Week 7 The Simple Sentence

E_English Grammar Course Unit 7 The Simple Sentence

Issues 1.

Clause Patterns

2.

Sentence Elements and their Meanings

3.

Concord

4.

Negation

5.

Questions, Commands, Exclamations

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Clause Types Clause types

Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

Clause types

Clause types transformed

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Clause Types Clause types

Clause Elements

S, V, O, C, A Obligatory vs. Optional They appointed him head of office last week. S V O C A Clause types

Clause types transformed

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Clause Types Clause types

Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

Clauseare types Obligatory clause patterns are those which required for the complementation of the verb. Clause types transformed

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Clause Types Clause types

Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

I put the book on the table (SVOA) vs. I put thetypes book. Clause He resembled his father (SVO) vs. He resembled. (Sometimes) she sings (beautifully). Clause types transformed He is eating (the cake).

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Clause types

Clause Types 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

SVA Mary is in the house. SVC Mary is kind. SVO Somebody Clause Elements caught the ball. SVOA I put the vase on the table. SVOC She has proved it wrong. SVOO Obligatory Momvs.buys me a new bike. Optional SV The lady smiled. 7 Clause types

Clause types transformed

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1

Clause Types Clause types

Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

Passive transformation

7 Clause types

SV, SVC, SVA equivalents

Clause types transformed

1/7

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Clause Types Clause types Passive transformation

Many critics disliked the play (SVOd) The play was disliked by many critics. (S + Vpass + [A])

Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

7 Clause types

Clause types transformed

1/8

1

Clause Types Clause types Passive transformation

Mom considered him a genius. (SVOO) He was considered a genius (by Mom). (SVC [A])

Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

7 Clause types

Clause types transformed

1/9

1

Clause Types Clause types SV, SVC, SVA equivalents

1. SV

Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

7 Clause types SVC The baby is sleeping The baby is asleep 2. SV SVA Clause types transformed Two loaves will suffice Two loaves will be sufficient 3. SVC SVA He is jobless He is without a job.

1/10

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Clause Types

Which clause type does each of the following sentences belong to? 1. He’s getting angry. 2. He got through the window. 3. He’ll get a surprise. 4. He got his shoes and socks wet. 5. He got himself into trouble. 6. He got her a splendid present.

1/11

1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Clause Types SVC He’s getting angry. SVA He got through the window. SVO He’ll get a surprise. SVOC He got his shoes and socks wet. SVOA He got himself into trouble. SVOO He got her a splendid present. One verb can belong to a number of different classes.

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Sentence elements and their meanings Sentence elements syntactically defined

Subject Object

See Quirk, pp170 Complement Adverbial

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Sentence elements and their meanings Semantic Roles of the Subject agentive

locative

instrumental

temporal

affected

eventive

recipient

Empty It

2/3

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Sentence elements and their meanings Semantic Roles of the Subject agentive

locative She opened the door.

instrumental

temporal

affected

eventive

recipient

IT

2/4

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Sentence elements and their meanings Semantic Roles of the Subject agentive instrumental

locative The key opens the door. temporal

affected

eventive

recipient

IT

2/5

2

Sentence elements and their meanings Semantic Roles of the Subject agentive

locative

instrumental

temporal

affected recipient

eventive The door opens. IT

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2

Sentence elements and their meanings Semantic Roles of the Subject agentive

locative

instrumental

temporal

affected

eventive

recipient

She has a new IT shirt.

2/7

2

Sentence elements and their meanings Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive This room accommodates 20 people.

locative

instrumental

temporal

affected

eventive

recipient

IT

2/8

2

Sentence elements and their meanings Semantic Roles of the Subject agentive Tomorrow is my birthday. instrumental

locative temporal

affected

eventive

recipient

IT

2/9

2

Sentence elements and their meanings Semantic Roles of the Subject agentive

locative

instrumental

temporal

The meeting ended successfully. affected recipient

eventive IT

2/10

2

Sentence elements and their meanings Semantic Roles of the Subject agentive

locative

instrumental

temporal

affected

eventive

It’s wonderful to meet you. recipient

Empty IT

2/11

2

Sentence elements and their meanings Semantic Roles of the Object Od

Oi

affected

We opened the door.

effected

He invented the telephone.

locative

We passed the building.

2/12

2

Sentence elements and their meanings Semantic Roles of the Object Od

Oi

We paid him a visit.

affected

We gave him some money.

recipient

2/13

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Sentence elements and their meanings Semantic Roles of the Object Cs Current attribute Resulting attribute

Co He is tired. He becomes tired.

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Sentence elements and their meanings Semantic Roles of the Complement Cs

Co

We found the room empty.

Current attribute

They left the room empty.

Resulting attribute

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Concords CONCORDS

Grammatical concord

Notional Concord

Concord by Proximity Concord with coordinated subject

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Concords Grammatical Concord

Subject - Verb Subject - Complement Subject - Object Pronoun

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Concords Grammatical Concord

Subject - Verb

Subject - Complement SUBJECT sing/plur  VERB sing/plur This dish is dirty/ These dishes are dirty. Subject - Object

SUBJECT (clause)  VERB sing What they are doing now is my concern. Pronoun

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Concords Grammatical Concord

Subject - Verb Subject - Complement Subject - Object The child was an angel.

