Week 5 Verb Phrase

E_English Grammar Course Unit 5 Lecture 5. Verb & its complements

Issues 1. Different classifications of English verbs 2. Grammatical categories of the verb 3. Intensive complementation 4. Monotransitive complementation 5. Ditransitive complementation 6. Complextransitive complementation Click at the underlined to view the whole explanation

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1 Verb

Classifications of English verbs classified according to

= words or phrases

Functions of items

Complementation

indicating an action, an event, or a state E.g.: kiss, break out, have

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect Structure

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to Lexical verbs

Functions of items

Auxiliary verbs

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Functions of items

Lexical verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Regular

E.g.: book, booked, booked

Irregular

E.g.: teach, taught, taught

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to Lexical verbs

Functions of items

Auxiliary verbs Primary Modal Marginal modal auxiliary

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Functions of items

Lexical verbs

• include: do, have, be • change meaning when becoming a

Auxiliary verbs Primary Modal

full verb E.g.: I am a student. vs. I am reading.

Marginal modal auxiliary

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to Lexical verbs

• include: Can – could May – Might Shall-should Will-would Must Ought to

Functions of items

Auxiliary verbs Primary Modal Marginal modal auxiliary

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Functions of items

Lexical verbs

Auxiliary verbs Primary Modal

• include: used to, dare, need

Marginal modal auxiliary

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Complementation

Intensive verbs

Extensive verbs

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Complementation

Intensive verbs

• connect S & C • have the pattern: SVC or SVA(obli) E.g.: I feel tired. He’s in the cab.

Extensive verbs

Current copular

E.g.: be, appear, feel, look, remain, seem

Resulting copular

E.g.: become, get, go, grow, turn, make

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Complementation

Intensive verbs

Extensive verbs

Intransitive Transitive

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Complementation

Intensive verbs

Extensive verbs

• require no Object • have the pattern: SV • make complete sense themselves E.g.: He’s singing. The baby cried.

Intransitive Transitive

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Complementation

Intensive verbs Mono-transitive Di-transitive Complex-transitive

Extensive verbs

Intransitive Transitive

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Complementation

Intensive verbs Mono-transitive

• require one direct Object (Od) Di-transitive • have the pattern: SVOd E.g.: Complex-transitive I kissed her. He caught the ball.

Extensive verbs

Intransitive Transitive

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Complementation

Intensive verbs Mono-transitive Di-transitive

Extensive verbs

Intransitive Transitive

Complex-transitive • require both direct Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi) • have the pattern: SVOdOi E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Complementation

• require Object and Object Complement Intensive verbs

Extensive verbs

(Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli)) • have the pattern: Mono-transitive SVOCo or SVOA(obli)

Intransitive

E.g.: He made me really crazy. Di-transitive

He sent his son to the kindergarten. Complex-transitive

Transitive

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect

Stative verbs

Dynamic verbs

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect

Stative verbs

= verbs that show the condition or status and do not accept the progressive aspect E.g.: I am a boy. It feels thin.

Verbs of inert perception & recognition Relational verbs

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect

Stative verbs Verbs of inert perception & recognition

• adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear, Relational verbs

impress, know, like, etc. E.g.: I like you He said he hated cooking.

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect

Stative verbs

• apply to, equal, deserve, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, resemble, possess, Verbs of inert perception & sound, tend, etc. recognition E.g.: She resembles her mother. Relational verbs

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect

= verbs that show the action or the change of status E.g.: She learns English. He hit me. She is English. ( ‘is’ isn’t dynamic verb because it denotes a permanent status)

Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activity verbs Transitional event verbs Momentary verbs Process verbs

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activities verbs

• ache, hurt, itch, fell, etc. Transitional event verbs Momentary verbs Process verbs

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activities verbs

Transitional event verbs • ask, eat, help, learn, say, throw, write etc. Momentary verbs Process verbs

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activities verbs Transitional event verbs

• arrive, land, Momentary leave, lose,verbs die etc. Process verbs

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activities verbs

• hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap etc.

