Week 13 Apposition

E_English Grammar Course Week 13 Coordination, Ellipsis, & Apposition

Issues 1. Coordination + Phrasal + Clausal 2. Ellipsis + Ellipsis in coordinated clauses 3. Apposition + Non-restrictive + Restrictive

1

Coordination

Coordination

= the combination of two or more equal units, namely, phrases or clauses

E.g.: My friend and I went there together. We went there and returned immediately. I told him this, but he didn't believe me.

1

Coordination

Coordination

= can be referred to by some grammarians as syndetic (with the presence of coordinators) and asyndetic (with the absence of coordinators)

E.g.: Slowly and healthily, he crept towards his victim. (syndetic) Slowly, steadily, he crept towards his victim. (asyndetic)

1

Coordination

Coordination Phrasal

= coordination of phrase of equal status

Clausal

= coordination of clause of equal status

1

Phrasal Coordination

Coordination Phrasal

• including: + coordinated NPs (in different syntactic functions)

Clausal

E.g.: Peter and Tom were here. She is afraid of snakes and cockroaches. Old and young men were invited. He has secretaries from Ireland and auditors from France here. These and those chairs are wooden.

1

Phrasal Coordination

Coordination • including:

Phrasal Clausal

+ coordinated Adverbial phrases (with dependent clauses) E.g.: You can wash it manually or by using a machine. They can call this week or whenever they wish. I want to know by whom and for whom it was ordered.

1

Phrasal Coordination

Coordination Phrasal

• including: + coordinated Adjective phrases

Clausal

E.g.: She is young and beautiful. His clear and forceful delivery impressed the audience. These jewels were very cheap and gaudy.

1

Phrasal Coordination

Coordination Phrasal

• including: + coordinated Prepositional phrases

Clausal

E.g.: The attacks in June and in July failed He climbed up the wall and over the wall. John complained to Mary and to Peter.

1

Phrasal Coordination

Coordination Phrasal

• including: + coordination of identical items

Clausal

E.g.: He felt more and more bored. They talked on and on and on.

1

Phrasal Coordination

Coordination Phrasal Clausal

• Order in phrasal coordination: + a tendency for the shorter word to come first E.g.: big and ugly cup and saucer + in virtually irreversible order E.g.: bread and butter law and order knife, folk, and spoon by hook or by crook

Practice. Order in coordination 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

eggs, ham Ink, pen old, young Left, right Feet, hands Bad, good Gentlemen, ladies Cap, gown

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Eggs and ham Pen and ink Young and old Left and right Hands and feet Good and bad Ladies and gentlemen Cap and gown

1

Phrasal Coordination

Coordination

• can be segregatory (possibly paraphrased into 2 or more coordinated clauses)

Phrasal

E.g.: John and Mary have a cold (John has a cold and Mary has a cold.)

Clausal

• can be combinatory (impossibly paraphrased into coordinated clauses) E.g.: John and Mary make a good couple (no analogous paraphrase) He painted his car black and white. (a combined process)

1

Clausal Coordination

Coordination Phrasal Clausal

• including: + coordinated independent clauses E.g.: She didn't want their help, but he had to accept it. + coordinated subordinate clauses E.g.: I want to know for whom it was ordered and by whom (it was ordered) She desired to know where he had gone but not why he had gone.

1

Clausal Coordination

Syntactic features of Coordinators Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction Coordinators: link clause constituents Coordinators: link subordinate clauses Coordinators: link more than two clauses

1

Clausal Coordination

Syntactic features of Coordinators Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position

E.g.: John plays the guitar, and his sister playsfixed the piano. Coordinated clauses: sequentially Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction Coordinators: link clause constituents Coordinators: link subordinate clauses Coordinators: link more than two clauses

1

Clausal Coordination

Syntactic features of Coordinators Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed precededorby a conjunction E.g.: TheyCoordinators: are living in England, they are spending a vacation there. Coordinators: link clause constituents Coordinators: link subordinate clauses Coordinators: link more than two clauses

1

Clausal Coordination

Syntactic features of Coordinators Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction Coordinators: link E.g.: He was unhappy about it,clause and yetconstituents he did as he was told. Coordinators: link subordinate clauses Coordinators: link more than two clauses