The children are angels.

Pronoun

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Concords Grammatical Concord

Subject - Verb Subject - Complement

He injured himself.

Subject - Object Pronoun

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Concords Grammatical Concord

Subject - Verb Subject - Complement

The boy likes his toys Subject - Object Pronoun

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Concords Notional Concord

Nominal clause Collective noun

The verb agrees with the idea of plural rather than the actual singular form of the noun

None

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Concords Notional Concord

Nominal clause

Collective noun What he says isn’t true. (= The thing he says isn’t true) What they like best are None tea and coffee. ( The things they like…)

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Concords Notional Concord

Nominal clause Collective noun

The cabinet are having None a rest. (All members of the cabinet…) The cabinet has reached an agreement. (The cabinet as a whole)

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Concords Notional Concord

Nominal clause Collective noun None

None of the students like Grammar. None of the cheese is fresh.

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Concords Concord by Proximity

Set phrases Existential sentence with ‘there’

The verb tends to agree with whatever noun or pronoun closely precedes it, instead of the head word of the subject

Either… or

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Concords Concord by Proximity

Set phrases Existential sentence with ‘there’ One in ten take drugs. Either… or

3/13

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Concords Concord by Proximity

Set phrases Existential sentence with ‘there’ Either… or There are two chairs and a desk there. There is a chair and two desks there.

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Concords Concord by Proximity

Set phrases Existential sentence with ‘there’ Either… or

Either my brother or I am to blame for the error. Either the teacher or the students need to do this.

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Concords Concord with coordinated subject

Coordinated subject representing a single entity

normally takes a plural verb

When the NPs refer to the same thing/ person

3/16

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Concords Concord with coordinated subject

Coordinated subject representing a single entity

the same The hammer and the sickle wasWhen flyingthe on NPs top ofrefer the to building. thing/ person

3/17

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Concords Concord with coordinated subject

Coordinated subject representing a single entity

When the NPs refer to the same thing/ person His lawyer and former college friend, Max Weber, was with him at his death.

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Negation The negation of a sentence is accomplished by inserting not between the operator and the predication. E.g.

The attempt has succeeded. The attempt has not succeeded. We may win the match.  We may not win the match.

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4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Negation Assertives vs. Non-assertives Negative intensification Alternative Negative elements Scope of negation Focus of negation Relationship between scope and focus of negation Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

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Negation

Non-assertive forms = items that do not naturally occur outside negative, interrogative, and conditional sentences. E.g. I saw him somewhere. I didn’t see him anywhere. (Quirk p.184)

Assertives

Non-assertives

Some Someone Somewhere Somehow To some extent Already A great deal Too A long way Too A long time

Any Anyone Anywhere In any way At all Yet Much Either Far Very Long

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Negation Negative Intensification = ways to give emotive intensification to a negative.

I found nothing at all the matter with him. I have no excuse whatever. I'll never, never go there again. I've never in all my life seen such a crowd. She has never spoken to me even a single word.

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Negation Alternative Negative Elements (Instead of the verb, another element may be negated)

An honest man would not lie -> No honest man would lie. I didn't see any birds -> I saw no birds.

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Negation Scope of Negation

= The stretch of language over which the negative meaning operates

Normally extends from the negative word itself to the end of the clause. E.g. I definitely didn’t speak to him. (It’s definite that I did not.) I didn’t definitely speak to him. (It’s not definite that I did.)

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Negation Focus of Negation

The contrastive nuclear stress falling on a particular part of a clause indicates that the contrast of meaning implicit in the negation is located at that spot and the rest of the clause can be understood in a positive sense.

1.‘JOHN doesn’t love Mary. Somebody loves Mary but it’s not John. 2. John doesn’t ‘LOVE Mary. John likes Mary but it’s not love. 3. John doesn’t love ‘MARY. John loves somebody else but it’s not Mary.

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4 Scope & Focus of Negation The scope must include the focus, and by the position of the focus we can realize the extent of the scope

Negation I didn’t LISTEN all the time. (I listened none of the time.) I didn’t listen ALL the time. (I listened some of the time.)

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4 Scope & Focus of Negation The scope must include the focus, and by the position of the focus we can realize the extent of the scope.

Negation In each of the following case, does John love Mary or not? John doesn’t LOVE Mary because she is a teacher. John doesn’t love Mary because she is a TEACHER.

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Negation Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation Auxiliary Negation

Main Verb Negation

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Negation Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation Auxiliary Negation

TheMain scope of negation Verb Negation includes the meaning of the auxiliary itself

4/12

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Negation Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation Auxiliary Negation

1. can’t (in all sense) Verb Negation You can’tMain be serious. (It is not possible that…) You can’t go swimming. (You are not allowed…) She can’t ride a bicycle. (She is not able to…)

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Negation Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation Auxiliary Negation

Main Verb Negation 2. Needn’t You needn’t pay that fine. (You are not obliged to…) It needn’t be my fault. (it is not necessary that…)

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Negation Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation Auxiliary Negation

3. May not ( = Verb permission) Main Negation You may not go swimming. (You are not allowed to…)

4/15

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Negation Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

1. May not (=possibility) They may notAuxiliary bother to Negation come if it’s wet. (It is possible that they will not bother to come.)

