudk xlaxmifay;vdkufwm/ &Jaq; wifay;vdu k w f mjzpfygw,f? trSe0f efc&H &if usaemhw f OD;csif;a&m/ wjcm;usaemfodor#tzJG@tpnf;awG a&m/ vlyk*~dKvfawGyg ‘Adkvfae0if; 'g avmufrdkufrdkuf±dkif;±dkif;vkyfvdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifrh xm;wmtrSeyf g’? omrefArm jynfom;wa,muftaeeJ@ 'gavmuf &ufpufvrd rhf ,fv@kd rwGurf cd yhJ gbl;? 'Dvekd @J 'Dtjzpftysufay:aygufvu kd f wJt h wGuf tm;vH;k [m pOf;pm;r_enf;em/ vufawG@jyifqifr/_ pwmawGtm;vH;k rSm t&ifueJ@rwlwmawGcsnf; jzpfukefyg w,f? 'DvdkeJ@ wcsdK@ausmif;om;acgif; aqmifawG awmcdw k mtxdjzpfcyhJ gw,f? (5) ausmif;om;or*~awG[m 1962 ck ESpfup+yD; ordkif;rSmyxrqHk;tjzpf ajr atmuf c d k c J h & ygw,f ? 'D t &if w k e f ; u ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGtzrf;cH& wma&m tzrf;rcH&atmif a&Smif=u&Sm; =u&wm&Syd gw,f? 'gayr,fh ausmif;om;or*~awGu awmh qufvufvnfywfaecJhw,f? usefaeolawGu/ zrf;xm;olawGudkjyef v$wfay;zdk@/ ausmif;xkwfcH&olawGudk ausmif;aecGiahf y;zd@k qufvufwu kd yf 0GJ if =uygw,f? 'gayrJh 1962 ckESpfaemufydkif;rSmus awmh t"duor*~±;kH rsm;vd@k qd&k r,fh &ef ukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~t aqmuftOD}u;D eJ@ rEWav;wuUov kd u f or*~w}J u;D udk ppftyk pf u k +zKd ypfvu kd jf y;D b,fo@l udrk S v_y&f mS ;cGirhf ay;awmhygb;l ? tJ'aD emuf 1963 ckEpS rf mS rqvtpd;k &u awmwGif;eJ@ aphpyfaqG;aEG;zdk@vkyf w,fqdkwJhtcgrSm tzrf;cHxm;&olawG udv k nf; awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &u v$waf y;&ygw,f? tJ'aD emuf yke;f atmif;aewJah usmif; om;awGvnf; jyefxGufvm=u+yD; usef aewJv h al wGe@J twl or*~vyk if ef;rsm;udk jyefp=uygw,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m vtenf; i,fomcHygw,f? Adv k af e0if;u aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;rsuf vSnfhyJG awmfcsdefwef+yDvdk@qHk;jzwfvdkuf wmeJ @ pm;yJ G 0 d k i f ; awG u d k z suf o d r f ; +yD ; awmwGif; tiftm;pkawGudk awmxJjyef cdik ;f um +rKd @ay:rSm vlzrf;yJaG wG t}u;D t

us,fvyk af wmhwmyg? 'D v d k e J @ ausmif ; om;or*~ a wG ajr atmufv#Kd omG ;&wm[m 'Dae@txdygy?J (6) Adv k af e0if;*rl;±SL;xd;k eJ@or*~taqmuf tOD}u;D udk +zKd cJv G u dk w f m[m Adv k af e0if; wd@k udk ordik ;f w&m;cHtjzpf aowJt h xd awmufav#mufwap>ajcmufcyhJ gw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm olw@kd csi;f tjyeftvSef vufnK‡d ;xd;k =u&if; Adv k af tmif}u;D eJ@uJ&G m rSm tcsufwcsufjzpfvmcJyh gw,f? wu,fqkd 'Dtcsu[ f m twGi;f odjzpf wJh Adv k af tmif}u;D taeeJ@ Adv k af e0if;t ay: Edik zf w J csyjf zpf&rSmyg? 'gayrJh owWrd &Sd wJAh v kd af tmif}u;D u 'DzcJ syu f kd Adv k af e0if; qDrmS rsuEf mS csKd aoG;a&;twGuyf J toH;k cs oGm;cJyh gw,f? ordik ;f &J@jzpf&yfreS af wGukd xkwaf zmfavmufatmif owWrd &Sad =umif; jyooGm;ygw,f? ordik ;f udjk yef=unf&h if Adv k af e0if;tyg t0if b,fppftm%m&Sirf qdk 'Dvu kd pd P }u;D awGukd olw@kd ud, k w f ikd q f ;kH jzwfwmyg? awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m olwOD;wnf;qHk; jzwfwmyg? b,forl jS yefajym0Hw h mr[kwf ygbl;? 'gudktwGif;odvdk@qdk&r,fh ‘u awmf’awGu yk*HoD&dypP,m[dkw,frSm tcsif;csif;ajym=uwmud=k um;+y;D Adv k af e 0if;aoG;vef@cJh&w,fr[kwfygvm;? (7) 7 &uf/ Zlvikd f ausmif;om;owfy}GJ u;D +y;D wJt h cgrmS jynfov l x l t k wGi;f ppftyk f pkeJ@ywfoufvdk@ tjrif&Sif;oGm;=uyg w,f? t'Dumvu Edik if aH &;eJ@ywfouf vm&if 'Dvo l wfyt GJ ay:±_jrify/kH &yfwnfykH ay:rlwnf+y;D tuJjzwf=uygw,f? 'g[m tJ'w D ek ;f u vly*k Kd~ vfe@J tzJ@G tpnf;awG udk wdkif;wmwJh ‘pH’wckygyJ? jynfov l x l [ k m rqveJ@aygi;f wJv h l awGtay: 'Dupd }P u;D ay:+y;D aemufrmS yd+k y;D arwWmysufoGm;ygw,f? ajray:vuf0J orm;awGxrJ mS vnf; rqveJ@aygi;f ole@J raygif;ol&,fvdk@ twdtvif;uJGjym; oGm;ygw,f? rqveJ@wJGoGm;olawGtxJrSm EdkifiH a&;tpOftvm}u;D olawG/ emrnf}u;D ol

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

awG yg=uygw,f? 'gayrJo h w l @kd crsm tJ'D ajcvSrf;up+yD; jynfolvlxkeJ@uif;uGm oGm;vdu k w f m Edik if aH &;t& vH;k vH;k emvef jyefrxlawmhygbl;? 'ga=umifh 'Dta&;t cif;[m tJ't D cgu bDv;l pnf;vl@pnf;cJG &mrSm tifrwefta&;ygwJt h cef;u &Scd hJ w,fv@kd qdEk ikd yf gw,f? (8) 'ga=umifh 1962 ckEpS f tm%modr;f r_ [m ArmjynfEikd if aH &;Zwfc&kH @J tcif;t usi;f tawmfrsm;rsm;udk ajymif;vJomG ;ap w,fv@kd qd&k ifrrSm;ygbl;? 1966 ckESpfrSm usaemfaxmifxJudk a&mufawmh usaemhft&ifa&mufESifhwJh oHCmawmfawG/ ausmif;om;awG/ Edik if H a&;orm;awG&ydS gw,f? 'gayrJh t&ifwek ;f u Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tjzpf awG@&avh &SdwJh qdk&S,feDwdk@/ jynfol@&Jabmfwdk@udk rawG@&oavmufjzpfaeygw,f? aemufwESpfavmufaerS jynfol@&J abmfxu J ('Dtcsed rf mS rvny/ jrefrmEdik f iHtvkyo f rm;nD!w G af &;ygwv D @kd emrnf ,l x m;wJ h ) jynf o l @ &J a bmf u acgif ; aqmifa[mif;wcsK@d vufeufuikd f awmf vSeaf &;xJjyef0ifz@kd pnf;&H;k v_y&f mS ;=uvd@k tzrf;cH&+y;D axmifxaJ &mufvmygw,f? Adv k w f ifw h ,facgif;aqmifwt hJ zJ@G yg? 'DvdkeJ@ axmifxJrSmwdkufyJGawGazmf =uwJt h cgusawmh rEWav;c±dik f Auo uusaemfwdk@[m zqyvwdk@/ yxp/ rvny/ tvHeDpwmawGeJ@vufwJG+yD; axmiftm%mydik af wGukd wdu k af e&wm awG @ vm&ygw,f ? Armjynf E d k i f i H a &; &J@t"duyVdyuQ[m ajymif;oGm;+yu D ;kd ? (9) aemufqHk;tcsuftaeeJ@ajym&&if ausmif;om;awG[m ordik ;f rSmr=uKH z;l wJ/h rpOf;pm;rar#mv f ifch w hJ hJ &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfr_}uD;eJ@ tzdESdyfcHvdkuf&ayrJh aemufweG @f jcif;vH;k 0r&Syd /J or*~vyk if ef; awGukd rsdK;qufwquf+y;D wquf &wJh enf;aygi;f pHek @J qufvufo,faqmif ae =uw,fqw kd t hJ csufygyJ? ArmjynfrmS ausmif;om;qdw k m&Sad eoI ausmif;om;or*~qw kd mwnf&adS erSmygy?J

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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44 ESpaf jrmuf 7 Zlvikd t f xdr;f trSwf 1? ae0if;twGuf ‘0if;’awGukd e0if;acsum taoowf=uava&mhovm;/ oH;k cGu OD;pde0f if;/ yJc;l u OD;ndK0if;/ c&rf;u OD;wifarmif0if;/ tusOf;xJrmS aoqH;k & e0w&J@,kwrf mr_ vlxkcHk±Hk;rSm w&m;pJG&r,f?

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2? OD;pde0f if;qdw k m ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;tzJ@G csKyf ordik ;f *k%yf 'k f tpOftvm}u;D rm;vS Auo&J@tr_aqmifausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif}u;D wOD; rqvppfbv D ;l rsm;&J@ &ufpufra_ tmufrmS ud;k ud;k u|ef;a&mufatmif tyd@k cH&zl;ol jynfoal wG&@J bufawmfom; awmfveS af &;orm; =u,fwyGijhf zpfygw,f?

3? OD;ndK0if;qdw k m ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;tzJ@G csKyf

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6? rqv-e0w ppftm%m&Sirf eS o f r$ b,fwek ;f urS 'l;raxmuf ordik ;f wav#mufwu kd yf 0JG if &mZ0ifuakd oG;eJ@a&; toufygay;+y;D wdu k cf =hJ u av;pm;vSpGm wdk@OD;cdkuf OD ;!GwfvdkufwJh wdk@toH 4? OD;wifarmif0if;qdw k m f r# tuke=f um; ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;tzJ@G csKy(f Auo)eJ@ cGyaf 'gif;rSeo awmf v e S a f &;orm;rS eo f r# tukeo f d &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;or*~(wuo)wd@k &J@ trdajr[m oufaotjzpf wnfapaomf0?f tawmufyqH;k tvHuikd f 7 &ufZv l ikd f ta&;awmfy}kH u;D &J@Adou k m ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&;umuG,af &;aumfrwD&@J OuUÏ (&efuek w f uUov kd f 75 ESpaf jrmuf pde&f wkobiftwGuf Auors m ;tzJ @ G cs Kyu f xkwaf 0aom vufurf;pm±Gurf S rGefjrwfvSwJhtonf;ESvHk;eJ@ jyefvnfu;l ,lazmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf) jynfot l m;vH;k &J@=u,fwyGiyhf g? License No.835

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10

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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rd;k ? ? ausmif;&J@tajctaeav; ajymjyay;ygvm;cifAsæ Hk m vS? ? ausmif;uawmh tifzufr;dk / 0g;x&Hum+y;D qif;qif;&J&eJ @J ukd jzpfajrmuf±o &S+d y;D / wzufrmS ausmif;aqmifi,fwckudkawG@&ygw,f? uk;d &D;,m;tult nDe@J aqmufxm;a=umif;od&ygw,f? q&mawG[m ,QKr;kd &moDjzpfayr,fh rk;d rvkH rk;d ywfaomtaetxm;rSm 'kucQ +H y;D ae=u&+y;D uav;awG&@J pmoif =um;a&;ukd rjzpfjzpfatmif }uKd ;pm;aqmif±u G af ewmukd awG@&ygw,f? uav;awG&@J pmoif =um;r_[m Ekid if w H umrS taxmuf tyHhay:rlwnf+yD; ae&wJt h ajctae jzpfaewJt h wGuf 'D xufy+dk y;D axmuf yHhr_ay;Ekdif r,fqkd pmoifausmif;twGuf trd;k rd;k &efjyifqifaepOf &if uav;rsm;&J@y nma&;tajctae[m 'Dxufy+dk y;D wk;d wufvmEkid zf , G &f ydS gw,f? rd;k ? ? ausmif;wnf&mae&m[m e,fpyf=um;rSmjzpfaeawmh xkid ;f tpk;d &qkid &f mjy \emawG/ etzqkid &f mjy\emawGe@J vkjH cKHa&;aum&&Syd govm;æ´ h wGuf vkjH cKaH &;vk;H 0r&Syd g vS? ? ausmif;u xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyf=um;rSmjzpfaewJt bl;/ &Gmol}u;D eJ@bke;f }u;D u wwfEikd o f avmufumG uG,af y;ygw,f? xkid ;f t pk;d &&J@zrf;qD;r,ft h EW&,ftjyif touftEW,&f ,fyg&Syd gw,f? xkid ;f rSm=uKH awG@ae&wJh jrefrmvlrsK;d awG =uKH awG@ae&wJjh y\emuawmh touftEW,f &m,fe@J vkjH cKaH &;uif;rJah er_ygb?J etzuvnf; =uKH &if=uKH ovkd 'kurQ sK;d pkaH y; aewmukyd g cHae=u&ygw,f? aoG;opfausmif;rSm&Sad ewJh uav;i,fawG&@J b0[m wu,fu h q dk if;&J+y;D 'kut Q a&mufq;Hk taetxm;rSm&Syd gw,f? rd;k ? ? usaemfwkd@*syefEkdifiHu aoG;opfausmif;ukdaxmufyHhaeygw,f? tJ'D axmufyahH =u;aiGe@J a&m avmufirS &l &dS @J vm;cifAsæ´ S ,f ravmufib S ;l qkw d mawmh usaemfaocsmrod&ayr,fh wm vS? ? avmufiw 0efcaH wGtaeeJ@ *syefuaxmufyahH iGudk aocsmpGmtpDtpOfe@J avmufiS atmifo;Hk =u&w,fv@dk ajymygw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfjrifc&hJ wJu h av;rsm;&J@ tcuftcJe@J tajctae[m cifAsm;wd@k yd@k wJah iGe@J avmufirS lr&Sb d ;l qkw d mukd awmh awG@cJ&h ygw,fæ S ;l qkw d meJ@yufoufv@dk tJ'aD usmif;uausmif;om;tiftm;eJ@ rd;k ? ? ravmufib aexkid pf m;aomufru _ dk q&mawGuwm0ef,al e&ygovm;odcsifygw,f´ vS? ? usaemfa&mufawmh ausmif;ydwcf sed ef @J wk;d aewmjzpfv@kd aocsmrajymEkid af y rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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aoG;opfausmif;twGuf owif;aumif;wck Zlvikd v f 9 &ufae@wGiu f sif;yrnfh Black Rose wD;0dik ;f tzJ@G . e,fpyfa'o 'kuo Q nfrsm;twGuf tqdak wmfurkd eG ;f atmif&@J &efyakH iGaw;wDwazsmaf jzyJrG S &&Sd rnfah iGrsm;udk aoG;opfpmoifausmif;twGuf vdt k yfaeonht f &mrsm;wGio f ;kH &eff ay;tyfvLS wef;rnfjzpfa=umif;od&ygonf? ,ckuJhodk@ aoG;opfausmif;twGuf vSLwef;zdk@qHk;jzwf&jcif;ta=umif;ukd Black RosewD;0di k ;f tzJ@G . wm0efcw H OD;jzpfol udjk rwfou l “usaemfw@kd taeeJ@ trSew f u,ftultnDvt dk yfaewJah e&mawGukd ulnaD xmufychH sifwphJ w d ef @J tckvkd usaemfw@kd tzJ@G om;tm;vH;k u qH;k jzwf+y;D vkyaf qmifc=hJ uwmygæ txl;ojzifh 'DyaGJ v;jzpfajrmufatmif 0dik ;f 0ef;vkyaf qmifay;cJ=h uwJh us aemfw@kd nDtudak wGa&m/ rtm;vyfw=hJ um;u vma&mufoq D akd zsmfajzay;wJh udrk eG ;f atmifuakd &m/ tm;ay;=unh±f e_ m;qif=uwJh y&dowftm;vH;k udyk g aus;Zl; txl;wif&ydS gw,fæ”[k ajym=um;cJyh gonf? armif&iS (f bm;rm;rD', D mowif;axmuf)