Transitional event verbs Momentary verbs Process verbs

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activities verbs Transitional event verbs

• change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down etc. Momentary verbs Process verbs

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1Classifications of English verbs Verbs

classified according to

Structure

One-word verbs

Finite

Multi-word verbs

+

Non-finite infinitive ing-participle ed-participle

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Structure

One-word verbs

• as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE WORD E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Structure

Multi-word verbs Phrasal verbs Prepositional verbs Phrasal-prepositional verbs

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Structure

Multi-word verbs Phrasal verbs Prepositional • make out, call up, put on, take off, give up, etc. verbs Phrasal-prepositional verbs

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Structure

Multi-word verbs Phrasal verbs Prepositional verbs Phrasal-prepositional • look up, clear up, get at, etc. verbs

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Structure

Multi-word verbs Phrasal verbs

• come up with, make up for, stand in for,Prepositional put up with,verbs etc. Phrasal-prepositional verbs

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Classifications of English verbs

Verbs

classified according to

Structure

One-word verbs

Finite Criteria

Finite

Occurrence in independent clause Tense contrast Person and number concord Finite verb inclusion Mood distinction

√ √ √ √ √

Multi-word verbs

+

Non-finite Non-finite

E.g.: I am/ He is a student. Being a student, she’s hardworking.

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Grammatical categories of verbs Grammatical categories of verbs Tense

Aspect

Mood

Voice

Progressive Present

Indicative

Active

Imperative

Passive

Perfective Past

Perfectiveprogressive Simple

Subjunctive

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Grammatical categories of verbs

Tense

= the correspondence between the form of the verb and our concept of time • language specific • while TIME: universal, non-linguistic • includes PAST and PRESENT • no FUTURE TENSE because there’s no verb form corresponding to future time. E.g.: She is studying now. (verb form: ing-participle + present time: now  present time)

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Grammatical categories of verbs

Aspect

• the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded with respect to time • progressive aspect: verbal action experienced as in progress • perfective aspect: verbal action experienced as completed E.g.: I am writing with a special pen. (progressive aspect) I have written with a special pen. (perfective aspect) • Tense & aspect are intermingled.

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Grammatical categories of verbs Tense

Tense

&

Simple

Complex Progressive

Aspect

Aspect

Present

Present simple

Present progressive

Past

Past simple

Past progressive

Perfective

Perfect progressive

Present perfect

Present perfect progressive

Past perfect

Past perfect progressive

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Grammatical categories of verbs

Mood

= a grammatical category that relates the verb action to such conditions such as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility

Indicative

= statement of the fact

E.g.: She’s nice to me. (fact - indicative)

Imperative

= command, request

Be nice to me. (command - imperative)

Subjunctive

= non-fact, unreal

I suggest she be nice to me. (non-fact - subjunctive)

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Grammatical categories of verbs

Subjunctive mood Mandative

Formulaic

Subjunctive “were”

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Grammatical categories of verbs

Subjunctive mood Mandative

Formulaic

Subjunctive “were”

• Found in “-that clause” (verbs: recommend, demand, request, insist, suggest, ask, it is necessary that) • Form: the base • Aim: to be formal E.g.: The chairman demands that the farmer kill all his chicken. It is necessary that every student pay the tuition fee.

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Grammatical categories of verbs

Subjunctive mood Mandative

Formulaic

Subjunctive “were”

• Found in clause in certain set expressions • Form: the base E.g.: May god bless you. Long live the King. God save the Queen. Come what may, we’ll go ahead.

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Grammatical categories of verbs

Subjunctive mood Mandative

Formulaic

Subjunctive “were”

• Found in conditional & concessive clauses, subordinate clauses after verbs like Wish and Suppose • Form: WERE • Meaning: hypothetical/unreal E.g.: If I were rich, I would buy you anything you wanted. Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking.

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Grammatical categories of verbs

Voice

= a grammatical category that makes it possible to view the action of a sentence in either of two ways, without change in the facts reported • include: passive and active voice E.g.: He ate all the apples. (active) The dog was bitten by our neighbor. (passive)

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Intensive complementation Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)

C (complement)

A (adverbial)

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Intensive complementation Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)

C (complement) Adjective phrase Noun phrase Nominal phrase

A (adverbial)

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Intensive complementation Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)

C (complement) Adjective phrase Noun phrase Nominal phrase

A (adverbial) E.g.: She is so crazy. That is ridiculous!

