Mtk Vol2 No11

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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24/ 10/ 2005

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal *syefjynfwiG ;f owif;

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'Emperor Akihito'.

orD;jzpfol 'Princess Nori'vufxyfr*FvmyGu J kd vmrnfh Ed0k if bm(15)&ufae@wGif usi;f yrnfjzpfa=umif; *syeftpd;k &u atmufwb kd m(5)&ufae@wGif a=ujimvdu k o f nf? 'Princess Nori'ESihf vufxyfxr d ;f jrm;rnfo h rl mS 'Yoshiaki Kuroda'qdo k l rif;rsK;d rif;EG,rf [kwo f jl zpf +y;D / wdu k sK+d rKd @awmfcef;rwGi&f adS om +rKd @jypDru H ed ;f a&;qGJ a&;XmeY tpd;k &vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifae onfh t&m&Sid ,fwOD;jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh 'Princess Nori'onf vufxyfr*FvmyGJ +y;D qH;k wJt h csed rf pS I om reft&yfob l 0udk a&muf&&dS awmhrnfjzpfonf? T onfrmS *syefb&k ifro d m;pk. eef;wGi;f Oya'jzpfonf? Tod@k eef;wGi;f olwOD;taejzifh omreft&yfom; ESihf vufxyfjcif;onf (1960)ckEpS af emufyikd ;f yxr qH;k jzpfonf[q k . kd ? 'Princess Nori' uawmh “tck vdk t&yfob l 0udk a&muf&&dS rSm &ifcakH erdygw,fæ” [k xkwaf z: ajym=um;cJo h nf? omreft&yfob l 0udk a&muf&Sd&rnfh 'Princess Nori'twGuf axmufyHh a=u;aiGtjzpf (15³25)oef; xkwaf y;rnfjzpfa=umif; vnf; *syeftpd;k &u xkwjf yefa=ujimcJo h nf? *syefbk&if AkihitowGif(tdrfa&S@rif;om;tygt 0if) om;awmfppk ak ygi;f (2)OD;&Sad omfvnf; orD;awmf

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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wmrSeo f nf? usaemfw@kd awmifwiG ;f }u;D +rdK@Yyifv#if pm=unfhoif;uav;wck ay:vdu k cf zhJ ;l ao;onf? toif;eHrnfu ‘eDvm’wJæ h ? t"dyg` ,u f awmh &Si;f yg onf? ‘eDwahJ umif vm’wJæ h ? olw@kd pnf;±k;H aom xd;k azmufaom t,l0g' ,H=k unfcsuaf wG rSerf rSe/f oifh roifh usaemf bmrSrajymvdyk g? ok@d aomf xdkodk@aom xdkxdkTT 0g'pGJr_awG/ t+yKd it f qdik f pnf;±k;H r_awGa=umifv h nf; aumif;/ Edkifonfhenf;ESifh udkifr_awG a=umifv h nf;aumif;/ pm=unfo h if;rsm; tawmftoif(h usaemft h xif) tawmf rsm;rsm;udk qdyo f Ok ;f ajcmufcef;oGm;yg avawmhonf? onfvEkd iS hf umwGe;f awG ±kyjf yawG acwfpm;vmcJjh yefonf? uav;awGu awmh umwGe;f wd@k / ±kyjf ywd@k udk }uKd u=f u onfayg?h onfawmh uav;awG}uKd uf onfh ZD;aygi;f wd@k / rufref;xkyw f @kd a&mif; onfh qdik u f av;rsm;wGif umwGe;f ±kypf kH uav;rsm;udk wpfcgzwf ig;jym;avmuf ESihf tiSg;qdik o f aE<wnfvmcJo h nf? ,cktcgwiG af wmhjzifh tiSg;qdik af wG }uD;xGm;vmvdkufonfrSm xkwfa0ol rsm;uyifv#if tiSg;qdik t f iftm;udk vSr;f =unfah e&avmufatmif jzpfvmonf? pm=unfhoif;awG qdwfokOf;vm vdu k af wmh tiSm;qdik u f av;awG ay: vmvdu k o f nfuykd if aus;Zl;wif&ao; onf? pmtkypf may taumif;pm;}u;D awGukd vrf;!$erf ay;Edik o f nfw h ikd f pm zwf&edS f pmzwf0goemuav;udk olw@kd u xdef;xm;ay;aevdk@ awmfayao; awmhonf? wck&Sdonfu tiSm;qdkif awGu tm;ray;v#if vpOfxw k rf sm;yif v#if &yfwnf&efcufavawmh r*~Zif;

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

rsm;uyifv#if tiSm;qdik f trsm;}uKd uf t±kyfawG wyHk}uD;ygEdkifatmif t+ydKif tqdik f vky=f u&jyefonf? xdo k @kd aomtajctaerSm ,ckxuf wdkif tDvnfvnf jzpfv#uf&Sdaeao; onfukd awG@=u&rnfjzpfonf? jrefrmjynf. acwftajctaerSm od odomom}u;D ajymif;vJvmcJ+h y?D olw@kd wd;k wufcsi=f uonf? olw@kd .tem*wf udk a&a&&m&mjzpfatmif pDru H ed ;f cscsif =uonf? todtvdrmR ynm wd;k csi=f u onf? odk@aomfvnf; vrf;!$efxdef; ausmif;ay;Edik rf nfh rdwaf qGaumif;/ t odOm%fz@HG +zKd ;aom pmorm;/ ayorm; rsm; r&Sb d ;l vm;æ? &Sdygonf? pmaya[majymyGJrsm; wufwufºuºu vkyfae=uonfudk axmuf=unfv h u kd v f #if tiftm;rao; vSa=umif; awG@Edik yf gonf? xdt k iftm; udk pm=unfo h if;/ pmzwfoif;rsm;buf qDo@kd wmplay;vdu k ±f o Hk m&Syd gonf? te,fe,ft&yf&yf&Sd pmayorm; rsm; rsKd ;qufopftwGuf y&[dwpdwf arG;+y;D pm=unfo h if;jzpfEikd af tmif }uKd ; pm;oif=h uyg+y?D vl}u;D awGu vli,fawG twGuf wuftm;or# todOm%fOD; aqmifr_ay;=u&ef oEMdÏmefcszdk@ tcsdef wefyg+y?D pm=unfo h if;wck aumif;aumif;ay: vmvdu k v f #if vli,frsm;. b0tajc tae ododomom}uD; ajymif;vJwdk; wufomG ;Edik yf gonf? 0g&ifph morm;w a,mufu zwfoifzh wf&maom pmtkyf rsm;udk !$efay;Edkifygonf? aumif;yHk aumif;enf;udk pepfwus oHk;oyfjy vdkufjcif;onf b0udk wnfaqmuf enf;/ aeenf;/ xdik ef nf;udyk g oH;k oyfjy &m a&mufomG ;Edik yf gonf? xd@k jyif tvS ypPn;f jrwfE;kd enf;udyk g oGeo f ifay;&m a&mufEikd yf gonf? Tod@k tm;jzifh pmorm;vli,frsm;. acgif;aqmifb0odk@ tvdkvdka&muf&Sd vmwwfygonf? usaemfw@kd i,fpOfu vnf; xdo k @kd aom vl}u;D rsm;udyk if rdrd wd@k . tud}k u;D / tr}u;D rsm;ozG,f csO;f uyf+y;D ±kad opGm todOm%fz@HG +zKd ;r_ukd & ,lcJh=uygonf? vli,frsm;.tusKd ;udk Tod@k aqmif ±Gufay;aoma=umifh rdrdudk,fwdkifrSm

Moe Thauk Kye Journal wwftm;oavmuf tepfemcH/ tyif yef;cH&onfEiS t hf r# tusKd ;aus;Zl;w&m; vnf; &SEd ikd yf gonf? olw@kd u rdrx d cH sO;f uyfvm=uonfEiS hf rdru d acgi;f aqmif jzpfvm&onf? acgi;f aqmifjzpfvmvd@k vli,fawGu ud, k t hf ay: ±dak ovm=u awmh ud, k u f vnf; acgi;f aqmift*FgEiS hf vd k u f a vsmatmif aevm&onf ? ud, k u f siw hf &m;utp xde;f xde;f odr;f odr;f aevm&onf? Tonf r S m tjrwf a wG c snf ; jzpf onf? Tod@k aomtjrwfrsKd ;onf b0 twGuf tvGe}f u;D rm;aom t&if;tES;D jzpfvm&jyefonfrSmvnf; obm0 usvSygonf? ‘olwyg;tusdK;aqmif ud, k t hf usdK;atmif’qdkonfrSm Todk@ aom atmifjrifr_rsdK;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpf onf[k uíefawmfem;vnfryd gonf? od@k jzpfv#if pm=unfo h if;&efyakH iGukd rnfo@kd &Smrnfenf;? usaemfw@kd jrefrm vlrsK;d rsm;onf t vSLtwef;wGif rwGe@f wd=k uyg? &ufa&m =uygonf? od@k aomf yumoetvSLrsK;d buf o d k @ r=umc%,d r f ; oG m ;wwf

onfrmS vnf; trSejf zpfygonf? ynmtvSL/ jrwfaomtvSLtjzpf pnf;±kH;a[majym=urnfqdkv#if vpOf r*~Zif;wtkyf wm0ef,al om tvSL&Sif rsm;/ vpOfa=u; xnf0h ifvLS 'ge;f olrsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifygonf? aiGvHk;a=u; &if;ESihf tm;ay;olrsm;vnf; ay:ayguf vmEdik yf gonf? xd@k jyif pm=unfo h if;wGif yg0ifol vl i,frsm;u tvSLtwef;ponfw@kd wGif td;k wdu k f yef;uefaq; vkyt f m;ay;=u jcif;jzifv h nf; tvSL&Sio f '
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w&uf =unfv h u kd v f #if pm=unfo h if;/ pmzwfoif;rsm;ay:aygufa&;twGuf wdkufwGef;csuf[lIom xifavmufp &m&Syd gonf? xdrk #omr[kwyf g? rsKd ;quf opfw@kd wd;k wuf&pfz@kd vkyfaqmifcsuf tjzpf wdu k w f eG ;f aejcif; jzpfygonf? pm=unfo h if;rsm; zG@H +zKd ;vmvdu k v f #if todOm%f zG@H +zKd ;vmEdik yf gonf? tod Om%fynmonf t&m&mvnf;jzpfI tvH;k pHv k nf; jzpfonf[yk if ajymvdu k f csiyf gonf? xdt k odOm%fa=umifyh ifv#if rl;,pfaq;0g;oH;k pGrJ _ avsmo h mG ;Edik o f nf? awayqd;k oGr;f r_ avsmyh g;oGm;Edik o f nf?

xd@k a=umifh &yf±mG ydrk +kd y;D at;csr;f vm Edik o f nf? wd;k wufz@HG +zKd ;vmEdik o f nf? vl i,frsm; wd;k wufrr_ &Sad om a'o0ef; usiu f kd b,fvv kd yk +f y;D wd;k wufonfh 0ef;usi[ f k ac:Edik yf grnfenf;? rdbu b,favmuf}u;D yJ pnf;pdrf csr;f om jrifrh m;aeapOD;awmh/ om;awG orD;awGu wa,mufuav;rS toH;k r usaom rdom;pkrsKd ;udk wd;k wufaom/ tvm;tvmaumif;aom rdom;pk[k rac:EdkifouJhodk@yif &Sdayrnfaygh? ? (‘ay;olEiS , hf o l ’l aqmif;yg;aygif;csKyf pmtkyx f rJ S ul;,l azmfjyygonf)

tifwmeufay:wGifvnf; zwf±+Edkifyg_yD rd;k aomuf=u,fpm=unhw f u kd rf S OD;pD;xkwaf 0aeaom ‘rd;k aomuf=u,f*sme,f’tygt0if/ awmifu;kd &D;,m;Edik if x H w k f ‘axmifpjk ywif;owif;*sme,f’/ tar&duefEdkifiHxkwf ‘yGio hf pf*sme,f’wdk@udk atmufygvyd pf mwGif zwf±E_ ikd yf ga=umif; http://www.moethaukkye.com

