Aaharasazaung Issue 82

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trSwfpOf- 82 yJGxu J jynfolav” v”?vd@k a&;zJ@G cw hJ hJ uAsmawG[m jrefrmu Asmavmuudk ausmv f eG jf y;D Edik if w H umuAsmvrf;a=umif;ay: udk wGe;f wifcyhJ gw,f? armifoif;ckid /f armifcidk rf m/ armifvrl edS /f rpdr;f yifwdk eh J h aemufwqufwnf; armifacsmEG,/f atmifcsrd /hf azmfa0;pwJh uAsmq&mawG[m uAsmvrf;a=umif;opfayguf atmif azmufc=hJ uygw,f/1970 jynfv h eG Ef pS rf sm;udk jrefrmu Asm tzG@H +zKd;qH;k vd@k ajymprSwjf yK=uwJh uAsma&$acwfyg? ok@d ayr,fh Adv k af e0if;OD;aqmifwhJ rqv wygwt D m %m&Sif pepfatmufrmS qifqmOya'trsK;d rsK;d jyXmef;jyD;jref rm pmayavmueJ@ jrefrmuAsmavmuudk xde;f csKyfzEd ydS v f m wJt h cg jrefrmuAsm[m tuG,t f 0Su/f tzH;k tumeJ@ uAsm tEkynmudk a&;zJ@G vmcJh =u&ygw,f? q&m=unfatmif&@J u Asmwyk'u f kd a±G;jc,fjycsiyf gw,f? uAsmacgi;f pOfu “opPm wd k i f ” ? “onf a wmif ± d k ; / usm;qd k ; ayg&J Œ / armif h t cspf r#pfcsKd;vdkufcJh”? tifrwef vSyeuf±_dif;wJh uAsmwyk'fyg? q&mwifr;kd &JŒ uE Wm&ESprf sm;/ q&marmifprG ;f &nf&@J tarhac: oHe@J jrefrmuAsmq&mrsm;&J@ uAsmawG[m opfviG w f ;kd wuf jy;D jrefrmvlr_ b0 tedXm±Hk awG udk xif[yfa&;zJ@G c=hJ uygw,f? 1988 ckEpS f vlxt k a&;awmfy}kH u;D qifEw J$ u kd yf 0GJ ifcsed ef @J vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf vlxek ,fy,fxJ 0ifa&muf OD;aqmifvmwJt h cgrmS jrefrmuAsmq&m}uD;rsm; jzpfw/hJ q&mrif;ok0%f/ q&mwifr;kd / q&m=unfatmif/ q&m udak v; (tif;0*k%&f nf)/ q&marmifatmifyiG /hf q&matmif a0;tp&Sw d hJ uAsmq&mawG[m 'Dru kd a&pDa&;eJ@ vGwaf jrmuf a&;uAsm trsm;tjym;udk a&;zJ@G wmudv k nf; awG@&&dS ovkd ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfwJh rif;ukdEkdif/ rkd;oD;ZGef/ atmif'if/ 'wW/ a&$bek ;f vl (wm&mrif;a0) pwJah usmif;om; rsm;&J u h Asmrsm;[mvJ vlxx k rJ mS ysH Eh HS ph rd 0hf ifcyhJ gw,f/ rif;ukd ’ Ekid f &J h ‘&Spaf v;vH;k ’trnf &wJh uAsmukd rdwq f ufcsiyf gw,f? “ wkdif;wyg;uíef ppfwyfuíef b,fuíefrSrcH a'gif;tvHa[h? ausmif;eH&Hw0kduf a'gif;tvH jyefpkdufr,f” 1988 ckEpS /f vlxt k a&;awmfy}kH u;D ESrd ef if;acsre_ ;f cH&+y;D aemufyikd ;f e0wacwfrmS awmh jrefrmpmayavmu[m ydrk kd