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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aoG;opf rdbrJu h av;ausmif;twGuf axmufyrhH p+ m&if; odk@§ rd;k aomuf=u,f*sme,fwm0efcrH sm;cifAsm;æ jrefrmetzppfwyf. ±GmrD;±_d@/ oD;ESH@rsm;udkzsufqD;/ vlay:wmqGJonfhtwGuf a=umifh wdik ;f &if;om;u&ifvrl sK;d rsm; pm;p&mr±S/d aep&mr±So d nfh tajctaeqd;k rsm; pGmESi&hf ifqikd af e&+y;D xdik ;f Edik if t H wGi;f od@k xGuaf jy;wdr;f a±SmifvmcJ=h uonf? wcsKd @aomu&ifwikd ;f &if;om;wd@k onf rJaqmufò[email protected]&S@buf (3)rdik cf ef@tuGm ±Sd aemufbmG ;±Gmuav;od@k rdom;pktvdu k f xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifvm=u+y;D xdik ;f vlrsKd ; rsm;. awmif,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif awmawmifrsm;udrk cDS I kd ae@pm;0ifa&muf vkyu f ikd &f if;jzifh ‚if;wd@k .rdom;pk0rf;a&;twGuf cufcpJ mG ajz&Si;f ae&onf? 26/ 5/ 2006 ae@&ufwiG f xkid ;f olaX;wOD;. cGijhf yKcsufjzifh awmif,mwckwiG f ajymif;pdu k yf sdK;&eftwGuf iSm;&rf;ojzifh oGm;a&mufvyk u f ikd =f uonft h csdew f iG f xdik ;f xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfa'o/ aemufbmG ;±GmwGi&f o dS nfh ‘aoG;opf’ pm opfawmXmerS cGijhf yKcsurf &Sad wmif,mjzpfonf[q k u kd m tvkyv f yk u f ikd af e=uaom j r ef r mwd i k ; f &if ; om;tvk y o f rm;(29)OD ; ud k zrf ; qD ; ac:aqmif o m G ;cJ o h nf? oifausmif;av;onf rnfonft h ultnDaxmufyrhH u _ kd rnfrnf&& f xdrvGwaf jrmufao;ojzifh ‚wd@k . use&f pfcahJ om vlrr,fuav; r&daS o;bJ a0;vHaom ae&ma'otcufcw J iG f wnf&aSd e+y;D ,cktcg ,cktcsed t i,f (20)a,mufEiS hf rdom;pk0ifrsm;onf pm;0wfaea&;tcuftcJ/ avmui&Jukd jrefrmEdik if rH S xGuaf jy;vmolrsm; ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmojzifh uav;i,frsm; vufawG@usus ñuaH wG@ae&ygonf? xkid ;f Edik if aH &muf jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;rsm;. ajr rSm ydI k ydI k wd;k vmaoma=umifh tcuftcJrsm;/ 'kurQ sm;ajz&Si;f &efrmS edr&hf mvSpH u kd /f El&m0Jp/JG vJ&molc;kd axmif; u,fwiforl &Sd cku d ;kd &mrJb h 0udk rcHr&yfEikd f tultnDukd ta&;ay:vdt k yfaeygonf? jzpfveG ;f vd@k uav;rsm;.ynma&;udk jznfq h nf;ay;aeaom ausmif;q&mwOD;tae jzifh wdkif;jynf}uD;acsmufxJuscgeD;rS u,fwifonf[kqdkaom etzAdkvf}uD;rsm; tajymESit hf qdrk udu k o f nfukd urBmuodatmif "mwfyEkH iS w hf uG wifjyvdu k &f ygonf cifAsm? aZmfviG Of ;D (ausmif;q&m)

xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyf&dS aoG;opf rdbrJhpmoifausmif;twGuf ysKd;yifpdkufysKd;vdkolrsm;odk‹

oifah iG 2000 ,ef;onf cav;i,fwOD;. wvpmausmif;pm;&dwjf zpfygojzifh ynm'ge ukov kd ðf yvdyk gu090 4924 2906/ 090 4128 4725/ 090 4028 3476/

arvtwGuf ysKd;yi f u kd y f sKd;=uolrsm; yifp ,ef; 1˜000 vSLwef;olrsm; - udck ifatmifšrrd;k jzL/ udw k ifatmifšraroef;a±$ ,ef; 2˜000 vSLwef;olrsm;- rvJv h 0hJ if;/ Adv k af omif; (c)ode;f atmif/ ud0k if;atmif/ armifaomif;xdu k šf rprf;jrifEh , G /f apwem&SiZf eD;armifE/HS udv k rS sKd;/ rsKd;oef@armif/ rsKd;oef@atmif/ 0if;rif;awZ/ atmifp;kd OD;/ udo k ed ;f Edik šf raqGaqGaX;/ armifped o f ef;/ ausmfvi_d af t;šcifE, G 0f if;/ ausmf0À/ armifrsKd;rif;atmif/ udjk ra0/ OD;oef;0if;

aoG;opfausmif;od@k a&muf&v dS monhf uav;i,frsm;

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137˜000(wpfo;kH aomif;ckEpS af xmif,ef;wdw)d

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163˜000(wpfajcmufaomif;oH;k axmif,ef;wdw)d rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

13

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1-3 uk, d af &;tcsuftvufrw S w f rf;rsm; rSm;,Gi;f aeygu*syefEkdifiHwGif aexkdifaeaom EkdifiH jcm;om;rsm; ukd,fa&;tcsuftxufrsm;ukd rSwyf w Hk ifxm;onfh Oya'w&yftjzpf Ekid if jH cm; om;rSwyf w Hk ifOya'&S+d y;D / tqkyd g Oya'yk'rf (1) wGif ‘TOya'onf u|Eyfk w f @dk .Ekid if w H iG f aexkid f vsuf&=dS uaom Ekid if jH cm;om;rSwyf w Hk ifpepfudk usio hf ;Hk aqmif&u G rf t _ & Ekid if jH cm;om;rsm;. ae xkid rf E_ iS yhf wfoufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ wenf;/ ukd,fa&;ukd,fwmqkdif&mESifh ywfoufIaomf vnf;aumif;/ wdwu d sus!eì jf yxm;onfEiS t hf nD w&m;0ifaecGi&hf Ekid if jH cm;om;rsm;. w&m;r# waom xdef;odrf;ulnDaqmif&Gufa&;tjzpf &nf&, G o f nf’[k jyÏmef;owfrSwfxm;onf?

jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D od@k axmufyv Hh LS wef;=uolrsm;(2006/ {+yv D ) rd;k aomuf=u,frS aumufcaH y;aiG armifoef@ 5000(ig;axmif,ef;wdwd) ausmfrdk;0if; 5000(ig;axmif,ef;wdwd) 5000(ig;axmif,ef;wdwd) udpk ;kd Edik (f FREDDY) udkatmifrif; 5000(ig;axmif,ef;wdwd) udpk ;kd vdi_ x f eG ;f 3000(oHk;axmif,ef;wdwd) udn k n D v D iG f 3000(oHk;axmif,ef;wdwd) rsKd;rif;atmif 2000(ESpfaxmif,ef;wdwd) udo k ef;0if; 2000(ESpfaxmif,ef;wdwd) armifausmfqef;xGef; 2000(ESpfaxmif,ef;wdwd) udkjra0 2000(ESpfaxmif,ef;wdwd) udkrdk;ndK 2000(ESpfaxmif,ef;wdwd) rcifrsKd;rsKd; 2000(ESpfaxmif,ef;wdwd) udkpkd;0if;&Sdef 2000(ESpfaxmif,ef;wdwd) udak Zmfr;kd rSaumufcaH y;aiG 2000(ESpfaxmif,ef;wdwd) rGeyf ;D (HAU LAM MUNG) Saw Aung Mai 2000(ESpfaxmif,ef;wdwd) Zaw Min Bo 2000(ESpfaxmif,ef;wdwd) Maung Thang Za Mang+Japha 2000(ESpfaxmif,ef;wdwd) pkpak ygif; 48000(av;aomif;ajcmufaxmifih g;&m,ef;wdw)d

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jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm; 'Drukd &ufwpfwyfOD;(ru'w)odk‹

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

14

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Adv k cf sKy[ f m Armjynfaumif;pm;a&;twGuq f &kd if aumif; vk,x l m;w,f/ jynfojl ynfom;awGukd owfjzwfni‡ ;f qJw,f/ Oya'rJh jyKr_ wJ t h ,l t qeJ @ vk y w f ,f ? 0g ' wck x u J k d tpJ r G xm;bl ; ? ol t pJ x G m;wmu Arm usif=h uw H ,f/ rif;rJph ±du k af wG/ Oya'rJph ±du k af wGvyk w f ,f? 'gayrJh olw@kd u jynfaumif;pm;r,fq&kd if bm0g'bJjzpfjzpf vufcw H ,f? ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k u Adv k cf sKyaf rG;zGm;ay;cJw h w hJ yfrawmfrmS ae&m,lxm;=uw,f? olw@kd [molw@kd uG e j f r Lepf y g w t D m%m&r,f q & k d if b,f o a l oao/ b,fob l mjzpfjzpf vufcH raumif;rSe;f vnf;odw,f? tJ'aD wmh wyfrawmf&@J zcif/ wdik ;f jynf&@J rsK;d cspo f l w,f? Edik if jH cm;uGejf rLepfygwDawGu rlcsay;wmudk waoGrwdr;f vkyw f ,f? &Jaumif;acgi;f aqmif}u;D udk olw@kd r=unf&h b J ;l ? 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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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tar;tajzu¾ pufysufa&m? pufysufawmh &Sr;f jynfuukeu f m;}u;D wpD;eJ@ um;ñuv H u kd +f y;D ukeaf wG=um;xJrmS vJ+S y;D vdu k v f mw,f? anmifav;yifa&mufrS rdwaf qGwOD; qD0if+y;D um;wpD;&Smay;zd@k arwWm&yfcw H ,f? tJ'rD w d af qGu um;wpD;&Smay; vdu k w f ,f? tJ'gppf0ef}u;D aemf? ckacwfq&kd if um;ay:wmqJrG mS aocsmw,fæ aywd;k ? ckacwf0ef}u;D awGe@J uGmygumG ? ckacwf0ef}u;D rsm;[mjzifh wm0efuakd usatmif rvky=f ubJ tcGit hf a&;/ tm%mudak wmh rw&m;oH;k =uwmawGcsnf;bJæ u|Efyk ?f -tJ'gbu J /G Adv k cf sKy&f @J tcef;u¾udk jrefrmhordik ;f rSmy,fazsmufz@kd olw@kd b,f vdrk óS u;pm;vd@k r&ayrJh olw@kd touf&iS af epOfrmS awmh arhxm;csiw f ,f? jynf olawG AdkvfcsKyfudkwdkifwnf=urSm/ AdkvfcsKyfeJ@olwdk@udk ,SOfajym=urSmudk a=umufw,f? tJ'gb,fupovJqakd wmh xH;k pHtwdik ;f OD;ae0if;upcJw h mæ 'd@k i,fi,fwek ;f u Zlvikd v f qd&k if Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;&J@rde@f cGe;f awGukd a&'D,kd uaev$iahf y;w,f? 'd@k vli,fawGu a&'D,w kd vH;k em;rSm0dik ;f +y;D em;axmifvu kd f &wm? Adv k cf sKyfavoHw+k y;D ajym=uwmvJr&Sm;bl;? OD;ae0if;[m ol@vuf xufrmS ol@udrk auseyfv@kd awmfveS q f ef@usiw f t hJ a&;awmfyakH wG rsm;rsm;jzpf vmavawmh Adv k cf sKyfred @f cGe;f awGuykd w d /f aemufq;kH a&'D,rkd mS vH;k 0r=um;& awmhygb;l uGm? tck etzacwfrmS qd&k if Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;&J@vufa±G;pifred @f cGe;f rsm;pmtkyu f akd wmif jyefvnfxw k af 0cGirhf &wJt h jyif &S+d y;D om;pmtkyaf wG udak wmif vdu k o f rd ;f aew,favæ aywd;k ? AdkvfcsKyfrdef@cGef;awG em;vJaxmifbl;ygw,f? zwfvJzwfzl;ygw,f? aumif;rSaumif;bJuæ G u|Efyk ?f -tJ'aD umif;wmudu k olw@kd udv k ufnK‡d ;xd;k +y;D ajymaeovd/k qH;k raeovdjk zpf aeawmh olw@kd rv$i&hf /J pmtkyt f jzpf rjzef@cs&d aJ wmhb;l uG? tJ'AD v kd cf sKyrf ed @f cGe;f awGukd 'd@k jyefazmfxw k &f r,fuæ G arwd;k ? at;æ/ igvJoabmwlw,f? igwd@k u Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;a&m a':atmif qef;pk=unfuykd g av;pm;=unfnKd +y;D om;ygumG ? Adv k cf sKyef @J a':pku wd@k bufrmS tjr&J yfwnf+y;D wrsKd;om;vH;k aumif;pm;atmifvyk af qmifae=uwJo h al wGqkd awmh igwd@k uvnf; tjrw J rf;axmufcv H sufygbJumG æ

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rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

17

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jyefvnftyfEa HS pvdy k gonf rd;k aomuf=u,fpm=unhw f u kd rf S pmtkyif mS ;&rf;xm;=uaom pmzwfrw d af qGrsm;cifAsm;æ rdrw d @kd iSm;&rf;zwf±+_ y;D aompmtkyrf sm;tygt0if/ iSm;&rf;cGio hf wfrw S &f ufausmfveG pf mG iSm;&rf;xm;aom pmtkyrf sm;udv k nf; aemufvrl sm;zwf±a_ vhvmEdik af tmif jyefvnftyfEaHS y;apvdyk gonf? *syefEikd if &H dS jrefrmpm=unfw h u kd q f ufvufwnfwEhH ikd &f eftwGuf 0dik ;f 0ef;ulno D nht f aejzifh pnf;urf;wustyfE=HS uyg&efvnf; wdu k w f eG ;f tyfygonf? rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal wkid ;f &if;om;u¾

pD;qif;oGkm;aomjrpfrsm; *k%, f rl ad om tazhvyk &f yf usaemftouf(1*)ESpcf ef@u tazonf rEWav;+rKd @wGif ausmif;oGm;wuf&mrS ausmif;ydwI f jyefvmaom usaemfuadk pmifah c:um rdom;pktvku d f tazhZmwdarmif; crf;aus;¶Gmok@d tvnftywfomG ;=uygonf? 'Dc&D;ukpd wifppD Ofuwnf;u taz wGif t=ut H pnfwckudk óuwifpw d u f ;l xm;+y;D jzpfygonf? csi;f wGi;f jrpftwkid ;f pkeq f if; vm&mrSm ¶Gmukad &mufv#ifa&mufcsif; taztrsdK;xJrS ouf}u;D 0g}u;D ¶Sr;f tzk;d tkd (tazhtazESit hf ar/ usaemfw@dk tzk;d ESit hf zGm;uawmh usaemfuav;b0uyif uG,f vGeo f mG ;+y;D jzpfygonf)xHrS tazhtarESit hf arwk@d . vuf¶adS qGrsm;pm&if;ukd ae&yf ESiw hf uG t=urf;zsif;rSw, f yl gonf? vufa&;wkpd ma&;rSm usaemfjzpfygonf? xkd rSww f rf;rsm;uk, d al qmifv#uf usaemfw@dk rdom;pkonf csif;wGi;f jrpfa=umif;twkid ;f qufvufpek q f if;c&D;quf=uygonf? aum,m;/ wpke;f / acgicf rf;ponfh cEW;D ¶Sr;f ¶Gm pOfrsm;uk0d ifa&mufI tazhEpS zf uftrsKd ;rsm;ESiahf wmfpyfaom aqGrsKd ;rsm;ukd ar;jref; rSww f rf;wifc=hJ uygonf? xk@d aemuf [krv R if;+rKd @ok@d a&muf¶=dS u+y;D tazhtr}u;D (usaemf}u;D }u;D )tdrw f iG f c&D;waxmufem;=uygonf? tazhEiS }hf u;D }u;D wk@d aqG;aEG;wkid yf if=upOf }u;D }u;D rSm 0rf; om0rf;enf;jzifih o dk nfudk ,ae@wkid o f wd&aeygonf? 0rf;omonfrmS tazhvyk &f yf ukjd zpf+y;D 0rf;enf;onfrmS uG,v f eG o f mG ;¶Sm+yjD zpfaom rdbrsm;uko d wd&Ijzpfonf? c&D;urqk;H ao;yg/ aemifyadk tmif/eefawmzufo@dk c&D;quf&rnf? ‚onf usaemf wd@k c&D;pOf. aemufq;Hk yef;wkid jf zpfygonf? xdck &D;pOf.vrf;a=umif;rSm O¶kacsmif;jzpf onf? ‚acsmif;onf zm;uef@a'owGijf rpfzsm;cHp;D vm+y;D [krv R if;+rKd @atmufem; uyfI csif;wGi;f jrpfxo J @dk pD;0ifonf? xkOd ¶kacsmif;ukd pufavSwpD;iSg;&rf;umqef@wufc=hJ uonf? acsmif;¶k;d wav#muf &S¶d mG rsm;wGiv f nf; aqGrsKd ;ruif;yg/¶mG awG@v#if pufavSqu kd cf g tazu tmabmif tm&if;oefoefjzifh tusKd ;ta=umif;¶Si;f jy&if; ar;jref;pk;H prf;&m trsKd ;r[kwo f rl sm;yif v#if oabmus=uum aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f t&if;tcsmyrm usaemfw@dk ukd azmfa±GpmG {nfh 0wfðy=uygonf? tvGepf w d cf srf;ajr@bG,cf &D;pOfjzpfygonf? od@k ESihf aemufq;kH wGif aemifyakd tmif±mG / eefawm±Gmrsm;od@k qdu k af &mufc&hJ m xk¶d mG rsm;rSm tazhtrsdK;awG csnf ; [k a jym&avmuf a tmif oef ; acgif ; pm&if ; aumuf , l o nf h t cgwG i f r S od&jrif&ygawmhonf? trsKd ;tm;vk;H 0rf;omvku d =f uonfjzpfjcif;? tazhuv dk nf;trsKd ;tm;vk;H u aus;Zl; wif=uonfrmS ajymrjyEkid af vmufatmifoo d mvSygonf? tb,fa=umifq h adk om aemifyadk tmif/ eef;awm w¶Gmwnf;twlaeolcsi;f aqGrsKd ;awmfpyfreS ;f od=u+y;D tod trSwðf yxm;vifu h pm; rnfo@dk rnfyaHk wmfpyfa=umif;ukd CCeerod=uyg?

