Aaharasazaung Issue 91

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

1

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

2

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

rmwdum

3 cspfaomrdwfaqGnDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;odkU

uAsm 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 31

cd k i f a y:xG e f ; oGm;&mvrf; JULY aumif; toifjh yifp@kd av; æ æ ausmf u d k u d k 0dOmOfrsm;.pufwifbm armif c srf ; r_ d i f ; nD!Gwfr_onftm; &J & if h o uf Z G J arSmufusomG ;wJh æ æ cuf a usmf rD;awmiftefzwf az:a0; rD;avmifjyif csrf ; +id r f ; at; "g;ayguform; ukdaomf (PRMG) nD!Gwf=u &efEdkifxGef; ypPuyQ ef;

tawG;tjrifESifhokw? &o aqmif;yg; &oaqmif yg;// 20 &J & if h a tmif jynfopfwnforl sm; 22 armif p G r f ; &nf tdv k yH pfpw d "f gwf 23 ZGefr_dif; 2010 tvGef ppftyk pf k ææ 26 0if ; rsKd ; pufwifbm/oHCmææ

29 armif o pf q if ; a±S@a&;aqG;aEG;c%f; 32 tm[m&0d k i f ; awmf o m;wOD ; tm[m&pmtkypf if 33 *gr%d *rfbm&Dqw kd hJ ææ 39 cGefqdkif; xm0&rdwfaqGææ 45 armif z l ; wif h trsK;d om;a&;ocGyf ææ

bmomjyef 35

JOYCE SLOANE

jrefrmEdik if ±H dS owif;rD', D mææ

txl ; aqmif ; yg; 12 t±S i f = obmo jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m æææ

trSwfw&aqmif;yg; 15 Zif v if ; rsK;d csp&f [ef;tmZmenf

0wWKwdk 42 aZmf a Zmf a tmif OHKzG yDwmaZmfjrifh

armif t m[m& 28 armifatmifvD ( tm[m&pmapmif )

o½kyfaz:yHkrsm; armifatmifvD (tm[m&pmapmif) 3

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

ppftm%m±l;rsm; tm%modr;f cJo h nfrmS pufwbFm (18)qdv k #if ESp(f 20)wif;wif;jynfch ahJ cs+y?D ppftm%m±l;rsm; tkycf sKyf cJo h nfh oufwrf;wav#mufv;kH udk jyef=unfv h #if rw&m;r_rsm;/ zdEydS rf r_ sm;/ tm%mudk tvGo J ;kH pm;vky+f yD; xkwcf sio f nfh Oya'xkw/f csrw S cf sio f nfh trde@f rsm; xkwjf yefcsurf sm;xkw+f yD; ausmif;om;/ oHCm /jynforl sm;udk a=umufvef@w}uD;jzifh tkycf sKyfvmcJo h nfukd awG@&ayrnf? wdik ;f jynf. tzufzufu qd;k 0g;vmaom pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&; ponfw@kd udk vpfvsL±_um ppftm%mwnf+raJ &;udo k m wpdu k rf wfrwfvyk af qmifvmcJ=h uonf? Edik if aH &;wGiv f nf; 1990 a&G;aumuf yGw J iG f tEdik &f xm;aom trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf}uD;u t+rJwrf; awmif;qdak eonfh awG@qakH qGaEG;a&;/ awG@qakH qG;aEG; a&;udv k nf; jiif;y,f+yD; enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd +ydKuGaJ tmif vkyaf qmifaecJ=h uonf? ud, k t f rsKd ;om;tcsi;f csi;f awG@qakH qG;aEG;=u&rnfu h pd w P iG f ppftm%m±l;rsm;. acgi;f rmr_a=umifh urBmu h v k or*~tzG@J }u;D u =um;0ifvmcJ&h onf? od@k aomfvnf; xda&mufonfh twdik ;f twm tajctae wcktxd a&mufrvmao;ay? 1990ckEpS f uwnf;u ukvor*~ow H refrsm; jrefrmEdik if o H @kd vma&mufco hJ nfrmS (37)}udr&f cdS +hJ yDjzpfonf? vl@tcGit hf a&;aumifpD ESihf taxGaxGnDvmcH}uD;wGif qHk;jzwfcsufaygif; (30)ausmf csrSwfch+J yD; jzpfonf? vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDuvnf; xkwfjyefcsuf (2)&yfxw k jf yefco hJ nf? od@k aomfvnf; ppftm%m±l;rsm;. xif&mS ;xda&mufaom wH@k jyefvu kd af vsmr_rsm;um; r&Scd ahJ cs? Edik if H a&;tusO;f om;rsm; wd;k wd;k vmjcif;ESihf acgi;f aqmiftcsKd @ rvGwaf jrmufvmao;jcif;wd@k u ukvor*~. jrefrmEdik if t H a&; yg0ifaqmif&u G rf t _ ay: xda&mufrr_ &Sq d o kd nfh tcsuu f kd jyoaeayonf? ,ae@xd ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKy. f jrefrmta&;ud, k pf m;vS,f *rfbm&Dvma&mufc+hJ y;D awG@qakH wmif;qdrk r_ sm; jyKvkycf ahJ omfvnf; NLD tygt0if twdu k f tcH rsm;bufrS *rfbm&D. c&D;pOfrsm auseyfp&mr&Sd atmifjrifrr_ &S[ d k oH;k oyfc=hJ uonf? ppftm%m±_;wd@k uvnf; *rfbm&D . a':atmifqef;pk=unftay:xm;&So d nfh uef@owfcsurf sm; avsmah y;a&;ESihf tjcm;Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;v$waf y;a&;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf etzwd@k wdu k &f u kd af qG;aEG;a&;/ jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ajz&Si;f ay;&efEiS hf trsKd ;om;pD;yGma&;zd&k rf wckwnfaxmifay;&ef/ *rfbm&D. ud, k pf m;vS,f &efuek +f rdK@Y xm;&Sad &;/ tajccHOay'a&;qG&J mwGif jrefrmjynfojl ynfom; tm;vH;k oabmxm;yg0ifa&;/ vmrnfh 'DZifbmY ukvor*~twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfu, kd w f ikd f jrefrmEdik if v H ma&muf&ef jrefrmEdik f iHa&;jy\em tajz&Sma&;ponfh awmif;qdck surf sm;udk twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf vma&mufa&;rSvI JG useo f nft h csurf sm;udjk iif; y,fc=hJ uonf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfapumrl *rfbm&D. jrefrmEdik if cH &D;pOfEiS yhf wfouf+yD; tpD&ifcpH mudk pufwbmF(3)&ufae@u taxGaxGnD vmcHOuUXxH wifjych&J m OuUXu “ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcH qH;k jzwfcsuu f ay;xm;wJh vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf wdik ;f jrefrmEdik if rH mS trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDta&;ESihf vl@tcGiahf &;udk av;pm;vdu k ef ma&;wd@k wd;k wufjzpfxeG ;f vmapzd@k appyfay; r_awGukd ukvor*~tzG@J 0ifEikd if (H 192)Edik if u H qufvuf vkyaf qmifomG ;r,f”[k ajym=um;vdu k o f nf? *rfbm&D. jrefrmEdik f iHc&DpOfY t}uHjyKcJo h nfh tcsurf sm;tay: wd;k wufcikd rf mr_ &&Sad p&eftwGuf ukvor*~txl; t}uHay; yk*Kd~ vf*rfbm&DEiS hf eD;uyfpmG qufvuf aqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef jrefrmtpd;k &udk tmay;a=umif;vnf; OuUXu ajym=um;vdu k o f nf? ukvor*~. oabmxm;&Si;f aeay+yD? *rfbm&D. }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G rf t _ ay: rnfo@kd yif a0zefajym=um;r_awG &Sad pumr_ pdwyf supf &m/ pdwrf auseyfp&m xda&mufr_ enf;yg;onfh vrf;a=umif;twdik ;f om *rfbm&Dw@kd av#muf=uayOD;rnf? rnfr#=um OD;rnfrod? jrefrmjynfojl ynfom;awGom ppftm%m±l;wd@k . vkycf siw f ikd ;f vky/f &dik ;f csiw f ikd ;f &kid ;f onf'h %fawGukd cH=uOD;rnf/ awmfveS f a&;&Jabmftaygi;f wd@k 'Dru kd a&pDbufawmfom;wd@k t"du aqmif&u G =f u&rnfrh mS ud, k t hf m;ud, k u f ;kd +yD; ud, k Ef ikd if t H a&;udk pGr;f pGr;f wrH vkyaf qmif=u&efom jzpfonf? ud, k t hf a&;udk ud, k u f w kd ikd f }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G ±f rkH w S yg; tjcm;r&S?d pnf;vH;k =u? nD!w G =f u?

tm[m&0dik ;f awmfom;rsm;? 4

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

“oGm;&mvrf;” acwftqufquf ay:wl*D 'wfcsf vJ awmfveS cf &hJ w,f? t0dZm… tjrifrmS ;eJ@ bk&m;ykx;kd awGzsuw f hJ rdpm> orm; iZifumudv k J okwo f ifc&hJ w,f? e,fcs@J trsKd ;,kwf *kwaf oG;pkyw f hJ t*Fvyd f rsuEf mS jzLawmfvJ wdu k x f w k cf &hJ w,f? tm&Swu kd o f m; omwlnrD #aumif;pm;a&;qdw k hJ aqmify'k u f kd Aef;jy+yD; trsKd ;aumif; om;orD; ysKd ysKd tdt k kd rcsew f hJ zufqpf*syefuv kd J awmfveS cf &hJ w,f? a[m æ tck vGwv f yfa&;}uD;&vd@k jynfaxmifp}k uD; wd;k wufatmifvyk rf ,f}uHao; tom;xJu avmufxu G w f hJ rdpm> bDv;l ppftm%m&Si±f ;_ awGa=umifh urBmrSm jrefrm&,fv@kd xGe;f vif;ajymifwhJ Ak'o < moema&mifvJ ysupf ;D arS;rSed o f mG ;cJ+h yD? r,Hrk &Sed @J æ umv0dbuf aemufy;kd wufv@kd t0dZm… tjrifrmS ;eJ@ bk&m;ykx;kd awGzsuw f hJ rdpm> orm; iZifumvdk bk&m;om;awmfawGowfwhJ tm%m,pfr;l ppfbv D ;l wd@k vJ taES;eJ@tjref tJ'v D rf;udk cH&vdrrf ,f?

(cdik )f ay:xGe;f atmif 5

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

toifjh yifpa‹kd v; pmwufpmtH qGJvnf;oHeJ@ tkef;armif;acgufoH acG;tloHwdk@/ ‘qGr;f awmfAsKŒd ’ qdw k hJ csupf l toH r=um;&wm wESpf=umygayghvm; vGrf;&w,fav;? oHCmxkawGu jynfom,mapa&; &nfoefum arwWmawGeJ@ nDnmpGm xºuG pufwifbmtjzpf&,fu &ifemp&m topfjzpf=u aqG;&w,fav;? pDwef;umºuGcsDcJhwJh yckuULoHCmxkudk w±kwfjzL tazrSwfwJh t,kwfwrm vlwpku ±dkufESufum zrf;umqD;vdk@ a&$0ga&mif oHCmv_dif;}uD; v_yfum[D;cJh+yD tm;&w,fav;? aevdkvvdk omoemhajrudk tusOf;wefatmifvkyfwJh rdp>maumifawG æ ‘onf;cHwm Ak'<0g'qdkayr,fh twdkif;xuf vGefvm+yDyJ’ wGef;vSefum òzdumvJSpkd‹ 0kdif;0ef;r,fav;? omoemtwGuf/ jrefrmjynftwGuf r=umcifvmr,fh wdkufyGJrSm oif ygvmzdk‹ta&; wkdufwGef;um tm;ay;csifw,f toifhjyifpdk@av;?

july aumif; 6

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

“0dOmOfrsm;. pufwifbmv”

*sdK;jzLiSufwaumif vef@zsyfysHajy; oHvGifcufuav; aºu&pfcJh wudk,fvHk; aoG;awGvl;um vlom;rsm;pGmu u}udK;twdkif; idkvm=uw,f ? qwfueJ wkefcgoGm;wJhurBm}uD;&,f rsuf&nfjrpfudk &yfwef@vdkufawmh tpmay;yg a&ay;yg t0wfay;yg atmufqD*sifay;yg toufcsrf;omay;yg t&Sufcsrf;omay;yg ta&;w}uD; tEl;t!$wf cl;qGwfvdkwJh 'Drdkua&pDyef; wjcrf;yJ&& ay;yg aocsmw,f vl@0dOmOfqdk tjzLyJjzpfjzpf trJyJ jzpfjzpf vGyfvyfcGifhudk qmavmifw,f ?

ausmfuu kd kd (A u o rsm;tzG@J csKyf) zdk&rf*sme,frS ul;,laz: jyygonf?

7

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

nD!w $ rf o + nftm; ol&aJ umif;awG azmifzsucf =hJ uw,f ? usKyfw@kd æ awmfveS af &;orm;awGa&m ud, k t hf usKd ;twGuf jyefvnf pGe@f vw $ zf @kd trsm;tusKd ;twGuf jyefvnf pGe@f pm;zd@k tqifoif+h yv D m; ?

yk*Kd~ vfpaJG wGxm;cJh ygwpD aJG wGxm;cJh tmCmwawGxm;cJ@ rmefrmeawGxm;cJh ae&m±l;wmawGxm;cJh tm%m±l;wmawGxm;cJh tESpEf pS q f ,frmS xm;cJh ?

OD;aESmuf&J @wcH g;awGukd wGe;f zGihf ESv;kH om;&J @wcH g;awGukd wGe;f zGihf yGiv hf if;r_ aEG;axG;r_awGe@J nD&if;tpfuakd wGvkd wajy;nDwnf; pkpnf; nD!w $ rf t _ m;eJ@ awmfveS af &;udk t&Sed t f [kejf yefjr‡i=hf u atmify[ JG m vufwurf;rSmwif&w dS ,f ?

armifcsrf;rSKd if;

(08/ 30/ 08) 8

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

“arSmufusomG ;wJh pufwifbmnaecif;xJrmS ”

pufwifbm&J@ naecif;wck yufyufpufpuf arSmufusoGm;yHkrsm; a&'D,x kd u J rdpm> wd@k &@J ewfq;kd xd;k oHawG vrf;rsm;ay:udk ESvHk;om;awGxJudk zdwpf ifviG u hf svmonft h xd æ?

arSmufusoGm;cJhwJh pufwifbm&J@ naecif;wck[m atmf*vDqefp&m igwdk@&J@ tem*wfawGtay:rSm igwdk@&J@ rsdK;qufawGtay:rSm igwdk@&J@ EdkifiHawmftay:rSm uyfa&m*gqdk;wckvdk tjrpfwG,faecsdefrSm igwdk@wawG&J@ nD!Gwfa&;qdkwmuvnf; rsufrjrif ykÀm;ajcmufa,muf qifprf;ovdkrsdK; · tdyaf &;r0ao;wJh 0uf00}uD;vdk 'D,dkif [dkxdk; udk,fusdK;enf;p&mcsnf;omy æ?

urBmra=u aw;oH[m arSmufusoGm;wJh naecif;xJrSm &Jabmfw@kd a& æ awmufawmufyyeJ@ tv#HwnD;nD; tqHk;owfwdkufyGJxJrSm “vuf c sif ; csd w f x m;=u” *rfbm&Dudk arhxm;vdkuf “a=umcsif ; uyf x m;=u” bef;uD;rGef;udk arhxm;vdkuf “t&H _ ; ray;bl ; uG ” jynfytultnDawG arhxm;vdkuf “vrf ; awG y d w f x m;=u” oifwdk@&@J jyif;jywJh pdwfqENudkom “opf y if a wG vS J x m;=u” ,Hk=unfcsuf av;ay:wif+yD;ypfvdkufprf;yg / “oyd w f p cef ; awG u d k tcd k i f t rm umuG , f = u” arSmufusoGm;wJh “&&if & r&&if c s” pufwifbmnaecif;xJrSm 'g[m æ i&Jyu G o f H aoG;ysuo f rH [kwf vGwfajrmufjcif;aw;oHeJ@ ausmif;om; jynfol &[ef;&Sifvlwdk@&J@ ordkif;opfudkzGifhvSpf=ur,f æ? &J&ifw h hJ wdu k yf aJG c:oHjzpfw,f æ? (· uAsmq&mwdkufarmif;. ‘ukvm;xdkifpdkufysdK;a&;’uAsmrS pmom;)

&J&ifoh ufZJG

9

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

rD;awmiftefzwf -igrnHhbl;a[h igrnHb h ;l a[h æ vd@k aºuG;a=umfaewJholawG rsm;vGef;tm;}uD;wmeJ@ (a[m'D) todkuft+rHK}uD;wckvHk;uawmh nHh+yD;oxuf nHh’nHhvm? -&ifemp&myJ ol&Jaumif;awGrsm;oavmuf 'DDwdkif;jynf}uD; acsmufxJ c%’c%usae&? -&ifeifhp&mawG udk,fhtrsKd;om;tcsif;’csif;us vlpGrf;aumif; vlrsKd;jcm;awGeJ@usawmh olzek ;f pm; ? -trSm;awGudktrSm;eJ@ajcxdk; ajcwaygifusKd;pum;vHk; 0g;vHk;acgif;xJomwJh ‘v’ toHk;rusjcif;awG rHrDvkyf ðzwfxkwfowfawG tarGay; taºuG;rsm;wJh tem*gwf jzwfn‡yfuyfawG atmf}uD;[pfus,f?