1

Clausal Coordination

Syntactic features of Coordinators Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction Coordinators: link clause constituents Coordinators: link subordinate E.g.: They love him and believe in him.clauses I may see you tomorrow or may phone later in the day. Coordinators: link more than two clauses

1

Clausal Coordination

Syntactic features of Coordinators Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed Coordinators: preceded a conjunction E.g.: I wonder whether you shouldbyspeak to him personally or whether it is better to write to him. Coordinators: link clause constituents

Coordinators: link subordinate clauses Coordinators: link more than two clauses

1

Clausal Coordination

Syntactic features of Coordinators Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction Coordinators: link clause constituents

clause constituents E.g.: The Coordinators: battery may belink disconnected, or the connection may be loose, or the bulb may be faulty. clauses Coordinators: link subordinate Coordinators: link more than two clauses

1

Clausal Coordination

Coordinators AND

OR

BUT

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “AND” Addition of consequence or result Addition of chronological sequence Contrast 2nd clause being a comment on the 1st 1st clause being a condition of the 2nd 2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st 2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st 2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “AND” Addition of consequence or result Addition of chronological sequence

E.g.: He heard an explosion and he (therefore) phoned the police. Contrast 2nd clause being a comment on the 1st 1st clause being a condition of the 2nd 2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st 2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st 2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “AND” Addition of consequence or result Addition of chronological sequence Contrast

E.g.: I washed the dishes and (then) I dried them. 2nd clause being a comment on the 1st 1st clause being a condition of the 2nd 2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st 2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st 2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “AND” Addition of consequence or result Addition of chronological sequence Contrast 2nd clause being a comment on the 1st

E.g.: Robert is secretive and (in contrast) David is candid. 1st clause being a condition of the 2nd

2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st 2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st 2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “AND” Addition of consequence or result Addition of chronological sequence Contrast 2nd clause being a comment on the 1st 1st clause being a condition of the 2nd

E.g.: They disliked John - and that's not surprising. 2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st

2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st 2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “AND” Addition of consequence or result Addition of chronological sequence Contrast 2nd clause being a comment on the 1st 1st clause being a condition of the 2nd 2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st

E.g.: Give me some money and (then) I'll help escape. 2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st

2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “AND” Addition of consequence or result Addition of chronological sequence Contrast

E.g.: A trade agreement be no on problem, 2nd clause beingshould a comment the 1stand (similarly) a cultural exchange could be arranged. 1st clause being a condition of the 2nd

2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st 2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st 2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “AND” Addition of consequence or result Addition of chronological sequence Contrast 2nd clause being a comment on the 1st 1st clause being a condition of the 2nd

E.g.: He has long hair and (also) he often wears jeans. 2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st 2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st 2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “AND” Addition of consequence or result Addition of chronological sequence Contrast 2nd clause being a comment on the 1st 1st clause being a condition of the 2nd 2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st

E.g.: She tried hard and (yet) she failed.

2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st 2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “OR” Exclusive choice

Inclusive choice

If one of the individual conjoins is true, then the

Restatement or correction of previously - mentioned idea Negative condition

whole sentence is true.

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “OR” Exclusive choice

E.g.: You can gochoice there by car or you can walk there. Inclusive

Restatement or correction of previously - mentioned idea Negative condition

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “OR” Exclusive choice

Inclusive choice

E.g.: Youor can boil an egg, Restatement correction of or you can make some previously - mentioned idea or you can do both. cheese sandwiches, Negative condition

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “OR” Exclusive choice

Inclusive E.g.: He began choice his educational career, or, in other words, he started to attend the local kindergarten. Restatement or correction of previously - mentioned idea Negative condition

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “OR” Exclusive choice

Inclusive choice

Restatement or some correction E.g.: Give me moneyofor I'll shoot. previously - mentioned idea Negative condition

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “BUT”

Unexpected contrast

Contrast being restatement (negative > < affirmative)

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “BUT”

Unexpected contrast

Contrast being E.g.: Johnrestatement is poor, but he's happy. (negative > < affirmative)

He didn't want their help, but he had to accept it.

1

Clausal Coordination

Semantic implications of “BUT”

Unexpected contrast

Contrast being restatement (negative > < affirmative)

E.g.: John didn't waste his time in the week before the exam, but studied hard every evening.