(em*wdik ;f &if;om;wOD;) &if;vsifrl awmfpyfyakH wmfpyfenf; rodr&So d =d u+y;D tquftqHtjr¶J =dS uaomf vnf; twefi,faoG;a0;+y;D qif;&JErG ;f yg;aomolrsm;rSm aqGrsKd ;awmfpyf=uaomfjim; vnf; oma&;ema&;rSvI JG tquftqHr¶So d avmuf zmodzmomaeae=uaom tajctaewGif ,ckuo hJ @dk usaemfw@dk a&mufvm+y;D aqGrsKd ;pm&if;ukd E_u d Ef u d_ cf íwfcíwf ar;jref;aumuf,o l nft h cgwiG rf S rnfo@dk qif;oufawmfpyf=uyku H dk twdtuso=d u &&m ¶k;d om;aomawmolawmifom;yDyD aovGe+f y;D oufqidk &f mtzk;d tzGm;rsm;ukd idk aºu;wkid w f nf=uv#uf 0rf;om0rf;enf;yGaJ wmf}u;D usif;yaeonft h vm; w¶Gmvk;H v_y¶f mS ;wufºuaecJyh gawmhonf?

em*±d;k &mESpo f pfu;l yGaJ wmfwiG f aemufatmfem*orD;ysKrd sm;u ±d;k &m0wfpm;qif,ifrj_ zifh azsmaf jzpOf

usaemfw@dk a&muf¶+dS y;D aemufyidk ;f aqGrsKd ;rsm;onf t&ifuxuf ykrd pkd nf;vk;H oGm;cJh a=umif;ukd jyefo&d ygonf? usaemfxw H iG f ,ckcsed t f xd tazbufrS ¶Sr;f aqGrsKd ;rsm;pm &if;¶Sad eygonf? uif;uGmI [maeaomrsdK;qufopfpm&if;ukd usaemfXmaejyefEidk f aomtcsdeu f srSjznf&h awmhrnf? wu,fawmh usaemfjynfyrxGucf mG ciftcsdex f d tazh.xkv d yk &f yftay: vkyo f ifah omtvky[ f k ,lqrd,rHk mS vGI J tav;teufr¶Scd hJ yg? xkt d wGuv f nf; rdru d , dk rf rd d cGirhf v$wEf idk af vmufatmif ,lusK;H r&jzpfc&hJ ygonf? Tpmpktp ed'ge;f ysKd ;cJo h nfta=umif;t&mrSm tarhzufuaqGrsKd ;rsm;ESihf ywfouf Ijzpf.? tzd;k b,fuvmovJ ,ckqv dk #it f zk;d uG,v f eG cf o hJ nfrmS tESpf 20 cef@¶S+d y?D i,fpOfwek ;f uvkd tzk;d ESirhf ;D zked ab;twlxidk &f if; acgi&f nfpyk v f u dk /f 0ufom;uifpm;vku d q f akd om tajctaersK;d ukd vk;H 0jyefr&Ekid af wmh+y?D tazhvyk &f yf. tykH 100 v#if 1 ykrH #aomtod xkpd Ofu¶Scd hJ v#if rnfr#aumif;vdrrf nfenf;? xkid ,f¶, G pf Oftcsed u f em;rvnfao;v#iaf wmifrS tazhtrsKd ;pm&if;aumufpOf usaemftouf(18)ESpjf ynf+h y;D yg+y?D tzk;d uvnf; use;f rmqJ/ usaemfnrD sm;xuf usaemfuom tzk;d ukd aumif;aumif;}u;D odvu kd rf v DS u dk &f .? tzk;d ESiahf jr; &if;&if;ES;D ES;D aezl;vku d . f ? Armpmrwwf¶mS aomtaruk, d pf m; om; t}u;D qk;H jzpfaomusaemfonf tazhwm0efvyk &f yfrsKd ; rvkyo f ifah ybl;vm;? ckawmh aqGrsKd;pm&if;rajymESihf tarh.armifErS rsm;rSmvGI J tjcm;em*aqGrsdK;rsm;ukyd if us aemfrodyg? em*pum;vnf; usaemfw@dk nDtukad wGrwwf=uyg? ok@d aomf xl;jcm;csuf wckrmS tzk;d onf cEW;D ¶Sr;f pum;ukd ¶Sr;f wa,muftvm; a&a&vnfvnfwwfuírf; aejcif;jzpfygonf? em*awmxJrS em*ppfppftzk;d u bma=umifb h ,fvu dk ae cEW;D ¶Sr;f pum;ukd a&a&vnfvnfwwfuírf;ae&ygoenf;? tzk;d uG,v f eG o f mG ;+y;D rS wjznf; jrefrmjynf&dS uGe;f nufem*rsK;d EG,pf (k ±d;k &mESpo f pfu;l yJaG wmf) jznf;qufpyfpOf;pm;vmwwfaomusaemftzd@k xkt d csuo f nf omrefro d m;pk oef; rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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wkid ;f &if;om;u¾ aumifpm&if;xufyakd om t"dyg` ,¶f adS eonfu&dk yd pf m;rdvmygonf? xko d @dk pum;}u;D onf? TwGif acgi;f aqmif;a'guw f mzDqrdk mS t*Fvefo@kd wdr;f a&SmifomG ;&onf? 1964 pum;us,fajymxGufrdomfjim; tzkd;ta=umif;ukdyif aumif;aumif;rod ojzifh ckwiG f tdE, dN tpk;d &ESihf +ird ;f csr;f a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;aomfvnf; atmifjrifcjhJ cif;r¶Syd g? Tpmpkay:vm&onfu0dk efcyH g&ap? tdE, dN tpk;d &. 10 pkEpS w f ckt=um xk;d ppfqifwu dk cf u dk rf a_ =umifh 1965 ckEpS u f wnf; em*vufeufuikd t f zJ@G tpnf;qdo k nfrmS (NSCNjzpfay:vmyH)k u tckdiftrmwnfaxmifxm;aom zDqkdem*[email protected] tzk;d ESiw hf ESpw f cgawG@cGi&hf csed u f usaemftoufrmS i,fao;I txufygupd u P dk +yKd uJo G mG ;avonf? ar;bk@d rpOf;wwfcyhJ g? tazhbufrS trsdK;pm&if;aumuf,cl sdew f iG f usaemftouf 1976 ckEpS w f iG f w¶kwjf ynfY ppfoifwef;oGm;wufaeaom wDtyd cf sfr;dk Amh(TH18 ESpjf ynf+h y;D jzpfaomfvnf; tarbufrmS trsdK;pm&if;ðypkz@dk &efrmS wm0efv;Hk vk;H ¶Sd Muivah)acgi;f aqmifaom tdE, dN em*vufeufuidk t f iftm; 200 cef@onf jrefrmEkid f onf[k r,lqrdcyhJ g? tu,fI aemufyidk ;f umv xkt d od&cJ&h ifvnf; taumift iHujdk zwfcg tdE, dN Ekid if o H @dk t0if tdE, dN ppfwyf.qD;óuydwq f @dk wku d cf u dk rf u _ dk cH&r_ xnfaz:&ef tawmfcufcv J rd rhf nfjzpfygonf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf em*awmif a=umifh tdE, dN Ekid if o H @kd r0ifa&mufEidk yf J jrefrmEkid if jH rmufzsm; em*awmifwef;wGicf v dk H_ wef;a'o. e,fajrtajctaeonf usaemfi,fpOfwek ;f uxuf qk;d 0g;aeIjzpfyg ae&ygawmhonf?xdt k csed rf pS wifum tdE, Nd -em*cJx G u G af &;vufeufuikd t f zG@J onf onf? zDqedk m*vufeufuidk t f zG@HJ }u;D pk;d r_atmufwiG f vlprd ;f ukad &m tcsif;csif;udyk g jrefrmEdkifiHem*awmifwef;a'owGif cdkatmif;v_yf&Sm;&if; a'ocHem*wkdif;&if;om; pdwrf xifxifv#ifrxifovkd owfjzwfwwf&m a'ocHrsm;yif awmawmifc&D;ukd rsm;ukd pnf;&k;H odr;f oGi;f cJrh a_ =umifh em*rsKd;EG,pf t k oD;oD; Isak Chishi SwuESifh t&rf;roGm;vm&J=uyg? tzk;d aexkid &f meef;,Ge;f e,fonf em*vufeufuidk t f zG@J t TH-Muivah)wd@k OD;pD;aom em*vufeufuidk t f zG@J twGi;f ok@d 0ifa&mufc=hJ u&m 1976 pnf;rsm; tcsderf a¶G;0ifxu G cf t dk mif;&ma'ojzpfaeonf? ckEpS rf pS wifum jrefrmEkid if rH S em*a'oukd oD;jcm;cGx J u G cf iG ahf y;&ef jrefrmtpd;k &udk awmif;qkw d u dk yf 0JG ifonft h qifo h @kd a&muf¶v dS mawmhonf? ok@d &mwGif rsm;jym;vS aomem*rsKd ;EG,pf t k wGi;f pnf;vk;H nD!w $ rf r_ &¶SEd idk yf rJ wlujJG ym;aom rsKd ;EG,pf t k csi;f csi;f ,k=H unfru _ if;rJu h m tcsi;f csi;f owfjzwfvyk =f urH r_ sm; qufwu dk jf zpfymG ;cJyh gonf? NNCESihf tdE, Nd tpk;d &wd@k csKyq f akd om Shillong Accordtay: oabm;xm;uJv G rGJ _ GJ u G u f m National Socialrsm;jzpf+y;D tdu k Zf uf/ arGAmESihf cyfyvefw@kd u NNCrScx ist Council of Nagaland(NSCN)udk 1980 ckEp S f Zefe0g&v D 31 &ufae@wGif zJ@G pnf; wnfaxmifvu kd o f nf? xdrk w S zef aemif 8 ESpcf ef@t=um 1988 ckEpS f {+yD 30 &ufae@ wGif NSCNtzJ@G }u;D rS cGx J u G u f m NSCN(K)[k SS KhaplanguzG@J pnf;vdu k jf yef&m NSCN(IM)ESihf NSCN(K)[lI ,ck wdi k f ESpzf @GJ uJv G su&f o dS nf? 1979 ckEpS t f xd jrefrm Ekid if ¶Sd em*vufeufuidk t f zG@J ukd t"duOD;aqmifco hJ rl sm;rSm tdE, dN em*rsKd;EG,pf k 0ifrsm;jzpf+y;D 1980 ckEpS rf pS wifum ,ae@jrefrmEkid if &H dS [kid ;f ajrem*rsK;d EG,cf y`vefu OD;aqmifv#uf¶Sdygonf? xkdokd@aomftajctaersdK;wGif rnfonfhvlpdrf;ESifh e,fcaH omfrS ‚wk@d v_y¶f mS ;&me,fajrwGi;f ok@d 0ifa&mufvm&ef r0H&h =J uyg? tzd;k &J@pum;wcGe;f rS trsKd;&J@ordik ;f wp txufyge,fajrtajctaersm;a=umifh tzk;d uGev f eG o f nft h xd aemufxyfawG@ cGirhf &awmhjcif;onf }u;D rm;aomtcGit hf a&;w&yf ¶_;H qk;H &jcif;jzpfygonf? tzk;d ajymzl; aompum;wcGe;f uvnf; tzk;d .Zpfjrpftm; odvpdk w d u f dk ykrd jdk yif;jyapcJ. h ? ‚rSm wcsed u f [l;aumif;awmif=um;wGif qifzrf;aomtvkyu f v dk yk zf ;l onfw?hJ [kid ;f ajrem *trsdK;tEG,jf zpfaomtzk;d onf jrefrmjynfajrmufzsm;ydik ;f [l;aumif;awmif=um; vGijf yif¶dS cEW;D vkt H &yfwiG af exkid cf zhJ ;l onfqadk wmhæ

(±d;k &mESpo f pfu;l yJaG wmfqifE&GJ ef jyifqifae=upOf) tdE, Nd rStajccHvmaom zDqekd m*vufeufuikd t f zJ@G tpnf;onf ajray:w&m;0if Edik if aH &;tzJ@G tjzpf pwifz@GJ pnf;csed u f oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom em*jynfe,fxal xmif a&;twGuf tdE, Nd tpd;k &xHrS awmif;qd&k efjzpf.? xdo k @kd awmif;qdak om 1947 ckEpS /f =o*kwf 15 &uf ae@wGi;f csif;yif tdE, Nd tpd;k &rS jiif;y,fvu kd o f nf? 1951 ckEpS w f iG f Naga National Council(N.N.C)udz k @GJ pnf;&mY acgif;aqmifrmS a'gufwmzDqjkd zpf onf? 1953 ckEpS w f iG f ajratmufvufeufuikd t f zJ@G tpnf;toGif ul;ajymif;oGm;cJ+h y;D 1956 ckEpS Yf ajratmufz'&,ftpd;k &udk zJ@G pnf;vdu k cf sed rf pS wifum tdE, dN tpk;d &u ppfwyftiftm; tvk;H t&if;ESiehf m*vufeufuidk t f zG@J tpnf;ukx d ;dk ppfqif+zKd ciG ;f av

&efou l w kd u kd cf u kd af tmifjrifjcif;txdr;f trSwt f jzpf arsmufacgi;f rsm;udk jcif;wGicf sw d q f I GJ jyoaeonhaf cgi;f aqmifEpS Of ;D