-opPmazgufawGudkawmh cE WDp ae@jyefwdk;awG ay;xm;=ua[h aoG;xGufoH,dka0pkavmufeJ@ ('if;wdk@&JŒ) av#mufvJcsufawGudk jynfhpHkcGifhvufrSwfrxdk;rd=uapeJ@? -tzdESdyfcHtdyfrufawGudk taumiftxnfaz:r,fqdkwJh aumif}uD;}uD;awGawmh acgif;+rD;}uD;}uD;awG+cHK a±$a&miftdyfruf}uD;}uD;awG a,mif,rf; vufoD;vufarmif;}uD;}uD;awG wef;’wef;+yD; bkef;awmfbGJ@}uD;}uD;awG ukef;ukef;atmf? -acsmufxJuwdkif;jynf}uD; tusnf;wef&mpk trm±GwfawG pkbl;}uD;eJ@tjynfh?

cufausmf 17/ 01/ 01

10

trSwfpOf-91

“ rD; avmif jyif “

pufwifbm-14-2008

tavmif;trSwf okn wa,mufjymusoGm;jyef+yD we*FaEGrsm;rS paersm; udef;*%ef;rsm; &l;oGyfr_ rukocsif=uygeJ@ ausmufwkH;atmufrS a&at;at;wpufonf toufqDrsm;a0hae&J@

vdkufch=J u æ vdkufch=J u [dk æ acsmufurf;yg;atmufrSm tHhzG,fy ewfwdkif;jynf qDOaxmywf ya'omwJh yg;uGufom;&J@rsufvHk; +yHK;jzpfatmif +yHK;yg? oifjzL;zsmwcsyf ,yfawmifwckeJ@ ckcH=uolawG e,fajrr&Sd vGifwD;acgifrSm vufoD;vufarmif;wef; a'goeJ@ uef;aeol b,folb,f0grcGJwwf zwfraeawmhyg

tdk æ olvm; jyKwfusoGm;ol@ b,fvuf nmvufESifhudkifum +rdefa&,Sufa& vd_ufpm; &_;oGyfoGm;+yDyJ rsufESmv$Jvdkufawmh a& æ a& olraoao; ighaoG;udkaomufyg ? a!SmfeH@ jymus atmifhrxm;eJ@ &J&&J =_ u urBmajr}uD;onfvnf; eD&aJ eay+yD ? tdyfrufvrf;cGJrSm ighuAsmrsm; }uJjzef@ yef@oultaºupuav;rsm; aysmf=uygap ,rf;eH@ / rsu&f nf aoG; ZGefvarG;uav;wa,muf ighausmay:u av#mufoGm;yg ? b,folvJ b,folawGvJ[if touf&Sifaeao;olrsm; oGm;pdk@ æ?

azmfa0; (opf&Guftaorsm;ay:rS &ufpufaom*Dw uAsmpmtkyfrS/ 1974 pufwifbm?) 11

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

"m;ayguform; [kwfceJ rD;awGrSdwfoGm;w,f &SJceJ toHawG +idrfusoGm;w,f zswfceJ qvkdufrD;armif;awG xkd;vkdufw,f Zmwfpif&J@ tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm puf0kdif;ykH opfom;csyfwckaxmifvsuf a&S@rSm vlwa,muf rsufESmukd t0wfeufpnf;vkd@ (aemufcHwD;vkH;rsm;) 'kwf æ 'kwf æ 'kwf "m;awGu wpif;+yD;wpif; ysm;aumifvkd w0D0DysHoef; cE<mukd,f&@J ab;/ txuf atmuf/ 0J/ ,m tEHS@xkd;pkduf

[mceJ [ifceJ y&dwfowfawG tmarÈdwfoHtqkH;rSm w&kHvkH; wajzmif;ajzmif;vufckyfoHrsm;? yef;ukH;vmpGyfolwOD;u ar;w,f cifAsm; "m;rSefrSm ra=umufbl;vm;wJh aocsmcJhw,f 'g enf;ynmwckyJ b,fwkef;urS oHo,rjzpfcJhygbl;? "m;aygufwm usaemfhtaz t0wfeufpnf;ay;wm usaemfhom; taztem;,lvkd@ usaemf "m;ayguform;jzpfwJhtcg usaemfhae&mrSm usaemfhom;aygh rpkd;&drfygeJ@rdwfaqG æ? ?

csrf;+idr;f at;

12

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

“nD!w G f=u”

pufwifbm(18)&uf waxmifu;kd &m&Spq f ,f&h pS f ta&;awmfy(kH 88)udk csKd ;zsucf w hJ t hJ jzpf tmZmenfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmtoufawGpaw;cJhwJhESpf ppftm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm evHrxlEdkifwJh 'Dae@acwf tJ'Dacwf tJ'DpepfawG&SifoefaecJhwm bma=umifhvJ ? t&if;udkqef;ppf&if jynfolawGrnD!Gwfjcif;&J@tjypf rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfqdkwmxuf trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"gwfr&Sd=uvdk@ e,fcsJJ@ zufqpfatmufrSmae&wkef;u ol@u|efrcHcsifcJh=u vGwfvyfa&;&cJhjyefawmh olwvligwrif;Adkvfvkyfjycsif=u ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwfa&mufjyefawmhtcsif;csif; roifhjrwf=u awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwufvmawmh tm%m&Sifpepfay:aygufcJh& ppfu|efb0u&kef;xGufzdk@ta&;awmfyHk(88)rSmowWdawGjy=u nD!Gwfr_r&SdwJhtajzu ppftm%m&SifvufopftwGufwdkufuGuf& EGm;uGJv#if usm;qGJr,fqdkwJhpum;yHkrarh=ueJ@ Zmwfwlom;pm;&if [oFmudk;aomif;ysufokOf;&r,fwJh acwfumv raumif;wmudkaumif;atmifb,fvdkvkyfrvJ ysuftpOfjyifc%wJh ysuftpOfjyifr&tusifhqdk;awGazsmuf aocsmwmu ae&mrvkeJ@ aoG;cGJrcHeJ@ tdrf=uufjcif;tdk;rJokwfcGwfcdkif;wdkif;rcGwf=ueJ@ wvGJqHyifaumif;wwfwJh aomufusifhawGazsmuf ppfra&mufcif+rSm;ukefwwfwJhudpPawGazsmuf rdk;vGefrSxGefcsrJhtvkyfawGudkazsmuf ykqdk;+cHKxJuvufoD;jyrJhowWdawGudkazsmuf 200 -&J@ pufwifbm(18)&ufae@[m 'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom;awG&J@atmifyGJcHrJhae@ tJ'Dae@jzpfvmatmif nD!Gwf=u ? (PRMG)

udkaomf 13

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f moHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGUJ BuD;udk arG;zGm;jcif;

to#i=f obmo

-pma&;olonf &efuek jf rdK@v,f r[modrfawmf}uD; y&d,wWdpmoif wdkufYpmayoif}um; avhvmaepOf &Spaf v;vH;k 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfyekH iS hf }uHK}udKufcJh&onf? xdkta&;awmfyHkY ud, k w f ikd yf g0ifco hJ jzifh &efuek jf rKd @.tajc tae awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ud, k w f ikd f jrifawG@cGifh&cJhonf? xdkta&;awmf yHu k mv r-q-v tpd;k &. tkycf sKyaf &; ,E , W m; ysupf ;D aecsed w f iG f q&mawmf oH C mawmf r sm;. umuG , f a pmif h a&Smufr_a=umifh ausmif;om;jynfol rsm;pGmwd@k toufcsr;f om&m& cJ}h uyg onf? xdt k a&;awmfyu kH mvwGif pm oifwu kd }f u;D awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ydwyf pf cJh&aoma=umifh pmoifom; oHCm awmfrsm;vnf; rdrw d @kd Zmwdo@kd jyefºucG hJ =u&onf? 1988 pufwifbmv 18&uf ppftm%modr;f +y;D aemuf txuf jrefrmjynfoC H mhomr*~/D atmufjref rm jynf &[ef;ysKd rsm;or*~w@kd ukd jyefvnf zG@J pnf;jy;D ausmif;om;jynforl sm;ESit hf wl ppftpd;k &udk qef@usicf }hJ uonf? 1989-ckESpf tenf;i,f+idrf oufcphJ Of &efuek +f rdK@o@kd oHCm awmf rsm;jyefvnf ºuaG &muf vmcJ=h u&mtcsKd @

aom pmoifwu kd rf sm; u jyefvnf vufrcHo jzifh tjcm; pmoifwu kd f rsm;od@k ajymif;a&$ow D if; oH;k cJ}h u&onf?pma&;ol ud, k w f ikd v f nf;wmarG+rKd @ e,f/ usKd uUqv H rf;/ eEN 0efygVd wuUov kd af usmif;od@k ajymif;a&$@ oDwif;oH;k cJ&h onf? 1990- &Spaf v;vH;k ESpyf wfvnfae@wiG f rE aW v;+rKd @twdu k f tcH tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;rS oHCmawmfrsm;tm; t±k%q f rG ;f quf uyfavmif;vSL=u&mwdik ;f rSL; Adv k cf sKyf xGe;f }unf ESihf e-0-w tm%mydik f rsm;u t=urf;zuf +zKd cJG cJo h jzifh t"du &k%;f jzpfymG ;cJo h nf? xdo k @kd oC H mawmf rsm; ±du k Ef u S f cH&jcif;/ vmbfr&atmif wm;jrpf cH&jcif; paom ta}umif;rsm; a}umifh rpd;k &dr q f &mawmf}uD;rsm; jzpf onfh OD;&mZ"rRmbd0o H / OD; aum0d'gbd 0Howd@k . OD;aqmifrj_ zifh t xufjrefrm jynf oHCmh omr*~t D zG@J csKyfrS 1990pufwifbmvwGif rE aW v;+rKd @Y e-0w ppftpd;k &udk 0denf;awmf eSihf ywWed uUKZ…e (oydwaf rSmuf) uH aqmifyJG jyK vkycf }hJ uygonf? rE Wav;+rdK@oHCmawmfrsm;. oydwaf rSmufuaH qmifyu JG kd axmufcH onft h aejzifh &efuek +f rdK@rS q&mawmf }uD;rsm;jzpf}uaom OD;wdavmum bd0o H (tif;pde/f ±Gmry&d,wWpd moif wdu k q f &mawmf)/ OD;0go0 (r*~iq f &m

awmf)/ OD;t*ôo (ygVu d m&D q&mawmf)/ OD;^m%0Ho(ar'deDq&mawmf)/ OD;ok r*FvmvuFm& (wdydÉur[m*E<m&Hk q&mawmf)/ a&$bek ;f yGiq hf &mawmf wd@k . OD;aqmifrj_ zifh atmufjrefrmjynf &[ef; ysKd or*~ OuUX OD;yndE/N tcrf;tem;rª; OD;y¾0Ho(OD;jynfausm)f wd@k u wm0ef ,lum 1990-ck atmufwb kd mv 3&uf/ 1352-ck oDwif;u|wfvjynfh ae@wiG f ig;xyf}u;D bk&m; wefaqmif;}u;D twGif;Y e-0-w ppftpdk;&udk ywW eduKU Z…e (oydwaf rSmuf)uHaqmifjy;D a&$ wd*HkapwDawmfjrwf}uD;odk@ ajcv#if }uGcsu D m atmifajreif; opPmjyKcJ}h uyg onf? oydwaf rSmuf uHaqmifra_ }umifh q&mawmf}uD;rsm;ESihf &[ef;ysKd or*~ tzG@J 0if oHCmawmfrsm; t"rR zrf;qD; cHcJh&jyD; axmif'%frsm; csrSwfcHcJh&yg onf? pma&;ol ud, k w f ikd v f nf; axmif '%f 8-ESpf csrw S f cHc&hJ +y;D 1994-ckEpS w f iG f jyefvnf vGwaf jrmufvmcJo h nf? xd k @ aemuf y d k i f ; wG i f tusOf ; axmifrsm;rS jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvm aom &[ef;ysKd rsm; or*~tzG@J 0if oHCm rsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;eSiq hf ufo, G u f m ppftpd;k & qef@usiaf &; vkyif ef;rsm;udk v#Kd @0u S pf mG vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? wzuf wGiv f nf; rdrEd iS o hf ufqikd af om omo ema&; wm0efrsm; aqmif±u G f ae&ojzifh 1996-ck 'DZifbmausmif;om; vSKy&f mS ; r_/ 1998 =o*kwv f jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ac:,la&; vSKy&f mS ;r_/ 1999-ck vlxv k KS yf 14

trSwfpOf-91 &Sm;r_w@kd wiG f twlwuG yl;aygi;f aqmif &Gufr_ rjyKvkyfEdkifcJhaomfvnf; eD;pyf aom ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; v#Kd @ 0Supf mG ulnaD xmufyrhH r_ sm; jyKvkyaf y; cJo h nf? ppftpd;k &u2004-ck 'DZifbm v 9-&ufwiG f pwkwt W }udrf urBmAh 'k < bmomxdyo f ;D nDvmcH}uD; usi;f y&ef }uKd ;pm;aecsed w f iG — f pma&;olonf Ekid if H a&;tusO;f om;rsm; ulnaD pmifh a&Smuf a&;toif; (AAPP-B) rS wm0ef&o dS l rsm;ESihf !Sed KdS if;um— ppftpd;k &u oHCmawmfrsm;udk &ufpufpmG zdeydS jf cif;/ zrf;qD;cH oHCmawmfrsm;ukd ESpf &Snaf xmif'%frsm; csrw S I f / tcsKd @ukd &Jbufpcef;rsm;od@k yd@k aqmifjcif;/ &[ef ; oH C mawmf r sm;tm; nrxGu&f trde@f oD;oef@xw k jf yefum zdEydS jf cif;/ 2003-ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;rS uyfaom qGr;f udk rpm;ojzifh wdydwÉu r[m*E<m&Hk ausmif;wku d (f urBmat;)rS &[ef; w yg;ESihf omra% 25-yg;udzk rf;qD;um axmif'%f 18-ESppf D csrw S cf jhJ cif;/ paom ppftpdk;&u bmom a&;qdik &f m zdeydS rf r_ sm; jyKvkycf yhJ u kH u kd rBm u odeKd ifap&ef—Burma : A Land