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omrme Zf eD;armifE[ HS k xif&aomfvnf; ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f r_ qdik &f m tzG@J 0ifjzpf aernfh =opaw;vs pHw k u JG akd omf vnf;aumif; w±kwt f pd;k &taeESihf cGjJ ck m;apmif=h unf&h ef cuf cJygvrd rhf nf? ouU&mZf 2000ckEpS f tdv k yH pfyJG usi;f ycGi&hf &ef ,SOf +yKd if av#mufxm;pOfu vuf&t dS aetxm;awGudk w±kwt f pdk;& }udKwifjrifEdkifpGrf; r&SdchyJ g[kqdkv#if rSm;rnf r[kwfyg? 7ESpt f wGi;f urBm}u;D vsijf refpmG ajymif;vJvmcJyh gonf? vGef cJo h nfh 7ESpt f wGi;f u w±kwu f rk % ` rD sm;vnf; raumif;qd;k 0g; Edik if rH sm;tay: &if;ES;D jrK‡ yfErHS r_ sm;pGm r&Sad o;yg? aemufwck vsijf refpmG ajymif;vJjcif;rSm w±kwjf ynfwiG f rdb k ikd ;f zke;f oH;k pGJ ol tvGeftrif; rsm;jym;vmjcif;jzpfonf? 2001ckESpfwGif 17oef;om&Sdch&J mrS ,cktcg oef; 600 xd wdk;wufvm cJo h nf? tifwmeufo;kH pGo J Ol ;D a&rSmvnf; 2000ckEpS w f iG f 17 oef;om&Scd &hJ mrS ,cktcg 162oef;xd rsm;jym;vmaeonf? bavmh*rf sm;/ Chat rooms rsm;/ Social networks rsm; ESihf tjcm; tGev f ikd ;f qdik &f m uGe, f ufrsm;rSmvnf; a&wGuI f r&Edik af vmufatmifyif? vGecf o hJ nfh oH;k ESpu f ray:ao;onfh You-tube qdo k nfrmS vnf; ,cktcsed rf mS tm%m&Sit f pd;k &rsm; twGuaf wmh r&% axmifacsmufozG,jf zpfaeonf?

t&dyfvm;ta&mifvm; ,ifwaumifawmiftvGwfray;cJhwJh usaemf udk,fhtqdyfudk,f rsdKcsaewm ajymremqdrk emawG wa,mufrS r&dyrf b d ;l ? ?

xd@k a=umifv h nf; qef@usiq f ENjyr_rsm; ay:ayguv f mygu w urBmvH;k u tcsed w f t kd wGi;f od&o dS mG ;rnfukd w±kwt f pd;k &t aejzifh rnfo@kd r# wm;qD;Edik af wmhrnf r[kwyf g? w±kwt f pd;k &rSm a&G;cs,pf &m wckawmh &Syd gonf? awmif;qdrk r_ sm;udk wwfEikd o f rSD jiifompGm vdu k af vsmay;&ef jzpfonf? xdv k rf;udk w±kww f @kd vnf; jrifygonf? 'ga=umifh vnf; Darfur wGif tjynfjynfqikd &f m +idr;f csr;f a&;wyfrsm; csxm;jcif;udk vufc&H ef ql'eftpd;k &tm; w±kwu f em;csae jcif;jzpfonf? awmif;qdrk w _ ikd ;f udk vdu k af vsm&efawmh rjzpf Edik yf g? tpd;k &ESihf Edik if aH &;pepf ajymif;vJ&ef awmif;qdv k mygu w±kwt f pd;k &taejzifh +zKd cGi;f &efrw S yg; tjcm;a&G;p&m vrf;r &Sdyg? trsm;jynfol. tm&Hkzrf;pm;r_udk &,lEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh woD;yk*r~ sm;/ tpd;k &r[kwaf om tjynfjynfqikd &f m tzG@J t pnf;rsm;onf A[dck sKyu f ikd rf j_ zifh tkycf sKyx f m;aom w±kwu f eG f jrLepftpdk;&taeESifh pdwftaESmuft,Suf jzpfaprSmawmh aocsmaeygonf? 2008 tdv k yH pfonf pdwv f y_ &f mS ;pGmjzifh apmif=h unfh &rnfh yGjJ zpfonf[k usi;f yolrsm;u uwd ay;xm;onfh t wdik ;f urBm}uD;u apmif=h unfah eygawmhrnf? ? 43

trSwfpOf- 82

'DZifbm-9-2007

jrefrmEdik if aH &S@aersm;aumifpD tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmif trSwf (22) =o*kwf 2005 ckEpS w f iG f xkwaf 0 aom tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmifrS ul;,lI tcef;quftjzpf az: jyygonf?