1

Clausal Coordination Correlatives both…and

either…or

neither…nor

others

1

Clausal Coordination Correlatives both…and

• with anticipated addition either…or E.g.: He both has long hair and wears jeans. neither…nor

others

1

Clausal Coordination Correlatives both…and

either…or

• with anticipated alternation

neither…nor

E.g.: He either has long hair or wears jeans. others

1

Clausal Coordination Correlatives both…and

• with anticipated additional negation either…or E.g.: He neither has long hair nor wears jeans. neither…nor

others

1

Clausal Coordination Correlatives both…and

• “nor/neither” - correlated with actual or either…or

implied negative in the previous clause E.g.: He did not want to ask them for help;

neither…nor

(but) nor could he do without their help. • “not only ... but (also)” E.g.: They not only broke into his office and

others

stole his book, but they (also) tore up his manuscripts.

1

Clausal Coordination Quasi-coordinators as well as

as much as

rather than

more than

E.g.: He publishes as well as prints his books. She was pitied rather than disliked. • these coordinators can have a prepositional or subordinating role E.g.: As well as printing his books, he publishes them. Rather than cause trouble, I’m going to forget the whole affair. John, as much as (= with) his brother, was responsible for the loss.

1

Clausal Coordination

Non-restrictive relative clauses

• semantically considered as equivalent to coordinate clauses E.g.: John didn’t go to the show, which is a pity. = John didn’t go to the show, and that is a pity.

2 Ellipsis

Ellipsis • described as “grammatical omission” of elements which are precisely recoverable from the linguistic or situational context

E.g.: Have you spoken to him? (I have) Not yet (spoken to him).

2

Ellipsis

Ellipsis

• normally occurs in coordinated clauses, comparative clauses, question-answer sentences, and other context where adjacent clauses are related in form & meaning

E.g.: I thought they were on the seat, but they’re not (on the seat). She looks older than her mother (does). When’s he coming back? – (He’s coming back) Next Friday.

2

Ellipsis

Ellipsis • occurs in 3 positions: initial, medial, and final

e squeezed her hand out but (he) met with no excuse. and his mate both jumped out, he (jumped out) to go to the women, his

te (jumped out) to stop other traffic on the bridge.

rhaps, as the review gathers steam, this can now change. It needs to (change).

2

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses Ellipsis of subject Ellipsis of auxiliary only Ellipsis of predicate/predication Ellipsis of Od/Cs only Ellipsis of A Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep

2

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses Ellipsis of subject Ellipsis of auxiliary • identical subjects of coordinated clauses only are ellipted

E.g.: Peter ate a cheese sandwich and (Peter/he) drank a glass of beer. Ellipsis of predicate/predication • sometimes, ellipsis of both S and auxiliary occurs Ellipsis of Od/Cs only

E.g.: Mary has washed the dishes, (she has) fried them, and (she has) Ellipsis of A put them in the cupboard. Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep

2

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses Ellipsis of subject Ellipsis of auxiliary only Ellipsis of predicate/predication

E.g.: John should clean the shed and Peter (should) move the lawn. Ellipsis of Od/Cs only

John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.

Ellipsis of A

Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep

2

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses Ellipsis of subject Ellipsis of auxiliary only Ellipsis of predicate/predication Ellipsis Ellipsis of Od/Cs onlyof V or lexical verb only EllipsisEllipsis of A of V + Cs (and possibly of S) Ellipsis of lexical V + Od Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep Ellipsis of required form of lexical V/predication

2

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses Ellipsis of subject Ellipsis of auxiliary only Ellipsis of predicate/predication Ellipsis Ellipsis of Od/Cs onlyof V or lexical verb only EllipsisEllipsis of A of V + Cs (and possibly of S)

E.g.: Yesterday John was given a railway set, and Sue (was given) a doll. Ellipsisonofalexical I work in a factory and wife (works) farm. V + Od Ellipsis of my Head-noun/Cprep Nam will work today Ellipsis and (he)ofmay (work)form the day after tomorrow. required of lexical V/predication

2

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses Ellipsis of subject Ellipsis of auxiliary only Ellipsis of predicate/predication Ellipsis Ellipsis of Od/Cs onlyof V or lexical verb only EllipsisEllipsis of A of V + Cs (and possibly of S) of winner) lexical V10 + Od Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep E.g.: John was the winner in 1971 and BobEllipsis (was the years later.

