Week 1 Elements Of Grammar

E_English Grammar Course Unit 1 Lecture 1. Morphemes - Words

Issues 1. Introduction to Grammar 2. Morphemes and Words 3. Ways of word formation 4. Parts of speech 5. Parts of a sentence 6. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

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Introduction to Grammar

Grammar In global sense

In narrow sense

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Introduction to Grammar

Grammar In global sense • equals competence, a body of knowledge that a native speaker has about his/her language which enables speak and understand it. Inhim/her narrowto sense • includes word and sentence structure rules, pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences, and discourse organization rules.

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1 Grammar

Introduction to Grammar • refers only to the information of the word and sentence structures. •In consists of morphology, the study of words and word global sense formation, and syntax, the study of phrases, clauses, and sentences.

In narrow sense

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Morphemes and Words discourse sentence phrase word morpheme

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Morphemes and Words discourse

I found myself useless.

sentence I actually felt tired of sitting doing nothing. And I hated enjoying the unemployment benefit. I found myself useless. Then I decided to look or a job.

hated enjoying

phrase

tired, job, myself

word

use, -less,

morpheme

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Lexical item – meaning

LEXICAL ITEM

= A basic unit of meaning … • A single word (E.g.: man, boy) • Less than a word (E.g.: terr in terror) • More than one word (E.g.: to rain dogs and cats)

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Lexical item – meaning

LEXICAL ITEM & MEANING Lexical item and meaning has arbitrary relationship.

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2 MORPHEME

Morpheme - Word = A minimal meaningful unit E.g.: re/try boy/s

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Morpheme - Word WORD

= An independent meaningful unit. E.g.: try boy turn return

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Types of morphemes Occurrence Types

Free (words)

Bound (affixes)

Grammatical

Function words: prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions....

inflectional (suffixes)

Lexical

Content words: Nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives

derivational (prefixes, suffixes)

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Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes

Derivational morphemes

modify the meaning of an item can change meaning of the but not change its parts of stem and typically, they change speech. the part of speech.

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Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes

Derivational morphemes

are changes in words to express indicate semantic relationships their semantic and syntactic within words. relationships to other words in the sentence. E.g.: the morpheme ‘ful’ in E.g.: ‘s’ in ‘Bush says’ indicates ‘beautiful’ has no connection the present tense and the with other morphemes beyond subject is third person and the word. singular.

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Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes

Derivational morphemes

are regularly distributed. They occur with all or most members of a word class.

do not occur across whole classes.

E.g.: not all verbs take the E.g.: ‘s’ (3rd person singular derivational suffix ‘al’ as refuse, present) occurs with most verbs. propose.

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Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes

Derivational morphemes

typically occur away from the root.

occur close to the root, before inflectional morphemes.

E.g.: the plural morpheme ‘s’ occurs at the end of a word, after all other morphemes.

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Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes

-s: 3rd person sig present -ed: past tense -ing: present participle -en: past participle -s: Plural -s: possessive -er:comparative -est: superlative

Derivational morphemes There are a large number of derivational morphemes, which can be prefixes or suffixes.

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Morphological processes of word formation Prefixation:

adding a prefix to the base E.g.: Non-stop Predict

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Morphological processes of word formation Suffixation:

adding a suffix to the base E.g.: Economist Grammatical

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Morphological processes of word formation Conversion:

a change of word-classes without affix. E.g.: Import (n), (v) Abstract (n), (adj)

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Morphological processes of word formation

Compounding:

word formation from two or more bases. E.g. Greenhouse effect Desktop computer

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Morphological processes of word formation Clipping:

shortening a word E.g.: Phone from telephone Graph from photograph Flu from influenza

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Morphological processes of word formation

Reduplication:

word formation from two or more either identical or slightly different elements. E.g.: Goody-goody Tick-tock Seesaw Wishy-washy Tip-top

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Morphological processes of word formation Blending:

word formation from two separate forms. E.g.: Motel from motor and hotel Smog from smoke and fog.

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Morphological processes of word formation Acronym:

word formation from initial letters of a series of words. E.g.: TV from television FAQ from frequently asked question.