(pmapmif t rS w f p Of - 80 rS tquf ) (i) zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'ES i f h t csKyf t csmtm%m avsmf olrsm;jzifh xyfraH &G;cs,f tpd;k &zG@J pnf;+y;D tkycf sKyfonfh (odk@r[kwf)vlxk. tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkifpkd; r_pepf ukd pepf ( Parliamentary System ) udk a&G;cs,u f sio hf ;kH aumif; zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif usifhoHk;oifh roifh? usio hf ;kH rnf?od@k wnf;r[kwf wEdik if v H ;kH &Sd rJay;ydik cf iG &hf adS om Edik if o H m;wOD;csi;f pD. qENrrJ sm;teuf rJtrsm;qH;k &&So d u l kd Edik if w H ck cdik rf mpGm&yfwnfrt _ wGuf vdt k yfaom orwtjzpf wdu k ±f u kd f a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ uf tkycf sKyo f nfh pepf( tm%mtvHk;pHkwdk@udk ydkifqdkifjcif;ESifhtoHk;csjcif;wdk@onf Presidential System ) udk usio fh ;kH aumif; usio hf ;kH rnf? xdEk ikd if t H wGuf tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik rf _ ( State Soverei tqdyk g pepf ESp&f yf teufrnfo!fph epfuykd if usio hf ;kH tkycf sKyf -gnty)yifjzpfonf? xdEk ikd if . H e,fajra'o toD;oD;wGif ae onfjzpfap jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &wGiaf omfvnf;aumif;/ jynf xdik =f uaomolrsm; tm;vH;k tay: tusKd ; oufa&mufap&ef e,f tpd;k &rsm; toD;oD;wGiaf omfvnf;aumif;/ vGwv f yfI Oya'rsm; a&;qGjJ yÏmef;cGihf tm%m/ xdOk ya't& toufoiG ;f w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufjcif; tkycf sKycf iG t hf m%m/ jzpfay:vmaom tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk xdOk y cH&aom vlxu k , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;uom tpd;k &zG@J pn;f+y;D wkid ;f a'rsm;ESit hf nD pD&ifq;kH jzwfyikd cf iG hf tm%mwd@k ukd qdv k o kd nf? jynf. tcsKyt k f jcm;tm%mudk usio hf ;kH onhf pepfrmS vlx. Edik if w H um vl@tcGit hf a&;Oya'rsm;udk c|i;f csuðf yv#uf xdEk ikd if H tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifqkdifr_( Popu lar Sovereignty) onf rdr. d tcsKyftjcm tm%mydik q f ikd rf u _ kd tajccHum Edik if H yifjzpfonf? jcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;. csKyu f ikd rf r_ u S if;vGw+f y;D vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G f tcsKyftjcmtm%m ydik q f ikd rf ±_ a_ 'girhf S csO;f uyf&mY ydik cf iG /hf tjcm; Edik if rH sm;ESihf qufqaH qmif&u G yf ikd cf iG t hf m%mudk tm%m&Sipf epfukd usio hf ;kH aom Edik if rH sm;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pD udu k sihf qdv k o kd nf? oH;k aom Edik if rH sm; rwlujJG ym;=uonf? tm%m&Sipf epfukd usihf jynfwiG ;f wGif tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik q f ikd rf u _ kd csO;f oH;k aomEdik if rH sm;wGif wdik ;f jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik q f ikd f uyf usio hf ;kH &mYrl tm%m&SiEf ikd if rH sm;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if rH sm; r_ukd t"duxm;+y;D rS vlxu k kd csO;f uyfonf? qdv k o kd nfrmS wdik ;f rwl=uyg? tm%m&Sipf epfukd usio fh ;kH aom Edik if rH sm;wGirf l wdik ;f jynf. tcsKyt f jcmtm %m ydik q f ikd rf r_ mS t"dujzpf+y;D vlx. k jynf.tcsKyt f jcmtm%mydik q f ikd rf (_ State Sovereignty) tcef;u¾rSm omrnjzpfonf? 'Dru kd a&pDukd usio hf ;kH aom udk t"duxm;=uonf? rnfo@kd aom tpd;k &rsKd ;tm%m&I Edik if rH sm;wGif vlx. k tcsKyftjcm tm%mydik q f ikd rf u _ kd t"du tkycf sKyfaeonfrmS ta&;r}uD;?wdik ;f jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm xm;+y;D rS wdik ;f jynfuckd sO;f uyfonf? vlx. k tcsKyftjcm tm %m wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;om ta&;}uD;onf[k vufc u H sio hf ;kH %m ydik q f ikd rf _ tajccHay:wGif wdik ;f jynf. tcsKyftjcm tm onf? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya't& tkycf sKyyf pkH epf ( Constitution %m udk xde;f odr;f umuG,f apmifah &SmufomG ;&ef jzpfonf? alism ) udk usio hf ;kH aom 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if rH sm;wGirf l vlx. k t jrefrmEdkifiHwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opfw&yf csKyftjcm tm%mydik q f ikd rf _ ( Popular Sovereignty) udk ay:ayguv f ma&;twGuf óu;d yrf;&mY vlxt k aejzifh pOf;pm; t"duxm;=uonf? Edik if w H iG ;f &Sd jynfov l x l t k aejzifh rdrw d @kd oabmxm;ay;&ef vdt k yfonfh ta&;}u;D aom tajccHw&yf Edik if . H ordik ;f a=umif;/ yx0Dtaetxm;/ vlrsKd ;pkrsm; yg0ifz@JG rSm wdik ;f jynf. tcsKyt f jcmtm%mydik q f ikd f r_ukd t"duxm;+y;D pnf;r_/ pD;yGm;a&;tajc tae/,Ofaus;r_"avhx;kH pH ponfx h ;l zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk a&;qGo J mG ;apvko d vm;/ od@k r[kwf jcm;csuw f @kd ukd tajccHum wdik ;f jynftyk cf sKyyf pkH epfupkd Of;pm;&m vlx. k tcsKyt f jcmtm%m ydik q f ikd rf u _ kd t"duxm;+y;D zG@J pnf; Y uGjJ ym;r_rsm; &S=d uonf? yHt k ajccHOya'udk a&;qGo J mG ; apvdo k vm;[lI jzpfonf? a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufjcif;cH&olrsm;jzifo h m pkpnf;xm; wd k i f ; jynf . tcsKyf t jcmtm%myd k i f q d k i f r _ u d k onfh ygvrD efwiG f tEdik &f ygwrD S ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;teuf oifh t"duxm;+y;D zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk a&;qGo J mG ;ap vdo k nf 44