where Buddhist Monks Are Dis robed and Detained in –ungeons

[laom pmtkyu f kd xkwaf 0um Edik if w H umod@k wifjyEdik cf o hJ nf? xkv d yk af qmif csufa=umifh EkdifiHwum Ak'
cJ}h uonf? 2006-ckepS f ESpOf ;D ydik ;f wGif et-zudk enf;pepf rSerf eS jf zifh qef@usif Ekid f &ef COoifwef; PD oifwef;rsm;wuf a&muf&ef oHCmawmfrsm;udk pma&;olrl S vrf;n$eaf y;cJo h nf? 2006-ckepS f puf wifbmv9-&ufae@wGif a&$0ga&mif awmfveS af &;}uD;udk touf0if vmap onfh yifraoG;a=um[k ac:qdEk idk af om OwW r *sme,f u d k q&mawmf o H C m awmfrsm;. tultnDjzifh pwifxw k f a0Ekid cf u hJ m oHCmxkeiS hf tjcm;tiftm; pkrsm;vufo@kd ud, k w f idk f jzef@a0vH@_ aqmf Ekid cf o hJ nf? pma&;olonf2007-ckEpS f az azmf0g&/D rwf/ {jyD/ arvrsm;wGi+f rdK@}uD; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;od@k c&D;xGujf yD; oH Cmawmfrsm;ESiahf qG;aEG;yGrJ sm;udk t&Sed f t[kejf zifjh yKvkycf o hJ nf? =o*kwv f 78-9 &ufae@rsm;wGif pma&;olonf rE W av;òrd@ jrefrmedKifiHvHk;qdkif&moHCmh omr*~ D t zG J @ csKyf r S q&mawmf r sm;/ tjcm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS q&m awmfrsm;eSifh oHk;&ufwdkif nSdedSKif;aqG; aEG;jyD; ppfuikd ;f tpnf;ta0; usi;f yedKif &efEiS hf oHCmhtpktzG@J }u;D zG@J pnf;Edik &f efpD pOfco hJ nf? =o*kwv f 10-&ufae@wiG f txufjrefrmjynf tpnf;ta0;qHk; jzwfcsurf sm;udk &efuek jf rKd @&dS tzG@J tpnf; toD;oD;rSwm0ef&o dS rl sm;eSihf aqG;aEG; nSed KdS if;cJo h nf? &[ef;ysKd or*~(&efuek )f rS OD;*rB&D udk oD;oef@ awG@qjkH y;D tzG@J tpnf; wckrmS yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G o f ifah =umif; &Sif;jyum t}udrf}udrf aqG;aE$;jzpfcJh onf? pufwifbmv 1-&ufae@wiG f t zG@J tpnf;toD;oD;ESihf wdik yf ifaqG;aEG; +y;D qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csum 2-&ufae@ wGif OD;*rD&B ESihf tao;pdyf xyfrn H EdS i_d ;f cJo h nf? atmuf jrefrmjynf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; jzpfaom OD;*rBD&u 4-&ufae@ wGif c&D;xGu+f yD; pma&;olu 5-&ufae@ rS c&D;xGufum eHeufydkif;wGif yJcl;jrdK@&

pufwifbm-14-2008 [ef;ysdKor*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh4if;/ ae@ vnfydkif;wGif anmifav;yifjrdK@e,f &[ef;ysKd or*~tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESi4hf if;/ nydik ;f wGif jzL;jrKd @&[ef;ysKd or*~ tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf 4if; awG@qkH nSEd i_d ;f jyD; jzL;jrdK@Yyif ntdyf &yfem;cJhonf? 4if;ae@rSmyifyckuULjrdK@ owif;udk rD', D mrsm;rS wqif=h um;cJ&h onf? pufwifbmv 6-&ufae@wiG f awmifijl rdK@/ tkww f iG ;f jrdK@/ xef;wyifjrdK@/ a&wm&S n f j rd K @rsm;rS & [ef ; ysd K or*~ tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESiahf wmifijl rdK@wiG f awG@qckH hJ +yD; yckuLU ta&;udpEP iS hf ywfoufI a&S@ vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk tao;pdyaf qG;aEG;cJh onf? pufwifbmv 7-&ufae@ wGif rdwv DW mjrdK@ &[ef;ysKd or*~ tzG@J 0ifrsm; ESif h awG@ qHak qG;aEG;cJjh yD; wjrdK@0if wjrdK@ xGuf c&D;qufcyhJ gonf? pufwif bmv 8-&ufae@wGif jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m oH C mh o mr*~ D t zG J @ csKyf w nf & S d & m rE aW v;jrdK@o@kd a&mufcyhJ gonf? xdak e@Y yif ppfuikd ;f pnf;a0;yGo J @kd csucf si;f ºuG a&mufcjhJ y;D qH;k jzwfcsu, f u l m rE aW v; od@k jyef}uGcyhJ gonf? pufwifbmv 9&uf ae@wiG v f jkH cHKa&;t& ta&;ay: t pnf;ta0;wpf&yfukd usi;f yum 1? jrefrmedKifiv H ;kH qdik &f m&[ef;ysKd or*~ rsm;tzG@J csKyf? 2? jrefrmedKifiv H ;kH qdik &f moH Cmhomr*~D tzG@J csKyf? 3? &[ef;ysKd or*~(&efuek )f ? 4? oHCmh'w l tzG@J ?h 5? jynfe,fEiS w hf ikd ;f toD;oD;&Sd oHCmh or*~tzG@J 0if- tm;vH;k wd@k rS oHCmxk wpf&yfv;kH .qENukd ud, k pf m;jyKum jref rmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif; pktzG@J }uD;udk zG@J pnf;cJyh g onf? ,if;od@k zG@J pnf;+yD;aemuf yckuLU ta&;udpt P yg t0if tjcm;awmif;qdo k ifo h nfh tcsuf rsm;udk a&G;cs,jf yD;15

trSwfpOf-91 1? e-t-z ppf t pd k ; &rS yckuUL oHCmawmfrsm;tm; aus at;cGifhv$wfonftxd 0efcsawmif; yef & ef / 2? vuf & S d j rif h w uf a eaom ukefaps;E_ef;/ avmifpmqD aps;E_ef; rsm;csuf c sif ; avsmh c say;&ef / 3?a':atmif q ef ; pk } unf tygt0if EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm; vHk;ESifhqENjyyGJrsm;wGifzrf;qD;cHxm; &olrsm;udk csufcsif;jyefv$wfay;&ef/ 4? vl x k . taxG a xG t usyf t wnf ; rsm;ud k a jz&S i f ; &ef t wGuf e-t-z ppftpdk;&rS 'Drdkua& pDtiftm;pkrsm;eSifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG; jyD;trsdK;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; csuf c sif ; jyKvk y f a y;&ef ? txufygtcsuf 4-csut f m; e-t-z ppftpd;k &rS awmfovif;v>e;f 6-&uf/ 2007ck/ pufwif bmv 17&ufae@aemufq;kH xm;I aqmif&u G af y; &ef/ owfrw S &f uftwGi;f vdu k af vsmr_ r jyKygu jrefrmedKiif v H ;kH qdik &f moHCmh wyf aygi;f pk tzG@J }uD;rS OD;aqmifI e-t-z ppftpdk;&tm; ywWeduUKZ…e (oydwf arSmuf)uHaqmif oGm;rnfjzpfa}umif; awmif;qdk a=ujimcJyh gonf? jrefrmedKifiHvHk;qdkif&moHCmh wyf a ygif ; pk t zG J @ }uD ; ud k OD ; aqmif zG J @ pnf ; cJ h } uaomq&mawmf r sm; rSm— 1?OD;acrdEN / 2? OD;=obmo 3? OD;awZ /4? OD;*rBD& —wd@k jzpf}ujyD;/ zGJ@pnf;&mwGif tcuftcJrsm;pGm }uHK awG@c&hJ ygonf? tcuftcJrsm;}um;rSyif a}ujimcsurf sm;udk vufa&;ESiahf &;jyD; "gwyf &kH u kd u f m OD;awZESihf OD;*rB&D wd@k u D m rsm; rD', D mrsm;od@k E-mail jzifh rD', odk@ay;ydk@cJhonf? pma&;olonf puf wifbm 13-&ufae@wiG f &efuek jf rdK@o@kd jyefvnfa&muf&jdS yD; oHCmhwyfaygi;f pk tzG@J }uD;. qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;eSihf a&S@vyk f

ief;pOfrsm;udktzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;odk@ qufvuf n$e}f um;cJyh gonf? jrefrm ed K if i H v H k ; qd k i f & m oH C mh w yf a ygif ; pk tzG@J }uD;. wnfae&mudv k nf; jrefrm edKiif v H ;kH qdik &f m &[ef;ysKd or**~rsm; tzG@J csKyfrStzGJ@0if OD;ar"m0D eSifhwdkifyifjyD; 4if;.pmoif ausmif;wdu k u f kd a&G;cs,f owfrw S cf o hJ nf? e-t-z ppftpd;k &u awmif; qdck surf sm;udrk vdu k f avsmonft h wGuf oHCmhwyfaygif;pk tzGJ@}uD;u a}u jimxm;onfhtwdkif; pufwifbmv 18- &ufae@wiG f jrefrmjynf jrKd @}u;D awmf awmfrsm;rsm;Y ywWeduUKZ…e (oydwf arSmuf) uHaqmifyGJrsm;udk usif;ycJh }uonf? ae@vnfyikd ;f wGif a&$w*d akH pwD awmfjrwf}uD;Y oHCmawmfrsm; bk&m; &Scd ;kd / arwWmyd@k / qkawmif;=uonf? xd@k aemufapwDawmfjrwf}u;D . ta&S@zuf rkcrf q S if;um qkawmif;/ arwWmyd@k / y&dwf &GwfyGJudkpwif}uGcsD}uygw,f? xdkae@ wGifpma&;olu txufjrefrmjynf oHCmh omr*~t D zG@J csKyrf S OD;acrdEN (q&m au)tm; qufo, G I f &efuek o f @kd csuf csi;f }uaG &mufyg&ef avsmufxm;&onf? OD ; *rB D & .oabmqEN t & 4if ; tm; rE Wav;jrdK@wGif wm0ef,l&efavsmuf xm;&onf? 88-rsd K ;quf a usmif ; om; acgi;f aqmif udak X;=uG,rf v S nf; "rReiS hf t"rR wdu k yf rJG mS t"rR 0g'aD wGukd ESyd u f yG f qH;k rbd@k oHCmxk nDnw G af &;udk aqmif &Guaf y;awmfr=l uygb&k m; [kav#muf xm;cJyh gonf? pufwifbmv 19-&ufae@ wGif oH C mh w yf a ygif ; pk t zG J @ 0if oH C m awmfrsm;u rd;k &Gmaeonfh }um;rSyifrrd d wdk@ jrdK@e,ftvdkuf qkawmif; vrf; av#mufyrJG sm;udk qufvufazmfaqmif cJ=h uygw,f? 88-rsKd ;qufausmif;om; tzG@J rS udak X;}uG,/f udx k eG ;f jrifah tmif/

pufwifbm-14-2008 udv k rS sKd ;aemif/ udak tmifol wd@k uvnf; tultnDrsm;ay;cJo h vdk teKynm &Sif rsm;jzpf}uaom udak usmo f /l udZk m*em/ udak tmifa0;(uAsmq&m)/ a':oef;jrifh atmif(pma&;q&mr) wd@k tzG@J rv S nf;yl; aygi;f yg0ifco hJ jzifh t&Sed t f [kejf rifh wuf um ausmif;om;jynfolrsm;wufºuG pGmyg0ifvmjy;D vlxv k KS yf &Sm;r_toGiu f kd ul;ajymif;cJyh gw,f? pufwifbmv 20-&ufae@ wGif jrefrmedKiif v H ;kH qkid &f m &[ef;ysKd or*~rsm; tzG@J csKyfrv S nf; (ausmif;om; jynfol taygi;f od@k yef=um;csu)f a=u jimcsuf xkwjf yefco hJ nf? yckuLU oHCmawmfrsm; uvnf ; e-t-z tcuf jynf o l @ tcsufaqmifyk'fudk udkif+yD;jynfol wpf&yfvHk;u rw&m;wJh ppftpdk;&. wHwikd ;f }uD;udk wGe;f vS&J ef tcsed af umif; [k a=ujimvdu k o f nf? pufwifbmv 21 &ufae@wiG f vmrnfh pufwifbmv 24-&uf wevFmae@ ae@vnf 1-em&DrS pwifum oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf ausmif; om;/ jynforl sm;twl vufwjJG y;D ud, k hf tcGit hf a&;udu k , kd u f , kd w f ikd f pnf;urf; &S d p G m pepf w us t=urf ; rzuf o nf h enf;vrf;jzifh t&Sed jf riS ahf wmif;qd=k uyg&ef jrefrmedKifiv H ;kH qdik &f m oHCmhwyfaygi;f pk t zG@J =uD;rSjynfov l x l o k @kd wdu k w f eG ;f edKS ; aqmfvm$ a=ujimcsuf trSwf 4 /2007 udk xkwjf yefa=ujimvdu k o f nf? 88-rsdK;qufausmif;om;rsm; tzG@J rS udak X;=uG,/f udx k eG ;f jrifah tmif wd@k eiS v hf nf; yl;wGaJ =ujimcsuf xkw&f ef t=udr=f udrf aqG;aE$;cJo h nf? pufwif bmv23-&ufae@wGif jrefrmedKifiHpm ayeSihf tEkynm&Sirf sm; tkypf u k vnf; a=ujimcsuf xkwjf yefjy;D qufvufyg0if qifE$J=uzdk@ wdkufwGef;Ed_;aqmfvdkuf onf? pufwifbmv 24-&ufae@ wGif pmrsufESm-21odk@ 16

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

rsdK;cspf &[ef;tmZmenf

Zifvif;

‘q&mawmf OD ; OwW r ’ “&Jv#if}uH a=umufv#ifjyef” “ol&owWd enf;v#if ysuf p D ; &rnf ” “udk,fhzdk@}uHKv#if ouf v k H a umif ; =uap” “aoG ; rxG u f a om ppfyGJ}uD;udkqifE$J=u” “udk,fh&nfrSef;csuf atmif j rif c sif & if aemuf r wG e f @ =ueJ @ ?”‘q&mawmf OD ; OwW r ’q&mawmf ysv H eG af wmfrcl hJ wm ,ck pufwifbm (9) &ufq&kd if (69)ESpf jynf h + yD j zpf y gw,f ? jref r mwd k @ aus;Zl;rarhtyfwhJ Edik if t hH mZmenfawG xJrmS ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ vnf; tyg t0ifjzpfygw,f? jrefrmh vGwv f yf a&; AdrmR efukd yEMucf sco hJ l tmZmenf rsKd ;cspf yk*Kd~ vfawGxrJ mS q&mawmf[m a&S@q;Hk wef;rSyg0ifwhJ &[ef;tmZmenf}u;D jzpf ygw,f? 'Dae@ acwf vli,fawG trSew f

&m;&SmazG&mrSm pHerlemxm;&r,fh tm Zmenfy*k Kd~ vaf wGta=umif;udk rodrjrif Edik af tmif ppftm%m&Siaf wGu ydwq f @kd [ef@wm;aewJh twGuf q&m}u;D ocif ud, k af wmfrid_ ;f / ocif atmifqef;/ q&m awmfO;D OwWr tp&Sw d hJ yk*Kd~ vaf usmw f kd t h a=umif; a&;om;xm;wJh pmtkypf mwrf; awG &Sm;yg;vmwm awG@ae&w,f? w u,fawmh 'DvdktmZmenfyk*~dKvf}uD; awG&@J tawG;tjrif a[majym a&;om; csufawG[m "rR"dÏmef usavh&Sdwm a=umift h rSew f &m;udk ESpo f ufaxmuf cHolwdk@twGuf vrf;n$efcsufawGjzpf wwfv@kd ygy?J &[ef;tmZmenf}uD; ‘q&m awmf OD;OwWr ay:xGe;f cJw h hJ acwf[m jAdwo d #uv kd ekd aD cwfjzpfygw,f? ESpu f m vtm;jzifh wGupf pf&ifawmh ,ae@acwf eJ@ twefi,ftvSr;f a0;aeygw,f? 'g ayr,fh &[ef;tmZmenf ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr &J@ a[majym a&;om;csurf sm;

