Week 2 Noun Phrase

E_English Grammar Course Unit 2 NOUN PHRASE

Issues 1. Noun and noun classes 2. Reference and the articles 3. Grammatical categories of nouns 4. Pronouns

Issues 1. Noun and noun classes 2. Reference and the articles 3. Grammatical categories of nouns 4. Pronouns

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1.1 Noun

Noun – Noun classes = a word used TO NAME … • A person (E.g.: Tom, John, Bill Jones) • A thing (E.g.: bed, chair, table, house) • An animal (E.g.: cat, dog, tiger, lion) • An abstract concept (E.g.: peace, war, independence)

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1.2

Noun – Noun classes Noun classes

Proper nouns

Common nouns

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1.2

Noun – Noun classes Noun classes

Proper nouns personal names

Bill Clinton

geographical names

the Nile

calendar items

Easter

names of institutions/ organizations

the UNICEF

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1.2

Noun – Noun classes Noun classes Common nouns Count Ns car

Singular

cars

Plural

Non-count Ns Singular salt

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1.2

Noun – Noun classes Common nouns Count Ns Concrete chair

activit y

Non-count Ns Abstract gold

beauty

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1.2

Noun – Noun classes Noun classes

Proper nouns

Common nouns

E.g. Tom, John

Count Ns Concrete cat

failure

Non-count Ns Abstract rice

peace

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1.2

Noun – Noun classes

Let’s

check

– To which classes does each of the following nouns belong to? • Furniture

• Serenity

• Garden

• Friday

• Victory

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1.2

Noun – Noun classes

 Let’s

check

• Furniture: Non-count, concrete • Garden: Count, concrete • Serenity: Non-count, abstract • Friday: Proper (calendar item) • Victory: Count, abstract

Issues 1. Noun and noun classes 2. Reference and the articles 3. Grammatical categories of nouns 4. Pronouns

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2.1

Reference – The articles

Reference Generic

Specific

Unique

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2.1

Reference – The articles Reference proper noun E.g.: - John loves Mary.

Unique

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2.1

Reference – The articles Reference Generic

vs.

Specific

C/f. (1) A lion and two tigers are sleeping in the cage. (2) Tigers are dangerous animals.

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2.1

Reference – The articles

 Specific

or generic?

(1) A lion and two tigers are sleeping in the cage. (2) Tigers are dangerous animals. (1) = SPECIFIC (referring to particular specimens of the class ‘tiger’. (2) = GENERIC (referring to the class ‘tiger’ without specific reference to particular tigers)

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2.1

Reference – The articles

Generic Reference & the Articles 1. A German is a good musician. 2. Germans are good musicians. 3. The Germans are good musicians. 4. The German is a good musician (not common).

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2.1

Reference – The articles Specific Reference & the Articles DEFINITE

INDEFINITE

COUNT

NONCOUNT

COUNT

NONCOUNT

SINGULAR

the tiger

the furniture

a tiger

(some) furniture

PLURAL

the tigers

(some) tigers

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2.2

Reference – The articles The articles

Definite

Indefinite

Zero (Ø)

E.g.: - The earth goes around the sun. (definite) - He bought a new bike yesterday. (indefinite) - He has just arrived in Ø London. (zero)

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2.2

Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the” Immediate situation

Cataphoric reference

Larger situation

Sporadic reference

Anaphoric reference

Logical use of THE

With body parts

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2.2

Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the’

Anaphoric reference

Cataphoric reference

= the uniqueness of

The modification of the

Reference is made to an

reference of some phrase

noun phrase restricts the

institution which may be

(the X) is supplied by

reference of the noun

observed recurrently at

information given earlier

E.g. The wine that France

various places and times.

in the discourse

produces

E.g. the theatre, the

Sporadic reference

cinema, the press, etc.

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2.2

Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the’ Anaphoric reference

Direct

= The same head noun has occurred in the text and a relation of coreference exists between two NPs E.g.: Susan bought a TV and a video recorder, but she returned the video recorder because it was defective.