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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[l;aumif;awmif=um;vGijf yifa'oonf at'D(649)cef@u ta¶S@zuf eefacsmif vufeufEidk if aH wmf}u;D .jynfe,f(6)ckwiG f wcktygt0ifjzpfc+hJ y;D tqkyd ga'o¶Sd cEW;D vk[ H al omt&yfY at'D(9)&mpkrpS wifum tjccsaexkid af om vlrsKd ;EG,pf }k u;D wckrS cEW;D &Sr;f vlrsdK;rsm; qif;oufjyef@yGm;vmonf[ h k usaemfzwfb;l ygonf? ok@d jzpfv#if [laumif;awmif=um;a'owGif cEW;D ¶Sr;f vlrsdK;rsm; tajccsaexkid zf ;l ovkd em*vlrsdK; rsm;vnf; a&maxG;,Suw f ifaexkid cf ahJ om orkid ;f a=umif;¶Sv d rd rhf nf[k ,lq&ygonf? xkdokdr[kwfygrl tzkd;onf cEWD;¶Srf;yifjzpfv#uf r¶Snfvsm;aom ol@wpfb0wm twGi;f em*vlrsdK;tjzpfyg b0ESpcf gajymif;cJo h nf[k qk&d ygrnf? [dik ;f ajrem* usaemfonf tzk;d .rlvZpfjrpfudk od¶v dS pdk w d jf yif;jyojzifh [kid ;f ajrem*rsdK;EG,f orkid ;f a=umif;ukd vufvrS ;f rdoavmufavhvmygonf? [kid ;f ajrem*vlrsKd ;. yifrvl rsK;d rSm (cef;)vlrsKd ;jzpf+y;D xk@d xufyadk ¶S;usaom rdcifrsKd ;EG,}f u;D rSm rGe*f v dk , D efrsKd ;EG,f jzpf.? ‚vlrsKd ;EG,o f nf [dr0EWmawmifajcwGif tajccsaexkid af e&mrS a&=unf&m jrufE&k m¶SmazG&if; awmifbufo@dk a¶G@ajymif;vmcJ=h uonf? tqkyd gawmifbufqdk onfrmS csi;f wGi;f jrpfzsm;cH&ma'oukd qkv d ydk gonf? wenf;tm;jzifh [l;aumif;awmif =um; csKd i0hf rS ;f a'oESihf wm¶kcd sKd i0hf rS ;f a'oukjd zwfv#uf ajrmufzufEiS ahf wmifzufqrD S oG,0f u kd pf ;D qif;vmaom w¶Gucf ESiw hf *Gecf wk@d qk&H ma'ojzpf.? xkad 'owGif [kid ;f ajrwk@d t ajccs&mrS eD;pyf&ma'orsm;ok@d wjznf;jznf;a±G@ajymif;jyef@ES@H jyef &m csif;wGif;jrpfajrmufykdif; onf ,ae@wkid f [kid ;f em*rsm; tajccsae xkdif&ma'ojzpf vmcJ h o nf ? csif ; wG i f j rpf . awmifbufwiG f vkid q f u J csif rsm;vnf; aexkid v f #u¶f &dS m eD; pyfra_ =umifx h ifonf [kid ;f ajr em*wk@d . ¶k;d &m"avhtcsdK@ESihf ucsif¶kd;&m"avhwkd@ cyfqif qifjzpfv#uf¶o dS nfudk awG@& ygonf? ucsifw@dk u [kid ;f ajr wk@d ukd ‘rpGcJ sif;&m’rSvmonf [k ajymprswðf y=u.? ‘rpGcJ sif;&m’rSm ucsifbm yg;&Jx;dk xm;onf em*trsK;d om;wOD;(em;wGif ompum;jzpf+yD; t"dy`g,frSm qdw*f sKu d kd ±d;k &mem*"avht& tvStytaejzifh ‘[dr0EWm’jzpfygonf? [kid ;f ajr 0wfqifxm;onf) em*rsdK;EG,fukd aexkdif&me,f ajra'otvku d f [dik ;f ajrta¶S@ykid ;f ESihf taemufyidk ;f [lI ESprf sKd ;cGjJ cm;xm;+y;D / ta¶S@ykid ;f &S[ d idk ;f ajrwd@k rSm wk;d wufaom,Ofaus;r_¶+dS y;D ucsiw f @dk .0wfpm;qif,ifrE_ iS hf eD;pyf wln=D uonf? taemufyidk ;f [kid ;f ajrwk@d rSm tjcm;em*rsKd ;EG,pf rk sm;=um;wGi¶f adS eojzifh twefi,fa¶S;us+y;D usm;a&mryg ‘yg;&J’(rsuEf mS wGix f ;dk aomaq;rSiaf =umif) xk;d avh ¶S=d u.?trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf ar;aphwiG f yg;&J(trJpif;av;a=umif;)ukd tvStytjzpf xk;d =uonf? a,usmf ;}u;D rsm;rSmrl rdbbk;d bGm;vufxufu w¶GmESiw hf ¶Gmppfwu dk f &mwGif atmifEidk o f (l ppfb&k if)tm; atmifycJG t H xdr;f trSwf yg;&Jx;dk ay;jcif;t"dyg` ,f uk, d I l xk;d =uygonf? ¶k;d &m,Ofaus;r_t& xk;d aomyg;&Jvnf; ¶Syd gao;onf? tar wk@d rsKd ;EG,rf mS ta¶S@ykid ;f [kid ;f ajrrsKd ;jzpfojzifh tzd;k tzGm;ESiw hf uG tarwd@k armifErS w

zdwaf c:tyfygonf tðyoabmaqmifonfph mrlrsm;ESihf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk rnforl qdak y;yd@k Edik yf ga=umif; rd;k aomuf=u,f*sme,frS zdwaf c:tyfyg onf?

awGrmS yg;&Jx;dk jcif;tavhr¶S=d uyg? xkt d jyif tcsK@d aomaqGrsK;d om;csi;f rsm;onf ucsif pum;ukd aumif;rGepf mG a&;wwfajymwwfa=umif;ukad wG@zl;ygonf? cGiv hf w $ yf gtzd;k usaemftazonf ol@todpw d "f gwjf zifh ol@wm0efudk aus¹yefpmG xrf;aqmifc&hJ m wGif trsdK;tEG,u f o dk w d wfaom/apmifah ¶Smufwwfaomom;[k ol@aqGrsdK;rsm;u ESpo f uf*% k , f pl mG =obmay;cJ=h u.//vt dk yfygv#uEf iS hf b,forl mS vky&f aumif;rSe;f rodaomtvkyu f dk a¶S@rSaD emufrv DS }l u;D awG ouf¶x dS if¶mS ;¶Sad ewke;f rSm vkyEf idk cf I hJ jzpf ygonf? rdom;pkwiG f om;t}u;D qk;H jzpfaomusaemfua&mæ tzk;d vnf; vGecf w hJ t hJ ESpEf pS q f ,fcef@uuG,v f eG cf +hJ y/D pmayuG,af ysmufcahJ omvl rsdK;rk@d rSww f rf;rSw&f mr¶So d nft h wGuf a¶S@h rSaD emufrrDS nfonfh yk*Kd~ vfudk ar;jref;&yg tHeh nf;? t¶G,/f tcsdeEf iS hf tcGit hf a&;¶Spd Ofu xk@d tr_uðdk y&ef pOf;pm;&aumif;rSe;f rodcahJ omusaemfonf ,ckvt dk rdajrESiahf 0;aomae&mukad &muf¶o dS nft h cgæ pm¶_olwkd@cGifhvGwfygcifAsm;/ya[ÏdjzpfaeqJ tzkd;.b0Zmwfvrf;a=umifh usaemfonf rdru d , kd rf rd d cEW;D ¶Sr;f vm;æ´ em*vm;æ´ 'grSmr[kwf xkEd pS rf sdK;rSm rlvutwlw l yl v J m;qkw d m ,ae@wkid f uGu J jG yJ m;jym;rod¶adS o;yg/o@dk ayrJh avmavm q,f*syefrmS awmh usaemf[mtrsm;od=uwJt h wkid ;f æ

em*wdik ;f &if;om;wOD; rSwcf suf? ? em*wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t f zJ@G tpnf;jzpfpOfEiS yhf wfoufI rdr. d azmfjycsuf rsm;onf jynfwiG ;f rSa'oqdik &f mrSww f rf;rsm;udk tajccHu;kd um;xm; ojzifh jynfy&Sd vuf&t dS rsm;odae=uaom tjzpftysufw@kd ESihf wcsKd@tcsuftvufrsm; uJv G GJ aumif;uJv G aGJ eEdik yf gonf? Taqmif;yg;. t"duay;vdak omta=umif;t&mrSm pm±_ow l @kd tm; ‘em*’qdk wmudk rdwq f ufay;vdjk cif;jzpf.? od@k ygI &Sad umif;&Sad ernfjzpfaom uJv G rGJ t _ csKd@ESihf ywfowfI wd;k wufvyS gonfqakd om ,Ofaus;onhv f @l tzJ@G tpnf;}u;D u arh avsmhypfy,fxm;jcif;udk a&S;ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u ,ckwikd cf aH e&aom vlrsKd;pk wpkta=umif;udk jyKpkwifjyjcif;jzifh ay;qyfygrnft h a=umif; uwdjyKygonf?

Edik if w H umowif;rsm;

Ðqm'rf[pl ed t f m; ao'%f ay;&ef w&m;vdak &Sa› ersm;u awmif;qdv k u dk jf cif;? w&m;±H;k awmfrmS &mZ0wfra_ wGe@J &if qdik af e&wJh qm'rf[pl ed ef @J ol@&J@nDawmf pyfoltygt0if ,cif'kwd,orwwdk@ oH;k OD;wd@k tm; ao'%fay;zd@k w&m;vdak &S@ aeawGu (*|ev f 19 &ufae@u) awmif; qdv k u kd f+yjD zpfygw,f? tckvakd wmif;qdv k u kd w f t hJ r_uawmh qm'rf[pl ed &f ifqikd af e&wJt h r_awGxu J yxrOD;qHk;aomtr_jzpfwJh &SD,mrGwf qvif 148-OD;udk 1982 ckESpftwGif; (tpkvu kd t f jyKH vu kd )f owfcw hJ t hJ r_jzpf+y;D / tqdyk gtr_ukd 2005 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd m vrSm pwifppfaq;aecJw h mjzpf+y;D / rsuf jrifoufaorsm;tygt0if taxmuft xm;oufaorsm;eJ@twl ppfaq;vdk@t awmfav;jynfhpHk+yD;pD;vdk@ aecJh+yD;aemuf tckvkd w&m;vdak &S@aeawGu ao'%f ay;zd@k awmif;qdv k u kd w f mbJjzpfygw,f?

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

tr_udk vmrJhZlvdkif 10 &ufae@rSm qH;k jzwfz@kd csde;f qdv k u kd yf gw,f? tD&wfEikd if &H @J jynfwiG ;f ppfa=umifh ao qHk;cJh&wJh t&yfom;ta&twGufrSm vnf; Zlvikd f 1 &ufae@rSm 66 OD;aoqH;k cJh olawGtygt0if pkpak ygif; av;aomif; ajcmuf&mausmf&adS ecJ+h yjD zpfygw,f/

21

Moe Thauk Kye Journal Edik if w H umowif;rsm;

Ðausmif;om;rsm;udkowfjzwf&eftrdef‹ay;cJhonfh ruU Ð*syef0ef}uD;csKyfut kd Zd rl . d Ð*syef0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; qDuo kd rwa[mif;tm;zrf;qD;&ef ruUqu D w dk &m;±H;k awmfrS aemufq;kH w&m;0if tvnf ‘[m&SrD w kd ’kd uG,v f eG cf ahJ v_yD/ trde‹f xkwjf yefvu kd jf cif;? tywfc&D;

"Luis Echeverria"

touf(84)ESp&f adS e+yjD zpfwhJ ruUqD udo k rwa[mif; ‘Echeverria’udk zrf;qD; zd@k ruUqu D w kd &m;±H;k awmfu ZGev f 30 &ufae@rSm trde@f xkwjf yefvu kd yf gw,f? tJ'Dvdktrdef@xkwfjyefvdkuf&wmu awmh 1968 ckEpS t f wGi;f / ruUqu D t kd v kd H ypf+yKd iyf rJG wdik rf D &ufyikd ;f tvkrd mS jzpfymG ;cJh wJh ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;rSm ol[m qENjyausmif;om;awGukd tpkvu kd t f jyKH vdu k o f wfjzwfcw hJ ,fqw kd hJ jypfrt _ wGuf taxmuftxm;awG jyefvnf&SmazG awG@ &Scd v hJ @kd jzpfw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f// tqdkyg 1968 ckESpf 'Tlatelolco Square'ta&;tcif;vdk@ emr,fwGifcJhwJh ta&;tcif;rSm ausmif;om;ta,muf (300)ausmfukd owfjzwfz@kd trde@f ay;cJh w,fv@kd oJveG pf awG&adS ecJw h ahJ emufyikd ;f /

tqd k y gta&;tcif ; [m ‘Tlatelolco Square’vlowfyGJ}uD;vdk@ emr,ftopf wGicf &hJ +y;D ESpaf ygi;f (38)ESpaf usmf =umjrifh aecJ+h yjD zpfygw,f? orwb0eJ@ tm%m&SifqefpGmjyK usichf w hJ o hJ @l udk tjcm;tpkvu kd t f jyKH vu kd f (tm%mudktvGJoHk;pm;jyKum) owf jzwfcw hJ t hJ r_uawmh 1970 ckEpS ef @J 1976 ckEpS t f =um; jzpfymG cJw h hJ ('Dirty War'vdk@ trnfwiG cf w hJ h)J vuf0, J rd ;f olyek af wGukd owfjzwfcw hJ t hJ r_jzpfw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? ol@udk vuf&t dS m%mtvGo J ;kH pm;jyKr/_ vlom;awGudkt!Gef@wkef;atmif tpk vdu k t f jyKH vu kd jf zwfrt _ ygt0if vltcGihf ta&;csKd;azgufra_ wGe@J w&m;pGq J x kd m;+yD jzpfygw,f/

1968 ckEpS f 'Tlatelolco Square' ta&;tcif;rS jrifuiG ;f wck/

Ða[mifaumifwiG f 'Dru kd a&pDa&;vlxck sw D ufyjJG yKvkycf jhJ yefjcif;

a[mifaumifEikd if u H kd w±kwEf ikd if u H jyefvnfodrf;,l&&SdcJhwm[m Zlvdkif 1 &ufae@rSm 9 ESpjf ynfch +hJ yjD zpfygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh w±kwjf ynfr}u;D rSm tqdk yg 9 ESpaf jrmufatmifycJG jH cif;twGu(f ppf om;rsm;/ &Jrsm;/ ausmif;om;§olrsm;/ 4000-ausmyf g0ifw)hJ tcrf;tem;usi;f y aecsdef wcsdew f nf;rSmyif 'Dru kd a&pDawG udt k odr;f ydu k cf cH &hJ wJh a[mifaumifEikd if H rSmawmh 'Dru kd a&pD tjynft h 0&&Sad &;t wGuf vlxck sw D ufy}JG u;D udk usi;f yvsu&f dS ygw,f? tqdkyg vlxkcsDwufyGJ}uD;rSm yg0if

wufa&mufqifE$JcJhwJhjynfol(28,000) ausm&f cdS w hJ ,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? tem*wf'rD kd ua&pDa&;twGuf pdk;&drfylyefae=uwJh a[mifaumifjynfolawG[m tqdkygcsD wufyGJtwGif; tem*wfrSm 'Drdkua&pD tjynft h 0&&Sad &;eJ@ r#wwJw h &m;Oya' rsm; xm;&Sad &;wd@k twGuf OD;pm;ay;aºu; a=umfc=hJ uygw,f/ (vuf&adS [mifaumifEikd if [ H m w±kwf jynftwGi;f rSmyg0ifaeayrJh w±kwjf ynfr }u;D &J@ uGejf rLepfpepfe@J rtkycf sKyaf o;bJ&dS aeqJjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh w±kwjf ynft wGi;f usa&muf+y;D tESpf 50 jynf+h y;D cJyh gu w±kwjf ynfr}u;D uJo h @kd yif uGejf rLepfpepf tjzpf a&muf&o dS mG ;zG,&f m&Sad eonfukd a[mifaumif jynforl sm;u pd;k &dryf yl ef vsuf&adS e=uonfr[kwyf gvm;/æ

*syef0ef}u;D csKyf‘udt k Zd rl ’D [m vmrJh pufwifbmvrSm ol@&J@0ef}u;D csKyfouf wrf;ukefqHk;csdefrSm &mxl;uae E_wf xGufawmhrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf 0ef}u;D csKyf b0eJ@ w&m;0iftvnftywfc&D;tjzpf ajrmuftar&duc&D;pOfudk *|efv 27 &uf ae@rSmpwifcyhJ gw,f? ol[m uae'gEikd if u H kd t&ifa&muf&dS cJh+yD;/ tar&duefEdkifiHudk 29 &ufrSm a&muf&cdS u hJ m tar&duefora*sm&h b fS &k fS eJ@awG@qHkI vwfwavmjzpfyGm;aewJh ajrmufudk&D;,m;wma0;ypf'Hk;ysHta&; tcif;eJ@ tD&efEikd if &H @J EsLuvD;,m;ta&; tcif;awGudk xkwfaz:aqG;aEG;cJh=uyg w,f? tar&dueforwbk&&fS @J t&if;ES;D qH;k urBmx h yd o f ;D Edik if aH cgif;aqmifjzpfwhJ 0ef }uD ; csKyf u d k t d Z l r D [ m tar&d u ef u d k a&muf&adS epOftwGi;f urBmausmftqdk awmfjzpfco hJ l 'Elvis Presley'&J@aetdr&f dS &m 'Graceland'udkvnf; oGm;a&muf vnfywfcyhJ gw,f? *syef0ef}u;D csKyu f t kd Zd rl [ D m wcsed u f tqdkyg urBmausmftqdkawmf 'Elvis Presley'&J@ tEkynmeJ@ausmf=um;r_awG udk ESpfouftm;ay;cJholwa,mufjzpf w,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? tckvdk 'Elvis Presley'&J@aetdrfudk oGm;a&mufvnfywf=upOf/ tar&duef orwbk&u fS *syef0ef}u;D csKy&f @J qHyifypkH H [m 'Elvis Presley' &J @ qH y if y H k p H e J @ qifqif wlw,fv@kd cs;D rGr;f ajym=um;cJyh g w,f?

