Week 11 Adverbials

E_English Grammar Course Unit 7 Lecture 7 - Adverbials

Issues 1.

Units realizing adverbial functions

2.

Classes of adverbials

3.

Adjuncts

4.

Disjuncts

5.

Conjuncts

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1 Units realizing adverbial functions Realization of adverbials Adverb phrases

Finite clause

Noun phrases

Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases

Verbless clause

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1 Units realizing adverbial functions Realization of adverbials Adverb phrases

Finite clause E.g.: I have never been there.

Noun phrases

Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases

Verbless clause

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1 Units realizing adverbial functions Realization of adverbials Adverb phrases Noun phrases Prepositional phrases

Finite clause E.g.: INon-finite saw her last week. clause Verbless clause

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1 Units realizing adverbial functions Realization of adverbials Adverb phrases

Finite clause

Noun phrases

Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases

E.g.: She sat in aclause dark corner. Verbless

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1 Units realizing adverbial functions Realization of adverbials Adverb phrases

Finite clause

E.g.: When I came to the club, I saw James sitting alone phrases Non-finite clause at theNoun window table. Prepositional phrases

Verbless clause

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1 Units realizing adverbial functions Realization of adverbials Adverb phrases

Finite clause

Noun phrases

Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases infinitive He plays to win.

Verbless-ed clause -ing participle participle Seeing Tom, she smiles.

Whenever left alone, he cried.

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1 Units realizing adverbial functions Realization of adverbials Adverb phrases

Finite clause

Noun phrases

Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases

Verbless clause

E.g.: The baby was playing, unaware of the danger.

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2

Classes of Adverbials

ADVERBIALS

ADJUNCTS DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS

Integrated in clause structure Peripheral in clause structure

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2

Classes of Adverbials

ADVERBIALS

ADJUNCTS 1. can’t appear initially in a negative

declarative clause. DISJUNCTS E.g. Quickly, they didn’t leave home. CONJUNCTS

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2

Classes of Adverbials

ADVERBIALS

ADJUNCTS 2. can be contrasted with another DISJUNCTS

adverbial in an alternative interrogation (as focus of clause

CONJUNCTS interrogation)

E.g. Does he write to his parents because he misses them, or only because he wants some money?

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2 ADVERBIALS

Classes of Adverbials ADJUNCTS3. can be contrasted with another

adverbial in alternative negation

DISJUNCTS

(as focus of clause negation)

CONJUNCTSE.g. We didn’t hate him because of

his appearance, but because of his bad behavior.

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2 ADVERBIALS

Classes of Adverbials ADJUNCTS DISJUNCTS

1. can appear initially before a negative clause in most cases E.g.: Naturally, he didn’t come.

CONJUNCTS (adjunct)

Therefore, he couldn’t come. (conjunct)

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2 ADVERBIALS

Classes of Adverbials ADJUNCTS DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS

2. cannot be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative interrogation. 3. cannot be focus of clause negation

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2 ADVERBIALS

Classes of Adverbials ADJUNCTS DISJUNCTS

Can serve as a response to a Y-N question. E.g.: A: Will he be there? B: Yes, probably.

CONJUNCTS

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3

Adjuncts

SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS

1.

Adjuncts can come within the scope of predication pro-form or predication ellipsis.

E.g.: John greatly admires Bob, and so does Mary.  John greatly admires Bob, and Mary greatly admires Bob.

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3

Adjuncts

SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS

2.

Adjuncts can be the focus of limiter adverbials such as "only".

E.g.: They only want the car for an hour (for 3 hour not for longer).

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3

Adjuncts

SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS

3.

Adjuncts can be the focus of a cleft sentence.

E.g.: It was when he started speaking that I realized he was the man I met at the bar.

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3

Adjuncts

ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS

1. Can constitute a comparative construction E.g.: John speaks English more fluently than his brother does. 2. Have premodifying “however” E.g.: However strongly you feel about it, you should be cautious in the way you talk.

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3

Adjuncts

ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS

3. Have premodifying “how” E.g.: How often does she wash her hair? How carelessly does he drive? 4. Have premodifying “so” (+ inversion) E.g.: So monotonously did he speak that everybody feel asleep.