[m tm%m&Sit f qufqufukd pdeaf c: aeovdyk gy?J 'ga=umifv h nf; tm%m odr;f ppftpd;k & tqufqufu ‘q&m awmf OD;OwWr’&J@ bG@J emrnfukd ordik ;f pm rsuEf mS ay:u &nf&, G cf su&f &dS dS z,f&mS ; xm;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? 'g[m tm%m&Sif awGu ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ udk acwf vli,fawG eJ@ tqufjzwfypfcsif vd@k ygy?J 'gayr,fh vGwv f yfa&;/ w&m;r#wa&; eJ@ wef;wla&;udk jrwfEdk;olawG&Sdaeor# ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’&J@ *k%o f wif;[m xif&mS ;aerSmygy?J jrefrmhEikd if aH &;ordik ;f udk jyef vSef avhvmwJt h cg 0dik t f rfbaD t (YMBA) ac: Ak'b < momuvsm%,k 0 toif;/ aemif *sDpDbDat (GCBA) ac: jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD;&J@ }udK;yrf;tm; xkwrf a_ wGukd csev f yS x f m;vd@k r&ygb;l ? jrefrmtoif;csKy}f u;D wd;k wuf us,jf yef@ vmatmif oHCmawmfawG oHCmh or*~D tzG@J awG &J@ axmufct H m;ay;r_u t"duae&muyg0ifygw,f? tJ'v D kd oH CmawmfawG a&S@wef;rS wufwufºuG ºuG wdik ;f usKd ;jynfusKd ;aqmif vmatmif tOD;qk;H Edik if aH &;todtjrif rsupf zd iG hf ay;cJw h hJ yk*Kd~ vu f awmh q&mawmf OD;OwW r ygy?J Ak'. < pmayusr;f *efawGe@J tnD w&m;eJ@arG@avsmaf e=uwJh oHCmawmf wd@k taeeJ@ q&mawmf OD;OwWra[majym 17

trSwfpOf-91 wJh Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;a[m ajym csuaf wG/ Edik if w H umtawG@t}uKH awG udk csucf si;f em;0ifz@kd rvG,yf gb;l ? 'gay r,fh aemifEpS t f wefi,f=umwJh tcg q&mawmf OD;OwWr&J@ Edik if aH &;w&m;awG [m pum;vk;H taeeJ@ rma=umaeay r,f/h vufawG@ tESpo f m&t& trsKd ; bmom omoem twGuf wu,ft usKd ;&Sad =umif; odvmcsed rf mS oHCmawG xke@J xnfe@J yg0ifaxmufccH =hJ uygw,f? ordik ;f bmomudk pdw0f ifpm; +y;D pmzwfavh&SdwJh vli,fawG uawmh ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ &J@ bG@J emrnfukd rvGrJ aoG rSwrf rd mS jzpfygw,f? txl;o jzif h “u&uf a 'guf *uf a 'guf ” (Craddock, Get Out!) qdw k hJ aºu;G a=umfoHudk owd&w,fqdk&if q&m awmfudk taotcsm rSwfrdrSmjzpfyg w,f ? “u&uf a 'guf ” (Sir Reginald Henry Craddock) [m tJ'Dacwfu jrefrmEdkifiH 'kwd,bk&if cHjzpfygw,f? qef a &pyg;eJ @ o,H Z mw rsKd ;pkaH ygºuG,v f w S hJ jrefrmEdik if rH mS wdik ;f oljynfom;wd@k pm;0wfaea&; cufcu J syf wnf; qif;&J'u k aQ &mufae=u&wm [m ‘tpdk;&nH@zsif;vGef;vdk@ jzpfw,f’vdk@ 1921 ckEpS f rwfv 23 &ufae@ a';'&J +rdK@e,f qkuvyf&mG w&m;yGrJ mS ‘q&m awmf OD;OwWr’u e,fcs@J tpd;k &udk a0zef a[majymcJyh gw,f? tJ'v D kd a0zefcv hJ @kd +Adwo d #ppfyv k yd w f @kd &@J zrf;qD; tusO;f cs wm cHc&hJ w,f? jrefrmhEikd if aH &; ordik ;f rSm ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ [m Edik if aH &;t& zrf;qD;axmifcsc&H wJh yxrOD;qk;H &[ef; tmZmenfjzpfygw,f? ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ [m Edik f iHwum A[kow k vnf; ES@H pyfygw,f? 1903 ckEpS rf mS tdE, dN Edik if rH S wqifh jyif opf/ t*Fvef/ *smreD/ tD*spw f @kd o@kd c&D;

vSnhf vnf+yD; Edik if w H umta&;t&m rsm;ud k avh v mqnf ; yl ; cJ h y gw,f ? Oa&myY &Sad epOf 1905 ckEpS f ±k&mS ;*syef ppfjzpf&m *syefutEdik &f wJh owif;udk =um;wma=umifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ jref qefwhJ *syefEikd if t H a=umif;udk avhvm vdpk w d jf zpfvmygw,f? 1907 ckEpS rSm q &mawmf *syefEikd if aH &mufygw,f? wdu k sKd Ak'b < mom wuUov kd rf mS ygVEd iS o hf uUÉ bmomqdkif&m ygarmuQtjzpf (4) ESpef ;D yg; aqmif&u G yf gw,f? jrefrmEdik if H tjyefc&D;rSm ud&k ;D ,m;/ refcsL;&D;,m;/ w±kw/f uarBm'D;,m;ESihf xdik ;f Edik if aH wGrmS 0ifa&mufcahJ o;w,fv@kd rSww f rf;&Syd g w,f? 1911 ck E S p f jref r mEd k i f i H j yef a&mufwt hJ cg/ ‘0dik t f rfbaD t’udk pwif xlaxmifc=hJ uwJh OD;bab/ OD;armif}uD;/ OD;b&if/ ol&, d owif;pm pwifwnf axmifc=hJ uwJh OD;buav;/ OD;vSaz tp &Sw d hJ tJ'aD cwfu vli,f vlvwfawGe@J t*Fvyd v f ufatmufu vGwf ajrmufz@kd us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;r_ awGvyk cf yhJ gw,f? q&mawmf OD;OwWr&J@ Edik if aH &;tjrifu jrefrmEdik if u H kd t*Fvyd f vuf atmufu vGwaf jrmufa&;jzpfyg w,f? vGwv f yfa&; r&ao;rDpyf=um; udk,fhwdkif;jynfudk udk,fhtrsdK;om;wdk@ ud, k w f ikd t f yk cf sKycf iG &hf a&;/ ‘[kr±R ;l ’&a&; }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf=uzdk@ q&mawmfu a&;om;a[majymygw,f? acwfynm wwf vli,f vlvwfrsm;udv k nf; [kr±R ;l oabmw&m;udk em;0ifatmif aqG;aEG; ajymqdyk gw,f? q&mawmf tdE, dM Edik if H rSm &Spd Ofu tdE, dN -jrefrm ESpEf ikd if v H yG f vyfa&; twGuf uGef*&ufygwDacgif; aqmifawGe@J aqG;aEG;cJzh ;l wJt h jyif/ q&m awmf ud, k w f ikd rf mS vnf; jrefrma'ocGJ uGe*f &ufygwt D zG@J 0if jzpfygw,f? 1912 ckEpS rf mS q&mawmf*syef

pufwifbm-14-2008 Edik if o H @kd 'kw, d t}urd o f mG ;jyefygw,f? *syefrmS q&mawmf[m ygVEd iS o hf uUÉ bmomygarmuQ tjzpf wm0efxrf;&Guf ygw,f? *syefa&muf w±kwfausmif; om;awGe@J jrefrmEdik if aH &;&mudpu P kd aqG; aEG;cJzh ;l w,fv@kd od&ygw,f? w±kwEf ikd if H udv k nf; oGm;a&mufvnfywfcyhJ gw,f? w±kwt f rsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif a'guw f m qGe, f ufqifEiS v hf nf; awG@qo Hk u d |r;f cGi&hf &Scd yhJ gw,f? a'guw f m qGe, f ufqif ESifh tm&Sa'o vGwfvyfa&;udpPrsm; aqG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? yxr urBmppf+yD; umeD;rSm q&mawmf jrefrmEdik if @H jyefºuG cJyh gw,f? tJ'D tcsed u f +yD; jrefrmvlxk em;rsupf yd iG ahf pzd@k Edik if w H umrS &&Scd w hJ hJ todynm A[kow k rsm;ESihf ,SOw f +JG yD; Edik if aH &; w&m;a[majymygawmhw,f? q&mawmf&J@ a[majymcsufawG[m pum;vk;H ajymifajymif xdxrd rd &d v dS w S t hJ wGuf w&m;yGw J ikd ;f wd;k rayguf atmif pnfum;w,fvdk@ odrSDolawGu rSwf wrf;wifcyhJ gw,f? “jrefrmwdik ;f oljynfom;wd@k [m usd K ;EG H w ,f q d k w J h atmuf w ef ; us pdwrf sm;udk z,f&mS ;ypf=u&r,f? jrefrm wdik ;f ol jynfom;wd@k [mpGr;f &nfowWd &Sad =umif;/ ynm&Sad =umif;eJ@ r[kwrf cH pdw"f gwu f kd jy&r,f? 'Dvjkd yEdik &f if usKyf wd@k ukd b,fou l rS apmfum;&J zdEydS &f J rSm r[kwaf wmhb;l ? b,fvt kd iftm;}uD; +yD; &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfwt hJ pd;k &jzpfjzpf wdik ;f &if;om;taygi;f pnf;vk;H nDnmpGm eJ@weG ;f vSef Edik =f u&if wm&Sncf EH ikd rf ,f r[kwyf gb;l ? ud, k &hf nfreS ;f csuf atmif apcsi&f if aemufrwGe@f =ueJ@? a=umuf tm;ryd=k u eJ@? 'kuu Q kd y"gerxm; =ueJ@? [kr±R ;l wd@k vGwv f yfa&;wd@k qw kd m usKyf wd@k &xdu k w f hJ urBmt h arGtESp}f uD;rsm; jzpfw,f? AsL±du k a&pD 0g'orm;awGu b,favmufyJ aESmi@, f u S f aESmi@, f u S f 18

trSwfpOf-91 wu,f&atmifvyk Ef ikd w f hJ oabmrSef [m wdik ;f oljynfom;wd@k vufxrJ mS om &Sw d ,f?” q&mawmf OD ; OwW r ud k a&S ; a[mif;tawG;tac: t,ltq y,f vSeo f /l trsKd ;om;a&;pdw"f gwf wufºuG atmifv@H_ aqmfot l jzpf ol@acwfvx l k u vufcx H m;cJyh gw,f? jrefrmEdik if H 0H omEk trsKd ;om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ pwifaz: aqmifcw hJ hJ ‘*spD b D aD ttoif;}u;D ’&J@ Edik f iHa&;v_y&f mS ;r_ atmifjrifapa&;twGuf vnf; q&mawmfu txl;0g,r pdu k f xkwfcJhygw,f? “u&ufa'guf *uf a'gu”f (Craddock, Get Out!) qdk wJh aºuG;a=umfoaH =umifh q&mawmfem rnf *k%o f wif; ydrk akd y:vGix f if&mS ; vm ygw,f? q&mawmf&@J a[majymcsuf awGa=umifh trsKd ;om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ ydrk kd t&Sed &f vm+yD;/ vlxt k rsm; Edik if aH &; Ed;k =um;vmygw,f? 0HomEk toif;awG vnf; trsm;tjym; ay:ayguv f m yg w,f? ‘ol & d , owif ; pm’uvnf ; q&mawmf&J@ a[majymrdef@=um;csuf rsm;udk axmufcaH &;om;cJyh gw,f? q &mawmf&@J tawG;tjrifopf aqmif;yg; awGuv kd nf; ol&, d owif;pmu wcef; wem;az: jyygw,f? Ak'o < moempnf yifw;kd wufapcsi&f if OD;pGmyxr u|ef b0u vGwaf tmifvyk &f r,fv@kd q&m awmfu rde@f =um;ygw,f? trsKd ; bmom omoemtusKd ;twGuf ‘oHCor*~’D tzGJ@awGxlaxmifzdk@/ vGwfvyfa&;& atmif aqmif&u G =f uzd@k / OD;OwWr urde@f =um;ygw,f? tJ'aD emuf Edik if t H ES@H rmS oHCor*~t D zG@J awG ay:vm+y;D Edik if aH &; w&m;a[mwJh oHCmawmfawG wd;k yGm; vmygawmhw,f? q&mawmf O D ; OwW r u “ ' D wd k i f ; jynf ol w yg; vuf a tmuf c H

u|efEdkifiHjzpfae&if 'Dwdkif;jynfu vl rsd K ;[mvnf ; u|ef v l r sd K ;/ 'D v l r sd K ; udk;uG,fwJh bmom[mvnf; u|ef bmom u|ef o moemjzpf r ,f ? 'g a=umifh u|efbmom u|efomoem tjzpfu vGwfatmif oHCmawmf rsm; ausmif;wGif usdef;tdyfrae=u bJ/ oHCor*~DtzGJ@rsm;zGJ@+yD; 'Dwdkif; jynf'DvlrsdK;vGwfvyfatmif aqmif &Guo f if=h uw,f”vd@k yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; a[majymcJyh gw,f? q&mawmf&J@ 0g,rpdkufxkwf r_a=umifh 1921 ckEpS f Zlvikd f (1)&uf (2) &ufwGif oHCor*~DtzGJ@aygif; (30) ausmrf S ud, k pf m;vS,f awGwufa&muf wJh tpnf;ta0;udk &efuek +f rKd @rmS usi;f y Edik cf w hJ ,f? q&mawmf oHCmawmfawG/ *spD b D aD t toif;acgi;f aqmifawG tyg t0if &[ef;&Siv f l y&dowfig;&mausmf wufa&mufw,f? zsmykcH ±dik /f a';'&J+rdK@ e,f/ qkuvyf&mG w&m;yGt J +yD; q&m awmf OD;OwWrudk Edik if aH &;w&m; a[mvd@k qd+k y;D tdE, dN &mZowf}u;D yk'rf 124(u) ESihf 153 (u) wd@k t& t*Fvyd t f pd;k &udk qef@usiw f u kd cf u kd af [majymr_e@J axmif '%ftjypfay;ygw,f? &[ef;&Siv f l jynf oltrsm; rcHr&yfEikd f zdEydS w f hJ tpd;k &udk r ausreyfjzpf=uygw,f? q&mawmfukd axmifcsvu kd w f ma=umifh ‘*spD b D aD t’ toif;}u;D udk vlxu k ydrk akd xmufcH tm; ay;cJw h mawG@&ygw,f? q&mawmf yxrt}ud r f axmifu jyefvw G v f mawmh/ wjynfv;Hk vSn+hf y;D Edik if aH &;w&m; a[mjyefygw,f? “t*Fvdyf ypPnf;udk oydwf arSmuf=u” “t*Fvdyf qdkifawGudk oydwf arSmuf=u” “wdik ;f &if;jzpf ypPn;f ud0k ,f,l tm;ay;=u”

pufwifbm-14-2008 “wd k i f ; &if ; om;qd k i f a wG r S m 0,f,t l m;ay;=u” “'d@k vrl sKd ;awG nDnw G rf S vGwf vyfcsr;f omr,f” “[kr±R ;l ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&; & atmif awmif;qd}k udK;yrf;=u” “u&ufa'guf *ufa'gu”f (Craddock,Get Out!) qdw k hJ aºu;G a=umfoaH wGe@J a[majymygw,f? 1924 ckEpS f &efuek f usK;H }uD; vrf; eef;awmf±yk &f iS ±f w Hk &m;yGt J +y;D 'kwd ,t}urd f tzrf;cH&jyefygw,f? t*Fvyd f tpdk;&udk t=unfndK ysufapatmif a[majyma=umif; jypfrx _ if&mS ;w,f qdk +yD; tvky=f urf;ESihf axmif'%f (3) ESpf tjypfay;wm cH&jyefwmayg?h t*Fvdyftpdk;&taeeJ@ q&m awmfukd axmifcsvu kd w f m[m rSm;,Gi;f wJhtqkH;tjzwfvdk@qdk&rSmygyJ? q&m awmfO;D OwWr&J@ ±d;k om;r_/ ud, k u f sKd ;riJrh /_ wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlxt k usKd ;udo k m a&S;±_r_ wd@k a=umifh q&mawmfukd pHerlem,l+yD; oHCmawmf trsm;tjym; jrefrmtoif; csKyf}uD; (GCBA) Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_ twGi;f wwyfwtm; yg0ifvm=uyg w,f? tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ uGezf &ifrh sm;rSm oHCmawmfrsm;yg0if aqG;aEG;a[majym vm ygawmhw,f? oHCmhor*~t D zG@J awG vnf; us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ zG@J pnf;vm =uygw,f? Edik if t Hh a&;t&mudpaP wGrmS oHCmhor*~t D zG@J awG wufwufºuºG uyG g 0ifaqmif &Guv f m=uygw,f? q&mawmf OD;OwWr[m jref rmEdik if H 'kw, d bk&ifcH u&ufa'gu&f @J ‘'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;pepf’udk qef@usif oljzpfygw,f? 0dik t f rfbaD t&J@ tqdu k kd axmufc+H y;D ’[kr±R ;l ’ (Home Rule) & &Sad &; awmif;qdak [m ajymygw,f? 'dik f tmcD tkycf sKyfa&;pepfrmS trwf (103) ae&m&mxm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh a&G; 19