( Refers & Quoted from : Japan Times & Yahoo News ) rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

*syefEikd if &H @J 0ef}u;D csKyaf [mif;wOD;jzpf wJh 'Ryutaro Hashimoto'[m Zlvikd f 1 &ufae@rSm uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJ+h yjD zpfygw,f? ol@udk vGefcJhwJh ZGefv 4 &ufae@u wdu k sKad q;&H}k u;D ud(k ol@&J@tlord t f pdwt f ydik ;f wcsK@d udjk zwfxw k yf pfz@kd )ta&;ay:wif cJ&h w,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? touf(68)ESp&f +dS yjD zpfwhJ 0ef}u;D csKyf a[mif;‘[m&SrD w kd ’kd [m 0ef}u;D csKyt f jzpf eJ@ 1996 ckEpS rf S 1998 ckEpS t f xd wm0ef xrf;aqmifco hJ jl zpf+y;D / use;f rma&;tajc taeusqif;vmaer_awGa=umifh 2005 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvrSm Edik if aH &;avmu rStem;,lc&hJ ygw,f? ol[m 2001 ckEpS f twGi;f vuf&0dS ef }uD;csKyf‘udktdZlrD’ESifht+ydKif tm%m& 'LDP'ygww D iG ;f 0ef}u;D csKy&f mxl; ,SO+f yKd if ta±G;aumufccH w hJ hJ xifay:wJh *syefEikd f iH&@J acgif;aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfygw,f// vuf&0dS ef}u;D csKy‘f udt k Zd rl ’D [m c&D; xGuaf e&mu tqdyk gpaeae@wGiyf if jyef vnfa&muf&v dS mcJ&h mrSm owif;=um;od &jcif;rSmbJ rdrad etdro f @kd rjyefbJ ‘[m&SD rdkwdk’xm;&Sd&modk@ oGm;a&muf*g&0jyK um/ *syefEikd if &H @J xufjrufx;l c|ew f ahJ cgi;f aqmifwOD; qH;k ±_;H cJ&h wJt h wGuf 0rf;enf; a=uuG&J a=umif; ajymqdck yhJ gw,f? ‘[m&SrD w kd ’kd [m ‘udt k Zd rl ’D uJo h @kd t rsKd;om;a&;udOk ;D pm;ay;ol 0ef}u;D csKyfw OD;jzpf+y;D / ‘udt k Zd rl ’D uJo h @kd yif 0ef}u;D csKyf b0ESifh ppf&mZ0wfaumifrsm;xm;&m 'Yasukuni Shrine' ud k oG m ;a&muf tav;jyKcJo h w l OD;vnf;jzpfygw,f?

22

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

tcef;qufu, dk af wG‹aqmif;yg;

rme,fyavmc&D;onf armifpif=u,f (rJaqmufwi G f em;em;aeae) rJaqmufa&mufI aemufwae@wGif apmueJyo D nf rme,fyavmok@d jyefomG ; onf? usaemfonf Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d tdrw f iG f em;em;aeaeaeI pum;pjrnfajymcsiaf o; onf? usaemfo h m;t}u;D onf Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d tdrYf yif&adS eonf? usaemf.owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJtajctaeukdoHk;oyfv#if wckckvkdaeoa,mifxif&onf? okd@jzpfI apm ueJyrD me,fyavmok@d rjyefrD rpPwm*sKd;wd@k tdro f @dk vku d yf @dk ckid ;f onf?

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AsL;ukd y&dowfrsm;uyko d ad e=uonf? txl;ojzifh ppfqifa&;rSL;csKyf/ Akv d rf LS ;armif vSu, dk w f idk f wzufowftypftcwf&yfpv J u kd +f yjD zpfa=umif; ausnm+y;D umrS ,ck KNUpcef;/ tcsKd@tm; ppfwyfuvSr;f ypfaeonfudk usaemftifwmAsL;Y xnfo h iG ;f ajymojzifh rme,fyavmu ykrd Edk pS o f uf=u.? Tod@k jzifh ae@vnfyidk ;f w&ufY Akv d cf sKyaf rmifarmif.tdrw f iG u f saemf&adS epOf apm ueJyo D w k o f ;D okwyf sma&mufvmonf? “0if;cuf y'dak tmifqef;&J@±H;k tdrrf mS a&muf&adS ew,fæ? cifAsm;rme,fyavmok@d a&muf&Sdvmw,fvdk@ajymawmh 0if;cufu bma=umifh olaemufukdvkdufcJh&wm vJæ”[kajyma=umif; apmueJyu D ajymjyavonf? ±kww f &uf apmueJypD um;a=umifh usaemfaxmif;ueJa'goxGuo f mG ;.? 0if; cufEiS u hf saemfonf wzG@J pDvnf;jzpf=uonf? wae&mpDuvnf;vm=uonf? ol@ aumufcsurf mS vG,u f v l I S aygw h efvo S nf? usaemfa'gojzpfomG ;onfuo dk o d jzifh apmueJyu D qufajymjyefavonf? “1978 ckEpS u f xJu ol0rfcukad &mufcw hJ ,f/ odvm;æ”vk@d ajymawmhrS 0if;cuf yg;pyfydwfoGm;onf[k apmueJyDuajymjyavonf? ,if;aemufapmueJyDonf usaemhu f adk csmharmhum y'kad tmifqef;tdro f @dk ac:aqmifomG ;onf? usaemf+rKd odyf vdu k yf gonf? aemufyidk ;f Y 0if;cufEiS yhf ufoufaomowif;rsm;u a&mufvmonf? a'gufwmpde0f if;.tpk;d &zG@J pnf;&mwGif ola&mufvmonftxdrapmifo h jzifh pdwf aumuf+y;D aomif&if;jrpfausmufaqmifay:wGio f mG ;a&mufxidk af ejcif;/ 'Dru dk a&pD oH;k av;twGi;f &&Srd nfudk b,foal jym&JovJ[k 0if;cufusK;H 0g;jcif;wk@d yifjzpfonf? xdt k csed u f tvkyEf iS w hf m0efrsm;jym;olrsm;wGif 0if;cufvnf;yg0ifonf? olonf NLD-LAwGif OuUXjzpfaeonf? ok@d jzpfI olEi dk if aH &;wm0efrsm;jym;aepOf pmaywm 0efudk Ekid 0f if;aqGEiS u hf saemfu ,l=u&onf? usaemfra&mufvmrDuav;wGif rm e,fyavmYzG@J pnf;xm;onfh pmayavhvma&;tzG@J wGif Ekid 0f if;aqGuOuUXjzpf+y;D usaemfu 'k-OuUXjzpfonf? ok@d &mwGif ,if;pmayavhvma&;tzG@J rSxw k af 0aom opPmr*~Zif;uk‚ d / tpnf;ta0;uk‚ d / rme,fyavmusq;kH oGm;onfw h idk f usaemf jrifb;l jcif;vnf;r&S/d wufa&mufcb hJ ;l jcif;vnf;r&Scd ahJ y? (yxrt}udrp f maya[majymyG)J 1993 ckEpS f Ek0d ifbmv/ rme,fyavmY yxrqH;k ESiahf emufq;kH usi;f yaom pmqkd awmfae@pmaya[majymyGyJ ifjzpfonf? ,if;pmaya[majymyGt J wGuf rme,fyavm wGif ,cifur&Scd b hJ ;l aomtpDtpOfjzpfajrmuf&ef 0if;cufonf rsm;pGmyif }uKd ;yrf; tm;xkwcf . hJ ? 0if;cufbufY NLD-LAtzG@J om;rsm;&Sad eaoma=umifh tppt&m&m tqifajyvsuf&. dS ? tcsKd@aomvli,frsm;uvnf; usaemfw@dk oH;k a,muf(Edik 0f if; aqG/ 0if;cuf/ armifpif=u,f)wk@d uk=d unfI h ,if;tcef;tem;rsKd;jzpfcsif=u.? txl;ojzifh rme,fyavmwGif tcef;tem;usi;f yv#if pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k jzpfap&ef pde0f if;+rKd iZf mwftzG@J uvnf; t&Hoif&h +dS y;D jzpf.? tm;ay;olrsm;ESihf wufa&muf=u rnfo h rl sm;uvnf; toif&h adS e.? ok@d jzpfI 0if;cufonf rjzpfrae}uKd ;yrf;awmh.?

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rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

tcef;qufu, dk af wG‹aqmif;yg; (2) ESpq f ,fu h ;dk rSm usaemfw@dk uHq;kd +y;D (e0w)ppftyk pf &k @J &efoal wmfawGtjzpfe@J q&maomfu ig;wdu k /f usaemfu av;wdu k &f n S rf mS q&maomfa&vmcsKd;wkid ;f awG@cJ=h uw,faemfq&maomfæ? (3) wae@awmhusaemfuq&maomfudk iSuaf ysmoD;ESpv f ;kH ay;w,fæ aemufwae@rSmq&maomfuusaemfu h dk EGm;aq;vdyEf pS v f yd af y;w,fæ ckcsderf mS 'gawGjyefawG;rdawmh }uKd ;wdu k rf mS q&maomfraocifav; aemufqHk;ay;cJhwJhvufaqmifav;jzpfvdk@ awG;rdwikd ;f aqG;&w,f q&maomfæ? (4) wae@rSm,if;ok@d qkid ;f ESi0hf idk ;f ESihf wcrf;wem;usi;f y&efppD Of+y;D umrS 0if;cuftwGuf tuk uk, d ek @J 0if;cufb,fudk oGm;a&Smifxu G =f uovJv@dk okv d 0f ifonfrmS ESq J &mudpjP zpfavonf? q&maomfu oHa,mZOfe@J ar;w,faemfæ ESq J &mudprP mS atmufygtwkid ;f jzpf.? pde0f if;+rKd iZf mwftzG@J xJrS ESq J &monf rsuf rSeyf gw,f pdrjrifacs? ,if;rsufpdrjrifaomESJq&monf olwkd@aexdkif&mESifhreD;ra0;wGif &Spq f ,f&h pS t f a&;rSm wm0efusaeaom trsK;d orD;uif;*dwrf S oluo hJ @dk yif rsupf rd jrif&mS aomb0wl KNU ausmif;om;vli,fav;awGaoG;ajrusawmh wyfz@JG 0iftrsKd;orD;ESihf tcspfonfrsufprd &S[ d al ompum;ESit hf nD cspfr=d u.? usaemfw@kd pma&;q&mawG/ tEkynm&Siaf wG tcspw f iG rf supf rd &S&d mS aomESq J &mESihf wyfz@JG 0iftrsK;d orD;av;wk@d onf cspv f eG ;f raeomwJhta&;jzpfvkd@ tm;}uD;vmaoma=umifh wae@wGif vloGm;ESifhum;oGm;vrf;ay:wGif csdef;rd=u.? pmayeJ@,Ofaus;r_tzG@J trnfe@J csed ;f awG@=upOf cspv f eG ;f tm;}u;D aoma=umifh wa,mufvufuw dk a,muf ukid w f , G f q&maomf/ uk0d if;wif/ ukrd ;dk ol/ uko d mbef;/ ukw d ifr;dk / avol&w J OD;/ xm;=u.? TjrifuiG ;f ukd wyfz@JG rSL;rSawG@oGm;&mrS ESq J &monf pmaya[majymyGJ uk0d if;cuf/ uk, d /k usaemfw@dk vlawGp+k y;D usi;f ytHq h q J w J iG f tcsKyx f aJ &muf&avawmhonf? TwGif tcrf;tem;ukd qdik ;f ESihf 'Dru dk a&pDta&;rSm ausmif;om;vli,fav;awGe@J 0kid ;f ESihf crf;crf;em;em;usif;yvkad om0if;cuf acgif;cJ&avawmhonf? aoG;pnf;cJ=h uw,faemf q&maomfæ? ,if;udpu P adk jz&Si;f ay;Ekid o f rl mS y'kad tmifqef;jzpf.? 0if;cufonf olawmckpd Ofu (5) vrf;c&D;w0ufwiG f y'kad tmifqef;rS qifp;D ac:onfuadk xmufI a&S@wGiyf jJ zpfjzpf/ q&maomfcifAsm;æ uG,&f mwGiyf jJ zpfjzpf y'kad tmifqef;onf ol.q&m[k tjrw J ef;ajymavh&. dS ? orkid ;f &J@tvSnt hf ajymif;eJ@ tcsKd;tauG@wkid ;f rSm c&D;vGeaf eaomy'kad tmifqef;ukd 0if;cufar#mfae&onfrmS ukvm;tkyyf ifjzpf jcaoFt h ppfawGarG;zGm;cJo h vdk awmhonf? ,ae@rS y'kad tmifqef;ra&mufcahJ omf ESq J &mr&So d jzifh qkid ;f ESi0hf idk ;f ESihf jrufpm;wJjh caoFt h wkawGvnf; arG;zGm;jr"J rRwmtwkid ;f rk@d pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k pmaya[majymyGo J nf qdik ;f rygAHrk ygjzpfacsawmhrnf? ±kdif;w,fvJrxifvkdufygeJ@ ok@d &mwGiaf wmfao;onf[q k &kd ayawmhrnf? y'kad tmifqef;onf xD;opD;ae uk, d t k a=umif;awmh tdro f @dk jyefa&mufvmonf? tcrf;tem;rprDS wem&DausmfausmfavmufY tcsKyf usaemfaumif;aumif;rodb;l vk@d yJ ajzvdu k yf g&apq&maomfæ? xJrS ESJq&mjyefvGwfvmavonf? (6) yxrt}urd Ef iS ahf emufq;kH t}urd f rme,fyavmpmaya[majymyGu J dk topfwnf 0if;cufuawmh aqmufqJ u&ifvil ,ftpnf;t±H;k (KYO)taqmuftODY usi;f yonf? KNUrS t 'Dru dk a&pDp;D yGm;+yKd csderf mS ukad rmif(Akv d cf sKyaf rmifarmif)/ q&ma&qef(ref;&Sm)wk@d a[m=u.? pma&;q&mrsm; &efukefwcdk a&Smif&if;wdrf;&if; ykef;atmif;&if;eJ@ taeESihf 0if;cufu pma&;q&marmifaomfu. ‘tESpEf pS q f ,f’uAsmukad [mI =u,fi/dk vik/d 'Dru dk a&pDwm0eft& usaemfu uk, d w f idk af &;om;xm;aom ‘armifaomfuwrf;csi;f ESiv hf rG ;f csi;f ’udak [m awmfveS af &;a'ood@k a&mufcyhJ gw,fq&maomfæ? .? OuUXjzpfoEl idk 0f if;aqGrmS ol.use;f rma&;a=umifh tcef;tem;ok@d yif rvma&muf (7) Ekid af cs? tcktcg e,fpyfa'orSm (armifaomuwrf;csif;ESiv hf rG ;f csif;) Ekid 0f if;aqGuyxr/ 0if;cufu'kw, d (1) usaemfuwwd,aygif;qH=k u+y;D q&maomfæq&maomfe@J uavmifvaJ oG;/ "g;vJaoG;vsuf q&mhudk usaemfw@kd ac:cJ=h uw,faemf q&maomfæ? 'Dru dk a&pDta&;twGuf ckawmh-q&maomfq+dk y;D ac:vJr=um; ar#mfvrJ vm vli,fausmif;om; awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ q&mhtwGu&f ifememeJ@ axmifxu J }uKd ;wdu k u f dk vufcsif;qufv@kd usaemfw@dk qufvufcsDwufaeqJygq&maomfæ? usaemfacgif;eJ@wku d +f y;D +zKd ypfvu kd cf sifw,fq&maomfæ? (qufvufazmfjyygrnf) rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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uoduatmuftawG;rsm; (16) ud}k uD;ay:

wGuw f m jrefrmjynfoal wG&hJ &ifu h surf y_ g yJ? jrefrmjynfoal wGu etz ‘bmvkyf r,f’qkw d mudk odae+y;D om;yg? ‘b,fvkd vkyfr,f’qdkwmudkyJ odcsif=uwm? tJ aemufq;Hk awmh woufv;Hk vkyv f mwJh rJ jymykq;kd ed\&nf;eJ@yJ zdEydS af csre_ ;f a&;udk vkyfvmavwmaygh? ud}k u;D ay:tygt0if jrefrmjynfoal wG ydpk w d 0f ifpm;wmu owfrw S w f &hJ ufcsde;f jynfh&if teftJvf'Du bmvkyfrvJqdk wmudkyg? 'ga=umifh ESpfqef;w&ufae@ [m jrefrmjynfoal wG&hJ ESv;Hk ckeaf omae@ w&ufjzpfcw hJ maygh? teftv J 'f u D ‘pdw&f n S o f nf;cH/ enf; vrf;rSef/ jyK&efomoem’qdkwJh aqmif yk't f wdik ;f arv 27 udk &ufcsde;f xyf ay;vdu k yf gw,f? tif;- &nf;pm;OD;qDu tajz&Edk;Edk; apmifhavapmifhav arm rajywmxuf qk;d ygvm;? xm;ygawmhav/ wdkif;jynfwckvkH; twGuf wvqdw k m bmrSr[kwyf gbl;? apmif&h rSmaygh? a[m- wvvnf;jynfh cge;D a&m etzu jAKe;f qdk tuGuw f uGuf cif;vdu k w f ,f? ukvor*~ vufaxmuf twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf tDb&m[if *rfbm&D udkzdwfac:+yD; a':pkeJ@awG@qkHay;vdkuf w,f? tJonfrmS wif wurBmvk;H qDu u|wu f |wn f aH tmif xGuv f mwJt h oHu ‘a':atmifqef;pk=unfujkd yefvw $ yf g’wJ?h a':pkjyefvGwfEdkifw,fqdkwJh ar#mf vifhcsufawG rdk;ysHwufvmvdkufwm aumif;uif}u;D awmifrqef@csif? ud}k u;D ay:vnf; 27 &ufae@udk &ifcek f aerdwmayg?h &ifcek v f @kd aumif;aewke;f t awG;uef@vef@}u;D wcku b,fub,fvkd a&mufvmw,frod? &ifcek &f wm zDvif awmifysufw,f? 27 &ufae@[m a':pkvw G rf vm; r vGwfbl;vm; ya[Vdtajcnd‡&r,fhae@ jzpfoGm;&if teftJvf'Durf;vSrf;xm;wJh Edik if aH &;tpDtpOfupd P b,fa&mufomG ; rSmygvdrfhqdkwJhtawG;u udk}uD;ay:i,f xdyfudk w'def;'def;eJ@ xkawmhwmygyJ? ud}k u;D ay:u Edik if aH &;odyef m;rvnf awmh b,f[muta&;}u;D w,f/ b,f

[m+y;D rS b,f[mjzpfciG &hf w dS ,f/ b,fol [m b,foel @J awG@+y;D bmajym&ifawmh bmjzpfvrd rhf ,f/ b,ftcsderf mS b,fvkd vkyw f m bmjzpfrmS a=umifph ojzifh ya&m [dwfrvkyfwwfygbl;? ya&m[dwf}uD;awGuawmh a[m vdkuf ajymvdkuf=uwm euQwfeJ@a[m udef; wxyfwnf; wjzwfwnf;? etz AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG&JhpdwfxJ rD;wkwfxGef;+yD; 0if=unfhxm;wJhtwdkif;yJ? odk@ayr,fh aemufqkH;awmh ya&m [dw}f u;D awGvnf; [ufwufu/JG a&vm ajrmif;ay;awGvnf;armvd@k vJ? Adv k cf sKyf }u;D awGuawmh w[J[?J a':pkujkd yefvw $ af y;zd@k udp[ P m jrefrmh Edik if aH &;udpyP jJ zpfw,fqw kd m ud}k u;D ay: oabmayguyf gw,f? 'gayr,fh a=umuf vGef;vdk@ zrf;xm;olwa,mufudk t vG,w f ul jyefvw $ af y;zd@k qdw k m odycf uf w,fav? *rfbm&Du Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ em&D0ufavmufawG@/ a':pkukd jyefvw $ yf g vdk@ pum;wcGef;avmufajym±kHeJ@ jyef v$waf wmhr,fv@kd wGuq f =uwm/ &JcsKyf

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u a':pkujkd yefvw $ v f nf; bmrSrjzpfyg bl;vdk@ ol@t"dy`m,feJ@olajymwmudk udk,fht"dy`m,feJ@udk,f bmomjyef+yD; v$wfawmhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifh=uwmu awmh tuJqwfqwfEdkifvGef;ygw,f? a':pkudk jyefrv$wfbl;vdk@vJqdka&m &SL;&SL;&Sm;&Sm;awG jzpfuek =f uawmhwmygy?J ud}k u;D ay:uawmh &SL;&Sm;rjzpfaygif? jref rmjynfoal wGvnf; jzpfr,frxifaygif? bma=umifq h kd etz[m b,fawmhrS }uKd }uKd wifwiftoday;+y;D vlvo dk v l kd tvkyf rvkyfwwfvdk@ygyJ? wu,fvdk@ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;awGu jyef v$waf y;zd@k pOf;pm;xm;OD;awmh jyify}uKd wifa[mudef;awGxGufvmvdk@ rv$wf wmvdk@ udk}uD;ay:awmhxifwmyJ? bma=umifhqdk etzu olrsm;awG ajymvd@k vdu k v f yk &f w,fqw kd mrsKd ; b,f awmhrS tajymrcHcsifb;l ? b,fwek ;f urS vnf; emcHwwfw,fqdkwmudk rjybl;? iguom olrsm;udktrdef@ay;r,f/ ighudk vmrajymeJ@qdw k m etzyg? wzufpmrsufEmS oS@d «

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jreffrmjynfa&S@c&D;eD;+yDvm;æ armifyn k (-opa-w;vs) (1) “0vHk;vm;æ/ udk,fawmh tdrfu t +y;D tjywfqif;cJ+h y?D ck u&ifav;tdrrf mS a&mufaew,fu, G æ f ” “jzpf&avq&mæ/ touft±G,f }u;D rS ckvjkd zpf&wm eJerJ pS w d rf aumif;yg bl;? +y;D awmh wdu k sKv d mzd@k zdw&f wmvnf; tcuftcJjzpfomG ;wmayghq&mæ” “uk, d b hf ,frrS oGm;csifawmhb;l ? t xl;ojzifh *syefurkd vmcsifawmhb;l æ” “'Dvakd wmhrvkyyf geJ@q&m/ 'Dwcg q &mvm&if ‘vHkjcHKa&;’awG/ ‘abmf'D*wf’ awGyg vkyx f m;ygw,fq&m/ q&mhvjkH cKH a&;eJ@ abmf'*D wfq&kd if ‘usaemf&,f/ udk atmifv&D ,f/ udak X;opf&,f’ 'guteD; uyfq&m? rvSr;f rurf;rSmu ‘a±$Armo wif;pmwm0efcOH ;D !Ge@f a±$&,f/ ajreDuek ;f uko d ef;aqG&,f/ +y;D awmh udo k ed ;f aiGe@J udk aomrufp&f ,fæ’/ 'gu reD;ra0; q&mh vHjk cKH a&;eJ@ abmf'*D wfawGygq&m æ” “0vHk;wdk@tpDtpOfawGu aumif; awmhaumif;ygw,f? bmeJ@wlovJqdk awmhu, G /f rme,fyavmrSm Adv k cf sKyfjr twGufu abmf'D*wfwa,mufrSr&Sd bl;? olvJ oGm;csi&f moGm;aewmyJ? 'gay rJh [dak usmif;om;acgi;f aqmif}u;D uawmh AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmiftdrfvm&ifawmif abmf'D*wfESpfq,favmufygw,fav? ckvJ *syef0ef}uD;csKyftwGufu abmf'D uoduatmufrS

«

vlpum;em;rvnf acgi;f rmwJh etz [m rwwfomvdk@vkyf&&ifawmif ‘igh bmomig vkyfcsifvkd@vkyfwmuG’qdkwJh ykpH rH sdK;eJ@yJ vkyw f mr[kwv f m;? ckawmh vwfwavmrSm jynfolawG apmifh=unhfaewJh teftJvf'Durf;vSrf; csu[ f m a':pkjyefvw G rf ,fqw kd hJ ar#mv f ifh csufatmufrmS aysmufomG ;&ygw,f? jrefrmhEikd if aH &;u &ifcek pf &mawmh t aumif;om;? tcsdet f cgtvdu k f x˜x atmfwwfwmawG/ [kwfceJay:vm+yD; ±kwfceJaysmufoGm;wmawG/ rxifwm awGjzpf+y;D xifwmawG rjzpfwmawG tJ'D awG awG awG[m waxGaxG jzpfjzpfae awmh ud}k u;D ay:vnf; wayayeJ@ npf npfaerdawmhw,f?Ò

*wfrvdb k ;l ? ightwGuu f etzoH±;kH udk pd;k &dr&f awmh 0vH;k a&æ/ vHjk cKH a&;ESpq f ,f avmufawmh reJygapeJ@uG,æ f ” “pdwfcsygq&mæ” (2) “'geJ@q&m/ q&mtdru f t+y;D tjywf qif;vmw,fqakd wmh tefw}D u;D eJ@pum; rsm;vdk@vm;æ/ om;ESpfa,muftwGuf zl;pmzuf&Sm&mrSm pum;rsm;vdk@vm;q &m? eJeJ rJ pS w d rf aumif;ygbl;æ” “udk,fhtouft±G,f/ udk,fh*k%fod xGufvmwJh [dkrdef;uav;ay;wJhaiGawG uQmt& 'Dupd u P kd rajymcsiyf gb;l uG,?f +y;D b,frvJw?hJ 'DaiGpm&if;awGr&Si;f Edik &f if awmh wdkusKdvm=uwJh wifrdk;wdk@/ armif &Sifudkraygif;Edkifawmhbl;wJh/ u&ifav; f o kd moGm;ayawmhwhJ [D;æ[D;æ” om&wd@k / armifprG ;f &nfw@kd armifpif=u,f tdru (3) wdk@odoGm;=u&ifvJ raumif;bl;æ” “wdwyf gq&m&,f/ vd&k if=uq H enf; “[kwfuJhygq&m? usaemfuvnf; vrf ; &wJ q h &m/ us a emf e nf ; vrf ; &S mvdu k f rodrjzpfv@kd ar;wmygq&m&,fæ” “w&m;cHuawmh pdk;0if;&SdefyJ? olyJ ygOD;r,fæ” “tm;udk;ygw,f0vHk;&,fæ” tpazmfwmyJ0vH;k &,fæ/ ud, k u f tdrf “q&myxrtacguf wdkusKdvmwHk; rSmabmvH;k jzpfaevd@k u&ifav;tdrf qif; u &jzL*sDtwGuf vlb,fESpfa,muf ajy;vm&w,favæ” h vJq&mæ” “jzpf&avq&mæ/ pdk;0if;&SdefZmwf avmuf axmufcpH ma&;cJo “tif;æ/ oH;k av;q,favmufawmh vrf;pyHkvJajymygOD;q&mæ” d ,fxifw,f? 'gayrifh v0ut “at;av/ ckraS wmh rajymcsiv f aJ jym a&;cJrh w f aJ &mufaewJw h a,mufuo kd m rSwf &awmhrmS aygæ? 'Dvu kd @GJ - arvxkwf rd;k csKyx aomuf = u,f * sme,f x J r S m ygw,f r rdawmhw,fæ” “[kwfuJhq&mæ/ q&mrSwfrdwJhw [kwfvm;æ/ ‘ol@vd&k jzL*sD&csif&if tck kd majymygæ” olw@kd usif;yrJh pmaya[majymyJaG wGrmS a,mufuo “olu Al;oD;awmif-armif;awmu 0ifyg&r,fæ? tJ't D wGuf *syef,ef; w aomif;ay;&r,f? tJ'v D akd iGwaomif;ay; ‘cifarmifvwf’av/ v0urSmwkef;u &if pma&;q&mawGu axmufcpH ma&; awmhrqdk;ygbl;? tjyifvJa&mufa&m ay;r,f? 'gq&kd if v0urSm &jzL*s&D zd@k t jynfe,fupd aP wGajymvGe;f vd@k ‘oHawmif/ d hJ ighaqG wGuf taxmuftxm;wcktaeeJ@wif awmifiel @J anmifav;yif’rSm&Sw rs K ; d awG a wmif ppf w yf u j z wf a v;j zwfe@J Edik w f ,f’/ 'guv kd J awG@&zwf&a&m/ ud, k hf tzGm;}u;D u ud, k t hf ay:rSm vH;k 0t,Ht k pm&Si;f &Si;f vd@k aep&mr&Sad wmhb;l ? xGuf ajy;ae&w,fv@kd jyefajymvdu k &f w,fæ” =unfr&Sad wmhygbl;0vH;k &,fæ” “[kwfuJhq&mæ/ cef@rSef;ajcayhgq “'kuQygyJq&m/ eJeJavmufxyf&Sif; &m/ q&mwdu k sKdyxr tacgufe@J 'kw, d ygOD;q&m&,fæ” “ckraS wmh 'kurQ aeyge@J 0vH;k &,f? yx tacguf ESpaf cguaf ygi;f axmufcpH ma&; r wdu k sKad &mufw;kH uvJ axmufcpH ma&; ay;&olppk ak ygi;f w&mavmuf&rdS vm;æ” “tJ'aD vmufawmhr&Syd gb;l uG,æ f ” ay;vd@k &vmwJah iGawGuo kd rd ;f xm;w,f/ “'gqdk q&mpdwaf t;at;omxm;yg/ 'kw, d tacguf wdu k sKad &mufjyefawmhvJ k sKv d m&if vHjk cKH a&;eJ@ &jzL*saD xmufcpH mu&wJah iGawG0u S x f m; wwd,tacguf wdu w,f/ avmavmq,frSmyJ ‘rif;xuf abmf ' D * wf a wG v J t oif h / vl w &m aZmf’/ ‘ajreDukef;udkoef;aqG’/ ‘atmif avmufudk &jzL*sDaxmufcHpma&;ay; jrwfarmf’tygt0if tif;pdeaf xmiftwl r,f? wa,mufukd ,ef;waomif;eJ@ vl rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

w&mqdak wmh q&mhtwGuf ,ef;aiGppk k aygif; woef;wdw&d r,fq&mæ” “ xDx;kd p&mrvdb k J vufrw S x f ;kd ay; ±Hek @J ,ef;aiGwoef;&+yq D akd wmh ightzGm; }u;D qD igjyefv@kd &+yaD yghæ” “&yg+yq D &m/ touft±G,t f & ol rsm;tdrq f w kd m raumif;ygbl;q&mæ” “'gqkd igt h zGm;}u;D xHjyefz@kd bmeJ@jyef& rvJ0vHk;&,fæ” “rae@uwrsKd; ckwrsKd;/ tcsKd;rxyf atmif ‘ewf'dk;’eJ@jyefrvm;q&mæ” “vHkjcHKa&;eJ@abmf'D*wfvJ&/ ,ef;w oef;vJ&+yq D akd wmh aysmaf ysmyf g;yg;eJ@ armf ºum;Edik af tmif ‘armif&ifavmif;eJ@uGr;f awmifudkif’eJ@jyefr,f0vHk;&,fæ” “ta&S@udak v#mufygv@kd æ/ taemuf udw k hJ ar#mv f u kd &f if/ wHceG w f ikd f a±$uu k mU ;/ bk&m;av;-bk&m;av;æ”S