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Intensive complementation Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)

C (complement)

A (adverbial)

Adjective phrase Noun phrase Nominal phrase

E.g.: She isn’t a good student. It appears the only solution.

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Intensive complementation Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)

A (adverbial)

C (complement) Adjective phrase Noun phrase finite clause Nominal clause

non-finite clause

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Intensive complementation Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA) • “that clause”

C (complement) Adjective phrase Noun phrase

E.g.: The problem is that it costs a lot. A (adverbial) • “wh-interrogative clause” E.g.: The problem is not who will go. • “nominal relative clause” E.g.: Quality is what counts most.

finite clause Nominal clause non-finite clause

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Intensive complementation Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)

C (complement) Adjective phrase Noun phrase

• “bare-infinitive clause”A (adverbial) E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head. • “to-infinitive clause” with(out) “Subject” (S) E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot. (without S) The idea is for us to meet at 8. (with S)

finite clause

Nominal phrase

• “-ing clause” clause E.g.:non-finite Seeing is believing.

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation (SVO)

Noun phrase

Finite clause

Non-finite clause

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O)

Prepositional O

With passive one-word verbs

Prepositional verbs

phrasal verbs

Without passive

Phrasal prepositional verbs

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O)

Prepositional O

With passive one-word verbs

Prepositional verbs

phrasalE.g.: verbsTom caught the ball.

The ball was caught by Tom. Without passive

Phrasal prepositional verbs

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O)

Prepositional O

With passive one-word verbs

Prepositional verbs

phrasal verbs

E.g.: They passed over the question. Phrasal prepositional verbs Without passive The question was passed over.

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O)

Prepositional O

With passive one-word verbs

Prepositional verbs

E.g.: phrasal She hasverbs a nice house. A house is had by her. Without passive

Phrasal prepositional verbs

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O)

Prepositional O

With passive one-word verbs

Prepositional verbs

phrasal verbs E.g.: The management paid for his

air fares. Without passive

Phrasal prepositional verbs

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O)

Prepositional O

With passive one-word verbs

Prepositional verbs

phrasal verbs

E.g.: He looked down on them. Without passive

Phrasal prepositional verbs

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause That- clause

Wh- clause

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause That- clause

Wh- clause

Extraposed subject that-clauseE.g.: I don’t care what you are saying.

Tom doubted whether they would come to the party. Extraposed object I wondered who did make the bed for me. that-clause Can you confirm which flight we are taking? That- clause as object

I realized what a fool I had been. I know how busy you are.

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause That- clause That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs

Subordinate verbs

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause That- clause

Major

Factual

That- clause as object Suasive

Super-ordinate verbs

Emotive

Minor Subordinate verbs

Hypothesis

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause That- clause That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs

Major

• introduce what one might generally describe Suasive information as factual or propositional E.g.: They agree/admit/claim that she was Emotive misled.

Minor Subordinate verbs

Factual

Hypothesis

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause That- clause

Major

Factual

That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs

Suasive

• imply intentions toEmotive bring about some change

Subordinate verbs

in the future, whether or not these are Hypothesis Minor verbally formulated as commands, suggestions, etc E.g.: The are demanding that she leaves.

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause That- clause

Major

Factual

That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs

Suasive E.g.: I regret that she worry. Emotive

Minor Subordinate verbs

Hypothesis

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause That- clause

Major

Factual

That- clause as object Suasive

Super-ordinate verbs

Emotive E.g.: I wish that he were here.