*syefa&muf pmay0goemygol/ pmzwfcsio f rl sm;twGuf

pm=unfw h u kd zf iG &hf uf? ? pae/ we*FaEG/ wevFmESihf ±H;k ydw&f uf pm=unfw h u kd zf iG chf sed f? ? ae@vnf 12;00 em&DrS n 10;00 xd pm=unfw h u kd zf ek ;f eHygwf? ? 03 3364 5163 rSwfcsuf? ? rvmcif zke;f óuqufyg rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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jrefrmjynfpmayavmu pmtkyfwkdufu ukdrsKd; !Ge@f &J@oli,fcsi;f yef;csq D &mav; uk}d uKd iu f dk e,l; a,mufòr@rSm trSwfrxifawG@vkdufrdygw,f? =o*kwv f (2)&ufae@uyg? olu OD;aomfaumif;eJ@ usaemf&if;ES;D wmukd odxm;awmh usaemfu h dk owif; wckay;ygw,f? 'Dowif;=um;awmh usaemf xckerf rd wwf 0rf;omoGm;ygw,f? usaemfw@dk jrefrmEkid if [ H m 'Dae&mopfrmS owif; qd;k eJ@ txl;ausm=f um;vmygw,f? 'DtxJrmS ‘EGx H u J =um’qdo k vkd urBmeJ@cs+D y;D todtrSwjf yK&wJyh *k Kd~ vaf wG ay:xGuv f mwmrsK;d ukd =um;&awmh 0rf;rombJ b,f rSmaeEdik yf grh vJ? ‘a':atmifqef;pk=unf’wJæ h /‘a'guf wmpifo, D marmif’wJæ h / ‘a'gufwmoef;xGe;f ’wJ?h ‘a'gufwmaomfaumif;’wJhæ? rEWav; OwW&vGijf yifpmtkyq f idk u f uko d ef;aX;u OD;aomfaumif;ta=umif;ukd a'guw f moef;xGe;f eJ@ wGJ ,SOf+yD; a&;zl;ygw,f? jrefrmjynfrSm tvkyfvkyfqHk; ynm&Si(f 2)OD;taeeJ@ *k%jf yKa&;wmyg? uko d ef;aX;&J@ aqmif;yg;[m a&S;ajy;edrdwf aqmif;yg;vdkawmif jzpfomG ;cJyh g+y?D a'gufwmoef;xGef;u orkdif;okawoDtaeeJ@ (2000)jynfEh pS u f zlut l u dk mqk&cJyh gw,f? ck OD;aomf aumif;u Academic Prizeac: ‘ynmajrmufok awoDq’k jzpfygw,f? &r,fah iGu *syef,ef;(3)oef; wJæ h ? tar&duef a':vmaiG(1)a':vm[m *syef,ef; (100)eJ@ nDw,fqakd wmh OD;aomfaumif;&rSm a':vm ESpaf omif;ckEpS af xmifausmjf zpfygw,f? tjcm;qkawG u tEkynmeJ@ ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mqk&,f/ txl;qk&,f jzpfygw,f? avmEdik if u H trsK;d orD;wOD;u txnf&ufvyk f ief; avhvmr_e@J yufouf+y;D qk&ygw,f? blwefEidk if H u trsK;d om;wOD;u ±d;k &m*Dwavhvmr_q&k ygw,f? awmifu&dk ;D ,m;Ekid if u H trsK;d om;wOD;u vlx±k ;kd &m

yHjk yifawGpak qmif;vd@k qk&oGm;w,f? usaemfw@kd qDrmS 'Dvdk a&S;OD;vkyif ef;awGvyk zf @dk ok awoeajr±kid ;f awG trsm;}u;D &Syd gao;w,f? ±k;d &m*Dw/ vlx±k ;dk &maw;oDcsi;f / ±kyaf o;/ owif;/ &ufuef;po jzifh trsm;}u;D ygy?J vlx±k ;dk &myHjk yifawG pkaqmif;wmuawmh vlxOk ;D vSxufrsm;atmif pHak tmif pkaqmif;Ekid zf ;l ol &Srd ,fr xifygbl;? ckaecgrsm; OD;av;vS&Sd&if awmifukd&D; ,m;u okawoDvdk zlut l u kd mqk&rSm rvGyJ gb;l ? vlxOk ;D vSu, G v f eG w f mu (1982)ckEpS u f uG,f vGecf yhJ gw,f? 'Dqak y:ayguw f mu (1990)ckEpS u f rS pwifcw hJ myg? 'Dqt k a=umif;ukd a'guw f moef;xGe;f u pmtkyaf &;+y;D qkvufcw H t hJ crf;tem;rSm a0iSygw,f? qkEiS ;f yGu J *syefjynf/ zlut l u kd mòr@rSmwcg/ &efuek f òr@rSmwcg vkyw f myg? qktrnf&if;u Yokotapai Foundation qkw?hJ 'gayr,fh +rKd @trnfe@J zlut l u dk m qkv@kd yJ wGiyf gw,f? qka±G;wJt h cg oufqidk &f mbmom&yfrmS xif&mS ; wJh urBmyh nm&Si}f u;D awG&@J t=uaH y;csuaf wGudk pk aqmif;+y;D rS ay;wmygw?hJ tm&S&@J txl;c|eq f ;kH /tvkyf vkyq f ;kH pm=unfw h u kd rf LS ;tjzpfay;wmyg? olx;l c|ef wmu jrefrmh±;kd &mpmayawG/ a&S;tpOftqufued ;f atmif;&mjzpfwhJ ayeJ@yk&yku d af wGudk pkaqmif;&mrSm ZGaJ umif;jcif;ygy?J (1600)ausmf pkro d wJ?h OD;aomfaumif;qdo k u l awmh wjcm;r[kwyf g? 'Drdk ua&pDacwfudk rDvu dk o f w l idk ;f ol@zcifudk od&rdS w S rf ad e ygvdrfhr,f? ynmrif;}uD;OD;aumif;qkdwm OD;aomf aumif;&J@zcif}u;D yg? jrefrmjynfrmS pmar;yGaJ r;cGe;f ayguv f @kd tdE, dN ukd oGm;+y;D ar;cGe;f ±ku d &f mrSm um;wku d rf j_ zpf+y;D uG,v f eG cf hJ &Smygw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDacwfu aiGpuULawGay:rSm tm rcHvufrw S af &;xk;d wJh armifaumif;qdw k m ynmrif; }uD;&J@vufrSwfyg? ighrSmaiGr&Sdao;bl;vkd@ajym&if wifpm;+yD; “ighrmS armifaumif;r&Sb d ;l æ”vkd@ajym avmufatmif xif&mS ;cJw h myg? rif;}u;D OD;aumif;[m jrif;jcZH mwdyg? OD;aomfaumif; tjyif &Daraumif;eJ@ =unfaraumif;qd+k y;D orD;(2) a,muf&ydS gao;w,f? a':ar&Daumif;u puFmylrmS yg? a':=unfaraumif;u 0g&iS w f efrmS yg? vGwv f yfwt hJ m &StoHrmS vkyzf ;l ygw,f? cktcg uAsmawG/ jyZmwfawG t*Fvyd b f momESihf a&;aeygw,f? olw@dk armifErS [m t*Fvyd pf mxl;c|eo f al wGcsn;f rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

jzpfygw,f? OD;aomfaumif;u &efuek w f uUov dk u f dk 0if puwnf;u t*Fvyd pf mxl;c|eq f &k cJo h yl g? t*Fvefu pm=unfw h u dk yf nmbG@J &cJ+h y;D tJ'u D pm=unfw h u dk af wG rSmvnf; tvkyfvkyfcJhbl;ygw,f(t+idrf;pm;,l+yD; vnf; urBmw0ef; pm=unfw h u dk }f u;D awGu t=uaH y; tjzpf zdwfac:cHcJh&wmc%c%ygyJ)? jrefrmjynfjyefa&mufawmh &efukefwuUokdvfpm =unfw h u dk rf mS (1969)ckEpS f t+ird ;f pm;,lonftxd vkyo f mG ;cJyh gw,f? q&maZmf*sv D ufatmufrmS vkycf hJ wmyg? xl;jcm;csufukdajym&&if q&maZmf*sD[m OD; aomfaumif;zcif/ ynmrif;}uD;eJ@wGJ+yD; tajccHynm ausmif;oH;k pmtkyf xkwfa0a&;!$e=f um;a&;0eftjzpf pGr;f pGr;f wrH aqmif±u G cf b hJ ;l ygw,f? rif;}u;D OD;aumif; ordik ;f aumfr&Sirf mS aqmif±u G f awmhvnf; q&maZmf*syD g0ifcyhJ gw,f? OD;aumif;uG,f vGeaf wmh OD;aumif;om;jzpfol OD;aomfaumif;eJ@wG+J y;D q&maZmf*s[ D m wuUov dk pf m=unfw h u kd f ppftwGi;f u ysupf ;D cJw h mukd jyefvnfxal xmifa&;/ jri‡ w hf ifa&;eJ@ jrefrmEkid if pH m=unfw h u dk rf sm; wd;k wufa&;ukd tpGr;f ukef aqmif ±GufcJh=uygw,f? tckpm=unfhwkduf topf aqmufawmh (1974)yg? OD;oef@ta&;tcif;ay:awmh pm=unfw h u kd af qmuf zk@d tkwaf wGudk vlxu k o,f+y;D OD;oef@tkw*f al qmufchJ =uwJh orkid ;f &Syd gw,f? pm=unfw h u dk &f @J tv,fav;axmifu h u G v f yfrmS q&maZmf*sDeJ@ OD;aomfaumif;wkd@ESpfa,muf vuf wG+J y;D ‘aomfuyif’av;ukd pku d cf =hJ uygw,f? “aomfuyifav;[m aomfaumif;ukrd sm; edrw d jf yK ovm;Asmæ”vk@d OD;aomfaumif;ukd ar;zl;ygw,f? OD;aomfaumif;u&,fygw,f? tjyifrmS ay(4)yif/ &Si(f 4)yg; ay:xGe;f &mt&yfu(a'guw f mwk;d vS,v l m wJ)h ayoD;rsK;d aphawGe@J pku d x f m;whaJ yyifawGvnf; &Syd g w,f? twGi;f a&mtjyifyg pm=unfw h u dk ef @J wlwhJ pm =unfw h u dk }f u;D ukd q&mwynfh vufwx JG al xmifc=hJ u ygw,f? jrefrmEdik if o H ak woetoif;qdw k m urBmyh nm&Sif awG av;pm;&wJh toif;}u;D yg? (1910)ckEpS u f pwif xlaxmifc=hJ u+y;D ynmrif;}u;D OD;aumif;wk@d yg0if}uKd ; pm;tm;xkwcf yhJ gw,f? JBRSac: ‘jrefrmEdkifiHokawoetoif;*sme,f’ qdw k m urBmo h ak woDawGav;pm;&wJ*h sme,fyg? tJ'D toif;}u;D &J@vkyif ef;awGudk OD;aomfaumif;u qufcH