The milk turned sour notEllipsis only today but (the form milk turned sour) yesterday too. of required of lexical V/predication

2

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses Ellipsis of subject E.g:. Ellipsis of auxiliary only Ellipsis of predicate/predication Ellipsis of V or lexical verb only

Ellipsis of V or lexical verb only Ellipsis Od/Cs E.g.: Peter plays football for his schoolofand Paulonly (plays football) for his club. Ellipsis V+ Cs (and possibly of S) Joan will cook the meals todayEllipsis and Barbara may (cook the meals) tomorrow. of A of Ellipsis of lexical V + Od Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep Ellipsis of required form of lexical V/predication

2

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses Ellipsis of subject Ellipsis of auxiliary only Ellipsis of predicate/predication Ellipsis of V or lexical verb only Ellipsis of Od/Cs only E.g.: We met last year, but we haven't (met) since. Ellipsis V +the Csfull (and possibly of S)won't They can (pay the full fee) and (they) should fee, but (they) Ellipsis of A ofpay

(pay the full fee).

Ellipsis of lexical V + Od Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep Ellipsis of required form of lexical V/predication

2

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses Ellipsis of subject of auxiliary only E.g.: George openedEllipsis (the door), but Mary closed, the door.

Bob seemed angry,ofand George certainly was (angry). Ellipsis predicate/predication Ellipsis of Od/Cs only Ellipsis of A Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep

2

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses Ellipsis of subject

E.g.: To my surprise, they didn't appoint him, and they (to my surprise) Ellipsis of auxiliary only

didn't even interview him.

predicate/predication Theoretically, I Ellipsis have no of objections to his proposal and (theoretically)

neither have any of my colleagues. Ellipsis of Od/Cs only Ellipsis of A Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep

2

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses Ellipsis of subject Ellipsis of auxiliary only

E.g.: We wanted fried fish, but they gave us boiled (fish). Ellipsis of predicate/predication She wore the black dress, but the blue (dress) suits her better.

Bob is bored with (music), but Peter enjoys music. Ellipsis of Od/Cs only Ellipsis of A Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep

2

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses Semantically, the effect of

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

ellipsis is to indicate that there is a combined process

Ellipsis of subject Ellipsis of auxiliary only Ellipsis of predicate/predication Ellipsis of Od/Cs only Ellipsis of A Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep

rather than two separate processes E.g.: Did Peter tell lies, and did he hurt his friends? (Peter's telling lies and his hurting his friends are regarded as two separate processes, hence two separate questions.)

3 Apposition

Apposition • resembles co-ordination in linking units having grammatical affinity (referring to the same entity)

E.g.: A neighbor, Freed Smith, is on the telephone. Mr. Campbell, the lawyer, was here last night.

3

Apposition

Realization of Apposition NPs Non-finite clause Finite clause

E.g.: His novel Great Expectations is truly thrilling (NPs) The soldiers, some of them being natives, are friendly (Non-finite cls) His hope, to become a doctor, was realised at last (Non-finite cls) This supports his argument that things are getting worse than before. (Finite cls) He didn't answer my question, why he hadn't come to the meeting. (Finite cls). His account of what he had done that year didn’t satisfy his colleague. (Finite cls)

3

Apposition

Indicators of Apposition

= that is to say, that is, i.e, namely, viz., in other words, or, or rather, and, as follows, for example, for instance, e.g., say, including, such, as, particularly, chiefly, mainly, mostly, etc.

The passenger plane of the 1980s, namely the supersonic jet, have somewhat transformed relations between people of the world. The President of the USA, in other words Bill Clinton, was on television last night. I didn't meet any people, including my sister.

3

Apposition

Apposition Non-restrictive Apposition

Restrictive Apposition

3

Apposition

Apposition • providing the additionally descriptive information Non-restrictive Apposition

for the entity with no function of identifying the entity • different information unit • in speech: separate tone

Restrictive Apposition

• in writing: commas/weighty punctuation like “( )”

The passenger plane of the 1980s, namely the supersonic jet, have somewhat ransformed relations between people of the world. The President of the USA, in other words Bill Clinton, was on television last night.