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2.2

Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the’ Anaphoric reference

Indirect

= A reference becomes part of the hearer’s knowledge indirectly E.g.: John bought a new bicycle, but found that one of the wheels was defective.

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2.2

Reference – The articles The articles

Definite

Immediate situation

= derived from the extra-linguistic situation.

E.g.: - The roses are beautiful. (said in the garden) - Have you fed the dog? (said in the domestic context)

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2.2

Reference – The articles The articles

Definite

Larger situation

= general knowledge which is shared or

E.g.:

the sun the Republic the cosmos

worldwide the Equator the North Pole the Renaissance

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2.2

Reference – The articles The articles

Definite

Logical use of THE

= the unique reference explained by the logical interpretation of certain words as post-determiners and adjectives

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2.2

Reference – The articles The articles

Definite

Logical use of THE

• Ordinals (E.g.: first, second)

E.g.: - When is the first flight to Chicago?

• General ordinals

- This is the only remaining copy.

(E.g.: next, last, only)

- Of the three newspapers we have in

• Superlative Adjs

this city, this is the best.

(E.g.: best, largest)

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2.2

Reference – The articles The articles

Definite

With body parts

= when the possessor…

• is subject (1) E.g.: - My mother complains of a pain • may be implied rather in the neck. (1) - The doctor diagnosed a fracture than stated (2) of the collarbone. (2) • is relevant or clear (3) - Keep the back straight when serving and your tennis will be better. (3)

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2.2

Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an The referent: not mentioned before, and assumedly unfamiliar to the speaker or hearer. C/f: (1) A house on the corner is for sale. (2) The house on the corner is for sale.

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2.2

Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an Non-referring uses

Substitution uses for ONE

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2.2

Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an

Non-referring uses

= with complement function, and a descriptive role rather than a referring role E.g.: - What a miserable day it is! = sometimes not referring to anything in reality E.g.: - Bob wants to marry a princess who speaks five languages.

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2.2

Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an Substitution uses for ONE numerical or quantifying function substitute and generic function

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2.2

Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an Substitution uses for ONE numerical or quantifying function

In expression: a dozen, a hundred…

In quantifiers: a few, a great many…

In measure phrase: ten dollars a day…

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2.2

Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an Substitution uses for ONE substitute and generic function = any representative of the class E.g. E.g.: - A woman needs love and support from a man.

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2.2

Reference – The articles

Zero (Ø) article Noun phrases in a copular relation Noun phrases with sporadic reference Parallel structures Fixed phrases

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2.2

Reference – The articles

Zero (Ø) article

Noun phrases in a copular relation E.g.: - John F. Kennedy was (the)

= where the complement means a unique role or task = When the appositional N.P indicating a unique role or task is placed first = When the complement of turn is used (even when there is no implication of uniqueness)

President of the United States in 1961.

E.g.: - Chelsea centre-forward Milton Smith

E.g.: - Jenny started out as a music student before she turned linguist.

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2.2 Zero (Ø) article

Reference – The articles Noun phrases with sporadic reference

Institutions

Times of day and night

Seasons

Means of transport and communication

Meals

Illnesses

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2.2 Zero (Ø) article

Institutions

Reference – The articles Noun phrases with sporadic reference

= nouns do not refer to actual buildings or places, but to institutions associated with them

E.g.: - “to be in prison” means to be a prisoner

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2.2

Reference – The articles

Zero (Ø) article

Means of transportation

Noun phrases with sporadic reference

E.g.: travel leave

bicycle bus by

communicate

radio post

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2.2

Reference – The articles

Zero (Ø) article

Noun phrases with sporadic reference

Times of day and night

= take a zero article particularly after at, by, after and before

E.g.:

at/ before dawn when day breaks

by day and night after nightfall

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2.2

Reference – The articles

Zero (Ø) article

Meals

Noun phrases with sporadic reference

= as an institution recurring day by day (for specific meals: THE/ A(N))

E.g.: - She’s having lunch with her client. - That day, the lunch was served on the terrace.