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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twˆKy`wadW qmif;yg; +y;D taumiftxnfaz:cJyh gw,f? xif&mS ;wJh okawoD awG&@J vuf&mawG ygEikd af tmifvnf; }uKd ;pm;ygw,f? tJ'D&wemokduf}uD;ukd Akdvfae0if;u ukdvdkeDacwf tarGq;kd qd+k y;D csw d yf w d &f yfqikd ;f ypfcyhJ gw,f? OD;aomfaumif;u q&maZmf*s&D @J &mxl;ukd qufcH +y;D wJt h cg olu, dk w f ikd f XmerSL;wm0ef,+l y;D pm=unfh wku d yf nmXmeukd xlaxmifvu kd yf gw,f? pm=unfhwkdufynm[m 'DyvkdrmbGJ@ukd urBmht qifhrD oif=um;ay;ygw,f? ckqkd&if r[m0dZ…mbGJ@ awmif yk@d cswt hJ qifu h dk a&muf&adS eyg+y?D q&mwdu k pf ;dk &efukefwuUokdvfpm=unfhwdkufrSL;a[mif; OD;oef; xGw/f pmayAdrmR efO;D xif}u;D / pma&;q&mausmaf tmif/ rif;ausmpf wJh jyifyyk*Kd~ vrf sm;ukv d nf; tm;jznfah pcJyh g w,f? twGi;f tiftm;uawmh t+ird ;f pm;,lomG ;wJh q&maZmf*sDukdtrSL;xm;+yD; wuUokdvfu pm=unfh wku d yf nm&Siaf ':ausmah usm/h a':cifp/k a':*D;vf'ga'G;/ bDat"rRmp&d,bGJ@&OD;!Gef@armif/ OD;armifarmifp onfw@dk jzpfygw,f? pm=unfw h u kd yf nmoifwef;om;wOD;[m bG@J ,lt jznhv f yk if ef;tjzpf pmayqkid &f musr;f wckc/k 'grrS [kwf pma&;q&mwOD;OD;/ r*~Zif;wckc/k *sme,fwckc&k @J pmpk pm&if;(Bibliography, Index)wk@d ukd jyKp=k u&ygw,f? '*ke/f ±_r0/ aoG;aomuf/ wm&m/ }u;D yGm;a&;pwJh r*~Zif;xJu 0wˆKwakd ygi;f csKy/f aqmif;yg;aygi;f csKyt f rsK;d rsK;d aumufEw k af ±G;cs,±f u dk cf si&f if xkwaf 0olawG u tJ'pD mpkpm&if;awGudk tm;uk;d Ekid =f uyg+y?D jrefrmpmXme/ ordik ;f Xme/ ygVpd mayXme/ abm*aA 'Xmetp&SdwJh 0dZ…mXmeawGu okawoDq&mawG/ ausmif;om;awGvnf; tqifoifch ;l cyfpm;Ekid =f uyg+y?D 'g[mvnf; tifrwef}u;D us,w f hJ aqmif±u G cf suyf g? OD;aomfaumif;u ynm&Siaf wG/ okawoDawG/ w uUokdvfokawoDawGukd pmwrf;a&;&if wuUokdvf pm=unfw h u kd rf mS vma&mufzwf±E_ idk af tmif/ zwf±c_ sif atmif tm;ay;zdwaf c:wJt h jyif pmwrf;jyKp+k y;D &if pm =unfw h u dk rf mS pmwrf;zwfyaJG wGvyk af y;ygao;w,f? pmwrf;zwfyaJG wGrmS wuUov dk jf refrmpmXmeeJ@ o rdik ;f XmeawGu q&mawG/ ausmif;om;awG[m tvm enf;=uygw,f? OD;aomfaumif;u pdw&f n S &f n S ef @J }uKd ; pm;vd@k aemufyidk ;f rSm pdw0f ifpm;olawG wd;k vmyg+y?D wuUodkvfrSm okawoDawGtwGuf tcef;i,f av;awG oD;jcm;vkyaf y;xm;ygw,f? jrefrmhtvif;/ ol&, d / '*kepf wJh pme,fZif;ta[mif;awGudk xkwaf y; xm;ygw,f? rdkufc±dkzvifvnf; oHk;cGifhay;ygw,f? usr;f r+y;D rcsi;f tJ't D cef;ukd oH;k cGiahf y;ygw,f? ocif vGi/f ocifcspaf rmif/ OD;ndKjrpwJh jyifyyk*Kd~ v}f u;D rsm; vma&mufoak woejyKz;l ygw,f? ocifbarmifudk OD; aomfaumif;ESihf rdwq f ufay;zl;ygw,f? “'Dv0dk efxrf;rsKd; rawG@zl;ygbl;Asmæ”qk+d y;D rsuf &nfusatmif 0rf;ombl;ygw,f? ocifbarmif&J@

rsu&f nfq[ k mvnf; zlut l t dk mqkwr# wefz;dk }u;D vS ygw,f? OD;aomfaumif;[m ayyk&ykdufawGtvSLcHa&;eJ@ 0,f,l&&Sda&;ukd tpGrf;ukef}udK;pm;ovkd acwft qufquf pme,fZif;a[mif;awG&&Sda&;ukdvnf; tvm;wl}uKd ;yrf;ygw,f? jrefrmEdik if H t&yf&yf bke;f }u;D ausmif;}u;D awGrmS ydË uwfwu kd q f +dk y;D taqmuftOD oD;jcm;&Sw d wfygw,f? yk*aH cwfuwnf;u &Sw d myg? ckxufxd taemf&xm ydËuwfwu kd f &Syd gao;w,f? bke;f }u;D ausmif;awGrmS ayyk&yku d af wGomru a&S; a[mif;pme,fZif;awG av,mOfay:u=uJcswJh ppf twGi;f 0g'jzef@pmawG/ tvSLzdwpf mawGpojzifh pm trsKd;rsKd;&Sdwmukd vlyk*~dKvf/ &[ef;yk*~dKvfawGqDrSm tjrEJ ;dk Ek;d =um;=um; em;pGi+hf y;D vlu, dk w f idk o f mG ;wefomG ;/ vlvw $ w f efvw $ +f y;D 0,f&jcrf;&pkaqmif;&wmyg? wcsK@d bke;f }u;D ausmif;awGu aiGrvdck sib f ;l ? zkx d ;dk zd@k jy'g;wJ?h ausmif;aqmufz@dk bdvyfajr/ 0,fciG yhf grpfw?hJ Ek@d qD/ o=um;/ qyfjymwJ?h aomhcavmufw?hJ OD;aomf aumif;u tJovkyd pkH t H rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ 0,f,cl &hJ wmyg? 0,f,l+yD;pm&if;vkyf/ ul;,ljzef@csdwmawGvnf; vkyyf gw,f? pmtkyjf zpfatmif}uKd ;pm;wJh vkyif ef;t qifq h ifv h nf; &Syd gw,f? ygVad wGudk oD;jcm;cG/J ul;,lwnf;jzwfvyk &f wmawG vnf; &Syd gw,f? t*Fvefu ygVt d oif;}u;D eJ@ quf oG,+f y;D pmtkyjf zpfatmif vky&f wmawG &Syd gw,f? ,k;d ',m;/ Zif;r,f/ crmpwJh orkid ;f eJ@yufoufwhJ pmtkyaf wG oD;jcm;cGx J w k f bmomjyef&wmawGvnf; &Syd gw,f? 'gawGudk tm&Soak woDawGa&m urBmo h ak woD awGyg avhvmEdik af tmif OD;aomfaumif;[m rem;rae }uKd ;pm;cJ&h ygw,f? ayyk&yku d pf mayeJ@ a&S;a[mif;pm e,fZif;awG pkaqmif;xde;f odr;f a&;tykid ;f wykid ;f wnf; eJ@ukyd J zlut l u dk mqkxufru }u;D wJq h ek @J xku d w f efykH usaemfu, dk af wG@ teD;uyfo&d cdS &hJ ygw,f? 'gwifyv J m;qkad wmh b,f[w k yf grh vJæ/ jrefrmEdik f iH pm=unfw h u dk t f oif;xlaxmifa&;/ pm=unfw h u kd f vufppJG mtkyaf wGjyKpak &;/ pm=unfw h u dk yf nmjyef@yGm; a&;qkw d hJ qufpyfaewJt h vkyaf wGuv kd nf; OD;aomf aumif;yJ OD;aqmifvyk cf w hJ myg? “pm=unfw h u dk q f w kd m pmtkypf m&if;vky+f y;D iSm;±Hyk J r[kwv f m;æ”vkd@ wuUokdvfq&mwcsKd@uawmif xifjrifwwfygw,f? 'gav;rsm; (4)wef;avmufwwf &ifvnf; +y;D wmyJw?hJ (4)wef;avmuftod&o dS al wGuawmh (4)wef;t jrifyJ jrifwwf=uygw,f? ckqkd r[mwef; trfat awmifziG x hf m;awmh yk+d y;D awmif em;rvnfEidk af tmif ygyw J ?hJ yg&*lb@JG awmif ay;OD;rSmqk&d if rlvwef;tjrif t& ‘wufao’oGm;Ekid yf gw,f? rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

OD;aomfaumif;[m !$ecf sKy&f mxl;wckay;+y;D tjyif yk@d wmukd vufrcHcyhJ gb;l ? rqvygwD r0ifbaJ ewmukd ae@csi;f ncsi;f yHpk jH znf/h wif;jynfah y;+y;D rqvtrwf a±G;yGJukd 0ifckdif;wmukdvnf; cg;cg;oD;oD;jiif;cJhbl;yg w,f? olu &mxl;rruf aiGrrufygb;l ? pmtkyrf uf w,f/ ynmrufw,f/ ynmvGwv f yfciG u hf rdk ufygw,f OD;aomfaumif;eJ@usaemfw@dk [m vlcsi;f rjrifz;l cif uwnf;u odu|r;f &if;ES;D aecJ=h uygw,f? vlcsi;f awG@ awmh wifr;dk / armifomEk;d wd@k vdk i,focl si;f wr# cspcf if &if;ES;D +y;D ESv;kH rdwaf qGtjzpf &ifziG +hf y;D aygi;f cJ=h uygw,f? oleJ@usaemfeJ@±G,fwlawGyg? oluawmif vykdif;t awmfrsm;rsm; i,fao;w,fxifw,f? wu,fu OD; aomfaumif;[m usaemfq h &myg? touf(50)&Sad wmh }u;D rS 0ufoufaygu+f y;D usaemf pm=unfw h u dk 'f yD vkrd m twef; wufcw hJ muk;d ?

pm=unfw h u dk rf LS ;vkyrf S pm=unfw h u dk yf nm odz@dk vkw d mr[kwyf gb;l ? okawoepepf xJ xJ0if0if us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ odcsif&ifvnf; pm=unfw h u dk yf nm avhvmoifyh gw,f? vl wdik ;f wwf&if omawmifaumif;yg w,f? usaemfjynfyxGufrvmcifu pma&;q&mr}uD; a':jrav;[m om;ajr;awGe@J twl 'Dyvkrd mtwef; wufaeygw,f? pm=unfhwdkufynmukd vlav;pm; atmifvkd@ erlemjywmwJh? touf(80)ausmfyg+yD? Akv d cf sKyw f ifaz&J@ZeD; armifu, dk &k @J tr}u;D yg? OD;aomfaumif;&J@ta=umif;ukd usaemfajymEkid w f m trsm;}uD ; usef y gao;w,f ? tvsOf ; oif h w k d i f ; xyfumxyfumajymaeygw,f?

pm=unfw h u dk af wGziG w hf m[m axmifwcH g; awGyw d w f meJ@ twlwyl w J ?hJ axmifwHcg;awGydwf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDwHcg;zGifhol OD; aomfaumif;ukrd S *k%rf jyKv#ib f ,fvv kd al wGrsm; *k%f jyK&ygrvJ? uJæpm=unfhtoif;eJ@ pm=unfhwkdufrSL;wkd@&J@ aqmify'k u f av;eJ@ ed*;kH csKyyf g&ap?

‘pmzwfvo kd l 'k@d 0kid ;f ul’ ‘pm=unfw h u dk jf zifh wkid ;f jynfjri‡ t hf ’hH ?

pm=unhw f u kd yf nm r[modyb H` @GJ & xl;c|efow l OD;tm; OD;aomfaumif;qk[I l xyfrcH sD;jri‡ ahf epOf(2003)

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal tifwmeufowif;

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ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif rif;udEk ikd o f nf tar&d uefjynfaxmifpk/ New York tajcpdkuf The Northcote Parkinson FundrS 2005 ckEp S f t&yf om;owWd&Sifqktm; udk,fwdkifoGm;r,lEdkifonfht a=umif;ESihf jrefrmEdik if H 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &;twGuf jynf wGi;f jynfy&Sd 'Dru kd a&pDbufawmfom;rsm; ud, k w hf m 0efudk,fausatmif vkyf=u&ef aemfa0;a&'D,dkESifh ar;jref;cef;Y ,ckuo hJ @kd ajymqdck jhJ cif;jzpfonf? rif;udEk ikd o f nf jynfyod@k xGu+f y;D jrefrmEdik if o H @kd jyef

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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xdkif;EdkifiHa&muf jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; tbd"r®mtcgawmfaeY usif;y atmufwb kd m 17 &ufae@wGif usa&mufonfh oD wif;u|wv f jynfh tbd"rRmtcgawmfae@wGif xdik ;f Edik f iH/ befaumufòr@teD; r[mcsKid t f ydik f ‘wvmwfuel @f ’ Y jrefrmtvkyo f rm;rsm; pkaygi;f I qGr;f }u;D avmif;yJG ESihf w&m;"rRyGJ usi;f yonf? w&m;"rRyGJ tpDtpOftm; ‘wvmwfuel @f ’&Sd Ak'< omoem tEk*[ ~ toif;}u;D rS OD;pD;I ,refae@n (7) em&DY trsK;d orD;rsm;. "rRmp=um ±Gwq f ykd al Zmfjcif;jzifh pwifc+hJ y;D eHeuf(6)em&DwiG f Ak'y< Zl m qGr;f uyfjcif;ESihf pkaygi;f 0wfðyjcif;wd@k ðyvkyo f nf?