trSwfpOf- 82 qdv k #iOf ya'ðyv$waf wmfEiS t hf pd;k &udrk nforl sm;ESizhf @JG pnf;onf jzpfapta&;r}u;D yg? vlx. k tcsKyftjcm tm%mydik q f ikd rf u _ kd t"duxm;+y;D zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk a&;qGo J mG ;apvdo k nf qdv k #if Oya'ðyv$waf wmfEiS hf tpd;k &udk zG@J pnf;&mY vlxu k a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufc&H aom yk*Kd~ vfrsm;om yg0ifciG &hf adS p&rnf jzpfonf? orRwOD;aqmif aom tkycf sKyaf &;pepfukd usio hf ;kH &m wGif tpd;k &tzG@J twGi;f Y orwu cef@tyfxm;aom a&G;cs,f wifajrm‡ ufjcif;rcH&onfh yk*Kd~ vrf sm;yg0ifonf[k apm'uwuf Edik af omfvnf; tpd;k &tzG@J ukd t"duOD;aqmifaom orRwrSm vlxu k wdu k f ±du k af &G;cs,f wifajr‡mufojl zpf&onf? vlxu k róuduI f orwudk ðzwfcsvu kd v f #if tpd;k & wzG@J v;kH ðywfus oGm;&onf? vlx. k tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik q f ikd rf p_ epfukd usifh oH;k aom Edik if rH sm;jzpfonft h ar&duefjynfaxmifp. k zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ed'ge;f wGif We, the people of the United States, u|Ekfyfwdk@ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk jynfolrsm; onf [lIvnf;aumif;/ tdE, dN Edik if . H zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya' f @kd tEd , Nd Edik f ed'ge;f wGif We, the people of India, u|Eyfk w iHjynfolrsm;onf [lIvnf;aumif;/ qGpfZmvefEdkifiH. zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' ed'ge;f wGif We, the Swiss people and Cantons,u|Efkyfwdk@ qGpfZmvefEdkifiHjynfolrsm;ESifh uef wHjk ynfe,frsm;on ;onf [lIvnf;aumif;/ vlx. k tcef;u¾ udk t"duxm;um zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'. ed'ge;f tprsm; rSmyif az: jyavh&=dS uonf? vlx. k tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f qdik rf p_ epfoabmw&m;udk w±kwjf ynfo@l orwEkid if . H zG@J pnf;yHt k ajc cHOya' yk'rf ( 2 ) wGif atmufygtwdik ;f jyÏmef;xm;onf?“ jynforl sm;onf w±kwjf ynfo@l orwEdik if &H dS tvH;k pHak om t cGit hf m%mrsm;udk ydik q f ikd o f rl sm; jzpf=uonf? ” vlx. k tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik q f ikd rf p_ epfukd usihf oH;k &mY ydI k ta&;}uD;aomtcsurf mS Oya'ðyv$waf wmf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; tm;vH;k udak omfvnf;aumif;/ tpd;k &tzG@J wzG@J v;kH udak omfvnf;aumif;/ a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufciG Ehf iS hf ðzwf csyikd cf iG t hf m%mrsm;rSm vlxx k w H iG f om&S&d onf? wdik ;f jynf. rnfonft h pdwt f ydik ;f / rnfonft h m%mydik t f zG@J tpnf;/ rnf onfv h ufeuf udik w f yf/ rnfonfh yk*Kd~ vfwpHw k OD;xHwiG rf # r&Sad pay? od@k jzpfI u|Eykf w f @kd aumfrwDtaejzifh vlxx k rH S o abmxm; &,lvakd om tcsurf mS zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'a&; qG&J efrrl sm;csrw S &f mY ( 1 ) tcsKyftjcmtm%mwnfwcHh ikd +f raJ &; - [lIom tcsKyf