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3

Adjuncts viewpoint focusing

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier process subject place time others

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3

Adjuncts viewpoint

+ = ‘if we consider what we

focusing are saying from a [adj. phrase] TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier point of view’ process

+ usually in initial position E.g.: Geographically (speaking),

subject

Vietnam is a diverse country.

place

Business wise, it’s not a good

time others

idea to open a fast food restaurant in this area.

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Adjuncts viewpoint focusing

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier process subject place time others

limiters exclusives alone, just, only, purely, simply

particularizes chiefly, especially, mainly, etc.

additives also, either, even, neither, nor, too, as well as, in addition

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3

Adjuncts viewpoint focusing

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier

emphasizers clearly, definitely, etc.

amplifiers

process subject place time others

downtoners

maximizers completely, etc. boosters by far, well, etc.

compromisers

kind of, quite, etc.

diminishers

partly, slightly, etc.

minimizers

a bit, barely, etc.

approximators

almost, nearly, etc.

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3

Adjuncts viewpoint focusing

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier process subject

+ = in that way/ that way + co-occur with dynamic verbs, not stative verbs + favor final conditions E.g.: They live frugally.

place

Tear gas indiscriminatively

time

sprayed on the protesters.

others

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3

Adjuncts viewpoint focusing

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier process subject place time others

manner E.g.: They walked in single file.

means E.g.: I go to school by car.

instrument E.g.: You can cut the apple with that knife.

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Adjuncts viewpoint focusing

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier process subject place time others

general With great unease, they elected him as their leader.

volitional deliberately, intentionally, on purpose, willingly, with reluctance, etc.

formulaic please, humbly, cordially, kindly, etc.

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Adjuncts viewpoint + denote position, direction, focusing

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier process subject place time others

movement, and passage + most are prepositional phrases; adverb phrases and noun phrases used frequently + used only with verbs of motions or other dynamic verbs denoting direction E.g.: I’ll miss you downstairs. We’re moving some furniture into the kitchen.

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Adjuncts viewpoint focusing

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier process subject place time others

direction I take the book from the shelf. She ran past the church.

position I live in a small village. He is over there.

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3

Adjuncts viewpoint focusing

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier

when

duration

process subject place time others

frequency other relationships

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Adjuncts viewpoint focusing

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier process subject place time others

when + boundary of time duration E.g.: afterwards + point of time E.g.: today, tomorrow frequency other relationships

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Adjuncts viewpoint focusing

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier

when

duration

process subject place time others

+ length of time frequency E.g.: briefly + from the preceding other relationships point in time E.g.: since

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Adjuncts

process

+ indefinite - usual occurrence: E.g.: usually when - continuous/continual: E.g.: always - high: E.g.: often duration - low/zero: occasionally, never

subject

frequency

place

+ definite other relationships - period: E.g.: daily - number: E.g.: twice

viewpoint focusing TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier

time others

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Adjuncts viewpoint focusing

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier

when

duration

process subject place time others

frequency other relationships first, next, then, still, yet, already, etc.

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3

Adjuncts viewpoint focusing

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

intensifier

+ expressing purpose, cause, reason,

process source or origin

E.g.: He took the book from me. subject

place time

The symbolically buried the car as a protest against pollution.

others

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Adjuncts

RELATIVE POSITION OF ADJUNCTS 1. In final position: process – place - time E.g. He was working with his shears (process) in the garden (place) the whole morning (time). 2. The normal relative order can be changed to suit the desire for end-focus. 3. A clause normally comes after other structures to avoid ambiguity E.g. We stood talking for a very long time (A1) where the fire has been (A2). 4. Longer adjuncts tend to follow shorter adjuncts. E.g. I was studying earlier (A1) in the university library (A2).

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Disjuncts

4 DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts Attitudinal disjuncts

Most disjuncts are prepositional phrases or clause

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Disjuncts

4 DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts Attitudinal disjuncts

• convey the speaker’s comment on the form of what he is saying, defining in some way under what conditions he is speaking E.g.: Seriously, do you intend to retire? Personally, I don’t approve of her. Very frankly, I am tired.