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xdkif;ESifhjrefrm pkaygif;bHkuxdefyJGawmfusif;y om;rsm;ESihf jrefrmEdik if o H m;rsm; pkpnf;I atmufwkd bmv 26 &ufae@u usi;f y=u&m tvSLaiG bwf(2) ode;f (5)aomif;cef@ESihf qef/ qD/ aq;/ qm;ESihf aq;0g; ypPn;f rsm;udk rJaqmufa&muf jrefrmEdik if o H m;rsm;t a&; aqmif±u G af e=uonfh tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;ESihf a'ocH xdik ;f Edik if o H m;rsm;u pkaygi;f vSL'ge;f =uonf? jr0wDc±dik t f wGi;f rS oHCmawmfEiS hf oDv&Sit f yg; (100)cef@ESifh rJaqmuf&Sd xdkif;ESifhjrefrmbkef;}uD; ausmif;rsm;rS oHCmawmftyg; (100)cef@ uxdef xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyf/ rJaqmufòr@ awm&ausmif; tvSLawmfo@kd wufa&muf=u+y;D ‚wd@k tm; vSLbG,f k f ya'omyifrsm;tm; pk wGif ajAmoHpnforH sm;=um;rS ta&miftaoG;pHv k ifpmG ypPn;f rsm;ESihf ausmif;tvdu H xdet f zJ@G rS qufuyfvLS 'ge;f =uonf? jzifh pkaygi;f r[mbHu k xdeyf w GJ &yfukd a'ocH xdik ;f Edik if H aygi;f bku rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

pk a ygif ; r[mbH k u xd e f usif ; ya&;wm0ef c H udpk rG ;f òrifu “jrefrmEdik if o H m;awGe@J xdik ;f vlrsKd;awG wlnw D hJ ,Ofaus;r_awGe@J bmoma&;yJaG wmfawG yl ; aygif ; usif ; y&wmu a'ocH x d k i f ; awG e J @ cspfcif&if;ESD;r_ ydkrdk&apcsifvdk@ jzpfygw,fæ”[k ajym=um;onf? xdik ;f -jrefrm pkaygi;f r[mbHu k xdejf zpfajrmufa&; tzJ@G rS usi;f yjyKvyk o f nfh tvSLwGif jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pD acgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; &nfp;l I olr .trnf j zif h uxd e f o uF e f ; wpH k u d k v nf ; qufuyfvLS 'ge;f cJo h nf? (acwfòyifr)S

12

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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=umcifujzpfymG ;cJah om AH;k ayguf uGrJ a_ =umifh vlaygi;f (18)a,muf xufrenf; aoqH;k cJ+h y;D &m ausm'f %f&m &cJjh cif;onf ppftm%m&Sirf sm; ‚wd@k 'Dru kd a&pDay;ygrnfqo kd nfh *wdukd csK;d azmufcJhjcif;a=umifhyif jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif xdkodk@jzpf&jcif;onf ppf tm%m&Sifrsm;taejzifh wdkif;jynfudk urBm@tqif;&Jq;kH Edik if pH m&if;rSaeI wd;k wufzGH@+zdK;vmonfh EdkifiHtqifhodk@ a&mufatmif rjyKvyk Ef ikd jf cif;/ ydrk akd umif; rGefaom pD;yGm;a&;§vlr_a&;tajct aewd@k udk rwnfaqmufay;Edik jf cif;wd@k a=umifv h nf; yg0ifayonf? jrefrmEdkifiHudk ppf0wfpHk0wfxm; aom t=urf;zuform;rsm;u tpOfw pdu k f qd;k cd;k tkycf sKyv f mcJ=h uonf? ,QK ‚ wdk@ tvSnfha&muf&Sdvm+yD jzpfawmh onf? ‚t=urf;zuform;rsm;udk ol wd@k t=urf;zufEySd pf ufxm;cJo h nfh jynf olrsm;u jyefvnft=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd f r_rsm; pwif=uawmhrnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHawmf}uD;tm; ‚EdkifiH. ppfAv kd cf sKyrf sm;u (1962)ckEpS f rwfv (2)&ufae@rSpI aoewfawh+y;D tkycf sKyf vmcJo h nf? ‚ppftyk cf sKyaf &;atmuf wGif vGwv f yfpmG rdrq d ENukd xkwaf zmf cGi/hf ajymqdck iG /hf xkwaf 0cGi/hf pka0;cGi/hf tzG@J tpnf;rsm;zG@J pnf;cGiw hf @kd udk wm;qD;ydwf yifxm;cJhayonf? ordkif;0if ausmif;om;or*~ t aqmuftOD}u;D tm; 'dik ;f erdu k jf zifh +zKd cJG zsuq f ;D cJ+h y;D vlwef;pm;tv$mtoD;oD; wd@k . vlrt _ zG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ydwyf ifchJ onf? yk*v ~ u d owif;pmrsm; xkwaf 0 cGifhudkvnf; jynfolydkifodrf;jcif;jcif;jzifh &yfqikd ;f ypfco hJ nf? rdom;pkp;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;i,fav;rsm; ygrusef t&if;&Si[ f al om trnfemr jzifh jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f cJ=h uonf? (1988)ck ESpf jynforl sm; tHºk uvmonft h cg aps; uGufpD;yGm;a&;pHepfudk ajymif;onf[k a=umfjimcJh=ujyefonf?

(xGe;f atmifausmf) ppftm%m&Sirf sm;onf aiGpuULrsm; udk w&m;r0ifa=ujimjcif; (3)}urd w f ikd f wdik f jyKvyk cf o hJ jzifh jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;vkyf ief;}u;D wckv;kH udk touf±=_ uyfapcJ+h y;D pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;trsm;tjym;udk &yf wef@oGm;apcJo h nf? qif;&Jcsr;f omra±G; vlwef;pm;tm; vH;k xdv k yk &f yfa=umifh 'kucQ pH m;=u&ay onf? vltawmfrsm;rsm; pD;yGm;a&;ysuf jcif;a=umifh b0ysuo f mG ;=uovd/k tqH;k pD&ifomG ;olrsm;vnf;&Scd o hJ nf? jrefrmEdik f iHonf ta&S@awmiftm&Swu kd w f iG f pD; yGm;a&;tzGH@+zdK;qHk;EdkifiHb0rS &SufzG,f aumif;avmufatmif urBmh tqif;&J qH;k Edik if b H 0od@k a&muf&o dS mG ;cJah yonf? jrefrmjynforl sm; jynfwiG ;f c&D;oGm; vm&efwiG v f nf; rsm;pGmcufc=J uonf? c&D;oGm;vmp&dw/f }u;D jrifjh cif;tjyif *dwf trsKd ;rsKd ;wGif tppfaq;cH+y;D rS oGm;vm cGifh&=uonf? ppfwyf*dwf/ &Jwyf*dwf/ =u@H zGw*f w d /f rD;owf*w d /f wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd rf sm;*dwpf onfh *dwaf ygi;f rsm;pGmwGif ppfaq;cH=u&onf? rSwyf kH wifr&So d rl sm; c&D;oGm;vmcGirhf &Sad cs? rSwyf w kH if&adS omvnf; a&mufonfh ae&mwGif {nfph m&if;rwdik yf gu axmif '%f/ aiG'%fcsrw S jf cif; cH&onf? jynfy xGucf iG u hf kd omrefvw l @kd tdrrf ufyif r ruf&o J nfh oabm&So d nf? wzufwiG v f nf; ppfAv kd cf sKyrf sm;t wGuf oD;oef@ae&mudk a±$awmif=um; &yfwiG f wnfaqmufc=hJ uonf? ‘Adv k f csKy±f mG ’[k emrnfwiG cf o hJ nf? txl;qdik f rsm;udk oD;oef@Adv k cf sKyrf sm; Adv k rf LS ;}u;D rsm;twGuf zGiv hf pS cf +hJ y;D / aps;aygaygEiS hf a&mif;csay;cJh/ tcGifhta&;rsm;,lcJh=u onfrmS trsm;todyifjzpfonf? jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf udv k ekd pD eH pf udk wGef;vSef&eftwGuf vrf;p&SmazG jcif;rSpI ay:xGe;f vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf? jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmfonf *syeftultnDEiS hf zG@J pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfonf?

aemifwGif jrefrmhumuG,fa&;wyfr awmfo@kd 0ifa&mufc=hJ uaom rsK;d cspv f l i,frsm;wGif &nfreS ;f csuw f ckwnf;om &Scd o hJ nf? +Aw d o d #w@kd xHrS vGwv f yfa&;& &S&d efqo kd nfh &nf±, G cf suyf ifjzpfonf? jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;&&S+d y;D aemuf wyfrawmfom;wd@k . &nfreS ;f csuo f nf jynforl sm;. touft;kd tdrpf nf;pdru f kd umuG,f&efESifh tajccHOya'udk um uG,af pmifah &Smuf&efw@kd jzpfonf? wyfr awmf. xdpk Ofuaqmify'k rf mS “jynfol omv#iftrd jynfoo l mv#iftz” [l Ijzpfonf? wyfrawmfom;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@ ud, k u f kd jynfo@l tvkyt f auí;jyKorl sm; tjzpf jrif=uonf? ‚wd@k .wm0efrmS olw@kd udk auí;arG;jyKpak om jynforl sm; udk tvkyftaºu;jyK&efyifjzpfonf[k ,H=k unf=uonf? od@k &mwGif (1962)ckEpS /f rwfv(2) &ufae@wGif ppfwyfrS 'Dru kd a&pDenf;us wifajrm‡ ufxm;aom tpd;k &udk jzKwcf sI ppftm%modr;f +y;D aemuf wyfrawmf. tawG;tac:udk ‚wd@k tm; ud, k pf m;jyK xm;onfh ppfacgi;f aqmifw@kd rS rdrw d @kd . ud, k f usKd ;twGuf ajymif;vJypfco hJ nf? Adv k cf sKyaf pmarmifjyKwu f s+y;D aemuf oef;a±$vufxufwGif “wyfrawmf omv#iftrd wyfrawmfomv#iftz” qdo k nfh aqmify'k u f kd wyfwiG ;f wGio f mr u jynfolvlxkrsm;=um;txd qdkif; bkwfrsm;axmifI twifh&JpGma=ujim vmcJh=uonf? jynfoludk wyfrawmf om;rsm;pdwx f rJ S azsmufzsuyf pf&ef vkyf aqmifr_yif jzpfawmhonf? “wyfrawmfqw kd mbmvJæ´”[l aomar;cGe;f udk a,bl,stm;jzifh wyfr awmfqo kd nfrmS wdik ;f jynfuu kd muG,f &ef zG@J pnf;xm;aom wyf}u;D jzpfonf [k ajzvdrrhf nf? xdw k yf}u;D .wm0efrmS jrefrmEdkifiHudk jynfwGif;jynfy&efrsm;rS umuG,&f efjzpfonf[k ajzayvdrrhf nf?