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Morphological processes of word formation Coinage Borrowing Backformation

E.g.: aspirin E.g.: robot E.g.: opt (option)

Sound + stress interchange

E.g.: aspirin

Sound imitation

E.g.: aspirin

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Parts of speech Parts of speech Closed system

Open class

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Parts of speech Parts of speech Closed system

Open class

Open class • comprises functional words such as articles, demonstratives, pronouns prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections

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Parts of speech Parts of speech Closed system

Open class Features: • unextendable number of members • reciprocally exclusive • reciprocally defining • unstressed in spoken language

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Parts of speech Parts of speech

Closed system • comprises notional/ lexical words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

Open class

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Parts of speech Parts of speech

Closed system Features: • extendable number of members • combinability • having certain syntactic functions • stressed words in spoken language

Open class

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Parts of a sentence Parts of a sentence Subject

Predicate

Operator

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Parts of a sentence Parts of a sentence Subject

Predicate

Operator

What is being discussed – theme. E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle everyday.

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Parts of a sentence Parts of speech Subject

Predicate

What is being said about the subject – rheme. E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle everyday.

Operator

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Parts of a sentence Parts of speech

Predicate Subject What helps to change a sentence into: - interrogative E.g.: Do her parents visit her everyday? - negative E.g.: Her parents do not visit her everyday. - emphatic E.g.: Her parents do visit her everyday.

Operator

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Parts of a sentence Parts of speech Predicate

Subject

• include BE & HAVE E.g.: I am a student and I have a part time job. • include BE & HAVE E.g.: I am cooking. • include will, shall, should, can, might, etc. E.g.: I can cook.

Operator Lexical verbs

Primary Auxiliaries Modal

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements Subject

+ Cs (1) Intensive

Verb Object Complement Adverbial

Extensive

+ A (obli) (2) intransitive (3) transitive

mono-transitive (4) di-transitive (5) complex-transitive (6,7)

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

He is lovely.

SVCs (1)

He is out of the office.

SVA (obli) (2)

He is crying.

SV (3)

intransitive

He broke the vase.

SVO (4)

transitive

He sent me an e-mail.

SVOO (5)

He found the play boring.

SVOCo (6)

Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial

He put the vase on the SVOA (obli) table. (7)

intensive

extensive

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial

Stative

Not progressive form

E.g.: The food he cooked tasted very good. Dynamic

Progressive form

E.g.: She is tasting the food he’s cooked.

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements Subject Verb

direct (Od)

Object Complement Adverbial

indirect (Oi) E.g.: He sent me (Oi) a postcard (Od).

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements Subject Verb Object

E.g.: His brother who is a teacher (Cs) considers me his best friend (Co).

Subject Complement (Cs)

Complement Adverbial

Object Complement (Co)

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Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement

E.g.: He goes fishing on Tuesday. (Aopt) His birthday is on Tuesday. (A obli)

optional

Adverbial obligatory

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Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase

Clause

Sentence

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Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase

Clause

Sentence

Noun phrase

E.g.: All these books are mine.

Verb phrase

E.g.: John has been looking for Jane.

Adjective phrase

E.g.: Tom is a very interesting man.

Adverb phrase Prepositional phrase

E.g.: He ran quite fast. E.g.: He’s lecturing on the new technology.

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Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase

In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns

Clause In terms of functions of the clause

Sentence In terms of kinds of verb phrases

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Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Clause

Phrase In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns

In terms of functions of • SVA: John is at home clause • SVCs: theJohn is a doctor.

Sentence In terms of kinds of verb phrases

• SVO:

John has cured many serious patients. • SVOO: He gives his patients the same prescription. • SVOA: He put the prescription in a secret file. • SVOCo: He calls his patients big fish. • SV:

He’s going out

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Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase

In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns

Clause In terms of functions of the clause

• Finite clause E.g.: He took her out of the blue. • Non-finite clause E.g.: Coming to the town, he visited his parents. • Verbless clause E.g.: If possible, come to see us.

Sentence In terms of kinds of verb phrases

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Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Clause

Phrase In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns • Subordinate

In terms of functions of the clause

• Superodianate E.g.: She said that you hit her first. subordinate superordinate

Sentence In terms of kinds of verb phrases

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Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase

Clause

E.g.: All these books are mine.

Sentence Simple

E.g.: He was watching T.V and she was cooking.

Compound

E.g.: He didn’t want to talk to whoever he met in the London workshop.

Complex

E.g.: Having seldom talked anyone before, the child simply wide opened his beautiful eyes and looked at the stranger.

Complex compound