0do'k r
Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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wd;k wufa&;aqmif;yg;

r*Fvm&SdwJhae‹awGjzpfygapæ udo k uf tckwavm [dku'Duvm=uwJhpm awGxrJ mS yGq J al pwJph mawGawG@&w,f? b,foluraumif;bl;/ b,folu aumif;w,f? olreS w f ,f/ igrSew f ,f/ 'g awGvyJ gao;w,f? b,fov l yk w f murS wu,fw h ikd ;f jynftwGujf zpfw,f? b,f ol b,f0g b,ftzG@J awGuawmh vkyf wm=um+y/D bmr#jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmufr jzpf=uao;bl;/ ud, k u f sdK;awGyrJ sm;w,f pwmawGvJ a0zefxm;ao;w,f? a0zefwmvG,yf gw,f? r}uKd ufwm udk r}udKufwJhta=umif;/ }udKufwmudk }udKufwJhta=umif; qDavsmfatmift a=umif;tusKd ;av;awGe@J a&;vku d ±f yHk gy?J ta0zefcH&ol/ um,uH&SifawGvkd vkyfzdk@awmh wu,fyJcufygw,f? t ajymvG , f o avmuf / vuf a wG @ vk y f =unf&h if ajymoavmuf 'grrS [kwf vG,f vG,u f u l l yg;pyfav;eJ@ od@k r[kwf pm av;awGeJ@ a0zef&wmavmuf rvG,f wmtrSeyf gbJ? tjyKoabmrsdK;eJ@t=uHjyK&if a0zef wmxufrsm; yd+k y;D tusdK;&Sad vrvm;vd@k usaemfpOf;pm;jzpfygw,f? tjyKoabmqefqef a0zef t=uaH y; wmqd&k ifvJ &nf±, G cf suu f aumif;oGm; jyefawmhaumif;wmygyJ? a0zefwmeJ@ywfoufv@kd usaemfrh w d f aqGwuUov kd af usmif;q&mwOD;eJ@pum; pyfrpd Ofu olajymcJb h ;l wJh ol@tawG@t =uKHwckukd ajy;jriftrSw&f rdw,fAs? a':atmifqef;pk=unfxu H kd olu r =umr=uma&mufwwfygw,f? a': pke@J vJ &if;&if;ES;D ES;D pum;awGajymjzpf=uw,f? wd k i f ; a&;jynf a &;ta=umif ; / ygwD t a=umif ; / Ed k i f i H a &;orm;}uD ; awG t a=umif; pum;pyfr=d uw,f? [dw k ek ;f uayghAsmæ/ usaemfrh w d af qG u pum;pyfrdwkef;rSm ygwD0iftcsdK@udk jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefygw,f? “'Dvl}uD;u [dkwkef;u rqvygwD 0if}u;D / raumif;bl;æ? [kv d }l u;D uawmh olppfwyfxrJ mS wke;f u uk, d u f sdK;orm;/

vd@k &ygw,f? rdru d , kd u f t kd cspcf ifq;Hk jzpfwhJ vlom; wdk@xkH;pH udk,fhudk,fudk jyefa0zefzdk@=u awmh oufoufomomav; jzpfapcsif wmudk;As? 'Dvrkd sKd ;ajymvdu k w f t hJ wGuf a0zefol awG[m raumif;bl;vd@k usaemfajymae wmr[kwyf gb;l ? tJovdv k J usaemfajym avhr&Syd gbl;? taumif;/ tqd;k / ta=umif;/ tusdK; tm;vkH;[m vlom;awGeJ@ rjywfpyf,SOf aewJh obm0awGomyJjzpfygw,f? t cGit hf a&;awGygyJ? ud, k af jymor# vkyo f r#udk ud, k w f ikd yf J wm0ef,=l u&wmygyJ? jyKoltopf jzpfolta[mif; uHt a=umif;oabmawGvykd gyJAsm? uavmiftcsif;csif; ckw=f u/ xpf=u w,f? wOD;eJ@wOD;wdu k cf u kd =f uw,f? w zGJ@eJ@wzGJ@cs=uw,f? 'Dawmhbmjzpfygo vJæ/ tusdK;&vm'fu usaemfwdk@awG tm;vkH; OD;wnfavsmufvSrf;aewJh yef; wdkifudka&mufzdk@ taESmuft,SufawG jzpfomG ;w,fAsm? tqifajyzd@k usaemfw@kd awG wckck awmhvakd e+yAD s? tJ'gu tjrifus,fz@kd yg yJ? tjrifus,fygrS usaemfw@kd awG olw yg;awGe@J olw@kd wawG&@J vkyaf qmifcsuf udk aus;Zl;wifwrhJ sufv;Hk / csD;usL;wJt h jrife@J =unfEh ikd f jrifEikd rf ,f? jcKHiv Hk @kd ajym& &if arwWm&Szd @kd tcspfe@J =unfzh @kd ygyJ? (2) 'Dta=umif;t&mrsdK;eJ@ qifqifww l hJ udpw P ck usaemfqzHk ;l ygw,f? oluvJ us aemfhrdwfaqGav;wOD;ygyJ? olu qefz&efppPurkd mS uGejf yLwmod y`eH @J bG@J ,l+y;D awmh ukr% ` w D ckrmS tvkyf vkyaf ew,f? ole@J rawG@wmvJ=umcJyh g+y?D wae@rSm ta=umif;udpPwckeJ@zkef; quf p um;ajym&if ; u ol @ tvk y f t a=umif;udyk g pum;upyfro d mG ;w,f? tJ'Dukr`%DrSmvkyf&wm tqifajy vm;vdk@ar;rdawmh oluajymvmw,f? tvkyfuawmhaumif;ygw,f? twlwl vky=f uwJh vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufcsif; tqifr ajybl;AsmwJ?h usaemfvJ olpdwfraumif;jzpfae rvm;vd@k 'Dta=umif;udk qufrar;awmh bl;? 'gayr,fh oluajymvmw,fAs? “'Duv k m;ud=k unfrh &wm=um+y”D Asw?hJ olajymvmwJhtoHu x±dkufawmh r,ft h oHrsKd ;yJ?

topf0ifvmwJhxJu tJ'Dyk*~dKvf}uD;w a,mufuawmhAsmæ/ wufvmwJt h pd;k & ol@tpd;k &vkyaf ewJh tcGit hf a&;orm;}u;D As/ 'Dval wGukd a':pk=unfah ygif;ygæ”vdk@ usaemfrh w d af qGu a0zeft=ujH yKw,f? 'Dawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ol@ udk 'Dvjkd yefajymvdu k o f wJæ h ? “&Siu f aum b,favmufaumif; vd@k vJæ”wJhAsm;? 'DawmhrSyJ usaemfholi,fcsif;vJ ol a0zefaewmawG &yfvu kd w f ,fqykd ?J a': atmifqef;pk=unfajymvdkufykHav;u rSwo f m;p&maumif;ygw,f? “&Sifuaum b,favmufaumif; vd@k vJæ”vd@k ajymvdu k w f m[m tjyeft vSeftm;jzifh ESpfzufudkjrifwwfatmif ajym+y;D om;jzpfomG ;w,f? [kwyf gw,f? b,fow l OD;wa,muf r# 100 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f jynfw h o hJ rl &So d avmuf ygb?J taumif;qk;H awGukd twwfEikd q f ;Hk vkyaf e&if;eJ@ r&nf&, G b f J rSm;oGm;wwf ygw,f? ±dk;om;pGmrSm;oGm;w,fqdkwm vl om;wa,mufrmS jzpfwwfwhJ trSm;wck yg? usaemfvrJ mS ;cJb h ;l w,f? usaemfrh w d f aqGawGvJ rSm;cJhbl;ygw,f? tm;vkH;vJ tenf;eJ@trsm; rSm;cJb h ;l =urSmyg? trSm;ruif;wm[m vlom;&J@obm 0yg? apwemeJ@ rrSm;bd@k ombJ ta&;}u;D ygw,f? usaemfw@kd awG ESpzf ufjrifwwf zd@k vdrk ,fxifygw,f? olu 'DvdkjzpfoGm;w,f/ iguaum b,fvv kd v J @kd ud, k b hf ufukd rdrv d ufnK‡d ; eJ@rdrd jyefx;kd =unfzh ;l r,fq&kd if oifah wmf wJt h jrif &&So d mG ;rSmyg? vufnK‡d ;qdw k m ta&S@bufuykd /J ol rsm;bufuykd x J ;kd zd@k uG/ ud, k u hf , kd u f kd xd;k zd@k rvG,b f ;l vd@k qifajcay;wwf=uwm rsm;ygw,f? trSet f m;jzifh vufnKd‡ ;qdw k m ta&S@ taemuf / awmif a jrmuf / txuf atmufudkajymif;a±G@I xdk;jyvdk@&ovdk ud, k b hf ufuv kd J vufe@J axmufI xd;k jy rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

“bmjzpfv@kd vJAsmæ/ cifAsm;toHu awmfawmfpdwfwdkaeovdkyJæ”vdk@ us aemfu jyefajymvdu k w f ,f? “[kww f ,fAs/ 'Duv k m;u tdE, dN u tvkyfvmvkyfwJh usaemfwdk@vdk uGefjyL wmorm;ygy?J 'gayr,fAh smæ txufu vl}uD;vm&if 'Dukvm;u t&rf;zm;wm As/ ol@tvkyu f v kd J ol+y;D atmifrvkycf sif bl;Asmæ/ oltvkyrf +y;D awmh usev f al wG uyg ol@tvkyfudk 0dkif;ulvkyfay;ae& awmh tcsdeo f yd u f ek w f ,fæ”AsmwJ?h “=um&if 'Duv k m;udk usaemfxo,f rdawmhr,fAsm/ t&rf;vlvnf=uwJhuk vm;As? vl}uD;vm&if tm;vkH;udk olvkyf xm;vdk@ +yD;aewJhykHpHeJ@ avoHu wrsdK; ajymif;oGm;ao;w,f? 'grsKd ;rm,mrsm;wJh vlukd usaemftjrifuyfw,fAsmæ? 'ga=umifh tvkyt f qifajyovm;vd@k ar;vm&if usaemft h vkyu f awmh tqif ajyygw,fæ/ 'gayr,fh 'Duv k m;vkyyf aHk =umifh tcsi;f csi;f awGawmh tqifrajy=u bl;æ/ pdwfrcsrf;om=ubl;jzpfae=u w,fæ”AsmwJh? ukr`%Dwckwnf;rSm OD;wnfoGm;ae wJh yef;wdik w f w l hJ olw@kd tcsi;f csi;f tqif ajyzd@k awmh wckcv k akd eyg+y?D usaemfa&;xm;wJh uAsmav;wyk'f udk jrnf;prf;=unhyf gvm;Asmæ ? pdwx f rJ mS jzpfaewJhtzktxpfav;awG/ rauseyf wmawG/ tcsif;csif; tqifrajywmawG tqifajyoGm;Edik yf gw,f? oluvJ tjypfawGe@J qdak wmh 'Dtjypf awGukd tjr=J unfah e&if a'goawGyjJ zpf aerSmæ/ pdwcf sr;f omp&mwuGurf # awG@ rSmr[kwfbl;? ol@taeeJ@ bmawGaumif;ovJqdk wmav;awGudk tjcm;wbufuae &Sm =unf&h if aumif;r,fxifygw,f? uAsmav;udk t&ifzwf=unfyh gOD;æ? tckyJ tD;ar;vfe@J yd@k ay;vdu k rf ,fv@kd ajymum 'DuAsmav; yd@k ay;vdu k yf gw,f?

arwWmwHwm; cif;&atmif b,foal wG bmyJysuyf suf aumif;uGuu f kd azG&mS +y;D arwWmwHwm; cif;&atmif? arm[v$r;f wJh urBmrSm iga&m rif;wd@k yg tjypfuif;zd@k qdw k m vG,w f mrS r[kwb f ?J

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wauG@auG@rSmawmh trSm;eJ@awG@wwfwmyJ arm[rjywfwhJ vlom;rSm trSm;rsm;pGmeJ@yg? trSm;jyKwdkif;om 0dik ;f y,fxm;cJ&h if vlom;&J@pGrf;tm;om qdwo f Ok ;f oGm;rSmayghAsm? b,foyl J rSm;rSm;yg ol@trSm; ud, k u f jyif ud, k jf yifwmudk olav;pm; ud, k rf mS ;jyefawmh olujyif tjrifus,fwhJ oabmxm; arwWmw&m;ygyJ? trSm;qdw k hJ arm[tarSmifu ylavmifwhJ tusdK;ay;w,f at;jrwJh arwWmESvkH;eJ@ tpOf+yKH;edKifro S m b0[m vSyom,mr,f? yef;wdik w f w l hJ oltcsif;csif; ,dik ;f yif;vd@k =unfjzL ulnu D m a&$vufw&JG if atmify0JG ifrmS trSeyf ?J b,foal wG bmyJysuyf suf aumif;uGuu f kd azG&mS +y;D arwWmwHwm; cif;&atmif? (3) aemufw&uf usaemft h ;D ar;vfxrJ mS ol@xHrS jyefpmwapmifukd zwf&w,f? pmxJrmS uAsmyd@k ay;vd@k aus;Zl;wif wJt h a=umif;/ 'DuAsmav;[m ole@J udu k f nDaea=umif;/ ol@vkyaf zmfuikd b f uf uk vm;av;tay:rSmxm;wJh ol@pdwfudk ajymif;vJvu kd Ef ikd af =umif;/ eH&aH y:rSmowd ay;wJt h aeeJ@ tjru J yfxm;a=umif;eJ@ ol@ &J@i,foil ,fcsi;f wOD;uvJ 'DuAsmudk vdk csiaf =umif;ajymvd@k cGijhf yKz@kd ta=umif;rsm; a&;vmygw,f? tqifajy0rf;omvdk@ a&;vmwJhol@ pmudzk wf&vd@k usaemfv0J rf;omygw,f? tu,fIom tqifrajybl;qd&k if r aumif;wJt h &m wckct k usKd ;oufa&muf r_jzpfomG ;Edik yf gw,f? tckawmh yef;wdkifwlwJholtcsif;csif; em;vnfcGifhv$wfay;+yD; vdktyfwJhtvkyf udpPawGudkyg ulnDvdkufEdkifwJhtwGuf pdwfcsrf;ompGmeJ@ tqifajyatmifjrif oGm;=uygw,f? vufwEJG ikd cf =hJ uygw,f?

'DuAsmav;&J@oabmvdyk J 'Dru kd a&pD qdw k hJ yef;wdik w f ckqu D o kd mG ;ae=uwJh jref rmjynfzmG ;tcsif;csif; tjypftemtqm awGukd ajymae=ur,ft h pm; em;vnfr_ rsm;udk &ifxrJ mS arG;zGm;zd@k vdt k yfygw,f? em;vnfr_qdkwmvJ udk,fhpdwf"mwf tjrifus,jf yef@rS jzpfygw,f? pdwf"mwfus,fjyef@rSom olrSm;wm udk ud, k u f jyKjyif/ ud, k jf yKjyifwmudk olu vufcHw,f? +yD;awmhAsm- udk,frSm;wJhtcgrSmvJ oluem;vnfpmG eJ@owday;/ olowday; wJ h t a=umif ; t&mud k ud k , f u wzef vufcHwJhoabmxm;yg? wu,fawmh tjrifus,fwo hJ abm xm;[m Ak'a< [m=um;wJah rwWmw&m; yg? tjrifus,fpmG eJ@ arwWmyGm;Edik +f yq D kd &if olwzufom;tay:rSm aumif;uGuf ud&k mS azGEikd yf g+y?D qd;k uGuu f jkd rifv@kd a'go0ifum pdwf npfaer,fhtpm; aumif;uGufudk& atmifazG&mS I olwzufom;udk tcspfe@J =unf+h y;D arwWmyGm;wmu wefz;kd rsm;pGm tusdK;rsm;pGm oufa&mufygw,f? ud, k &hf ifxrJ mS csrf;omaysmf&i$ &f ovdk olw@kd &ifxrJ mS vJ xyfwx l yfr# cHpm;=u& rSm trSeyf gyJ? ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf tusdK;&So d mG ; apr,fh vky&f yfygyJ? tu,fIrsm; vlwOD;wa,mufu uk, d t hf ay: (ok@d r[kw)f ud, k ehf @J ywfouf oltay:rSm tjypfwckcu k v kd yk rf w d ,fqkd &if usaemfw@kd [m xdo k @l udk vlaumif;w a,muf vd@k vk;H 0rjrifEikd af wmhbJ usaemf wdk@todkif;t0ef;uae0dkif;y,fvdkufwm/ z,fxkwfvdkuf=uwmrsm;ygw,f? tJovdzk ,fxw k v f u kd w f t hJ wGuf vl om;wOD;&J@pGrf;&nfawGudk usaemfwdk@ yxrOD;qk;H qk;H ±H;_ oGm;&ygw,f? ty,fcH &ol[mvJ txD;usefomG ;&ygw,f? wu,fawmh olvkyfrdwJhtjypfqdk wmu eJeaJ v;yg? 5 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f 'grS[w k f 10 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f avmufygy?J 100 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f raumif;wmr[kwfygbl;? eJeJyg;yg;rSm; wmav;udkab;z,f/ em;vnf/ cGifhv$wf +y;D ud, k t hf odik ;f t0ef;rSm jyefac:vufwJG &ifawmh jzpf+yD;oGm;wJh qdk;usdK;tquf qufawG xyfqifrh vmawmhbJ aumif; wJb h ufuakd &mufomG ;rSmyg? usaemfwdk@tm;vkH;[m vl,Ofaus; awGyg? usaemfw@kd awG&@J &ifxrJ mS olrsm; ud'k u k aQ y;csifwm/ &efjzpfcsifwmawG/ w