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

odk@&mwGif uíEkfyf. udk,fydkifcHpm; csuft& t"dy`g,fzGifh&v#if ‘wyfr awmf’qdo k nfrmS ppfwyfwiG ;f &Sd ‘tkyf csKyfolvlwef;pm;opf’udk qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf? wyfrawmf}u;D wckv;kH r[kwf acs? twdtusajym&v#if ppfO;D pD;csKyf onf ‘tz’jzpfonf? tcsKyt f m;jzifh ppf OD;pD;csKyfAdkvfcsKyfoef;a±$udk trdtzt jzpf oabmxm;I ud;k uG,=f u/ qnf; uyf=u[k t"dyg` ,o f ufa&mufonf? AdkvfcsKyfoef;a±$onf (1990)a±G; aumufyGJrwdkifcif arvapmapmydkif; wyfrawmfro d m;pkrsm;ESihf awG@qHyk JG wGif ordkif;0ifrdef@cGef;wckudk ajym=um;cJhay onf? olu“ig b,fo/l b,ff Edik if aH &;ygwDukd rJay;&r,fv@kd rajymvd/k rif;wd@k }uKd uw f hJ olukd rJay;Edik w f ,f? 'gayrJh rJray;cif wckowdxm;æ? bd@k uawmh rif;wd@k uíeftjzpf aecsif ovm;æ´ ocif tjzpf aecsifovm;æ´qdw k mudk euf eufeeJ J pOf;pm;+y;D rS rJay;=uygæ” [l Ijzpfonf? xdrk ed @f cGe;f udk oifrnfuo hJ @kd oabmaygufygoenf;æ´? (1990)ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf rnfonfhEdkifiHjcm;vufatmufcH EdkifiH wckr[kwaf y? od@k &mwGif uíefEikd if w H ck awmh jzpfIaeayonf? rnfou l íefenf; [kar;v#if ‘ppfuíef’[kajz&ayvdrfh rnf? rnfou l ocif rnfou l uíef[k qdv k #if jynfou l uíef/ ppfAv kd cf sKyrf sm; uociftjzpf pd;k rd;k aeonfukd vlwikd ;f cHpm;od&SdEdkifygonf? twdkcsKyfajym& v#if oef;a±$qv kd o kd nfrmS wyfrawmf onf ocifjzpfonf? jynforl sm;onf ‚wd@k . uíefjzpfonf[k t"dyg` ,o f uf a&mufonf? wyfrawmfom;rsm;taeESihf vuf&dS taetxm;twdik ;f aexdik v f v kd #if wyf rawmfaxmufcHxm;onfh r²q²vyg wDwjzpfvJ w³p³nygwDudk rJay;&ef &nf±, G +f y;D / tu,fI jynfou l kd tvkyf tauí;jyKonfh jynfo@l uíeftjzpf aevdk

Moe Thauk Kye Journal v#if NLDudkrJay;&ef qdkvdk&if;jzpf onf? tH=h ozG,af umif;avmufatmif wyfrawmfom;rsm;u NLDygwDudk rJay;cJ=h uayonf? od@k &mwGif ‚wd@k . qENoabmxm;ESifh jynfoltrsm;pk. oabmxm;udk ppfacgif;aqmifwdk@u rsufuG,fjyKcJhayonf?

t=urf ; zuf o rm;rsm;[m b,fov l J æ´ uíEkfyfwdk@. jywfom;onfhtajz onf ‘ppfAv kd cf sKyrf sm;ESihf ‚wd@k . t aygi;f tyg’rsm;omv#if jzpfonf[yk if jzpfonf? pma&;ol.tjrifudk ajym& v#if ppf A d k v f c sKyf r sm;ES i f h ‚wd k @ . taygif;tygrsm;wGif ,ae@jzpfay:ae aom t=urf;zufrr_ eS o f r#twGuf vH;k 0wm0ef&o dS nf? ‚wd@k . t=urf;zuf vky&f yfjzpfap/ ‚wd@k udk qef@usio f rl sm; . vky&f yfjzpfap/ rnfonft h =urf;zuf vkyf&yfr_rsdK;rqdk ‚wdk@wGifom vHk;0 wm0ef&o dS nf? wavmuayguu f cJG ahJ om AH;k ayguf uGrJ o _ nf ‚wd@k .r±k;d om;r_/ Edik if aH &; tm%mudk a±G;aumufyGJtEdkif&onfh ygwt D m; ay;tyf&efjiif;qefrw _ @kd rS t ajccH+yD; jzpfay:vmonfhtusdK;quf& vm'fyifjzpfonf? tm%mud k quf v uf q k w f u d k i f xm;Edik af &;twGuf ‚wd@k ay;tyfxm; aom*wdukd csKd ;azmufjcif;/ tm%mudk qufvufqw k u f ikd x f m;Edik af &;twGuf ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf t=urf;zufr_ rsm;udk uef;ukeaf tmif ðyKvyk cf =hJ uonf? ae0if;. vlrqefpmG &ufpuf=urf; ñuwfrr_ sm;udk apmarmif/ oef;a±$w@kd u tarGqufcH+yD; jrefrmhwyfrawmfudk ckwHk;vkyfcg jrefrmjynfolrsm;udk pdk;rdk; tkyfcsKyfcJh=uayonf? ,QKvuf&t dS ajctaewGif tajccHOy a'a&;qJaG &;udpu P kd ta=umif;jyI twk ta,miftrsKd;om;nDvmcHudk usif;y jcif;/ &yfqikd ;f jcif;/ jyefvnfusi;f yjcif;/ &yf qdik ;f vdu k jf yefjcif;ponfh xGiv f ;kH rsm;jzifh ajAmifwrsdK;/ vdrfnmIwrsKd;/ r±dk;& atmifuvdru f uspu f svsu&f adS yonf? ‚wdk@vSnfhuGufudk jrefrmjynfol rsm; rodcsit f qH;k &So d nfomru urBmh Edik if t H oD;oD;uvnf; &dyrf o d &d adS e+yjD zpf

onf? jynfou l kd ‚wd@k vSnphf m;Ir&/ I axmifcsjcif;? (6) *íefv(6)&uf 1975 ckEpS f t jynfol.'g%fcwfr_udk r=umrDS cH=u& awmhrnfjzpfa=umif; owif;aumif;yg; vkyform;ESpfywfvnfae@udk ausmif; om;rsm;ujyKvkyf+yD; ausmif;om;t tyfygonf? vkyo f rm; aoG;pnf;a&; csw D uf qENjyyGJ ppftm%m&Sirf sm;. }u;D udk t=urf;zufErSd ef if;jcif;? t=urf;zuf r_rsm;? (7) +ird ;f csr;f a&;zcif}u;D q&m}u;D f , kd af wmfrid_ ;f . r_id ;f &mjynfh csw D uf (1) rwfv(2)ae@wGif 'Drdkua&pD oQiu enf;us zGJ@pnf;xm;aom tpdk;&tm; yGJudk +zdKcGJI OD;aqmifcJhol pufr_wuU k rf S ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk tm%modr;f cJ+h y;D / (1947)ckEpS f tajccH odv S v f rsm; axmifcscjhJ cif;? Oya'}u;D tm; zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd jf cif;? ESp&f n (8) 1988 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif &efuek f (2) *sLvdik v f (7)&ufae@wGif +ird ;f csr;f D ufqENjyol ausmif;om; pGmqENjyaeaom &efukefwuUodkvf +rKd @wGi;f od@k csw ausmif;om;w&mausmfudk &ufpuf jynfolrsm;udkzrf;qD;I tusOf;axmif um;rsm;wGif iydicsOo f yd f oGwo f iG ;f +y;D =urf;=uKwpf mG ypfowfcjhJ cif;? (3) *sKvikd v f (8) &ufae@wGif ordik ;f ac:aqmifoGm;cJhjcif;a=umifh tif;pdef dS nft h cg touf±_ 0if &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;or axmifo@kd a&muf&o *~taqmuftOD;}uD;udk 'dkif;erdkufjzifh rGe;f =uyf+y;D vl(60)cef@ aoqH;k onft xd &ufpuf=urf;=uKwpf mG vkyaf qmifchJ t=urf;zuf azmufczJG suq f ;D cJjh cif;? (4) *íefv(6)&ufae@ 1974 ckEpS f jcif;? (9) 1988ckEpS f &Spaf v;vH;k jynfv;kH wGif iwfjywfvGef;I vpmwdk;ay;&ef awmif;qdck =hJ uonfh tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk uíwfqENjyyGJ}uD;udk pufwifbmv +idrf;csrf;pGm rajz&Sif;bJ qifrvdkufo (18)&ufae@wGif t=urf;zufErSd ef if;+y;D f kd &ufpufpmG ypf abFmusi;f wGif 0ifa&mufypfowf+y;D t vlaygi;f (3000)ausmu vkyo f rm;acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk &ufpuf owfcjhJ cif;? (10) 1990ckESpf a±G;aumufyGJudk pGm ESp&f n S v f rsm; axmifcscjhJ cif;? (5) 'DZifbmv(5)&uf 1974 ckEpS f enf;rsdK;pHkESifh +cdrf;ajcmufnpfywfcJh+yD; f nft h cg tEdik &f onfh Edik if aH &;ygwD urBmt h v,fwiG f jrefrmEdik if u H kd xifay: rEdik o kd pf m;vS,rf sm;udk rw&m; ausm=f um;atmif jyKvyk af y;Edik o f nfh jref v$waf wmfu, rmjynfzmG ; ukvor*~twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf Oya'rsm;ESihf zrf;qD;jcif;/ axmifcsjcif;wd@k k pf m; OD;oef@±kyfuvyftm; EdkifiHpsmyecs&ef udk t=urf;zufjyKvyk +f y;D wcsKd @ud, jiif;qefcJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom vS,af wmfrsm;ESihf NLDygw0D ifrsm; t qENjyyJ}G u;D udk t=urf;zufI +zKd cjJG cif;? =urf;zufESdyfpufr_'%fa=umifh‚/ t &efuek w f uUov kd 0f if;xJ&dS OD;oef@ *lAd pm;taomufcsK@d wJrh /_ aq;0g;csK@d wJrh /_ t rmef}u;D udk t=urf;zufw;l azmfI ,ljcif;/ aetxdkifqif;&Jr_'%frsm;a=umifh ao ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD; qH;k cJ=h u&jcif;?

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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(11) tjypfrjhJ ynforl sm;. 1988 ckEpS rf S pwifI ajAmifusus ay:wmqGcJ hJ =u+yD; a&S@wef;ppfrsufESmrsm;wGif ppf ypPn;f &dumQ rsm;udk t"rRo,fy;kd cdik ;f cJ+h y;D / ro,fy;kd Edik af wmhonft h cg &ufpufpmG ypfowfjcif;/ usdK;yJhatmif±dkufESufI xm;ypfcjhJ cif;? (12) vlrsKd ;pk vlenf;pkrsm;udk awmif ay:a'orS ajrjyef@a'orsm;od@k twif; t=uyfajymif;a±G@apjcif;/ xdkodk@ajymif; a±G@&mwGif tpm;taomufaq;0g;/ aomufo;kH a&/ axmufyrhH r_ &Sw d hJ ajymif; a±G@apjcif;a=umifh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pk rsm; trsm;tjym;aoqH;k jcif;? (13) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pk trsK;d orD; rsm;udk twif;t"rR rk'rd ;f usijhf cif;? (14) a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf tzG@J 0ifrsm;. txufjrefrmjynf pnf;±k;H a&; c&D;pOfukd jcKH cI kd 'Dy&J if;Y wdu k cf u kd jf cif; a=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwf ajrmufoGm;aomvnf; NLDtzGJ@0if trsm;tjym; &ufpufpmG ±du k Ef u S o f wf jzwfc&H jcif;/ (15) NLDygw±D ;kH rsm;tm; t"rRyw d f yifcJhjcif;/ NLDacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; axmifoiG ;f csxm;jcif;? (16) (1962)ckEpS rf S (2005)ckEpS t f wGi;f jynfwiG ;f ppfa=umifh jynfoal ygi;f oef;csI D aoqH;k cJjh cif;? (17) jrefrmvlrsKd ; woef;ausmf tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;wGif ppfajy;'kuo Q nf rsm;tjzpf rdrw d @kd . touft;kd tdrf pnf; pdrfwdk@twGuf xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifae =u&jcif;wdk@onf ppftm%m&Sifwdk@. t=urf;zufaom vky&f yfrsm;a=umifyh if jzpfawmhonf? Ò