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2.2

Reference – The articles

Zero (Ø) article

Seasons

Noun phrases with sporadic reference

= as seasons generally, or a particular part of a particular year (for a particular season: THE/ A(N))

E.g.: - Winter is coming. - The spring of last year was cold.

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2.2

Reference – The articles

Zero (Ø) article

Noun phrases with sporadic reference

Note: for well-known infectious diseases such

Illnesses

as: THE/ A(N)

E.g.:

diabetes (the) flu a fever

influenza (the mumps) a temperature

pneumonia (the) meals a cold

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2.2

Reference – The articles

Zero (Ø) article

Parallel structures

the same noun

one noun balanced

repeated after a

against another noun

preposition

of contrasting meaning

E.g.: day by day eye to eye

E.g.: from father to son husband and wife

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2.2

Reference – The articles Fixed phrases

Zero (Ø) article

Idioms = nouns with

Idioms = verbs with

prepositions

nouns and

before/after

prepositions

E.g.: in turn on foot

E.g.: set fire to get word of

Issues 1. Noun and noun classes 2. Reference and the articles 3. Grammatical categories of nouns 4. Pronouns

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3

Grammatical categories of Ns Grammatical Categories Number

E.g.: mouse - mice box – boxes fish - fish

Case E.g.: my sister’s car a fall of 10%

Gender E.g.: she-wolf desk mother-in-law

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3

Grammatical categories of Ns Grammatical Categories Number Invariables

Variables

= nouns that do not vary

= nouns that do vary

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3 Grammatical categories of Ns Invariables Singular only Non-count Ns

material water, oil

N-ending in “s”

Plural only Substantive Adj

Ns with plural meaning

Pluralia tantums

Collective Ns

scissors

arms

people

pants

customs

cattle

Substantive Adj

news physics (abstract)

(concrete)

abstract

the true

the poor

freedom

the ugly

the blind

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3 Grammatical categories of Ns Variables Regular plural

Irregular plural

Zero plural

- voicing /f/  /vz/ (N + s) - /s/ books, stops - /z/ beds, stars - /iz/ boxes, brushes

leaf – leaves - “en” ending

(same form for both plural & singular)

ox – oxen - change of the root vowel tooth - teeth - foreign plural medium - media

sheep, deer, tout

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3

Grammatical categories of Ns Case

“s” genitive = with the nouns of higher gender class E.g.: her mom’s car

“of” genitive = with the nouns of lower gender class

double genitive = “of” and “’s” genitives used together

E.g.: the paint of the room E.g.: a friend of her father’s

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3

Grammatical categories of Ns Case – Genitive meaning

Genitive meaning

Examples

Equivalents

Possessive

My father’s hat

My father has a hat.

Human relation

Her sister’s nephew

Her sister has a nephew.

Subjective

My father’s permission

My father permits.

(+ original)

The arrival of the bus

The bus arrived.

Objective

The criminal’s arrest

Someone arrested the criminal.

Descriptive

Two days’ visit

A visit lasts 2 days.

Appositive

The town of Vinh Yen

Vinh Yen is a town.

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3 Grammatical categories of Ns Gender Gender

Sex (semantic concept)

not any further

Masculine: man

(male)

morphological

Feminine: woman

(female)

Common: teacher

(both male and female)

Neuter: table

Ø

= In English, there is

feature that helps distinguish gender (unlike Russian or French)

Issues 1. Noun and noun classes 2. Reference and the articles 3. Grammatical categories of nouns 4. Pronouns

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4

Pronouns Pronouns

Features

Types

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4.1

Pronouns

Pronouns Main features Features

Person Case Genitive Number

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4.1

Pronouns

Pronouns Features

Main features

• without determiners

• with overt gender contrast

• with an objective case

(masculine, feminine & non-

• with person distinction (1st – I/

personal) • singular and plural form:

we; 2nd – you; 3rd – he/she/it/they)

not often morphologically related

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4.1

Pronouns

Pronouns Features

Main features Person Case Genitive Number

• first person: the speaker (and one or more other) • second person: the interlocutor(s) • third person: one/more other persons other than the interlocutor(s)