Minor Subordinate verbs

Hypothesis

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause That- clause That- clause as object

Indicative verbs

Super-ordinate verbs Putative “should”

Subordinate verbs Subjunctive verbs

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause That- clause That- clause as object

Indicative verbs

Super-ordinate verbs

E.g.: I recommend that he be here. Putative “should”

Subordinate verbs Subjunctive verbs

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause That- clause That- clause as object

Indicative verbs

Super-ordinate verbs Putative “should”

Subordinate verbs

E.g.: I insist that he shouldn’t smoke. Subjunctive verbs

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause That- clause That- clause as object

Indicative verbs

Super-ordinate verbs Putative “should”

Subordinate verbs

E.g.: I require that he give up smoking. Subjunctive verbs

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause With subject

Without subject

To-infinitive clause

To-infinitive clause

Ing-participle clause

Ing-participle clause

Wh-infinitive clause

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause With subject To-infinitive clause

Without subject To-infinitive clause

Ing-participle Ing-participle clause E.g.: Iclause don’t like the house to be left empty.

Wh-infinitive clause

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause With subject

Without subject

To-infinitive clause To-infinitive clause E.g.: I dislike him driving my car. Ing-participle clause

Ing-participle clause

Wh-infinitive clause

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause With subject To-infinitive clause

Without subject To-infinitive clause

Ing-participle clause E.g.: Maryclause longed to leaveIng-participle home.

Wh-infinitive clause

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause With subject

Without subject

To-infinitive clause To-infinitive clause E.g.: Mary loves listening to music. Ing-participle clause

Ing-participle clause

Wh-infinitive clause

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Mono-transitive complementation Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause With subject

Without subject

Wh-infinitive clause

how toclause sail a boat as a small child. To-infinitive clauseE.g.: He learned To-infinitive You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut. Ing-participle clause

I couldIng-participle not decide clause (on) which bicycle to buy.

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Di-transitive complementation

Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO) Od & Oi = NP Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause Oi = NP, Od = finite clause Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep Di-transitive prepositional verbs

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Di-transitive complementation

Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO) Od & Oi = NP Oi = NP, Od = non-finite E.g.: Heclause gave the girl a doll. Oi = NP, Od = finite clause Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep Di-transitive prepositional verbs

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Di-transitive complementation

Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO) Od & Oi = NP Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause Oi = NP, Od =He finite clause me to give up smoking. E.g.: persuaded Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep Di-transitive prepositional verbs

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Di-transitive complementation

Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO) Od & Oi = NP Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause Oi = NP, Od = finite clause

E.g.: He convinced Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + me Prepthat he was right. Di-transitive prepositional verbs

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Di-transitive complementation

Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO) • verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions Od & Oi = NP  two passive forms of the sentence • these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take Oi account = NP, Odof, = non-finite give wayclause to, etc. E.g.: They make best use of the garage. The made best use of. Oi = NP, Odgarage = finiteisclause Best use is made of the garage. Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep Di-transitive prepositional verbs

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Di-transitive complementation

Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO) • Od introduced by a preposition Od & Oi = NP • one passive form with Oi only • these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare to, Oi rob = NP, = non-finite of,Od refer to, etc. clause E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement. I am reminded of the agreement. Oi = NP, Od = finite clause • Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc. E.g.: He explained it to me. It was explained me. Idiomatic expressions: V + NP to + Prep I was explained about it. Di-transitive prepositional verbs

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Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC) Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Bare-infinitive Ing-clause Ed-clause

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Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA SVOdC) Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co

E.g.: He drives me crazy.

Adverbials To-infinitive Bare-infinitive Ing-clause Ed-clause

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Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA SVOdC) Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials

E.g.: The Queen appointed William her personal secretary. To-infinitive Bare-infinitive Ing-clause Ed-clause

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Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA SVOdC) Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive

• Adverbials are obligatory. Bare-infinitive E.g.: Take your hands out of your pocket. Ing-clause Ed-clause

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Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA SVOdC) Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Bare-infinitive

E.g.: John believed the stranger to be a policeman. Ing-clause Ed-clause

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Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA SVOdC) Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Bare-infinitive Ing-clause

E.g.: You shouldn't let your family interfere with our plans. Ed-clause

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Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA SVOdC) Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive

E.g.: Tim watched Bill mending the lamp. Bare-infinitive Ing-clause Ed-clause

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Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA SVOdC) Adjectival Object Complement (Co) Nominal Co Adverbials To-infinitive Bare-infinitive

E.g.: They found him worn out by travel and exertion. Ing-clause ed-clause Ed-clause

That’s the end of unit 5.