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

15

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

16

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rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd t f wGuf aiGa-u;vSLwef;cJ-h uolrsm;pm&if;ESihf ,cifvoH;k pJcG ahJ om aiGpm&if;&Si;f wrf;xkwjf yefcsu?f

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rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

18

toHvi$ ahf qmif;yg;

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rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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vif; vuf Zm enf 21 atmufwb kd m 2005

rpkpkaEG;vGwfajrmufa&; ukvor*¾odkY AAPPrS wdkifMum;

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tqdyk gvyk &f yfukd rauseyf=uaom tm%mydkifrsm;onf olrtm; tcsdef jynfh apmif=h unhaf e&m t}urd }f urd +f crd ;f ajcmufc+hJ y;D ,ckuo hJ @kd tjypfr&Sd tjypf &SmI w&m;pJq G kd axmifcsvu kd jf cif;tay: AAPP twG i f ; a&;rS L ; ud k w d w f E d k i f u “rpkpak EG;&J@tr_[m w&m;r#wr_ r&Sd bl;? 'ga=umifh ol[m bmjypfrr_ S rusL; vGeaf yr,hf axmifcscH&wmyJ? tm%m ydik af wGu ol@udk vufpm;acscsifv@kd 'Dvkd pD&ifvu kd w f m &Si;f aewmyJ? 'Dvkd vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh usefwJh±Gmom;awG vnf; vkyt f m;ay;eJ@ywfouf+y;D rajym &J rqd&k jJ zpfomG ;r,fv@kd tm%mydik af wG ,lqyH&k w,fæ”[k ajym=um;cJo h nf? e³t³zonf ae@pOf t"rRcikd ;f apae ojzifh qif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;rsm;rSm tm rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

%mydik rf sm;. +crd ;f ajcmufru _ kd a=umuf I wjym;wcsyrf rS &bJ vkyt f m;ay;ae =u&onf? vGefcJhaomESpf 'DZifbmvwGif r auG;wdkif;/ atmifvHòr@e,f/ ig;jyif;±Gm om; ud0k if;vGio f nf vkyt f m;ay; cdik ;f apjcif;cHae&pOf ausmufp&pfawmifòy usum yJjG cif;+y;D aoqH;k cJ&h bl;onf? tqdyk gupd t P m; ol.rdom;pkrsm;rS urBmt h vkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyx f H wdik =f um; xm;a=umif; od&onf? rw&m; zrf;qD;axmifcsccH &hJ aom r pkpak EG;. vky&f yftm; *k%jf yKaomtm; jzifh jynfwiG ;f jynfy&Sd jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;rS tvS L aiG r sm;aumuf c H I ay;yd k @ &ef twGuf pDpOfae=ua=umif;vnf; od&&dS onf?

20

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

( Refers & Quoted from : Japan Times & Yahoo News )

ÐtpPa&;Edik if t H m; urBmah jryHt k wGi;f rS xkwyf ,fypf&rnf [k tD&eforwopf.ajymqdrk t + ay:urBmEh ikd if rH sm;u jypfwif&‹H+ csvu kd jf cif;/ Ð tD&efEikd if w H iG f 2005 ck ESp/f =o*kwv f twGi;f u orw jzpfvmol 'Ahmadinejad'. atmufwb kd mv(27)&ufae@u tpPa&;(*sL;)Edik if u H kd urBmah jryHk twGi;f rS xkwyf ,fypf&rnf[k ajymqdkcJhaom rSwfcsuftay: urBmhEdkifiHrsm;u jyif;xefpGm jypfwif&@H_ csvu kd yf gonf/ 'U.N'tygt0if/ &k&ES ikd if /H w±kwEf ikd if /H uae'gEikd if /H tar&d uef/ =opa=w;vsEiS hf Oa&my,le, D w H @kd onf atmufwb kd mv(29)&ufae@u tD&efEikd if t H m; tqdyk g rSwcf sut f wGuf jyif;xefpmG &_@H csvu kd fygonf/

tD&efEdkifiHwGif 'Ahmadinejad' orwjzpfvm+yD; tvsiftjrefqdkovdkyif urBmhEikd if rH sm;ESifh qufqaH &;wif;rmr_rsm; wd;k yGm;vmaecJyh gonf/ vwfwavm urBmt h zG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf tD&efEikd if w H @kd EsLuvD;,m;tpDtpOfqikd &f m jy\emrsm; ESifhtwl wif;rmr_rsm; jzpfay:aeovdk tckwzef tqdkygrSwfcsuftwGuf wif;rmr_rsm; ydrk w kd ;kd yGm;vsu&f adS eayonf/ atmufwb kd mv (29)&ufae@wGif 'Ahmadinejad'onf ol.ajymqdck ahJ om rSwcf sut f ay: ckcu H muG,fajymqdck +hJ y;D tD&efEikd if [ H m tpPa&;Edik if u H kd wdu k cf u kd f bd@k tpDtpOfvnf;r&Sad =umif; ajymqdv k u kd yf gonf/ rnfo@kd qdak p tD&efEikd if w H iG f vuf&Sd 'Shahab-3 ballistic' 'H;k ysv H ufeufrsm;udk ydik q f ikd v f su&f adS e+yjD zpf+y;D tqdk yg';kH ysw H @kd onf tpPa&;Edik if w H nf&adS e&m tuGmta0;udk tvG,w f ul a&muf&EdS ikd f pGr;f &Sad e+yjD zpfonf/

ÐtD&wforwa[mif; qm'rf[pl ed . f a&Sa› e 'Sadoun Nasouaf al-Janabi' vky-f ucH &H Ð tD&wforwa[mif; qm'rf [ l p d e f . tr_ r sm;ud k atmufwb kd mv(19)&ufae@ wGif tD&wfEikd if /H buU'uf+rKd @ Y pwifppfaq;ae+yjD zpfonf? qm'rf[pl ed t f ygt0if pk pkaygi;f (6)OD;udk wcsed w f nf; rSmyif ±H;k xkwcf +hJ y;D 1982 ckEpS f twGi;f &S, D mrGwq f vif ta,muf(143)OD;udk tpkvu kd t f jyKH vu kd f owfco hJ nft h r_}u;D udk pwifppfaq;cJo h nf? qm'rf[pl ed u f rl rdrw d iG f tjypfr&Sda=umif; av#mufxm;cJ+h y;D ,if;tr_ukd Ed0k if bmv(28)&ufae@wGif jyefvnfppfaq;&ef csed ;f qdck ho J nf? qm'rf[pl ed o f nf Ttr_}u;D tygt0if tjcm;&mZ0wfr}_ u;D rsm; pkpak ygi;f (4)ckukd t"du&ifqikd &f ef

&Sad e.? qm'rf[pl ed . f tr_rsm;udk pwifppfaq;cJo h nfh atmufwb kd mv (19)&ufae@ t+y;D (2)&uft=umwGif qm'rf[pl ed . f tr_rsm;udk ckcu H muG,af e=uonfh ol@. a&Sa› etzG@J rsm;xJrS acgi;f aqmifa&Sa› ewOD;jzpfol 'Sadoun Nasouaf al-Janabi' onf jyefay;qGcJ cH &hJ +y;D towfccH &hJ onf? vlowfw&m;cHrsm;udk zrf;rrdao;ayrJh tD&wftpd;k &u xdv k yk =f urH u _ kd jypfwif±@H_ cscahJ vonf? xd@k a=umifh tD&wfEikd if w H iG f ,cktcg vHjk cKH a&;rSm vGefpmG ta&;}u;D aeaom tcsed t f cgyifjzpfonf[k qdo k nf? qm'rf[pl ed . f tjcm;aoma&S@aersm;uvnf; olw@kd . vHjk cKH a&;tpDtpOfrsm; udk ydrk w kd if;=uyf&efEiS hf olw@kd .vHjk cKH a&;udk tmrcHcsuaf y;Edik &f ef tD&wftpd;k &tm; awmif;qdv k su&f adS e=uayonf? &S, D mrGwq f viftiftm; trsm;pkjzifh zG@J pnf;wnf &Sad eaom tD&wftpd;k &vufatmufwiG f w&m;qGcJ aH e&ol tD&wforwa[mif; qm'rf[pl ed t f m; rnfo@kd rnfykH w&m;pD&ifcsucf srnfukd avhvmapmif=h unfah e=u olrsm;u ,cktcgwiG f pdwt f avm}u;D pGmjzifh apmifah r#maf e=uonf[q k . kd /

Ð tdE, dN Edik if /H e,l;a'vDòr‹d wGif t-urf;zuf Ð(6)a,mufajrmuf *srd ;f pfbeG ;f a&G;cs,jf cif;/ urBmausm±f yk &f iS rf if;om;}u;D AH;k rsm; aygufuJG jcif;? rS pwifcJhaom 'Sean

Connery'

tdE, dN Edik if /H e,l;a'vD+rKd @wGif atmufwb kd mv(29)&ufae@u t=urf;zufA;kH ayguu f JG r_rsm; jzpfymG ;cJ&h m (61)OD;aoqH;k cJ+h y;D trsm;tjym;'%f&m&&Scd =hJ uonf? pkpak ygi;f AH;k (3)vH;k wqufwnf;qdo k vdk a&S@qifah emufqifh ayguu f cJG jhJ cif;jzpf +y;D / tdE, dN tpd;k &u tqdyk gA;kH rsm;onf t=urf;zufazgucf aJG om AH;k rsm;jzpfonf[k w&m;0ifa=ujimvdu k yf gonf? vuf&EdS sLuvD;,m;vufeufrsm; ydik q f ikd af e=uaom tdref ;D csi;f ESpEf ikd if jH zpfonfh tdE, dN Edik if HEiS hf ygupPwefEikd if w H @kd onf uuf&rfS ;D ,m;a' oESihf ywfoufaom aqG;aEG;yGu J kd usi;f yaeonfh tcsed jf zpf+y;D tdE, dN Edik if w H iG f [dELN bmom0ifw@kd . bmoma&;yGaJ wmf a&muf&cdS ge;D tcsed u f mvjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh ,if;bmoma&;yGaJ wmftwGuf [dELN bmom0ifw@kd onf aps;0,f xGuaf e=uonfh umvjzpfonft h m;avsmpf mG +rKd @vnfEiS hf aps;rsm;wGif vlpnfum; aeaom tcsed u f mvvnf;jzpfav&m aoqH;k olO;D a&rSm a&wGux f m;onfxuf ydrk w kd ;kd yGm;vmzG,&f m&So d nf[q k . kd ?

'James

o±kyfaqmifrsm; t pm;xd;k um ±ky&f iS u f m;rsm;udk xkwv f yk cf hJ aomfvnf; tqdyk go±kyaf qmiftopf rsm;onf urBmjh ynfow l @kd . tm±Hu k kd rl vyxrjzpfcahJ om 'Sean Connery'uJo h @kd rzrf;pm;Edik cf =hJ u[k ±ky&f iS x f w k v f yk f olrsm;u ,H=k unfaecJ=h uojzifh vGecf ahJ om atmufwb kd m(13)&ufu t*Fvef±yk f &Sirf if;om; 'Daniel Craig'udk (6)a,mufajrmuf 'James Bond'tjzpf a±G;cs,f cJah =umif; ±ky&f iS x f w k v f yk o f rl sm;u a=ujimcJ=h uonf? tcka±G;cs,cf ahJ omolonf t*Fvefjynfow l @kd . pdww f ikd ;f usjzpfovd/k t*FvefEikd if . H emrnfausmrf if;om; jzpf+y;D urBm±h yk &f iS yf &dowfrsm;udv k nf; t*Fvefjynforl sm;uJo h @kd pdww f ikd ;f usjzpf aprnfh 'James Bond'jzpfvmvdrrhf nf[k ,H=k unf&a=umif; ±ky&f iS x f w k v f yk o f l rsm;u xkwaf z:ajymqdv k u kd af vonf? [kwrf [kwu f kd ydwu f m;ay:wGiq f ;kH jzwfyg?