'DZifbm-9-2007 tjcmtm%mudk rnfo@kd usio hf ;kH rnfo h abmrygb/J wenf; tm;jzifh wdik ;f jynftcsKyt f jcmtm%mwnfwhH cdik +f raJ &;udo k m t"duxm;+yD; rnforl sm;yif Oya'ðytm%mESihf tkycf sKyfa&; tm%mudk usio hf ;kH onfjzpfap vufco H mG ;rnfo h abm tajc cH rlcsrw S rf nfvm;? od@k r[kwæ f ( 2 ) vlxku a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufaom yk*~dKvfrsm;om jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,frsm;. Oya'ðyv$wfawmfrsm; wGiv f nf; aumif;/ jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &ESijhf ynfe,f tpd;k & t zG@J rsm; toD;oD;wGiv f nf;aumif; yg0ifapjcif;jzifh Oya'ðytm %m/tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mrsm;udk vl xk ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;uom usio hf ;kH onfeh nf;vrf;jzifh wdik ;f jynf.tcsKyftjcmtm%mwnfwchH ikd +f raJ &;udk xde;f odr;f azmf aqmifomG ;&ef pojzifh &Si;f vif;onft h ajccHrrl sKd ; csrw S o f mG ; rnfvm; pOf;pm;oabmxm;ay;=u&efjzpfygonf? (p) tpdk;&pepfrsm; urBmEh ikd if rH sm;wGif usio hf ;kH aom tpd;k &trsKd ; tpm; rsm; udk avhvm+y;D jrefrmEdik if EH iS u hf u kd n f rD nfh tpd;k &pepfw&yf &yfuakd &G;cs,u f m ( od@k r[kwf ) topf wDxiG zf efw;D um rdrw d @kd Edik if . H zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wGif xnfo h iG ;f jyÏmef; twnf ðyusio hf ;kH &efvt dk yfvmonf? urBmEh ikd if rH sm;wGif usio hf ;kH v#uf &Sad om tpk;d &pepfrsm;udk t=urf;zsi;f tm;jzifh atmufygtwdik ;f av;rsKd ;awG@ &Sd Edik o f nf? 1? orRw OD;aqmifaomtpd;k & ( Presidential government )