trSwfpOf-91 aumufcu H , kd pf m;vS,f (79)OD;om cGihf jyKrSmjzpfygw,f? use(f 24) ae&mu bk &ifcHcef@ AsL±dku&ufawG jzpfygw,f? jynfo@l u, kd pf m;vS,ef @J AsL±du k &uft &m&Sad wGwzJG uf+y;D tkycf sKyw f hJ tkycf sKyaf &; pepfjzpfygw,f? Oya'jyKaumifpDrSm Oya'=urf; tqdkwckwifwJhtcg a&G; aumufcHudk,fpm;vS,fawGtaeeJ@ rJtrsm;pk&+y;D tEdik &f ayr,fh bk&ifcH o abmrwlv#if (ADw)kd jzifh y,fcsc&H Edik yf g w,f? 'Dae@acwf ‘etz’&J@ anmifEpS f yifz@JG pnf;ykH twdik ;f ygy?J Adv k cf sKyf}uD; w jzpfvJ orRwu oabmrwl&if bmrS vkyv f @kd r&wJo h abmygy?J 'ga=umifh 1922 Zlvdkif (15) (16) *sLAvDa[m tpnf;ta0;rSm q&mawmf O D ; OwW r u “'d k i f t mcD tk y f c sKyf a &;pepf o nf AsL±d k u a&pD tkyfcsKyfa&;jzpfojzifh jynfoludk r wdkifyifbJ/ AsL±dku&ufwdk@u pDrHtkyf csKyfaompepfjzpfonf[k axmufjy cJhonf? jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,f (79) OD;onf tm%myg0gr&Sdaom ±kyfjy vSnfhpm;r_omjzpfonf? jynfolu oabmwl I aqmif & G u f a v[ef y&d,m,f aqmifaom tkyfcsKyfa&; pepfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh 'dkiftmcD a&G;yGJr0ifoifh/ 'dkiftmcD aumifpDY rygoifh/ 'dkiftmcDaumifpD0ifI yl; owf a &; vk y f & ef r jzpf E d k i f / AsL±d k u &ufwdk@. =oZmudkrvGefqefEdkif” p onfjzifh q&mawmfu &Si;f jycJyh gw,f? [kr±R ;l &&Sad &;twGuf q&mawmf&@J a[m ajymcsuw f ck[m =uufo;D xzG,f wuf ºupG &maumif;ygw,f? “[k r R ± l ; twG u f }ud K ;pm; =u&mrS m a=umuf v ef @ pd w f a wG r xm;=ueJ@? a=umufarG;yg&if Zm* emeJ @ E_ w f y pf = u&r,f ? cd k ; &rS m 'd k i f tmcD a umif p D 0 if & rS m oma=umuf ?

aus;vufu'umawG ol}uD;udk r a=umuf = ueJ @ ? ol } uD ; wif r u +rd K @ tk y f 0 ef a xmuf v nf ; a=umuf z d k @ r vdkbl;? olwdk@xuf}uD;wJh bk&ifcHqdk wmvnf ; a=umuf p &m r&S d y gbl ; ? udk,fhwdkif;jynfudk udk,fhvlrsdK; tkyf csKyf&atmif bk&ifcHeJ@AsL±kd u&uf awG u d k E S i f x k w f = u&r,f ? ‘u&uf a'gufxGufoGm;’vdk@ OwWru *sLA vDrSxyf+yD; trdef@ay;aew,f? ” q&mawmfOD;OwWreJ@ *sDpDbD atacgif;aqmifawGu jrefrmEdkifiHol Edik if o H m;awG&@J vGwv f yfciG u hf kd wdik ;f w yg;om;awGu csKyu f ikd f cs,v f , S af ewm vufrcHEdkif=uygbl;? 'ga=umifh tJ'D acwfu rw&m;ojzifh aumufcaH ewJ@ vlceG zf suo f rd ;f ay;zd@k / v,f,majr tcGef taumufawG av#mch say;zd@k / 'gt h jyif jrefrmjynfukd jrefrmawGprD cH ef@ccJG iG &hf &Sd a&;twGuf [kr±R ;l ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&; ay;zd@k t"duxm; awmif;qdck =hJ uwm jzpfygw,f? t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u 1930 q&m pHoyl ek f udpu P kd jyefveS o f ;Hk oyfrj_ yK&mrSm q&mawmfOD;OwWr&J@ a[majymcsuf awGudk ta=umif;&if; wcsuftjzpf xnfo h iG ;f owfrw S x f m;wJh tcsuu f kd axmuf&if q&mawmf&@J Edik if aH &;aqmif &GufcsufawG[m e,fcsJ@orm;awGudk tcufawG@apw,f/ ajcmufjcm;apw,f qdw k m oHo,jzpfz, G rf &Syd gb;l ? ud, k f usKd ;riJh wdik ;f jynfe@J vlrsKd ;vGwv f yfa&;t wGuf q&mawmf[m yifyrf;qif;&Jr_ t rsKd ;rsKd ;cH+yD; udv k ekd eD ,fcs@J t*Fvyd f tpd;k &udk ESv;Hk &nfwu kd yf JG t=urf;rzufwhJ EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ qifcJhygw,f? zdESdyf csKycf s,[ f ef@wm;r_ trsKd ;rsKd ;t=um;rS rdrd Edik if o H El ikd if o H m;awG Edik if aH &;todtjrif us,fjyef@wdk;wufvmatmif axmif wef;tuscu H m a[majymcJo h l rsKd ;cspf

pufwifbm-14-2008 yk*Kd~ vv f nf;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrm awGukd tapmqk;H Edik if aH &;rsupf zd iG ahf y; cJo h w l @kd teuf q&mawmf[m a&S@q;Hk wef; yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? q&mawmf & J @ i,f p Of b 0ud k rSww f rf;rSw&f mawGt& tb OD;jrESihf trd a':atmifausmo f l wd@k jzpfa=umif; od&ygw,f? i,femrnf ‘ay:xGef; atmif’jzpfygw,f? &cdik jf ynfe,f/ ppf awG+rdK@ ±ly&yfuu G Zf mwd/ (1879 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm14)rSm zGm;jrifcJhygw,f? t ouf (15) ESpt f &G,rf mS umvuwWm;rS wuUodkvf0ifcGifh q,fwef; atmifyg w,f? 'g[m tJ'aD cwfu tpd;k & &mxl; rufolwdk@tzdk@ +rdK@tkyf&mxl; &EdkifwJh tcGifhtvrf;ygyJ? ‘q&mawmf’ [m 'DtcGit hf vrf;udk y,fcyhJ gw,f? yckuLU +rdK@ a&p}udKpmoifwu kd rf mS Ak'b < mom pmayusr;f *efrsm; qufvufoif,yl g w,f? 1900jynfEh pS f touft&G,f tm; jzifh (21) rSm &[ef;0wfjzifh tdE, dN Edik if o H @kd ºuaG &muf+y;D umvuwWm; tdE, dN trsKd ; om; aumvdyrf mS ygV/d ouUÉ/ b*F gv/D rm*&D/ a&S;a[mif;[dELN pmayrsm; oif ,lcJhygw,f? tJ'D ausmif;rSmyJ ygVd ygarmuQtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhygw,f? 1907 ckEpS rf mS *syefEikd if o H @kd yxrt}urd f oGm;a&mufc+hJ yD; 2 ESpaf usm=f um pmay yd@k cs&if;aexdik cf yhJ gw,f? 1912 rS m 'k w d , tacguf *syefukd a&mufjyefygw,f? 1917 rSm *syefu tjyef zdvyd ikd /f =opa=w;vD;,m;/ e,l;ZD;vef/ wufpaf r;eD;,m;/ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;/ puFmyl/ rav;u|e;f qG,f tp&Sw d hJ a'oawGukd c&D;vSn+hf y;D &efuek u f kd jyefchJ ygw,f? ol&, d r*~Zif;rSm *syefjynft awG@t}uKH awGudk c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf; tjzpf a &;cJ h y gw,f ? “*syef j ynf twˆKy`wWd”trnfeJ@ ol&d,wdkufuyJ pmtkyt f jzpfxw k af 0cJyh gw,f? wjcm; 20

trSwfpOf-91 pmtkyf pmwrf;eJ@ aqmif;ygtrsm; tjym;vnf; ol&, d owif;pmrSm a&;cJh ygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiH t*Fvdyf vuf atmufu vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf tywfwukwf }uKd ;pm;&if; 'kw, d urBm ppf}u;D pwifwhJ 1939 ckEpS f pufwifbm v (9) &ufae@ oufawmf (60) jynfch sed f rSm ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ ysv H eG af wmf rlcyhJ gw,f? vufiif; jrefrmEdik if t H ajc t ae[m ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd z,f&mS ;zd@k 'kw, d vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf JG qifae=u& qJjzpfygw,f?'Dae@ vli,frsKd ;qufopf wd@k taeeJ@ q&mawmfO;D OwWr&J@ tmZm enf pdw"f gwu f kd pHerl,+l yD; ppftm%m

pufwifbm-14-2008 &Sipf epfzsuo f rd ;f a&;wdu k yf u JG kd qufvuf qifEJ$ =u&if; q&mawmfh *k%af us;Zl;udk rarh ravsmha=umif; jyo=u&OD;rSm jzpfygw,f? “ud, k &hf nfreS ;f csuf atmif jrifcsif&if aemufrwGef@ =ueJ@”qdkwJh q&mawmfh =o0g'eJ@ tnD rsKd ;qufopf vli,fw@kd taeeJ@ ol&owW&d &dS dS &J&&J if&h ifh }uKd ;yrf; }upH nftm;xkw=f u&OD;rSm jzpf ygw,f? q&mawmf OD;OwWr&J@ bG@J em rnf[m jrefrmhordik ;f rSm xm0pOfwnf aerSm trSeyf gy?J ? Бq&mawmf OD;OwWr’ysHvGefawmfrljcif; (69) ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwfÐ

usrf;udk;pm&if; (1) 0HomEkta&;awmfykHordkif; (19 06 - 1936) / ocifbarmif / w oufwmpmay/ 1975 ZEM0g&D? (2) *sLAvDa[mjrifuGif; / wdkufpdk;/ csif;wGif;pmay / 1978 =o*kwfv? (3) jrefrmEdkifiHtvkyform; v_yf&Sm; r_ordik ;f / ocifviG f / yk*pH mtkyw f u kd /f 1968 arv? (4) udkvdkeDacwf jrefrmhordkif;tbd "mef/ jr[ef/ rdk;rif;pmay/ 1981?

pmrsufESm-16rS 2007 AuorS ausmu f u kd ekd iS hf pnfol armifw@kd rS cGyaf 'gi;f tvHuikd jf yD; quf vuf csw D ufz@kd ta=umif;udk zke;f qufjy;D t=udrf=ufdrf awmif;qdkonfh twGuf a=umifh pma&;olu, kd w f ikd f pnf;urf; xdr;f odr;f a&;aumfrwDo@kd oGm;a&muf a=umif;=um;xm;&onf? pufwifbm v 25-&ufae@wiG o f C H mhwyfaygi;f pkt zG@J =u;D ESi8hf 8-rsKd ;qufausmif;om;rsm; t zG@J yl;wGaJ =ujimcsuf xkwjf yefEikd cf hJ onf? xd@k aemufwiG f e-t-z ppftm %m&Sirf sm;u ausmif;wdu k rf sm; tm; t"rR0ifa&mufpD;eif;I oHCduydkif ypPn;f rsm;udk zsuq f ;D jcif;/ aiGrsm;udk odr;f qnf;jcif;/ oHCm;awmfrsm;udk zrf;qD; jcif; paom t"rRvyk &f yfrsm;a=umifh oH Cmawmfrsm;rSm vGwaf jrmuf&m ae&m

rsm;od@k a&Smifwrd ;f =u&onf? a&Smifwrd ;f aeonf=h um;uyif OD;aqmifq&mawmf tcsKd @rmS etz ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;wd@k . zrf;qD;jcif;udk cHvu kd =f u&onf? tzrf;rcH&bJvGwf ajrmufae ao;aom oHCmhwyfaygi;f pk tzG@J =uD; .OD ; aqmif q &mawmf r sm;jzpf o nf h OD ; =obmoES i f h OD ; awZwd k @ tygt 0if tjcm;tzG@J 0if oHCmawmf trsm; pkrmS ,ae@txd yke;f &if;a&Smif&if;rS r+y;D qH;k ao;aom wm0efrsm;udk qufvuf xrf;aqmifvsuf &Sad e=uygonf? ppf tm%m&Sipf epfukd t+y;D tydik f zsuo f rd ;f ypf+yD; bmomomoem xGe;f um;pnf yif Edik o f nfh 'Dru kd a&pD acwfopfwckukd wnf a qmuf E d k i f o nf t xd tjcm; aom tiftm;pkrsm;ESit hf wl qufvuf

wdkufyGJ0if oGm;a&;onf jrefrmedKifiH vH k ; qd k i f & m oH C mh w yf a ygif ; pk t zG J @ =uD =u;D . t"du tusq;kH vkyif ef;wm0ef jzpfyg onf? to#if-obmo OD;aqmifq&mawmfjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&moHCmh wyfaygif;pktzGJ@}uD;?

21

trSwfpOf-91 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012

&J&ifah tmif

(e,l;a'vD)

jynfopf wnforl sm;

vrf ; ay:wG i f vl r sm;jynf h o d y f y d w f q d k ‹ aeonf ? olw‹dk onf wae&mod‹k vnfwarmharmh pkòyH0ikd ;f tHk =unfh ae.? jy\em&S[ d efwo l nf? pyfpw k wfonfh tusiahf =umifh vnf; vltkyf}uD;enf;wl pl;prf;csifvmonf? pufbD;udk tdr0f if;wcktwGi;f 0iftyfonf? vl=um;xJ wd;k a0S‹omG ;v#if tzdwrf pif r&Sad p&ef ausmif;vG,t f w d óf ud;udk xdyyf ikd ;f wGif pkcsnu f m jyefv, G o f nf? xd‹k aemuf trsm;tm±Hpk u kd &f m jrif uGi;f teD; wa&GŒa&GŒuyfonf? pdwu f rl odcsiaf Zma=umifh okwaf jcwifae.? vlyt kH v,fwiG f ol‹uakd wG‹onf? vltrsm;u ol‹ tay:wGif tppt&m&m pdwcf svufcs &S[ d efw. l ? vufyu kd f ol/ ycH;k ay: tcsi;f csi;f vufwifo/l ar;axmufo/l wD;wd;k ajym ol trsK;d rsK;d tzHzk kH &So d nf? olu pwpfaumfvm tuôstjzL 0wfxm;um/ wku d yf t kH rJukd nmbufycH;k wGif v$m;xm;.? b,fbuf csKid ;f atmuf&dS aoewfoikd ;f óud;wGif ajcmufv;kH yl; wvuf xnfx h m;onfukd txif;om; jrif&.? xkad oewfukd aumif;aumif; jrifz;l onf? aoewf ud, k x f nfwckv;kH eDu,fow k x f m;rnf/ vufuikd ±f ;kd ukrd l qif pG,zf ;kH um ywwf&yf jrif;waumifyu kH dk eDu,fa&mif tom; wHqyd f ±du k Ef ydS x f m;onfvnf; yg&rdS nf? +y;D cJo h nfEh pS u f u|Eyfk f wd‹k oli,fcsi;f wodu k f 8 wef;atmifpm&if; xGuo f nfah e‹wiG f pm;aomufqidk w f ckY ol‹ukd teD;uyf awG‹jzpfco hJ nf? xdpk Ofu ol‹vidk pf ifaoewfukd trSwrf xif udik =f unfch iG &hf cJ. h ?