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

Bond'ae&mwGif

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

21

Edik if w H umowif;rsm; Ð

*syef0ef}uD;csKyf 'Yasukuni Shrine'od‹k (5)}udraf jrmuf oGm;a&muf *g&0jyKjcif;ESihf aemufqufwJG Edik if aH &;*,ufrsm;ay:aygufvmjcif;/

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oGm;a&muf*g&0jyKjcif;onf ,ckt}urd q f v kd sif (5)}urd af jrmufjzpfonf/ xd@k a=umifh csujf cif;qdo k vdyk if awmifu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if u H *syef0ef}u;D csKyEf iS hf awmifu&kd ;D ,m; orw 'Roh Moo Hyun'wd@k awG@qH&k ef&o dS nfh aqG;aEG;yGrJ mS jzpfEikd &f ef tvm; tvmr&Sad wmha=umif; xkwjf yefa=ujimcJo h nf? xd@k twlyif w±kwEf ikd if u H vnf; vmrnf&h uftenf;i,ftwGi;f *syefEikd if EH iS hf ESpEf ikd if H Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D awG@qHk aqG;aEG;&ef&o dS nfh aqG;aEG;yGu J v kd nf; zsuo f rd ;f vdu k af =umif; a=ujimcJo h nf? xd@k tjyif *syefEikd if EH iS hf t&if;ES;D qH;k aom r[mrdwEf ikd if jH zpfonfh tar&duef Edik if u H yif *syef0ef}u;D csKy. f tqdyk g *g&0c&D;pOftwGuf pd;k &dryf yl efrad =umif; tar &duefvw $ af wmftrwf 'Henary Hyde'u xkwaf z:ajym=um;cJo h nf? txl;ojzifh ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if . H EsLuvD;,m;jy\emtwGuf (6)Edik if H awG@qHak qG;aEG; vsu&f o dS nfh aqG;aEG;yGt J wGupf ;kd &dryf yl efro d nf[k qufvufajymqdk vdu k o f nf? (tqdyk g (6)Edik if aH qG;aEG;yGw J iG f w±kw/f awmifu&kd ;D ,m;/*syefEikd if w H @kd ESit hf wl tar&d uefEikd if v H nf; yg0ifaeonf/ )

Ð'kuo Q nfrsm;tm;ulnaD y;Edik af &;tpDtpOf ydrk w kd ;kd csv ›J yk af qmif&ef UNwm0ef&o dS l Mr. Antonio Guterres' u *syefEikd if t H m; w&m;0ifwu kd w f eG ;f ajym-um;vdu k jf cif;? *syefEikd if o H @kd atmuf wdb k mvtwGi;f wGif t vnftywfa&muf&Sdae ol [UNHCR] Mr. Antonio Guterres

u Refugees rsm;tm; umuG,af pmifah &Smuf ul nDay;a&;tpDtpOfrsm; udk ydrk w kd ;kd cs@J aqmif±Gu&f ef *syefEikd if t H m; atmufwb kd mv(26)&ufae@u wdu k f wGe;f ajymqdkvu kd yf gonf/ ay:wl*ED ikd if /H 0ef}u;D csKyaf [mif;vnf;jzpfol Mr.Antonioonf *syefEikd if o H @kd a&muf&adS epOftcsed u f mvtwGi;f *syefEikd if &H dS 'kuo Q nftzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf vnf; aumif;/ *syefEikd if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D XmerS wm0ef&o dS lrsm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ *syefEikd if H

Edik if w H um tvkyo f rm;rsm;ta&;ESihf ppfqef‹usiaf &; qENjyyJG

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Sankei Travel service Special Discount Air Tickets k @kd wvrf;oGm;eSihf toGm;tjyefav,mOfvufrw S rf sm;?
urBmEh ikd if aH ygif;pHo

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

23

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24

Moe Thauk Kye Journal tifwmeufowif;

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oifah iG 2000 ,ef;onf cav;i,fwOD;. wvpmausmif;pm;&dwjf zpfygojzifh ynm'ge ukov kd ðf yvdyk guausmv f i_d af t;(090 1826 0664)/ ausmaf usmEf ikd (f 090 4924 2906)/ udpk ;kd 0if;&Sed (f 090 4128 4725)/ r0if;0if;at;(090 4028 3476)/ rcifE, G 0f if;(090 3682 9131) atmufwb dk mvtwGuf ysKd;yi f u kd y f sKd;=uolrsm; yifp ,ef; 2000(ESpaf xmif)vSLwef;olrsm; udjk ra0/ udak ersK;d / ud&k x J ËG /f udak usm0f if;/ udak usmaf ±$O;D / udrk ;kd ndK/ udo k ef;xGËaf tmif/ ud&k efEikd f ,ef; 3000(oH;k axmif)vSLwef;olrsm; udak usmv f i_d af t;/ udak usmaf usmEf ikd /f udpk ;kd 0if;&Sed /f r0if;0if;at;/ rcifE, G 0f if; rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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tcef;qufu, dk af wG‹aqmif;yg;

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rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

Moe Thauk Kye Journal tcef;qufu, dk af wG‹aqmif;yg; avxJrw S qifh a&vdi_ ;f xJwiG f arsmygomG ;avonf? xdt k cdu k Yf ZeD;onf.rsuf ESmtm; usaemfowdxm;I =unfv h u kd rf &d m ol@crsm ikrd rhJ ahJ v;jzpfae&Smavonf? ynm&Si fpmzwfy&dowfwO OD;D ,if;okd@ awmxJrqif;rD rdom;pkudpPESifh pmayvkyfief;udpPrsm;tm; tqif h q if h wif } ud K aqmif ± G u f a epOf ae@wae@Y {nf h o nf w OD ; usaemfx h aH &mufvmonf? olonf usaemf. pmzwfy&dowfwOD;vnf;jzpfI (88)'Drkdua&pDumvwGif &efukefwuUokdvfrSaeI qufoG,fvmaom ynm&Siw f OD;vnf;jzpfonf? rqv vufxufwiG f todynm&Si/f twwfynm&Sirf sm;tm;ab;z,fxw k f ypfojzifh ynm&Sit f ajrmuftjrm; Ekid if jH cm;ok@d xGucf gG uek =f uavonf? ,ckuo hJ @dk usaemft h m; vma&mufawG@qHak om pmzwfy&dowfynm&Sio f nf Ekid if jH cm;ok@d xGucf gG ao;jim;aomfvnf; ygarmuQcsKyEf iS hf tqifrajyjzpf&mrS q&mtvkyu f E_wx f u G +f y;D ol@twwfynmjzifh vGwv f yfpmG oufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKaeaom ynm&Siw f OD;yifjzpfavonf? pmzwfy&dowf rdwfaqGynm&Sifu ,ckuJhokd@ axmifuxGufvmaom a=umifh usaemftzk@d pmaya&;om;cGirhf &Ekid af wmhonfudk oload =umif;/ Tt wGufjzifh a=umifh=ujcif;r&SdyJ usaemf}udKufoavmuf 0wˆKrsm;a&;om;Edkif a=umif;/ usaemfa&;or# 0wˆKtm;vH;k ukd ol0,f,rl nfjzpfa=umif;/ usaemfowf rSwaf y;onfh 0wˆKwyk'cf si;f aps;E_e;f twdik ;f ol0,f,rl nfjzpfa=umif;/ }uKd wifI aiG,x l m;rnfvm;æ/ pmrlay;aomtcgwiG rf S ,lrnfvm;æ/ }uKd uo f vk, d El ikd f a=umif;/ ,if;wkad wmif;aomtcsed u f av;twGi;f Y pmzwfy&dowf rdwaf qG ynm&Sio f nf ol&nf±, G cf suEf iS hf pmayapwemukyd g &Si;f jyaeavonf? axmifusco hJ jzifh tbufbufrS tcuftcJt=uyftwnf;rsm;jzifh =uKH awG@ ae&pOf Tpum;rsK;d ukd =um;&ojzifh yxrwGif usaemfem;ukyd if r,H=k unfEidk f avmufatmif jzpfomG ;awmhonf? usaemfonf bmupI ajymqk&d rSe;f tp&Sm r&aoma=umifh rdwaf qGynm&Sit f m; ai;pku d I f om=unfah erdonf? olonf usaemf.tcuftcJEiS hf t=uyftwnf;rsm;tm; pmemaxmufxm; olvnf;jzpfonf? usaemfpmawGukd zwfr&d mrS usaemft h m; cifrifav;pm;ol vnf;jzpfonf? ok@d jzpfI usaemft h wGuaf =umifjh zifh ol@ukrd epfemapcsi?f avm avmq,ftm;jzifh rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;twGuf aiGvo kd nfrmS trSepf ifppfjzpf onf? okd jh zifh rdwaf qGynm&Si. f urf;vSr;f csut f m; atmufygtcsu(f 2)csujf zifh usaemfoabmwlI vufcv H u kd o f nf? yxrtcsuo f nf usaemfa&;or# 0wˆKtm;vH;k tm; ol@udak y;rnfjzpfaomf vnf; usaemf}uKd wifI aiGr,lvakd =umif;/ a&;+y;D or# 0wˆKta&twGuaf y:wGif om 0wˆKwkdwyk'fv#if 300usyf(,cifaygufaps;)jzifhom ,lrnfjzpfa=umif; jyefajym&m rdwaf qGynm&Sio f nf ausauseyfeyf}u;D yif vufcI H oabmwl cJah vonf? Tok@d jzifh usaemfonf awmxJodk rh qif;vmrDD wvtwGi;f Y 0wˆK wk(d 4)yk'f a&;om;+y;D pD;cJ+h y;D rdwaf qGynm&Six f rH S usoifah iGukd &,lcahJ vonf?

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tar;tajzu¾

[Jvdkærdk;aomuf=u,f&Sifh? t&ifvu &Sifwdk@*sme,fxJrSmzwfvdkuf&wJh tzrf;tqD;owif;xJrmS ud, k v hf rl sKd;tcsif;csif; rulnb D J olrsm;'kuaQ &mufv@kd uswJ h r suf & nf e J @ vk y f u d k i f p m;aewJ h oH ± H k ; u qd k w J h v l & J @ "gwf y H k u d k bma=umihrf azmfjywmvJæ "gwyf ±kH u kd zf @kd vkyyf gao;w,f? 'gayr,fh usuo f a&r&Sw d hJ olawG &J@yHrk @kd vd@k r±du k jf zpfvu kd w f mygæ a[hval wGæ cifAsm;wd@k *sme,fxrJ mS ygwhJ RHQqdw k t hJ zJ@G tpnf;wcku wm0ef ,lusif;ywJyh rGJ mS jrefrmEdik if o H m;rsm;ESihf jrefrmjynfta=umif;udk wufa&mufvm wJh {nfyh &dwo f wfawGoad tmif rdwq f ufay;wJyh q GJ v kd @kd oGm;ygw,f? Burma Community qdw k hJ acgi;f pOfatmufrmS yxrqH;k xGuv f mwm ±d[ k if*sma&;&m pmapmifqw kd m}u;D u t&ifxu G v f mygvm;Asæ? b,fvjkd zpfwmvJ? tJ'u D pd eP @J ywfouf+y;D usaemfw@kd vnf; rauseyfv@kd yJaG wmfukd wm0ef,u l si;f ycJw h hJ tzJ@G tpnf;udk w&m;0if uef@uGuw f phJ m ay;yd@k &if; aoaocsmcsm&Si;f jycJw h hJ twG u f ol w d k @ vnf ; oabmayguf o G m ;vd k @ w&m;0if a wmif ; yef w J h p m ay;yd@k vm;wJt h wGuf tjynft h pHu k kd pmrsuEf mS 31 rSm azmfjyay;xm;ygw,fæ rd;k aomuf=u,fa&æ? jrefrmjynfrmS "gwfqaD ps;awGu tqrwefwufaew,f vd@k owif;=um;&w,f? 'Dtwdik ;f qdk usaemf0,fxm;wJu h m; bmvky&f rSe;f awmif rodawmhb;l ? um;udk jywdu k yf @kd &ify@kd 'grrS [kwf e³t³z&J@ aºu;a=umfrt _ wdik ;f ±d;k &mxde;f odr;f wJhtaeeJ@ pufeJ@rarmif;bJ EGm;eJ@qJGcdkif;ayawmhAsKd@æ rd;k aomuf=u,fcifAsm;æ? usaemf td;k pkcrSmaewJh Ak'b < mom0if jrefrmvlrsK;d wOD; ygæ? +y;D cJw h v hJ u *syefEikd if u H kd jrefrmjynfu bke;f }u;D wyg;ºuvmygw,f? tJ'g ESpaf usmif;aygif;+y;D *syefrmS aumif;r_uo k v kd af wGjyKvkyaf eygw,fqw kd hJ Ak'b < m omjrefrmbke;f }u;D ausmif;u olw@kd yifw h b hJ ek ;f }u;D r[kwv f @kd ay;rwnf;bJ jrefrm rdom;pktrd w f tdrrf mS oDwif;oH;k ae&w,fAsmæ? 'Dxuf&ifemp&maumif;wmu qGr;f uyfcsifwhJ 'umawGu bke;f }u;D ausmif;rSm qGr;f uyfyg&apvd@k ajymwmawmif vufrcHv@kd pm;aomufqikd af wGrmS yif+h y;D qGr;f uyf&wJt h qifh jzpfaew,f? tJ'v D rkd sKd; tjrifrawmfwu hJ pd aP wG[m rjzpf oifb h ;l qdw k mudk ajymay;ygAsmæ usaemfwdk@udk ajymcdkif;wmxufpm&if aemif}uD;ukd,fwdkif tJ'Dausmif;u wm0ef&o dS al wGukd ajym&if ydak umif;vdrrhf ,fv@kd t=uaH y;yg&ap? [Jvkd rd;k aomuf=u,fa&æ/ 'Davmuftzrf;tqD;awGrsm;wJ=h um;xJu jrefrmawG oDwif;u|wfrmS &efjzpf=uao;w,fAsmæ? tHyh g&J@ yJ&G &dS if &efjzpf&r,fqw kd hJ ±d;k &mtpOftvmudk rysuaf tmifxed ;f wJo h abmyg