2? tv,ftvwf orRwOD;aqmiftpd;k & ( Semi-presidential government )

3? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;aqmifaom ygvrD eftpd;k & ( Parliamentary government )

4? pkaygi;f tkycf sKyfaomtpd;k & ( Collegial government )

orRw OD;aqmifaom tpd;k &yHpk u H kd tar&duef jynf axmifp/k zdvpfyikd /f tif'ekd ;D &Sm;/ awmifu&kd ;D ,m;/ vufwift ar&du paom Edik if rH sm;wGif awG@&onf? Tpepfusio hf ;kH aom Edik if rH sm;wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfr&Sb d J orRwu wEdik if v H ;kH . tkycf sKyf a&;tm%mrsm;udk ‚if;ud, k w f ikd f cef@tyfxm;aom tpd;k &tzG@J 0if 0ef}u;D rsm;. tultnDjzifu h sio hf ;kH onf? xd@k a=umifh orRw onf Edik if aH &;t& ta&;}u;D qH;k yk*Kd~ vjf zpfojzifh jynfov l x l u k ud, k w f ikd u f , kd f us rJay;a&G;cs,cf iG &hf rS 'Dru kd a&pDonf t"dyg` ,f &Srd nf jzpfonf? orRw OD;aqmifaom tpd;k &pepfwiG f tm;aumif; csurf mS a&G;aumufy0JG ifrnfh orRwavmif; trnf pm&if;udw k 45