pufwifbm-14-2008 olvnf;yJ ol‹jrif;uJhodk‹ tm;rmef,l[ef&Sdonf? òyid b f ufudk tuGuaf csmif;um rnfo‹kd rnfykH pHak ygu&f rnfukd tcgrvyf csed q f ae[ef&. dS ? rsuaf wmifrcwfpwrf; pl;pdu k . f ? jyif;tm;aumif;aom wdwfqdwfr_rsm;udkjzifh aqmif,l xm;onf? touf 40 ESpt f &G,f ol‹wiG f zswv f wfwufºuG [efyef/ tr_tcif;w&yfukd t+y;D tjywf aqmif&u G rf nfh rsuf ESmay;/ txl;ojzifh ol‹u, kd o f l ,H=k unfpw d cf sonfh rsu0f ef;/ onfx h ufy&kd v#if w&m;r#wonfb h ufrS tckid t f rm &yf wnfrnfh E_wcf rf;wpHEk iS hf &J&ifjh ywfom;onfh ta0ht0du k ft =unfrh sm; &So d nf? t&yftarmif; aumif;onfh vlacsmvl ajzmifyh if? [dw k acwfu ausm=f um;cJo h nfh ±ky&f iS rf if;om;}u;D ausmaf qGEiS hf nGe‹f 0if;vdk *du k q f u dk rf sK;d ? uG,v f eG o f mG ;onfh q&m}uD; rif;odc. F Zmwfvu kd af usmf paearmifarmifEiS hf qm;ykvif; ESi;f armifvv dk m; rajymwwf? vltrsm; xdwv f ef‹ap&ef [efa&;jyjcif; r[kww f ef &m? ±ky&f iS rf if;om; o±kyaf qmif[ef/ vlprG ;f aumif;tjzpf o abmydkufap&ef }uH&G,fjcif;vnf; r&Sdavmuf? rsufpda&SŒ arSmuf a&mufvmojzifh cyfcgG cgG raeEdik o f nft h qH;k wcef; wu¾rS yg0if&awmh.? twdkcsKyf&v#if jrif;vSnf;ESifh qkdifu,f ae‹cif; a=umifawmif ,mOfwu dk rf [ _ k od&onf? ,mOfxed ;f &JwOD; t &yf0wfEiS hf a&mufvmonf? rSm;onfu qkid u f ,form;? jrif; vSn;f bD; usK;d yJo h nf/ qkid u f ,fa&SŒrD; uJo G nf? qkid u f ,fu tavsmrf ay;onft h jyif ol‹tysut f pD;twGuf jrif;vSn;f q&mqDu wef&mwefa=u; awmif;onf? ,mOfxed ;f &Ju w &m;ojzifh rqH;k jzwf/ bufvu kd o f nf? Tonfukd yufyif; wd;k &mwGif ol 0ifygvm&jcif;yif? olu ,mOfxed ;f &Jrsm;ESihf &JXmeudk vSr;f ta=umif; =um;onf? tcif;jzpfymG ;r_wiG f wpHw k &m tajymif;ta&$Œ r&Sad p&ef apmif=h unfo h nf? tqH;k owf&v#if jrif;vSn;f q&m tavsm&f onf? wm0efcsed w f iG f ,leaD zmif; r0wfbJ t&ufe‹H waxmif;axmif;ESihf t*wdvu kd pf m;onfh ,mOfxed ;f &Jukd tr_ zGirhf nf[k oluqk. d ? aemiftcg Tod‹k rjzpfap&ef &Jrsm;u awmif;yefojzifh xkrd #jzifh tqH;k owfco hJ nf? olu at;aq;wnf+idrfpGm xGufoGm;onf? odk‹ aomfvnf; r_cif;twGi;f ud, k w f idk u f , kd u f s 0ifa&mufum xdk ae&mYyif w&m;ojzifh pD&ifjcif;vnf; &Sad p.? trsm;. a&SŒ arSmufY w&m;onfb h ufrS vdu k cf . hJ / pD&if.? olonf a&SŒae wOD;jzpfonf? (,mOfxed ;f &JrmS e,fòr‹d wòr‹d o‹kd r=umcif ajymif; a&$ŒcH&avawmhonf?) 22

trSwfpOf-91 yJGqlyJGvef‹vkyfv#if a'golykefxrnfh ,rf;yHt k v,fr;D pcsouJo h ‹kdjzpfwefonf? od‹k aomf }u;D onft h r_ i,fap/ i,fonfh tr_yaysmufap&efEiS w hf &m;ojzifah qmif usO;f &eftm;xkwcf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? Tjzpf &yfum; rajymyavmuf? tvm;wl rw&m;r_rsm;ae&mtES‹H jzpfaeao;onfh 'Dru dk a&pD wkid ;f jynf opfwiG f jzpf.? olESifhywfoufI ajym&rnf qdv k #if u|Eyfk w f ‹kd òrd‹wiG f ajymprSww f iG f p&m tajrmuftjrm; &So d nf? olaÏ;ac|; r olemðyq&mrav; aoqH;k r_/ wode;f ESpo f ed ;f aiGtwk vJv, S rf E_ iS hf 3 ydik ;f jzwf vlowfrv _ kd pdw0f ifpm;p&m/ ^m%f&i$ pf &m tr_rsm;tjyif emrnf}u;D oufwrf; &Snf w&m;rr_}u;D rsm;ESihf tm%mydik rf sm; ywfoufcJhonfh t±_wfawmfyHk r_cif; aygi;f wyHw k acgi;f &So d nf? tr_oGm;tr_vmudk qifjcif um/ Oya'a=umif;vrf;wGif csed cf iG v f #m wzufapmif;eif; rjzpf&ef (wwfEidk o f r#) csO;f uyfonf? ud, k t hf r_onf tEkid &f a&;twGuf ESpðf r‡yv f yk u f ikd o f nf? tr_ onfrsm;tm; tvd&k o dS nft h wkid ;f a&SŒ aqmifvrf;jyEdik pf rG ;f &So d nf? Oya'yk'rf zGiq hf ckd surf sm; t&SmtazGaumif;/ tud;k tum; aumif;onf? w&m;cGiYf pdwv f kd vuf& csuu f sus av#mufvEJ ikd o f nf? tr_onfrsm;u yJpG m;rvdb k J wku d ±f u kd f iSm;Edik o f nf? olonfum; t}udrf}udrf/ t vDvD atmifjrifr_ &aeaom vlvwfyikd ;f A[dw k &m;±H;k a&SŒaejzpfonf? ae&mESihf t csed t f cgra&G; w&m;cGirf sm;/ w&m;±H;k rsm; jzpfwnfapol[k qd&k acsrnf? w&m;r# wr_/ vGwv f yfr. _ ta&;ta=umif;udk rnfo‹kd yakH zmf&rnf/ vku d yf g&rnfukd o wd}uD;pGm &SmazGaeol/ trSefw&m; aemuf rvJrG aoG vku d yf g&ef jyifqifae oljzpfonf? 'ifjynfu h syjf ynfh a&muf&dS &efrmS rl rsm;pGmyif vdak o;onf[k rSwf

,lxm;.? q&maumif;wynfh yef;aumif; yef o l [ k qd k & ayrnf ? acwf q d k ; acwfysuf tcgwyg;wGif vlrsm;pk usihf }uHEikd af vh r&So d nfh cufcaJ om tusihf aumif;wckukd ol‹q&morm;rsm;u t aumiftxnf azmfco hJ nf? zufqpf jref rmppftpd;k &u wkid ;f wcGif rif;rlae csed f wGif ol‹q&mrsm;. pdw"f mwf/ ^m%fy nmcGet f m;ESihf acwfajymif; awmfveS f a&;uvnf; tm;aumif;aecsed jf zpf.? tm%mouf a &muf & m t wkid ;f wkid ;f / tjynfjynfwiG f w&m;wHceG f wd‹k rv$ix hf El ikd af y? w&m;a&;Xmersm; onf ormorwf jzpfa&;twGuf w &m;òyid &f m t&yfr[kw?f tm%mESihf vkyf ydik cf iG /hf aiGa=u;ESihf yk*K~ v d af &; tusK;d pD;yGm; tm;òyid &f mjzpfae.? taumif;tqk;d udk tusK;d oif/h ta=umif;oifh enf;vrf;jzifh rSeu f efr#wpGm azmfxw k &f ef tcGirhf om? rw&m;onfh trde‹f tm%mrsm; }uD;pd;k ae.? txl;ojzifh tqdyk g tm%mrsm; udk tm;prf;onf/h zDqefonfh vky&f yfreS f or#uv kd uf&ZJ uf&jJ zift h pd;k &uESyd u f yG f aeonf? w&m;Oya' pk;d rd;k r_ vH;k 0r &Sad y? xk d o d k ‹ aom tajctaersm; =um;rSmyif pOfqufrjywf ay:xGe;f ae aom ol&aJ umif;rsm;twGuf olw‹kd u w&m;"rRjzifh umuG,af y;.? t"rRukd wkdufxkwfarmif;ESif.? rw&m;onfh pepf}u;D wckv;kH ajymif;jyefveS &f ef tkwf eH&u H kd acgi;f jzifw h u dk cf . GJ ? xdcu dk ef musif onfh a0'emrsm;udk }uw d rf w dS u f m cg;pD; cH.? olw‹kd awGonf w&m;r#wvGwf vyfjcif; (avmuygvw&m;) udk rsuf arSmufðya&;twGuf ydwfqdk‹wpfcHae onfh eH&}H uD;tm; òzdcaGJ ejcif;jzpfonf? Tonfum; rd;k udk 'l;jzifh trSew f u,f yif wufwdkufaeouJhodk‹&Sd.? olwdk‹ udk,fwkdifyif ol&Jaumif;rsm;[k qdk zG,&f m &S. d ?

pufwifbm-14-2008 =unf h y gav? &[ef ; oH C m awmfrsm; pdwv f ufat;csr;f pGm oDwif; oH;k cGirhf &yg? vuf0g;uyfwidk rf sm; tcsed rf a&G; ðzwfcscaH e&.? vG,t f w d rf sm;wGif wdu k yf 0GJ if cGyaf 'gi;f tvHEiS hf ezl;pnf;teD rsm;xnfu h m qENjya&;twGuf ausmif; om;rsm;uacsmif;ajrmif;ae.?tm%m ykid rf sm;ESit hf a=umif;oif/h roifah y:rlwnf um±kwcf sn;f yif pD;yGm;wuf wwfovd/k tvG,w f ulyif pD;yGm;ysuf oGm;rnf? xd‹k tjyif vlrsK;d ukd ud, k pf m;ðy Edik o f rl sm;onf axmifxJ 0if&zefrsm; ojzifh cHEikd &f nf0aeonf? tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;wd‹k rnfonf qif;&Jayrnf? pma&;q&mwd‹k . pdw"f mwfEiS hf ynm onf aiGrifow k cf &H / qkw+f zJc&H .? u av;rsm;. tem*wfonf tarSmif twd jzpfaeovd/k ypPKy`eu f vnf; npf ax;aeonf ? vl i ,f r sm;vnf ; ud, k ahf jcaxmufEiS u hf , kd f &J&J rav#muf &J? (wkid ;f jynfwiG f vlrsm;pk xdt k wdik ;f yif? teJi,fom aumif;Ed;k &m&m &S. d ?) Ttajctaeud k ol ‹ q&m rsm;u tao;tzJ[ G k rrSw, f ?l tajccH tm;jzif, h , kd iG ;f ysupf ;D aeonfw h idk ;f jynf/ t&mcyford ;f qkw, f w k rf t _ jzpfjrifonf? olw‹kd uo hJ ‹kd ±_jrifonfh Edik if aH &;orm;/ v_y&f mS ;wufºuo G /l vl‹tcGit hf a&; tm; ay; jr‡iw hf ifo/l ausmif;om;ESihf oHCm awmftzJ‹G rsm;/xo kd rl sm;um;w&m;vuf vGwx f ed ;f odr;f csKyaf ESmif cHae& jyefonf? Tonfudk olwdk‹u tusKd; aqmif&ef enf;vrf;&Sm.? Oya'ynm &Sirf sm; jzpfojzifh Oya'abmiftwGi;f u av#mufvrS ;f vm.? w&m;Oya'ESihf t nD umuG,fapmifha&Smufonf? EkdifiH awmfukd zsuq f ;D olrsm;tjzpf pGypf cGJ H ae &olrsm;. ud, k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;/ a&SŒ aea&SŒ&yfrsm; jzpfvm=uawmhonf? T pmrsuf E S m -27od k @ 23

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

(armifpGrf;&nf) =o*kwf 18/ 2008 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456

tdkvHypfpdwf"gwf

åusaemf rlvwef;ausmif;om; b0wke;f u tdv k yH pf qdw k m bmvJv@kd ausmif;om;}u;D wa,mufukd ar;zl;w,f? “td;k udk vSe+f yD; ypfwmaygu h ”G vd@k ajymvd@k wtHw h =o rSwf om; cJ&h zl;w,f? tv,fwef;/ txufwef; eJ@ wuUov kd f ausmif;om; b0a&mufawmh rE aW v;rSm taersm;w,f/ rlv aecJw h mu jrif;+cHyg? rE aW v;a&mufawmh +rdK@rtoif; }u;D &J@aw;*DwoHawGe@J xrkH r$ ;f vmcJ&h w,f?+rKd @rtoif;qdw k m jrefrmEdik if rH mS oufwrf;t&Snq f ;kH aw;*Dwtoif;}uD;ayg?h 1930 avmuf u pwif wnfaxmifcw hJ mud;k ? tnma'o +rdK@awG/ &GmawGrmS +rdK@rtoif;qdw k mawG &Sad eawmh +rdK@rqdk wm rE aW v;u rlv yJqw kd mawmif rodcrhJ b d ;l ? jrif;+cH+rdK@r/ awmifom+rdK@r/ uef+rJ +rdK@rwJ?h rE aW v;rSm ausmif;om;}u;D jzpfvmawmh armifo*d F g& u avmiftrnf cHxm;wJh armifomEd;k eJ@ nDtpfuv kd kd cspcf if=u wJh taygi;f toif;awG jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? 0if;az/ ay:OD;ouf/ pEN,m;odr;f armif pwJh +rKd @rtodik ;f t0ef;eJ@vnf; xdpyf vmcJh ygw,f? ay:OD;oufu +rdK@r+idr;f &J@ om;orufyg? usaemf eJ@ rE aW v; txu(1)rSm wausmif;wnf; aecJh &zl;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh +rdK@r oDcsi;f awGukd ae@pOfavmuf qdak vh&o dS l ESpf OD;uawmh armifomEd;k eJ@wifr;kd wd@k ygy?J armifomEd;k uawmh ppfuikd ;f om;jzpfv@kd rE aW v;eJ@ tae eD;wJt h wGuf +rKd @roDcsi;f awG ydpk akH tmif &ygw,f? olqakd vh&w dS hJ oDcsi;f awGxrJ mS tdkvHypf oDcsif;[m xdyfwef;u ygw,f? “acgrjynf/ c&pfawmfray:rD tESpw f axmifavmufu tdv k yH pfyGu J kd qifE=JG uonf”qdv k @kd tpcs+D y;D wcrf;wem;qdak vh&ydS gw,f? oDcsi;f uvnf; tifrwefukd crf;em;ygw,f? tdv k yH pfyaJG wmf udk ordik ;f pmtkyf xJ rSma&m/ pmayAdrmefxw k f pmtkyx f rJ mS a&m zwfz;l yg&@J ? 'gay r,fh acgryHjk yifawGzwfrrd S yd+k y;D oabm ayguf em;vnf; vmcJh ygw,f? *&dyjkH yifqw kd m ewfom;awG &J@ta=umif;ygy?J ewfrif; }uD;u ZD;,kw?hJ tdv k yH pfyq JG w kd m ewf r if ; }uD ; ZD ; ,k u d k *k % f j yK wJ h taeeJ @ usif ; ywJ h

ewfyGJ}uD;ygyJ? rlvuawmh awmifjyHK; ewfyGJvdk &SdrSmaygh? acgrewf a wG [ m aumif ; uif x J u +*d K vf a wG u d k ud k , f p m;jyKygw,f ? aeewf o m;/ vewf o m; qdw k mrsKd ;awGayg?h aeewfom;&J@trnfu vlord sm;w,f? “tay: vd k ” wJ h ? tmumo 'H k ; ,Of w ck & J @ trnf jzpfz;l wmud;k ? ewfawG&@J tdv k yH pfyrJG mS yxrqH;k atmif yJ&G olu aeewfom; “tay: vk”d ygy?J aeqdw k m tvif;a&mifay;wmqdak wmh ud, k yf ikd f tvif; a&mifay;wmqdkawmh udk,fydkif tvif;a&mif &&Sdvdk=uwJh wjcm;+*dKvfawG[m aeudk 0ef;&H+yD; tvif;a&mif&&Sda&; t wGuf yg&rD jznfh=u&w,f? udk,fpdwfESpfyg; oef@pifap&yg w,f? ewfyaJG wG usi;f ywm twef=umawmh tm;usvmvd@k ol&aJ umif;}uD;awGuvnf; tdkvHypfyu GJ dk usif;y=uw,f? [musLvDtp&dw S hJ ol&aJ umif;(5)OD;wd@k +yKd i=f uw,f? cGet f m; }u;D wJh [musLvDayg?h ArmjynfrmS awmh pufb;D trnftjzpf xif&mS ;cJyh gw,f? “&mav;”wJ?h [musLvD wJ?h [musLvD udk twk,+l y;D “armifArm”qdw k mvnf; ay:vma&m pufb;D awG emrnfysuaf wmhwmygy?J xm;ygawmhav? tJ'eD wfawG +yD;awmhrsm; omrefvo l m;awG&@J tdv k yH pfyq JG w kd m ay:vmcJh wm? tdv k yH , D mrSm pdu k w f hJ yxrqH;k oHviG yf if[m vlol ra&mufzl;wJh [dk ajrmufzsm; wdkif;jynfuae+yD; [musLvD Ekwf ,lvmcJw h mwJ?h Armqefqef ajym&&if ajrmufu|e;f u oHviG yf ifayhg? *&dac:wJh acgrEdkifiHom;awG[m ppfwdkuf0goemygw,f? rem;wrf;ppf jzpfae=uawmh bk&ifwyg;u &yfem;vdu k w f ,f/ 'ga=umifh ewfrif;awGukd yef=um;+y;D tdv k yH pfyaJG wmf}u;D usi;f y w,f/ tdkvHypfrSm yg0if=uzdk@tm;vHk; ppfruf &yfem;xm;& w,f? yGaJ wmfumvrSm vlawG[m ab;r&Sd/ &efr&SdbJ c&D; oGm;Edik =f uw,f? tdv k yH pfyu JG kd (4)ESpw f }urd f usi;f yw,f? qk&ol [musLvD pmrsufESm-47 odk@