rd;k aomuf=u,fcifAsm;æ/ tckwavm tzrf;tqD;awGu =urf;aeawmh tzrf;cH &rSmudv k nf;a=umufw,f? olrsm;awGvrkd sKd; Edik if aH &;vky+f y;D &jzL*sDAZD mvnf; rvkcd sifb;l ? b,fvekd nf;eJ@ aexdik cf iG &hf atmifvyk &f rvJcifAsm armifpif=u,fEiS o hf m;rsm;(0Jr, S m) atmifp;kd !$e@f (ABSDF207)/ armifpif=u,f/ jrefrmjynfwacgufjyef+yD; ausmif;ADZm(odk@r[kwf)tvkyfADZmeJ@ aecsifae/ &Jatmif!e$ @f (KNUA[d)k / apmEdik ! f e$ @f ( KNU&if;12) 'grrS [kwf *syefrwa,mufudk tjrefq;kH ,l+y;D ('D)av#muf 'gb&J w dS ,fæ rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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RHQESihF f WEAPrS usif;yjyKvkycf o hJ nfh 26 }udraf jrmuf

*syefEikd if 'H uk o Q nfu,fq,fapmifah &Smufa&;awGq‹ ykH aGJ wmfta-umif; AD,uferfppfyt GJ +y;D jynfwiG ;f r+ird o f ufrr_ sm;a=umifh xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&SmifvmcJ&h aom AD,uferfavSp;D 'kuo Q nfrsm;tygt0if tif'ckd sKid ;f em;(AD,uferf/ vmtd/k uarBm'D;,m;)'kuo Q nfrsm;udk vGecf o hJ nfh 1979 ckEpS rf pS I *syefEikd if w H iG f aexdik cf iG t hf ultnDay;um b0wnf+ird af om pm;0wfaea&;&&Sad p&eftwGuf tm&Szu k &k ZdS ikd ;f wef;Xme(tm&SEikd if o H m;rsm; vlrz_ v l akH &;ESihf ynma&;azmifa';&Si;f )udk wnfaxmifum vkyaf qmifay;cJah om tqdyk gtzJ@G rS ‘26 }urd af jrmuf *syefEikd if 'H u k o Q nf u,fq,fapmifah &Smufa&;awG@qHyk ’GJ udk wdu k sKòd r@/ &Sief m*g0c±dik /f tdt k rd wfcsb d w l mteD;&Sd MARUI DEPARTMENT KYURIEN 8 F wGif atmufwb kd mv 23 &uf(we*FaEG)ae@ ae@vnf 1;00 em&DrS nae 4;30 txd usi;f yjyKvyk cf yhJ gonf? yJaG wmfo@kd *syeftpd;k &ydik ;f rS wm0ef&ydS *k Kd~ vrf sm;/ tif*st D t kd zJ@G tpnf;rsm;/ Edik if H jcm;a&;0ef}u;D XmerS wm0ef&ydS *k Kd~ vrf sm;/ v³0³u rS wm0ef&ydS *k Kd~ vrf sm; ponfjzifh pHn k pD mG wufa&muf=u+y;D trSmpum;toD;oD;ajym=um;jcif;/ *syef0ef}u;D csKyaf y;yd@k aom o0%fvm$ / w&m;a&;0ef}u;D rSay;yd@k aom o0%fvm$ rsm;udk toD;oD;zwf =um;jcif;rsm;jyKvyk u f m 'kuo Q nfrsm;udk ulnaD xmufyahH y;aeaom tzJ@G tpnf; rsm;/ yk*Kd~ vrf sm;ESihf 'kuo Q nftjzpf todtrSwjf yKc&H +y;D apwemh0efxrf;vkyaf qmif aeolrsm;udk *k%jf yKvufrw S t f oD;oD;ay;tyfco hJ nht f jyif *syefEikd if w H iG f aexdik f cGi&hf uGeAf if;&Si;f 'kuo Q nfrsm;rS E_wcf eG ;f qufpum;ajym=um;cJyh gonf? tqdkyguGefAif;&Sif;'kuQonfrsm;xJwGif tusHK;0ifaeonfh *syefEdkifiHa&muf j r ef r mhEikd if aH &;'kuo Q nfrsm;udk rdwq f ufonft h aejzifh ,ckEpS rf pS wifum jrefrm tcef;tem;}u;D rSL;usi;f yol tm&Szu k &k ZdS ikd ;f wef;rS aq;tdqu k zJ u k Ek kd trSmpum;ajym=um;aepOf vlrsK;d ESihf jrefrm±d;k &m,Ofaus;r_tuwd@k wdk xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyI wifqufc=hJ uonf? bk&m;uatmuf/ ukvm;utxuf TuJo h @kd jrefrmvlrsK;d ESihf jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_w@kd udk azsmaf jzwifquf+y;D rdwq f uf ay;rnfjzpfa=umif; od&=dS uojzih/f *syefEikd if t H ajcpdu k f jrefrmtzJ@G tpnf;toD;oD;rS yk*Kd~ vf rsm;/ jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;ESihf uGeAf if;&Si;f 'kuo Q nfrsm;pm&if;xJwiG f todtrSwjf yKcx H m;&onfh jrefrmhEikd if aH &;'kuo Q nfrsm;vnf; vma&muf=unf±h _ tm; ay;cJ=h uonf? xd@k aemuf *syefwiG f tajccsaexdik af om uGeAf if;&Si;f 'kuo Q nfrsm; . tESpf 30 ajrmuf txdr;f trSwv f y_ &f mS ;r_ qvdu k x f ;kd jyor_tpDtpOfxw J iG f tqdyk g tm&Szu k &k ZdS ikd ;f wef;XmerS w&m;0ifun l aD qmif±u G af y;aeonfh (Burma Community)acgi;f pOfatmufY jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom ‘±d[ k if*sm a&;&m’ pmapmifukd OD;pGmazmfjycJ+h y;D rS rd;k aomuf=u,fpm=unhu f OD;pD;xkwaf 0aom pufwifbmvxkwf a±$w*d b kH &k m;rsuEf mS zH;k yg rd;k aomuf*sme,f twJ(G 2)/ trSw(f 10)tm; aemufYazmfjycJhonf? tqdyk g ±d[ k if*smpmapmifukd (Burma Community)acgi;f pOfatmufY twlwuGxm;&Sjd cif;ESihf tqdyk gpmapmifaemufY a±$w*d b kH &k m;rsuEf mS zH;k jzifh xkwaf 0 jzef@csx d m;onfh rd;k aomuf=u,fpm=unhw f u kd u f OD;pD;xkwaf 0aom rd;k aomuf=u,f*sme,fukd azmfjycJjh cif;wd@k a=umifh wufa&mufvmol jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; ESihf jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDta&;v_y&f mS ;aeaom *syefEikd if aH &muf jrefrmhEikd if aH &;'kuo Q nfrsm;rS tHtm;oifah 'gojzpfum rauseyfa=umif;jyoonft h aejzifh xjyef=uonht f xd jzpfay:cJyh gonf? w&m;cHb,folvJ a[h xd@k aemuf wufa&mufvm=uaom *syefEikd if t H jcpdu k f jrefrmtzJ@G tpnf;t oD;oD;rS yk*Kd~ vrf sm;ESi/hf jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;rS tqdyk gtzJ@G ESihf twlwuG vkyfaqmifaeaom rdk;aomuf=u,fpm=unhfwdkufwm0efcHrsm;tay: jzpfay:cJh aom udpEP iS yhf wfouf+y;D vma&mufar;jref=uonht f jyif txifjrifvr$J mS ;jcif; cHc&hJ ojzihf rd;k aomuf=u,f*sme,fwm0efcw H OD;jzpfol udpk ;kd 0if;&Sed rf S yJaG wmfO;D pD; usif;yonfh wm0efcHwOD;jzpfol Mr. Teramototm; vlpHkwufpHka&S@wGif w&m;0ifac:,lI ar;jref;cJo h nf? xdo k @kd ar;jref;cJrh t _ ay: ‚u ,cktpDtpOfupd EP iS yhf wfouf+y;D wpHw k &mrod uGeAf if;&Si;f 'kuo Q nfrsm;xJwiG f yg0ifonfh jrefrmvlrsK;d wOD;taejzifh udw k if0if;rS *k%ðf yvufrw S f &Sad =umif;ESihf jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k ta=umif; aoaocsmcsmem;rvnfco hJ jzifh jzpfomG ;& ,laeyH(k tqdyk gyk*Kd~ vfonf *syefa&muf jrefrmtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;t=um; ±d[ k if*smvlrsKd;rsm;udk jcif;jzpfrnf[k xifjrif,q l a=umif; qifa0S@&efa&Smifpum;rsK;d ajym=um;cJo h jzihf twif;t"rRv&l moGi;f aeolwOD;tjzpf owfrw S jf cif;cHae&onf) tm;vHk;u ,ckuJhodk@ vkyfaqmifr_tay: jyif;jyif;xefxefuef@uGufa=umif; w&m;0ifajym=um;um xdv k yk &f yfukd pDpOfot l m; tjrefq;kH azmfxw k af y;&ef awmif;qdck o hJ nf? rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal *syefjynfwiG ;f v+y&f mS ;r+owif;rsm;

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

31

Ms. Tin Tin Win Moe Thauk Kye Library Burmese Volunteer Group 1-11-7 (301) Ochiai Eiko Mansion Shimo Ochiai, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Dear Ms. Tin Tin Win, On behalf of the Refugee Assistance Headquarters (RHQ), I would like to express my sincere regret that the presentation about your community, in a slide performance titled “ The Thirty Years with Indo-Chinese refugees” that was shown during the Attractions at “The Festival for Resettled Refugees in Japan” held on the 23rd of October, 2005, made your Burma community confused. I also would like to express that this confusion had happened due to the RHQ’s short experience with assisting your community, and that the RHQ did not and would not intend to raise any political tension among your community. Further more, I sincerely hope that any members of your community would not accuse anybody and, in this connection, I must stress that the RHQ will try to be more sensitive toward diversity in assisting refugee communities. In the end, I would like to add that I hope you and the members of your community would understand the RHQ’s sincere desire to assist refugees, asylum seekers, and those who are concerned in the past and the future. Sincerely yours,

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