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Disjuncts

4 DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts • convey the speaker’s comment on the Attitudinal disjuncts

content of what he is saying • generally appear only on declarative clauses E.g.: Obviously, no one expected us. Understandably, they were all annoyed when reading the letter.

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5 CONJUNCTS

Conjuncts 1. Most conjuncts are adverb phrases or prepositional phrases. 2. The normal position for most conjuncts is initial. 3. Conjuncts often have a separate tone unit.

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Conjuncts

5

CONJUNCTS Enumerative

Result

Reinforcing

Inferential

Equative

Reformulatory

Transitional

Replacive

Summative

Antithetic

Apposition

Concessive Temporal transition

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Conjuncts

5

CONJUNCTS Enumerative

Result

Reinforcing

Inferential

Transitional

Replacive

Summative

Antithetic

Apposition

Concessive

first, second, third…; one, two, three…; for one thing, Equativething; for a start, to begin with, next, then… Reformulatory for another

Temporal transition

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Conjuncts

5

CONJUNCTS Enumerative

Result

Reinforcing

Inferential

Equative

Reformulatory

Summative

Antithetic

Apposition

Concessive

also, further more, moreover, in addition, above all, Transitional Replacive what is more, then (informal), etc.

Temporal transition

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Conjuncts

5

CONJUNCTS Enumerative

Result

Reinforcing

Inferential

Equative

Reformulatory

equally, likewise, similarly, in the same way, etc.

Transitional

Replacive

Summative

Antithetic

Apposition

Concessive Temporal transition

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Conjuncts

5

CONJUNCTS Enumerative

Result

Reinforcing

Inferential

Equative

Reformulatory by the way, incidentally, etc.

Transitional

Replacive

Summative

Antithetic

Apposition

Concessive Temporal transition

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Conjuncts

5

CONJUNCTS Enumerative

Result

Reinforcing

Inferential

Equative

Reformulatory

then, (all) in all, in conclusion, to sum up, etc.

Transitional

Replacive

Summative

Antithetic

Apposition

Concessive Temporal transition

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Conjuncts

5

CONJUNCTS Enumerative

Result

Reinforcing

Inferential

Equative

Reformulatory

Summative

Antithetic

Apposition

Concessive

namely, in other words, for instance, Transitional that is, that is to say, for example, etc.Replacive

Temporal transition

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Conjuncts

5

CONJUNCTS Enumerative

Result

Reinforcing

Inferential

consequently, hence, thus, so, therefore, as a result, etc.

Equative

Reformulatory

Transitional

Replacive

Summative

Antithetic

Apposition

Concessive Temporal transition

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Conjuncts

5

CONJUNCTS Enumerative

Result

Reinforcing

Inferential

Equative

Reformulatory

Transitional

Replacive

Summative

Antithetic

Apposition

Concessive

else, otherwise, then, in other words, in that case, etc.

Temporal transition

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Conjuncts

5

CONJUNCTS Enumerative

Result

Reinforcing

Inferential

Equative

Reformulatory

Transitional

better, rather, in other words, etc.

Replacive

Summative

Antithetic

Apposition

Concessive Temporal transition

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Conjuncts

5

CONJUNCTS Enumerative

Result

Reinforcing

Inferential

alternatively, rather, on the other hand, etc.Reformulatory

Equative

Transitional

Replacive

Summative

Antithetic

Apposition

Concessive Temporal transition

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Conjuncts

5

CONJUNCTS Enumerative

Result

Reinforcing

Inferential

Equative Transitional

Reformulatory instead, then, on the contrary, in contrast, by comparison, on the other hand, etc. Replacive

Summative

Antithetic

Apposition

Concessive Temporal transition

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Conjuncts

5

CONJUNCTS Enumerative

Result

Reinforcing

Inferential

anyhow, Equative

anyway, besides, else, however,Reformulatory still

nevertheless, yet, in any case, at any rate, after all Replacive

Transitional

in spite of that, on the other hand, all the same, etc.

Summative

Antithetic

Apposition

Concessive Temporal transition

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Conjuncts

5

CONJUNCTS Enumerative

Result

Reinforcing

Inferential

Equative

Reformulatory

Transitional

Replacive

Summative Apposition

Antithetic meantime, meanwhile, in the mean time, etc. Concessive Temporal transition