24

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

2010 tvGef ppftkyfpk&J htdyfrufudk b,fvdkzsufodrf;rvJ ZGefrIdif; (1) 2008 ckEpS f arv (29) &uf ae@rmS etz[m a=unmcsuf trSwf ( 7§2008) udk xkwjf yef+yD; - anmif ESpyf if zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk twnf jyK jyXmef;vku d af =umif; a=unmw,f? 'guu dk ikd +f yD; a&G;aumufyt JG opf wck vkyaf y;awmhr,f? tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJ+yD;vkd@ yxr qH k ; usif ; yr,f h v$ w f a wmf r S m tJ ' D anmifEpS yf ifz@JG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'qk+d y;D bdow d o f eG ;f avmif;+y;D tajccHOay' ESihf tnD Adv k u f sp;kd rd;k cGiu hf kd etzppftyk pf k u rdef@rdef@}uD; t&,lawmhrSm jzpfyg w,f? 'g[m etz&J@ tdyf rufjzpfw,f? 'g[m etz&J@ pdwful; ar#mfrSef;csuf jzpfw,f? 'Dtyd rf ufawGjynfzh @kd 'Dpw d u f ;l ar#mv f ifh csuaf wG &&Szd @kd ol rD;uke, f rf; ukef enf;rsKd ;pHk xk;d ppfqifovkd aqmif ±Guv f yk u f ikd f vmawmhrmS jzpfw,fqkd wm tajrSmftjrif wpHkw&m}uD;ol b,forl qdk rSe;f qrd=uvdrv fh @kd usaemf xifygw,f? 'ge@J ywfoufv@kd usaemf acgi;f xJ ar;cGe;f 3 ck 0if0ifw;dk aew,f? et zu bmawGvyk v f mEkid o f vJ? tck et z bmawG pvkyfae+yDvJ? usaemfwdk@ tm;vH;k &J@ uae@umv vkyif ef;awGu bmawG jzpfoifo h vJ? 'Dar;cGe;f awGukd tm;vH;k vnf; pdw0f ifpm; =ur,fxifyg w,f? 'gawGukd usaemfw@kd ajz=unh=f u &atmifAsm?

etztzdk@ 2010 a&G;aumufyGJatmif jrif acsmarmpGm usif;y oGm;Edkifa&;[m w u,hf aoa&;&Sifa&; jzpfw,f? 'DyGJ+yD;&ifNLD qdkwmvnf; r&Sdawmhbl;/ CRPP qdkwm vnf;r&Sdawmhbl;? (2) usaemf aemufqHk;ar;cGef;u p +yD; ajz=unhf csiw f ,f? usaemfw@kd tm; vH;k &J@ 'Dae@umv vkyif ef;wm0ef bm awGjzpfrvJ? tenf;qH;k 2 ck &Srd ,f xif w,f? wcku Adv k o f ef;a&$ vufrw S ef @J t&Sufr&Sd twnfjyKvkduf+yDvkd@ a=u nmvdkufwJh 2008 tajccH Oya'udk jywfjywfom;om; wdkufzsufypfa&;/ 'DtajccHOya'ukd enf;enf;av; rS &Sif oefcGifh/ oufa&mufcGifh touf0ifcGifh ray;a&; vkyif ef;wm0efjzpfw,f? aemuffwcku 90 a&G;aumuf yG&J v'fudk tajccHwhJ 'Drdkua&pDacwf opfw&yfudk zefwD;wnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;wm0efjzpfw,f? 'Dwm0ef 2 ck[m wck+yD;rSwck vky&f rSmrsKd ; r[kwf bJ? wqufwpyfwnf; qufwu kd f t ajctae tcsdeftcgawGeJ@tnD vkyf aqmifoGm;&rSm jzpfw,fvdk@ usaemf jrifw,f?b,fvkd vky=f urvJ? b,fol awGe@J vky=f urvJ? b,ftm;udk t"du tm;tjzpf r¾dKifjyK=urvJqw kd m us aemfw@kd quf+yD; pOf;pm;=u&vdrrhf ,f? (3) 'kwd,taeESihf yxr ar;cGef; udk jyefaumuf=unhcf siyf gw,f? etz

u bmawG vkyv f mEdik o f vJ? etz[m 2010 a&G;aumufyJG rwkid cf if =um;rSm1? 90 ckEpS f a&G;aumufy&GJ v'fukd wefz;kd rJo h mG ;atmif/ arS;rdeo f mG ;atmif enf;rsKd ;pHek @J aqmif&u G v f rd rhf ,f? 2?a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ trsKd ;om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKy/f CRPPESiahf &G;aumuf yGJ tEdik &f ygwrD sm;&J@ tcef; u¾awG udk wprusef ajcrGypf+yD; w&m;0ifvyk f ydik cf iG ahf wGuo kd n k atmufa&mufatmif vkyyf pfvrd rhf ,f? 3?jynfwiG ;f rSm&Sw d 'hJ rD u kd a&pDvy_ &f mS ; aqmif&Gufaeolrsm;&J@v_yf&Sm;EdkifpGrf; awGukd tpGr;f ukef uef@owf ydwf qd@k xm;+yD; vlxk v_y&f mS ;r_awG b,fvkd rS ray:ayguaf pa&; twGuf rD;uke, f rf; ukef umuG,v f rd rhf ,f? 4?typftcwf &yfpx J m;wJh wkid ;f &if; om; vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;tif tm;pkawGukd vufeufjzKwfypfa&;t wGuf enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;oH;k +y;D tm;xkwf vH;k yrf; vmvdrrhf ,f? 5? usaemfw@kd tiftm;pktwGi;f u nDnw G af &;udk enf;empHk oH;k +yD; wqifh wd;k xk;d cGJ vmvdrrhf ,f? 6?rpPwmbefurD eG ;f tygt0if Edik if H w um&J@ zdtm;awGukd tauG@tywf 25

trSwfpOf-91 awG/ yg;pyfuwdawGe@J a&Smifwrd ;f avsmh cs ypfvrd rhf ,f? 7?em*pfrek w f ikd ;f ab;oifh jynfoal wG twGuf &&Sv d mr,fh tultnDawGEiS hf taxmuftyHah wGukd ppftyk pf Ek iS hf ppf tkypf &k @J aqGawmfrsKd ;awmfwpk ud, k u f sKd ; twGuf ck;d ,l oH;k pG&J if; wzufrmS vlxk zdEyS af &; ,E &W m;awGukd wd;k cs@J wyfqif vmvdrrhf ,f? 8?}uHz@JG ukd a&G;aumufy0JG ifz@kd ygww D &yftjzpf jyifqifz@JG pnf; ay;wmtjyif etz =oZmcH vufa0cH aygupf ;kd ayguf p tiftm;pkav;awGukd ygwaD xmif cGihf 0ifa&muf ajc&_ycf iG hf zefw;D ay;vdrrhf ,f? 'gawGudk wck+yD; wck od@k r[kwf qufwu kd f vkyv f mvdrrhf ,fv@kd us aemf rSe;f q =unhrf w d ,f? etztzd@k 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ atmifjrifacsmarmpGm usi;f yoGm;Edik af &;[m wu,hf aoa&; &Siaf &; jzpfw,f? 'Dy+JG yD;&if NLDqdw k m vnf; r&Sad wmhb;l / CRPP qdw k mvnf; r&Sad wmhb;l ? tEdkif&ygwDqdkwmvnf; r&Sd awmhovkd 90 a&G;aumufyJG &v'fqdk wmvnf; r&Sad wmhb;l ? vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkawGe@J t+yD;r owf&ao;wJh typftcwf &yfpaJ &; jy \emqdkwmawGvnf; r&Sdawmhbl; vd@k olu tydik f wGux f m;wmjzpfw,f? tm;vH;k udk 'DwyGw J nf;ESihf &Si;f xkwyf pf vdkufEdkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ pdwfcsvufcs ,Hk =unfxm;wm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'DyJG udk b,fenf; ESirfh S tysuf rcHEikd b f ;l ? 'D yGu J dk b,favmufyJ &if;& &if;& &if; awmhr,fv@dk pdwyf ikd ;f jzwfxm;wJyh kH [m tawmfu h kd jrifomygw,f? etz tck bmawGvyk af e+yv D ?J tckudkyJ NLD ESifh tEdkif&ygwDrsm; &J@ &xm;wJh vlxk Mandate udk apmf um;armfum; ajymqdkae=u+yD? olwdk@ [m Mandate Date Out }uD;/ igwdk@

[murS Mandate tppftrSef Mandate Brand New qdw k mrsKd ; uav; uvm; pum;awG ajymqdak e=u+yD? w &m;0ifwnf&SdaewJhtrsdK;om;'Drdku a& pDtzGJ@csKyf/ XmecsKyf&Hk;ESihf A[dkt vkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@udk carmufpkwf }uD;wifxm;wJhtaqmuftODa[mif; }uD;xJu tzdk;tdk}uD;awGu qdkwJh toHk;tE_ef; rsdK;txd apmfum;ESdrfh cs+yD;ajymqkdvmae=u+yD? trsdK;om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf &H;k a&S@rmS udyk J }u@H z@HG EiS hf pGr;f tm;&Siaf wG um;awGe@J xd;k qdu k v f m &H k ; a&S @ u tzG J @ csKyf tzG J @ 0if a wG E S i f h axmufcH 0ef;&Hoal wGukd +cdr;f ajcmuf / +yD;awmh 0if&u kd /f +yD;awmh um;ay: qGJ wif +yD;awmh b,fqrD eS ;f rodwhJ ae&m udk ac:oGm;+y;D zrf;csio f vkd zrf;csKyx f m; qdw k mrsKd ;awGudk Oya'rJph mG w&m;enf; vrf; ruspmG vkyv f mae=u+yD? 'gESifhywfoufvdk@ wpHkw&m ajz&Sif;ay;zdk@/ zrf;qD;xm;olrsm; jyef v$wzf @kd Adv k o f ef;a&$xH wku d &f u kd t f zG@J csKyf OuUXud, k w f ikd u f pmyd@k ta=umif; =um;wmudk &Sw d ,fv@kd ukd ratmifah rh wmqdw k hJ tcsKd ;rsKd ; csKd ;jy+yD; apmfum;=u wmyg? 'Dvkyf&yf[m Oya'rJh w&m; vufvw G f jyKrjl cif; jzpfwma=umifh wkid ;f jynfta&;twGuf tifrwef &ifav; zG,jf zpfa=umif; 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm;}uD; rsm; a=unmcsufwapmif xkwfjyef vdu k af wmh 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm;}uD;awG udk NLDaemufvu kd af wGv@kd ao;odrf oGm;atmif rav;rpm; ajymqdak e=u ygw,f? a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf E S i f h NLDudk 0ef;&HaxmufcH aeolukd /Auo ausmif;om;awGudk em*pfrek w f idk ;f oifh olawGqD oGm;+y;D / ulnaD ewJh tEkynm &Siaf wGudk o&Jr&J pD;ovdk vku d v f zH rf; qD; ae=uygw,f? 'gawG[m w&m;0if wnf&adS ewJ Edik if aH &; ygwED iS hf axmufcH

pufwifbm-14-2008 0ef;&Hoal wGukd jyKrlusL;vGeaf ewJh etz &J@ Oya'rJh vky&f yfawGxu J wcsKd @jzpf=u ygw,f? typf&yfxm;wJh tiftm;pk awGEiS hf typfr&yfao;wJh tiftm;pkrsm; udv k nf; trsKd ;rsKd ;zdEySd /f +zKd czJG @kd AsL[mcs+y;D aqmif&u G af e=uwmyg? ZGef 30 &ufae@ rSm &efuek w f idk ;f rSL;u typf&yfxm;wJh +ird ;f tzG@J awGurkd ;l ,pfaq;0g;udpaP wGEiS hf rywfoufz@kd az:+y;D owday;wJh enf;ESihf +cdr;f ajcmuf jywm? rGejf ynfopfygwED iS hf typfcwf &yf pJjcif; (13) ESpaf jrmuf ae@ tcrf;tem;udk etzbufu tqifh jrifh t&m&Srd sm; rwufa&mufonfeh nf; jzifh rGefjynfopfygwDudk aoG;wkd;prf; =unhw f m? ygwaD wG rSwyf w kH ifciG jhf yKwJt h cg ygwDawGaxmif=uzdk@ aqmf=o&if;/ w zufu vufeufjzKwzf @kd / &JtoGiaf jymif; zdk@/ jynfol@ppftoGifajymif;zkd@/ }uHpnf tm;xkwaf ewm pwJh rvkyo f ifh rvkyf tyfwmawGukd vkyv f maeygw,f? w +ydKifeufxrJ mS DKBA ESihf etzwyf yl; wG+J yD; KNU pdkrdk;a'oawG twGif; xkd; ppfawG qifvmaeygw,f? KNU t wGi;f xk;d cGaJ e±HEk iS w hf if tm;r&awmhbJ General Agreement qdw k mukd acsmif xk;d +yD; tjrpfjywf acsre_ ;f a&;udk vH;k yrf; wmawG vkyv f m aeyg w,f ? EdkifiHwum&J@ zdtm;udkawmh em*pfupd rP mS Asean ,UN etz yl; aygi;f aqmif&u G af &; qdw k mavmufEiS hf tom qdik ;f xm;+yD; Edik if aH &;udpu P kd rSed ;f xm;zd@k }udK;pm; aqmif&u G af eygw,f? Edik if aH &;udprP mS awmh 2010 a&G;aumuf yGrJ w S yg; bmqdb k mrS pdwEf iS ahf wmif r ypfrmS ;eJ@ qdw k mrsKd ; vkyaf qmifaewmyg? (5) etz[m tJ'Dvdk ol@udpPol pepfwus aZmufcs aqmif&u G af e+yDr@kd usaemfwdk@[m usaemfwdk@&J@ vkyfief; wm0efawGudk pepfwus/ ajcvSr;f &S&d dS rk 26