trSwfpOf- 82 jynfv;kH odatmif a=unm&+yD; yg0if,OS f òydi&f onfh oabm &So d jzifh vlxo k nf orRwudk pdwóf uu d f wdu k ±f u kd rf aJ y;a&G;cs,f cGihf &&So d nf?tm;enf;csurf mS tkycf sKyaf &;tm%m[lor#onf t"dutm;jzifh orRwwOD;wnf;. vufxw J iG f a&muf&o dS mG ; ojzifh orRw OD;aqmifaompepfukd usio hf ;kH onfEh ikd if rH sm;wGif tm%m&Sif pepfukd azmfaqmifwnfaqmuf&ef ydI k vG,u f l onf? wenf;tm;jzifh tm%m&Sipf epfukd toufoiG ;f vdk aomEdik if rH sm;wGif orRwOD;aqmifaom tpd;k &pepfrsm;udk usio hf ;kH avh&o dS nf? om"utm;jzifh zdvpfyikd /f tif'ekd ;D &Sm;/ awmifu&kd ;D ,m;ESiv hf ufwiftar&duEdik if rH sm;jzpfonf? ,ae@tcsdeftxd orRwOD;aqmifaomtpdk;& pepftajccHjzifh 'Dru kd a&pDukd atmifatmifjrifjrif usio hf ;kH Edik f aomEdik if rH mS tar&duefjynfaxmifpk wckom &Sad o;onf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f atmifjrif&jcif;rSm jynfov l x l k wGif tajccHynma&;tqifjh rifrh m;onf? wOD;csi;f jynforl sm; . tajccHvw G v f yfciG rhf sm;udk Oya'rsm;ESit hf nD tmrcHjyÏmef; umuG,af pmifah &Smufonf?vGwv f yfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf udak tmifjrifpmG usio hf ;kH Edik o f jzifh w&m;pD&ifa&;ydik ;f . }u;D =uyf ppfaq;ydik cf iG hf tm%mudk usio hf ;kH I tkycf sKyfa&;ydik ;f udk xde;f ausmif; ay;Edik o f nf? vGwv f yfaom owif; rD', D mvkyif ef; rsm; tm;aumif;onf? vGwv f yfaom vlxt k oif;tzG@J rsm;/ Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;/tvkyform;or*~rsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uvnf; tpdk;&.vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk =uyfrwfay;Edik o f nf? xd@k a=umifh orRwwOD;wnf;taejzifh vkycf si&f m vkycf iG rhf &Sad cs? xdo k @kd aom vl@tzG@J tpnf; aemuf cHtajctaersm;atmufwiG t f ar&duefjynf axmifpo k rRw taejzihf tm%m&Sif jzpfomG ;Edik &f efrmS rjzpfEikd o f avmufcJ ,Of;onf? Edik if w H cktaejzifh orRwOD;aqmifaom tpd;k & pepf udk usio hf ;kH oifrh oifh pOf;pm;&mY tar&duefjynf axmifpw k iG f orRw OD;aqmifaompepfukd atmifatmifjrif jrifusio hf ;kH Edik f ojzifh rdrw d ‹kd Edik if w H iG v f nf; xdek nf;wl usio hf ;kH Edik v f rd rhf nf[k ,lqv#if rSm;aumif;rSm;oGm;Edik o f nf?tb,fa=umifq h akd omf tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG w f nf&adS eaom tjcm;tajctae rsm;&Syd gro S m orRwpepfrmS atmifjrifEikd af oma=umifjh zpfonf? odk rh [kwv f #if txufazmfjyyg wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGiu f o hJ kd t h m %m&Sipf epfukd oufq;kd &Snaf tmifvyk af y;&m/ od@k r[kwf tm %m&Sipf epf xyfraH y:ayguf Edik zf , G &f mtajccHukd zefw;D ay;xm; ouJo h @kd jzpfygrnf? etz. zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'qdik &f m tajccHrrl sm;

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tm[m&jrwfE;kd olrsm;twGuf tm[m&(tcrJh)pmapmifudk *syefjynfwGif;/jynfy&Sd atmufaz: jyyg pmay0goemwl cspfrdwfaqGrsm; xHrS&,lrSm=um;Edkifygonf? *syefjynfwGif;ESifhe,fpyfa'orsm;twGuf tcrJhjzef@csdygaomfvnf; zHG@+zdK;+yD; wdkif;EdkifiH wHqdyfacgif;zdk; ” rsm;rS tm[m&pmapmiftm; rSm,lvdkygu atmufaz: jyyg zkef;eHygwfrsm;odk@ qufoG,fI“wH ydk@ay;&efvdktyfygrnf? -tdE, dN Edik if (H e,l;a'vD)æ ud&k &J ifah tmif (91-92 1330-3335) e-mail: yeyint_aung [email protected] -xdik ;f Edik if H (rJaqmuf+rdK@)æ udv k rG ;f %D (66-8-4547-4295) e-mail: [email protected] -puFmylEikd if H æ -ud;k &D;,m;Edik if æ H -atmfpa=w;vs æ -tar&duefjynfaxmifpæ k (zdk@wf0def;+rdK@) -*syefjynfwiG ;f (em*d, k m)

udb k ek ;f rif;ZGef ud&k efEikd x f eG ;f F cifarmifaxG; q&marmifp;kd csed /f q&mra':ZifZif ud0k if;xGe;f oef;

(66-5554-2104) (65-9831-8474 ) e-mail: [email protected]. (82-11-9723-4773) e-mail: [email protected] (61-421-245-452) e-mail: fkmhtwe@hotmail (1-260-745-7458) e-mail: [email protected] (090- 8556- 8164)

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