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4.1

Pronouns

Pronouns Main features Features

Person Case Genitive Number

• Most pronouns: two-case system (objective & subjective) • Other 6 pronouns: threecase system (subjective, objective, genitive) (I, we, he, she, they, who) (me, us, him, her, them, whom) (my, our, his, her, their, whose)

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4.1

Pronouns

Pronouns Main features Features

Person Case

• with a distinction between masculine and feminine in 3rd person singulars: personal,

Genitive

reflexive, and possessive.

Number

(he - she; himself - herself; her - his )

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4.1

Pronouns

Pronouns Main features Features

Person Case

• The 2nd person: a common form for singular & plural in the personal & possessive series, but a separate form for

Genitive Number

plural in the reflexive (you – your but yourself - yourselves)

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4.2

Pronouns

Pronouns Types Personal Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

Reciprocal Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns

Relative Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

Quantifying Pronouns

Universal ProNs & determiners

Partitive Pronouns

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4.2

Pronouns

Pronouns Types Personal Pronouns

• Subjective forms: (I, you, we, they, he, she, it) as Subjects and Subject complements E.g.: He is a student at this university. • Objective forms: (me, you, us, them, him, her, it) as Objects and prepositional complements E.g.: I saw him with her yesterday in the park.

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Pronouns

4.2 Pronouns Types Reflexive Pronouns

• Include: myself, yourself(ves), ourselves, themselves, himself, herself, itself • Objective function E.g.: He looked after himself after his wife left. • Emphatic function E.g.: I myself would never love such a girl.

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4.2

Pronouns

Pronouns Types Reciprocal Pronouns

• include: each other, one another E.g.: - Mary likes Mike and Mike likes Mary.  They like each other. - I have 3 friends. They don’t like one another.

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4.2

Pronouns

Pronouns Types Possessive Pronouns

• Determiner function (my, your, our, their, his, her, its) E.g.: This is my friend. • Nominal function (mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, its) E.g.: This friend is mine.

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4.2

Pronouns

Pronouns Types Relative Pronouns

• Personal (who (ever), whom, whose, that) E.g.: Whoever comes here needs an ID card. • Non-personal (which(ever), whose, that, what(ever)) E.g.: Whose is this book?

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4.2

Pronouns

Pronouns Types Interrogative Pronouns

• Interrogative determiners - personal: whose - personal/non-personal: which, that • Interrogative pronouns - personal: who, whom, whose - non-personal: what - personal/non-personal: which

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4.2

Pronouns

Pronouns Types Demonstrative Pronouns

• Singular (this, that) • Plural (these, those)

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4.2

Pronouns

Pronouns Types Quantifying Pronouns

• Numeral “one” E.g.: One went this way, the other that way. • Replacive “one” E.g.: I’d like a drink, but just a small one. • Indefinite “one” E.g.: One can’t be too careful, can one/you? • Cardinals/ordinals (one, two, three, etc.; first, second, third, etc.) E.g.: He has two wives. The first is so ugly.

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4.2

Pronouns

Pronouns Types Universal ProNs & determiners

• Include: each, all, every, and “every” compounds (everything, everyone, etc.) E.g.: Each of the students should have his own books.

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4.2

Pronouns

Pronouns Types Partitive Pronouns

• Assertive ProNs: someone/body, something, somewhere, some (pronoun or determiner) E.g.: Somebody has turned on the light. • Non-assertive ProNs: anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere, either, any (pronoun or determiner) • E.g.: - Have you got anything to eat now? - Have you got any paper? I need some. • Negative ProNs: no one/body, nowhere, neither, none, no (pronoun or determiner) E.g.: None of them were absent.