Main Verb Negation

4/16

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Negation Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation Will not/ won’t Shall not/ shan’t Must not/ mustn’t Ought not/ oughtn’t

Main Verb Negation

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Negation Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation Will not/ won’t

Main Verb Negation

Shallworry. not/ shan’t Don’t I won’t interfere (I’m willing not to interfere.) Must not/ He mustn’t won’t do it (He insists on not doing it.) Ought not/ oughtn’t They won’t have arrived yet (I predict that they’ve not arrived yet.

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Negation Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation Will not/ won’t

Main Verb Negation

Shall not/ shan’t Must not/ mustn’t Don’t worry, you shan’t lose your reward. (I’m willing to see that you don’t lose your reward. Ought not/ oughtn’t

4/19

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Negation Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation Will not/ won’t

Main Verb Negation

Shall not/ shan’t Must not/ mustn’t I shan’t know when you return (I predict that I shall not know…) Ought not/ oughtn’t

4/20

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Negation Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation Will not/ won’t

Main Verb Negation

You mustn’tShall keepnot/ us all waiting (You’ll oblige me for not keeping…) shan’t Must not/ mustn’t Ought not/ oughtn’t

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Negation Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation Will not/ won’t

Main Verb Negation

YouShall oughtn’t to keep us waiting (obligation) not/ shan’t HeMust oughtn’t be long (necessity) not/to mustn’t Ought not/ oughtn’t

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Types of simple sentences

Statements Questions Commands Exclamations

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Types of simple sentences

Statements

Sentences in which the subjectQuestions is always present and generally precedes the verb. Commands Exclamations

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Types of simple sentences

Statements Questions

Yes – No Questions

Wh - Questions

Commands Alternative Questions Exclamations

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation Questions

Yes – No Questions

Wh - Questions

Alternative Questions

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation Questions

Yes – No Questions

Wh - Questions General Yes – No questionsAlternative Questions Has the boat left? Yes-no questions with positive orientation: Has the boat left already? Yes-no questions with positive orientation: Hasn’t the boat left yet?

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation Questions

Yes – No Questions

Wh - Questions Alternative Questions Tag questions • Rising tone = neutral assumption • Falling tone: Positive assumption + positive expectation Negative assumption + negative expectation

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation Questions

Yes – No Questions

Wh -Declarative Questions Questions Alternative Questions You’ve got the explosive? He didn’t finished it?

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation Questions

Yes – No Questions

Wh -Exclamatory Questions Questions Alternative Questions Negative Y-N Hasn’t he grown! Wasn’t it good! Positive Y – N Am I hungry! Do I look annoyed!

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation Questions

Yes – No Questions

Wh - Questions

Alternative Questions

Wh- word pronouns: who, whom, which, what, whose • Who went there with her? (Wh-word = S) • Who(m) did he talk to? (Wh-word = Od) • Which book have you lent him? (Wh-word = premodifier) • Whose beautiful antiques are they? (Wh-word = determiner) • Who did you lent to book to? (Wh-word = Oi)

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation Questions

Yes – No Questions

Wh - Questions

Alternative Questions

Wh- word adverbs: when, where, how, why, how + adj/adv • When will you come back? (A time) • Where should I put these? (A place) • Why aren’t they coming? (A reason) • How did they mend it? (A manner) •…

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation Questions

Yes – No Questions

Wh - Questions

Alternative Questions

Would you like tea, coffee, or milk? Which ice cream would you like. Chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry?

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Types of simple sentences

Statements Questions Commands

sentences that make use of the imperative mood in the main, or sometimes of questions with Exclamations the initial modal - particularly with invitations or requests.

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation Commands

Without subject With subject With ‘let’

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation Commands

Without subject With subject Positive: Be reasonable Negative: Don’t make noise With ‘let’

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation Commands

Without subject With subject

‘You’ as subject

WithInfinite ‘let’ pronoun S

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation Commands

Without subject With subject

‘You’ as subject With ‘let’ -You there be quiet! -You come here, Jack, and you come over there, Mary. - Will you come in and sit down?

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation Commands

Without subject With subject

With ‘let’ Indefinite Pronoun S Positive: Somebody open the door! Everybody shut their eyes! Negative: Don’t anyone say anything!

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation Commands

Without subject With subject With ‘let’

Positive: Let’s go out./ Let each man decide for himself. Negative: Let’s open the door/ Don’t let him lose heart.

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Types of simple sentences

Statements Questions

Full exclamation

Commands

Short exclamation

Exclamations

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Types of simple sentences

Statements Questions

Full exclamation

What an enormous crowd came! Commands How delightful her manners are! Exclamations

Short exclamation

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Types of simple sentences

Statements Questions

Short exclamation

What a book! Commands How wonderful! Exclamations

Full exclamation

That’s the end of unit 7.