3

Apposition

Apposition Non-restrictive Apposition

Equivalence

Attribution

Inclusion Restrictive Apposition

3

Apposition

Apposition Non-restrictive Apposition

Equivalence Appellation Attribution Designation Identification Inclusion

Restrictive Apposition

Reformulation

3

Apposition

Apposition Non-restrictive Apposition

Restrictive Apposition

Equivalence Appellation Attribution • Indicators: that is, namely, in other words, Designation

who/which + BE , etc. Intensification E.g.: The company commander, (who was) Inclusion Captain Madison, assembled his men and Reformulation announced their mission. He told them the good news: taxes are to be reduced.

3

Apposition

Apposition Non-restrictive Apposition

Equivalence Appellation Attribution Designation Intensification • 2nd appositive being less specific than the 1st Inclusion

Restrictive Apposition

E.g.: Captain Madison, (that is to say) the Reformulation company commander, took the lead.

3

Apposition

Apposition Non-restrictive Apposition

Equivalence Appellation Attribution Designation Identification Inclusion

Restrictive Apposition

Reformulation • 2nd appositive being more specific than the 1st

E.g.: A literary critic, Mr. Paul Jones, wrote this article.

3

Apposition

Apposition Non-restrictive Apposition

Equivalence Appellation Attribution Designation Intensification Inclusion

Restrictive Apposition

Reformulation

• 2nd appositive being reworded E.g.: He drew a pentagonal, or five-sided, figure. We are studying sound units of the language, technically phonemes.

3

Apposition

Apposition Non-restrictive Apposition

Equivalence

Attribution

• Indicators: who/which + BE Inclusion • Involving predication rather than equivalence Restrictive nd • The 2 appositive: commonly an indefinite NP Apposition E.g.: The house, an imposing building, dominated the street. • But the NP here can be definite or non-articled E.g.: Many soldiers, the cream of the battalion, died in the attack. Robinson, leader of the Democratic group on the committee, refused to answer questions.

3

Apposition

Apposition Non-restrictive Apposition

Equivalence

Attribution

Inclusion Restrictive Apposition

Exemplification Particularization

3

Apposition

Apposition Non-restrictive Apposition

Equivalence

Attribution

Inclusion Restrictive Apposition

Exemplification

• Indicators: for example, for instance, say, etc. Particularization E.g.: His excuses, say the break down of his car, never seemed plausible.

3

Apposition

Apposition Non-restrictive Apposition

Equivalence

Attribution

Inclusion Restrictive Apposition

Exemplification Particularization

• Indicators: particularly, especially, etc. E.g.: The children liked the animals, particularly the monkeys. The soldiers, some drunk, started fighting each other.

3

Apposition

Apposition Non-restrictive Apposition

Restrictive Apposition

• providing the information to identify the entity • same information unit

E.g.: Which Mr. Smith do you mean? Mr. Smith the architect or Mr. Smith the electrician?

3

Apposition

Apposition Non-restrictive Apposition

• Strict restrictive apposition of NPs can take three forms (the 1st form: the most common) 1. The 1st apposition is the more general expression

Restrictive Apposition

preceded by a definite determiner (and possibly pre-modifier) E.g.: That famous critic Paul Jones came here last night. I haven't seen my good friend Bob for a forthright.

3

Apposition

Apposition 2. The second appositive is preceded by a determiner Non-restrictive Apposition

and is more general than the first. E.g.: Paul Jones the critic didn't attend the last seminar.

Restrictive Apposition

Bill Clinton the president of the U.S.A ended his working visit to Japan.

3

Apposition

Apposition 3. This type is like (1) but with omission of the Non-restrictive Apposition

determiner. E.g.: Critic Paul Jones was completely against the plan.

Restrictive Apposition

They talked with Democratic leader Robison for half an hour.

3

Apposition

Apposition Non-restrictive Apposition

• Besides, restrictive apposition is common with such NPs as the fact, the idea, the view, the question, etc. E.g.: I don't agree with the view that there is no

Restrictive Apposition

advantage in being patient. The questions whether to confess or not troubled him.

That’s the end of unit 13