zefjyefvnfvmr,fh uHuakd =umuf+y;D us aemfw@kd tm;vk;H b,fou l r# rvkycf si=f u ygb;l ? tcsif;csif;jzpfcJh=uwJhudpPav;awG qdw k m[mvJ rvGo J mvd@k om jzpfc=hJ uwJh oabmyg? t&if;tjrpfusus awG;q =unf&h if usaemfw@kd awG[m cspfcifr/_ =uifemr_/ aysmf&i$ rf a_ wGukd vlwikd ;f vdck sif =uygw,f? tcsderf aESmif;ao;ygbl;? taumif;bufqu D kd OD;wnfav#muf vSr;f zd@k twGuf aemufusw,fqw kd mvJ r&Sb d ;l vd@k usaemfxifygw,f? od@k twGuf a0zefcsifwt hJ cg tjyK oabmqefqef a0zeft=ujH yK/ rSm;olukd az;rulnv D ufwaJG c:/ aumif;uGurf sm; ud&k mS / tjrifus,fpmG eJ@ arwWmxm;+y;D a&S@c&D;udq k uf&if atmifyef;qdw k m us aemfw@kd awG&@J vufwurf;rSmyJ? usaemfwdk@awGbmjzpfcsifygovJæ? jzpfcsifwmawGjzpfvmrSmtrSeyf gyJæ? vltm;vkH; aumif;wmyJjzpfcsif=u w,f? tqifajywmudyk J vlwikd ;f &,lvkd w,f? aysmf&i$ rf u _ v kd J ar#mfvif=h uw,f? 'ga=umifyh J usaemfw@kd awG[mwOD;eJ@ wOD; cGcJ mG cge;D E_wq f uf=uwJt h cg aumif; wmudjk zpfapcsiw f hJ qkawmif;av;awGyg wJh ‘aumif;aomae@awGjzpfygap’/ ‘r*F vm&S d a omae@awG j zpf y gap’vd k @ qk awmif;ay;=uw,f? uHaumif;wJhae@/ r*Fvm&Sdaomae@ jzpfcsiv f J jzpfvmw,f? rjzpfcsiv f J rjzpf vmbl;? tusdK;oufa&mufr_tm;vkH; [m usaemfwdk@um,uH&SifawGay:rSm omyJ rlwnfygw,f? udpw P ckujkd yKvyk &f mrSm cspjf cif;arwWm w&m;eJ@ pwifEikd +f y;D awmh cspfjcif;arwWm w&m;eJ@yJ qufvufvkyfudkifr,f/ ed*kH;

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

csKyaf wmhvJ cspjf cif;arwWmw&m;awGe@J yJ tqk H ; owf E d k i f r ,f q d k & if tJ ' D u d p P u atmifjrifomG ;yg+y?D usaemfwdk@awG&J@b0xJu ae@av; wae@udyk J tprf;oabm pwifvyk u f ikd f =unf&h atmifyg? -eHeufr;kd vif;vmwmeJ@ tJ'aD e@av; udk cspfjcif;arwWmw&m;eJ@pwifvu kd yf g? -wae@vk;H tvkyrf mS ajymqdq k ufqH &oltm;vk;H tay:rSmvJ jzLpifoef@&Si;f wJh cspfjcif;arwWmw&m;eJ@yJ aygif;oif;quf qHyg? -wrd;k csKyv f @kd tJ'aD e@av;wae@udk ed *k;H csKyaf wmhvJ tjrifus,jf yef@wJh 'DarwWm w&m;eJ@yJ tqk;H owf=unfyh g? wu,fyJ r*Fvm&Sad omae@/ tvGef aumif;rGew f ahJ e@av;wae@ jzpfvmrSmyg? wcgu usaemfa&;cJb h ;l wJh t*Fvyd u f Asmav;[m 'Dvrf;pOfav;udk azmfne$ ;f xm;wmjzpfygw,f? trsm;ar#mfvifh=u wJh r*Fvm&Sdaomae@av;wae@ jzpfvm zd@k qENjyK=uwJt h cg usaemfw@kd awG b,f vdkav#mufvSrf;r,f/ bmawGuta&; }uD;w,fqdkwmudk em;vnfovdk wifjy xm;wmjzpfygw,f? Have A Nice Day! Early in the morning, Our town sleeps. Its silence is holy As in a sacred place. There are no voices of children; no sounds “Of cars, trains, or Planes passing by. The sun slowly rises and Darkness steps back Away from the sunshine. The songs of birds fill The nearby trees As they greet me

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And the neighbors, too. It is a nice morning and I am filled with the Beauty of this world. I feel happy, peaceful, Meaningful, and powerful. Morning is the start of a new day. I start the day with love and End the day with love, looking At every thing with kindness. Have a nice day! You and I say to friends When they are parting. It shows our love and kindness When we wish others well. The things we begin with love Are always beautiful and Give our lives meaning. Loving-kindness is the key To everything.

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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aemfu h , kd af wG@wckukd wifjyyg&ap? 1975 rS 1980 txd usaemfaxmif usaepOfrmS axmift&m&Sad wG rw&m; nif;qJESdyfpufwm/ usaemfwdk@uvJjyef vkyfwmpwmawGeJ@ tusOf;usumv }u;D udk usaemfw@kd rcsrd qef@jzwfoef;ae& wke;f usaemfw@kd u rcHEidk af vmufatmif ayguu f w JG ek @f jyefvmwJt h cgrsKd ;awGrmS o wif;w&yfxGufay:vmavh&Sdygw,f? axmifom;awGukd r=umcif vGw+f ird ;f csrf;omcGiahf y;awmhr,fwæ hJ ? tJ't D cg tusOf;om;trsm;pk[m 'D owif;rSefvdrfhEdk;Ekd; ar#mfvifhw}uD;eJ@ axmif[m ±kwcf snf;ndro f ufomG ;wwf ygw,f? 'gayrJ@ 'Dvakd umv[mv[m b,fwek ;f urS rrSecf yhJ gzl;// b,fumvavmufrmS v$waf y;awmh r,fvdk@ rufvHk;ay;xm;udk =um;odxm; wJh tusOf;om;awGtzd@k =um;ovdjk zpfr vmwJt h cg ar#mv f ifch sut f rd rf ufawG oJ xJa&oGejf zpfomG ;wJt h cg t±ky}f uKd ;jywf/ vl[m AHk;AHk;vJusrwwf cHpm;&w,f? 'g[m vlukd awmfawmfpw d yf ikd ;f qdik f &mcHpm;csufawGay;ygw,f? ±du k Ef u S Ef ydS f pufvu kd w f mxufawmif ydv k @kd qd;k 0g;pGm cHpm;cJ&h ygw,f? pdwfaxmif;awmhudk,fausqdkwm ajymr,Hk =uKH z;l rSoq d w kd mvdyk g? wcsKd @rsm; qd&k if ±l;oGyo f mG ;wJt h wGuf jyefaumif; vmzd@k awmif r&Sad wmhwjhJ zpf&yfawGyg// 1980rSm rqvygwD[m omoem oef@&Si;f jyef@yGm;a&;/ *d% k ;f aygi;f pHn k ! D w G f a&;udk ta=umif;jyKum tusO;f om;awG udk taxGaxG vGw+f ird ;f csrf;omcGiahf y; r,fqu kd m a=unmcsut f rSwf 2§80 udk xkwfjyefcJhw,f? &mZ0wfom;awG udkvJ jypf'%fudk oH;k yHEk pS yf kH av#m@csum oH;k yHw k yHck +H y;D olqkd ygu vH;k 0v$waf y;r,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? usaemfhwdk@tm;vHk; 'Dwcgawmh w u,fyJ vGw+f y/D u|w+f yq D +kd y;D tawmfaysmf vdu k &f wm// wcsKd @rsm;qd&k if b,fawmhrrS awG@awmhygzl;vdk@ pdwf'Hk;'Hk;csxm;wJ@ rd

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om;pkukd jyefawG@&awmhr,fq+d yk ;D 'Da=u nmcsut f ay: *k%jf yKwt hJ pDtpOf tcif; tusif;awGawmifvyk +f y;D aysmfwo hJ al wG u aysmaf e=uwmayg?h b,ftusO;f om; rS raysmforl &Sd tm;vH;k aysmf&i$ f atmifyJG qifae=uwmayghcifAsm? b,fvv kd w $ af y;r,fqw kd hJ v$wef nf; tpDtpOfukd b,forl S twdtus rodyg zl;? bmyJjzpfjzpf usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k vGwf rSmaocsmw,fv@kd wGucf suu f m aysmaf e =uygw,f/ r=umcif tm%mydik af wGu jypf'%f enf;wJah xmifom;awGukd &ufwu G cf suf um &mZ0wfom;qd&k if oH;k yHw k yHu k mrdol rsm;(jypf'%fo;kH csdK;wcsdK; axmifus+y;D ol rsm;)udk a&G;xkwfum pwifv$wfay; vdkufygw,f? &mZ0wfom;awGxJrSm ao'%form;qd&k if vGw&f ufu wGu&f cufrmS yg? 'Dawm@ 6 v wESpfavmufom axmifusw@J ESpif ,fo&l mZ0wfom;awG eJ@ td;k rJt h rd rf o hJ al wG t&ifvw $ yf gw,f? tusOf;axmifAl;0rSmawmh EdkifiHa&;t usOf;om;rdom;pkawGcrsm vnfyif;w &Sn&f n S ef @J aepOf&ufquf vmapmifah e =u&w,f/ uk, d v hf yl gvdrEhf ;dk eJ@ tvGe&f if ckef pdwaf rmaewmaygh? wu,fvw G af wm@ Ekid if aH &;tusOf; om;awGrygyJ pkwfjywfaya&aewJh tdk; tdrfrJhrsm;eJ@ &mZ0wfom;awG xGufvm wmudo k m awG@&ygw,f// 2 &uf 3 &uf avmufom=umoGm; w,f? Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rygao;yJ &m Z0wfom;csnf;om v$wfay;aewmyg? aemufqHk; &mZ0wfom;ESpf&mrSoHk;&m avmuf&SdvmawmhrS ESpfi,fwJhEkdifiHa&; orm;tcsdK@vJ vGwfwJhxJrSm a&mygvm w,f / / 'guvJ vl E S p f q ,f o H k ; q,f avmufyg/ EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGxJrSmvJ ESpf i,foal wGuv kd w $ +f y;D ESp}f u;D orm;jzpf wJh usaemfv h kd woufwu|ef;orm;udk awmh r=umcifrmS v$waf y;r,fv@kd wGuf ude;f eJ@ usaemfvaJ ysmfv@kd aygh? axmiftm%mydik rf sm;taeeJ@u Ekid if H a&;tusOf;om;tjzpfoabmxm;um v$wfay;vdkwJhqENr&Sdavawmh usaemf wd@k &J@&JabmfawGukd 3csKd ;1csKd ; axmifuscH +y;D om; &mZ0wfom;vdo k abmxm;um olwdk@awGeJ@ usaemfwdk@vlawGudk a&m v$waf y;aewm jzpfygw,f// 'grSvJ Ekid if H

Moe Thauk Kye Journal a&;tusOf;om; b,favmuf&w dS ,fqkd wm wGuv f @kd r&awm@bl; jzpfomG ;ygr,f? +yD;awmhvJ axmiftm%mydkifawG&J@ oabmu Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;qdw k mr&Sd &/ Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k [mvJ &m Z0wfom;csn;f yJqw kd o hJ abmxm;udjk yo um jrefrmjynfrmS Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;r &Szd ;l qdw k mudk oufaoxlv@kd &aewm jzpf ygw,f/ vlawG wokwf+yD;wokwfvGwfoGm; vdu k =f uwm q,f&ufavmuf=umawmh usaemfw@kd vdEk pS }f u;D orm;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;t& xde;f odr;f xm;olawGcsn;f useaf wmhw,f? usaemfvJ axmifr}u;D (rde;f a*s;)oGm; +yD; bmvdk@rv$wfao;vJvdk@ar;ygw,f? 'DawmhrS axmift&m&Sdu &mZ0wf om;awGyJusefawmhw,f? EkdifiHa&;t usOf;om;r&Sad wmhz;l vd@k qdyk gw,f? usaemfvJ usaemfhyk'frawGjzpfwJh 122§1 EkdifiHawmfvkyf=uHr_eJ@ yk'fr 17 (1§2)Ekid if aH wmfyek u f efr(_ od@k r[kw)f olyek ef @J qufo, G rf y_ 'k rf awGujkdyefaxmufjyw,f? 'gawGu bmawGvv J @kd jyefar;w,f? olu useaf ewJu h saemftygt0if ESp}f u;D EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udkv$wfay;zdk@jiif;qef um ‘rif;wdk@[m EkdifiHa&;orm;r[kwf a=umif;’ ajymjyefygw,f// usaemfw@kd vJa'guefvmw,f? awmf awmfrausreyfcpH m;&w,f// igwd@k awmh oGm;+yv D @kd yxrt}urd cf pH m;&wJt h cgrsm; qd&k if wnvH;k tdyrf aysmf/ bmrSvJ pm; csifaomufcsifpw d rf &Sjd zpfomG ;ygw,f? vl[m t}u;D tus,w f ek v f y_ af csmuf csm;oGm;vdkufwm woufeJ@wudk,f 'g rsK;d wcgrrS cHpm;zl;ygz;l vd@k awmifajymvd@k & ygr,f/ wa,mufrsuEf mS wa,muf=unfu h m vlawGtm;vHk;[m tm;udk;&mr,fhoGm; vdkufwm awmifrif;ajrmufrif;ru,f Ekid q f w kd mtrSeyf gyJ// vlawGtm;vH;k [m pdw"f gwt f }u;D t us,u f sqif;uke=f uavawmh bmquf vky&f rSe;f rodEidk jf zpf=uygw,f? usaemfvJ usqif;aewJh pdwu f av;udk jyefvnfpk pnf;+y;D awmh “'d@k wawG oydwaf rSmuf=u rSjzpfr,fæ”vd@k pnf;±H;k &ygw,f// w&m;0ifausnmcsut f & 'd@k Ekid if aH &; tusOf;om;awGudk rw&m;oufouf qufvufxdrf;odrf;xm;wmjzpfw,f? tckqkd 10 &ufawmif=umoGm;+y/D / 'gudk oydwfarSmuf+yD; tjrefv$wfay;a&;udk

awmif;qdk&r,fvkd@pnf;±Hk;awmh vltm; vH;k u oabmwlvm=uw,f// aemuf&ufrSmyJ xdef;odrf;cHEkdifiHa&; orm;awGukd t&ifvw $ af y;vdu k yf gw,f? aemufq;kH 16 &uf=um+y;D awmhrS usaemf wdk@[m EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGjzpf a=umif;/ 'ga=umif@ 3csdK;1csdK; jypf'%fcH owfrw S cf suf[m usaemfw@kd eJ@ vH;k 0t =uHK;r0ifa=umif;vufcHum aemufqHk; awmh usaemfw@kd [m Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om; tjzpf todtrSwfjyKcH&+yD; vGwfcJh&yg w,f? usaemft h awG@t=uKH t& vGwrf ,fqkd wmodaeayr,fv h J 'D 16 &ufumvudk tvGeyf ifyrf;qif;&J}u;D pGm i&Jwr# cHpm;& ygw,f? awmfawmfvJ tzwfq,fr& avmufatmif pdw"f gwyf sujf ym; cJ&h wm yg/ 'gu=kd unf+h y;D OD;0if;wiftajctaeu usaemfwdk@xuf tqrsm;pGm qdk;aeyg vm;vdk@ awG;rdwmyg// usaemfw@kd u 16 &uf cHpm;+y;D jyef vGwyf gao;w,f/ OD;0if;wifu axmifA;l 0a&mufcJh&+yD; tjyifavmueJ@ ajcw vSrf;omvdkawmhwJhtajctaerSm jyef xnfhcHvdkuf&wmuawmh awmfawmfcH jyif;p&mjzpfygw,f// ppfwyf[m 'Dvrkd sKd; &ufpuf,w k rf m r_rsKd ;awGukd 1962 tm%modr;f uwnf;

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