trSwfpOf-91 cs jyifqif=u&vdrrhf ,f? bmvkv d yk =f u rvJ? b,foal wGe@J vky=f urvJ? b,f tm;udk t"du tm;tjzpf r¾dKif jyK=u rvJ? usaemfw@kd [m 90 a&G; aumufy&JG v'fEiS hf tEdik &f ygwrD sm;. wnf&cdS iG Ehf iS hf w&m;0if &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;cGifhawGudk umuG,=f u&vdrrhf ,f? 0ef;&H=u&vdrhf r,f? etzu ppfqifa&; (Operation) wckozG,/f xk;d ppfwckozG,f jyifqif wmudk usaemfw@kd bufu jyifqifcsuf r&Sd/ wnfaqmifr_r&Sd/ pepfuswhJ ajc vS r f ; r&S d / wOD ; aumif ; wa,muf aumif;eJ@b,fvrdk S umuG,Ef ikd rf ,f r [kwb f ;l ? ausmv f m$ ; tEdik , f El idk rf ,f r [kwb f ;l qdw k mu aocsmw,f? 'ga=umihf twGi;f rSm jzpfap/ t jyifrmS jzpfap tm;vH;k vku d yf gEikd rf ,fh t ajccHvyk if e;fpOfawGukd taotcsm &Sm azG csrw S &f vdrrhf ,f? tJ'v D kd tm;vH;k ndS Edi_ ;f &SmazG&&Sx d m;wJh vkyif ef;wm0efawG udk tiftm;pk toD;oD;u us&mtcef; pmrsuf E S m -23rS odk‹jzifh ESpfOD;ESpfzuf ta=umif;yg=u onf? w&m;Oya'onf vlwkdif;udk wajy;nD umuG,. f ? tm%monf tm%m&Siu f kd t"duxm; umuG,. f ? w&m;Oya'xuf tm%mu ykrd t kd pGr;f xuf qH;k jzwfEikd o f nfh wkid ;f jynfwiG f jzpf .?rw&m;aomtrde‹f /tm%mukzd D qef olrsm;tusOf;usaeonf?xdk‹a=umifh tm%mzD q ef o l r sm;ud k Oya'jzif h umuG,&f rnfh tvkyu f m; rvG,f vS? odk‹aomf w&m;Oya'udk/ t rSew f &m;udjk zifh trsm;jynfol ydrk kd od&dS &efESifh wkdif;jynf. tajctaerSefudk urBmw0Sr;f jrifom&ef vkyu f ikd o f nf? Tonfukd ESpzf ufpvH;k u odonf? t csKyftaESmifukd ra=umufvef‹/ ESp&f n S f

rSm uk, d pf u D , kd pf D tpGr;f ukef wm0ef,l =u&vdrrfh ,f? wOD;csi;f wm0ef,rl e_ @J pk aygif;aqmifacgif;aqmifr_udk tpGrf; ukejf riS w hf if=u&vdrrhf ,f? wku d yf o JG ¾ef [m trsKd ;rsKd ; jzpfEikd yf gw,f? vlxv k y_ f &Sm;r_ vlxw k u dk yf /JG ppfa&;wdu k yf EJG iS hf oH cif;wrefcif;wku d yf pJG wJh wku d yf yJG kH o¾ef aygi;f pHk rdryd ikd Ef ikd u f |r;f usi&f me,fy,frmS rdrd ydik Ef ikd u f |r;f usiaf om enf;emESihf 'D pk pnf;&&Sx d m;wJh bHv k yk if e;fpf OfawGukd wufpHk&GufpHk taumiftxnfaz: =u & rSmjzpfygw,f? usaemfwkd@rSm tcsdefu tiffr wef tuef@towf}u;D ygw,f? tcku pwGurf ,fq&kd if 18v/ v 20 yJ &Sad wmh wmyg? 'DumtwGi;f rSm vlxu k kd tcdik f trm pnf;&H;k jyifqif=u&vdrrhf ,f? rdrd wd@k twGuf tm;xm;&m t"du r¾dKif [m vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHk jynfov l x k }k u;D u vGJ vd@k wjcm ;r&Sb d ;l ? vlx}k uD;udk usaemf wd@k b,favmu pf nf;&H;k Edik rf vJ/ vlxk axmif'%fukd r_Ir[kw?f wdu k yf w GJ ck quf ð yjcif ; jzpf o nf ? rw&m;r_ u d k w&m;r_jzifh wdu k yf 0GJ ifjcif;yif? ESpzf uf pvHk;u rdkarmufc|efxufaom pdwf "mwfrsm;jzifh w&m;r#wa&;wku d yf GJ 0ifchJ =uonf? vlxw k &yfv;kH yg0ifqifEa$J om wku d yf }GJ uD; jzpfxeG ;f vmum wkid ;f jynf onf tm%m&Sipf epfatmufu vGwf ajrmufco hJ nfrmS r=umvSao;ay? Oya' pd;k rd;k ap&ef óud;yrf;tm; xkwaf eqJ jzpfonf? w&m;Oya'. t apmift h a&Smufukd jynfow l &yfv;kH nD wlr#wl cHpm;&cGi&hf ap&ef a[majymyJG rsm;/ oifwef;rsm;/ pnf;±H;k v_‹H aqmfrr_ sm; tifwkduftm;wkduf ðyvkyfaeqJjzpf onf?ol‹q&mrsm;ujzifh uG,v f eG cf =hJ u av+y;D jzpfonf? olonf ol‹ q&morm;rsm;

pufwifbm-14-2008 }uD;ESit hf wl b,fvdk csw D ufEikd rf vJ/ vl xk}uD;&J@ tm;ud;k b,favmuft& ,l Edik rf vJ qdw k m[m 'Duae@ wdu k yf JG 7J@ tqH;k tjzwfjzpfygw,f? tiftm;pktoD;oD;=um; nD nGwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf/ tm;vHk; vdu k Ef ikd rf ,fh bHv k yk if ef;pOfwckukd csrw S /f e,fy,fwidk ;f rSm rdrw d @kd &@J vkyu f ikd Ef ikd pf rG ;f / awGudk 10 q/ tq 100 jriS w hf if/ vlxk tm;udk t&,l/ vlx&k @J a0'emudk wku d f yGJ&J@ tpjyKcsufawGtjzpf ajymif;vJ/ wdu k yf iJG ,frsm;uae tqH;k tjzwf wdu k f yGJ tqifx h d tcGit hf cgaumif;rSm wGe;f wif/ qdw k hJ tqif;awGukd pepfuspmG pdw&f n S pf mG / tajrSmt f jrif}uD;pGm usm; ukyu f sm;cJ aqmif&u G Ef ikd f =ur,fq&kd if -etz ppftyk pf &k @J t}uH,w k u f dk &du k f csKd ;zsuo f rd ;f ypf+yD; 'Dru kd a&pDacwfopf wckudk rkcsuykd J wnfaqmufEikd v f rd q hf kd wm usaemf &J&J ajymcsifw,f? 7-7-2008 (zd&k rf*sme,frS ul;,laz: jyygonf) vufxufwiG f r&&Scd ahJ om ppftm%m &Sipf epf uif;pifaom wdik ;f jynfopfwiG f vdktyfv#if vdktyfovdk ae&mES i f h tcsed t f cgra&G; w&m;cGirf sm;/ w&m;±H;k rsm; jzpfwnfap&ef qufvuf tm; xkwaf yOD;rnf? Tonfyifv#if ol‹q &morm;rsm; qmavmifiwfrGwfpGm wnf aqmufcahJ om wdik ;f jynfopfyif jzpfayvdrrhf nf? trSeu f m; ol‹q&mrsm; yifv#if jynfopf wnforl sm; jzpfay awmhonf? jynfopf wnforl sm;yif æ?

(tem*wfo‹kd ar#m&f nfum ,cifEiS hf ,ck jzpf&yfreS rf sm;tm; aygi;f pyfcpH m; a&;zJ‹G ygonf?)

&J&ifah tmif(e,l;a'vD) 27

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

dS wW0gtaygi;f aomucyford ;f uif;a0;=uygap? -ta±S@t&yfwiG ±f =dS uukeaf om a0ae,s ouf±o -taemuft&yfwiG f æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ? - æ æ æ æ æ æ æ? -vltcsi;f csi;f Edypf ufjcif;uif;a0;=uygap? -'d@k arwWmpGr;f urBmv$r;f +idr;f csr;f =uygap? 'DtoHawG[m +yD;cJah omESpf 2007/pufwifbmv trdArmjynftwGi;f b0*fnaH tmif ysv H iG af ecJah om jrwfpmG bk &m;.om;awmfrsm;/Ak'. < tarGukd vufqifu h rf;o,faqmif&if; bmom.tusK;d /omoemh.tusK;d /'umawmfw@kd .tusK;d udk o,faqmifay;aeaom &[ef;oHCmawmfw@kd . "rREiS t hf "rR wdu k yf rJG S ysv H iG chf &hJ onfh arwWmokw±f w G q f kd qkawmif;oHawG jzpfonfukd ,ae@wikd f trSw&f ae=uOD;rnfjzpfayonf? wdik ;f jynftwGi;f rSw D if;aexdik =f uukeaf om tusyt f wnf;trsK;d rsK;d udk c g;qD;&ifqikd &f if; 'kuyQ ifv,fwiG ;f epfoxuf epfreG ;f ae&aom jynfow l @kd .b0udk pmemaxmufxm;um 'umESiq hf &m trSo D [JjyKae&o!feh nf;wl 'umwd@k uyfaom qGr;f uGr;f twGuf 'umwd@k aus;Zl;udk jyefvnfay;qyf wke@f jyef&o!fh taejzifh jrefrmEdik if t H v,fyikd ;f yckuLU oHCmawmfrS +idrf;csrf;pGmpDwef;vrf;av#muf=u&mwGif tm%mrSvGJ+yD; bmom/omoem/oHCm qdkonfudk cGJjcm;rodEdkifo!fh rdpm> ppfbv D ;l wd@k rS yckuLU t±Sio f jl rwfw@kd tm; t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd +f y;D &ufpufpmG wdik w f iG }f uKd ;wkwf ±du k Ef u S &f mrS "rREiS t hf "rR wd@k . wdu k yf t JG quftjzpf wjynfv;kH ±Sd oHCmawmfxt k wGi;f ysH @Eo HS mG ;um ywWeu d KU ZeuHaqmif&onftxdjzpfymG ;apcJo h nfh pufwifbm oHCmhta&;tcif;}uD;udk a±$0ga&mifawmfveS af &;(0g)pufwifbmawmfveS af &;[lI jrefrmESiu hf rBmo h wif;rD'D ,mwd@k wiG f t}u;D tus,yf sH @E@HS omG ;ap+y;D urBmjh ynfow l &yfv;kH tm±Ht k pdu k cf cH &hJ o!fh tm%m±Sipf pftpd;k &. &ufpufq;kd 0g; o!fv h yk &f yfukd rsu0f g;xifxif jrifawG@c&hJ ayonf? y&d,wW/d yÉdywW/d yÉda0" < , kd =kH unfu;kd uG,f 0"qdak om Ak'. < wm0efukd xrf;aqmifaeaomoHCmawmfw@kd twGu‘f Ak'u aomEdkifiHwckrSmt=urf;zuf±dkufESuf/+zdKcGJzrf;qD;cJhyHkrsm;rSm ,HkEdkifp&mr±Sdyg’g’?'gawG[m &mZ0ifwapmifvHk;&J@jrefrmh æolw@kd awG vky&f ufc=hJ uonf/æAk'b < momxGe;f ordik ;f rSww f rf;rSm t±dik ;f pdik ;f qH;k pmrsuEf mS wckq&kd ifvnf; rrSm;Edik af y?æol um;w,fqdkwJh jrefrmEdkifiHxJrSmawmif ArmvlrsKd;awGjzpf+yD; oHo&mqdkwmudk ra=umuf/0Éfvdkufonfqdkwmudk ra=umufyJæolwdkawGvkyf&ufcJh=uonf/æb,fvdk trdkufarSmifawGu olwdk@awGudk/olwdk@&J@todw&m;awGudk tJh'Davmuf rdkufrm;apcJhygoenf;?æpufaoewfusnfqHawGa=umifh &[ef;±Sifvl/ausmif;om;/jynfolwdk@ twkH; t±Hk; pufwifbmwGif usqHk;cJh&ayonf?pufwifbmonf ewfqdk;wdk@. usdefpmoifhcJh&ayonf? 28

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

od@k aomf oHCmwd@k wm0efauscahJ yonf?'kuyQ ifv,fa0aeaom cdu k ;kd &mrJah eaom acgi;f aqmifrr_ ahJ eaom jynfow l @kd udk OD;aqmifra_ y;cJah vonf?tm%m±Siq f w kd m qefu f si&f rnfqakd om todw&m;udk rsK;d qufopfwcko@kd vufqifu h rf;ay;Edik cf hJ ayonf?,ae@tcsed t f xd rsK;d qufopfw@kd oHCmwd@k cif;ay;cJah om aoG;cif;vrf;ay:wGif tvSrH vJ csw D ufaeonfuakd wG@& ayrnf?pufwifbmwGif oHCmi,fw@kd nD!w G pf mG pnf;urf;±Spd mG arwWmokwu f kd ±Gwq f u kd m qd;k oGr;f &rf;um;aom ppftyk pf k udk urBmodatmif OD;aqmifaz:xkwfjycJhayonf?t&if;tESD;um; }uD;rm;ayonf &[ef;±Sifvlwdk@ aoG;ajr=u&um &[ef;±Siv f w l @kd rw&m;zrf;qD;axmifoiG ;f tusO;f usjcif; cHc&hJ ayonf?,ae@onf pufwifbmawmfveS af &;}uD; wESpjf y!fh ajrmuf+y;D jrefrmjynf±dS axmiftoD;oD;wGif pufwifbmawmfveS af &;(0g)a±$0ga&mifawmfveS af &;}u;D wGif owW±d pdS mG ta=umuf w&m; uif;rJph mG yg0ifc=hJ uukeaf om &[ef;±Siv f jl ynfow l @kd etz.tusO;f axmiftoD;oD;ESihf w&m;±H;k toD;oD;wGif rw&m; wyfxm;o!fh yk'rf rsm;pGmwd@k twGuf w&m;r#wr_uif;rJph mG w&m;&ifqikd af e&ayonf?rdpm> wd@k urf;ukeaf tmif rdu k af e=uay onf?t0DZu d kd wGi;f eufeufw;l um qif;ae=uayonf? Ak'o H< &%H *pPmrd/"rRo H &%H *pPmrd/oHCo H &%H *pPmrdrS oHCo H &%H *pPmrd qdak om oHCmudyk al Zmf qnf;uyfyg. [laompmom;udk ausmv f m$ ;±Gwq f akd eayonf?oHCmhaus;Zl; arhwwf=uukeaf y onf?pufwifbmrSm OD;aqmifoC H mwd@k wm0efausco hJ vdk aemufvu kd f ud, k af wmfw@kd vnf; wm0efausc=hJ uygonf? 'Dae&mwGif wcka&;jyvdo k nfrmS e0w/etzwd@k &@J Adv k cf sKyfawG r_v d akd ygrsm;aeaom acwftcgY wcsed w f ek ;f u wyfrawmfzcif}uD;/jynfolucspfaom trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ouf±Sdxif±Sm;±SdaepOf tcgu oHCmawmft±Sio f jl rwfw@kd tm; av#mufxm;cJah om rde@f ceG ;f wyd'k t f m; jyefvnfaz: jycsiyf gonf? ‘,ck oHCmawmft&Sijf rwfrsm;tm; oD;jcm;Iavsmufxm;vdyk gonfb&k m;?t&Sio f jl rwfrsm;bk&m;?t&Sib f &k m;wd@k onf tvGex f ;l uJaom Ak'o < moemawmfxrf; &[ef;jrwfrsm; jzpfawmfr=l uygonf?t&Sib f &k m;wdk u h omoemawmfa&mif xGe;f ajymifatmif tm;xkwaf wmfr=l uyg?urBmavmu}uD;udk omoema&mif tvif;ay;awmfr=l uyg?odk rh o S mv#iu f rBmol urBmom;wd@k arwWmw&m;yGm;rsm;I orpdwW ESihf nD&if;tudk armif&if;ESruJo h kd ah eEkid =f uygvrd rhf nf?t&Sio f jl rwfrsm;udk bk&m; wynfah wmfwkd u h ;kd uG,q f nf;uyfygonf?wurBmvH;k ud;k uG,q f nf;uyfonfwkd u h v kd nf; jrifcsiyf gonf?wynfah wmfw@kd Eikd f iHwiG o f mru wurBmvH;k rSmyif arwWmw&m; ormpdwW oabmxm;wd@k ukd jyKjyifEikd af om pGr;f yum;t&Sib f &k m;wdk rh mS &Syd gonf? TpGr;f yum;udk oH;k &mY atmifjrifawmfryl gv#i rf Ek\vlwrsK;d vH;k tpOftquf ESpyf &dap>'&Snv f sm;pGm&Scd ;kd ylaZmf=uygvrd hf rnf?TuJo h kd ah qmif&u G rf o _ nf omoembufu=unfI h jrifjh rwfonfr[kwyf g?wynf ah wmfwkd . h Edik if EH iS v hf rl sK;d twGut f jrifjh rwfq;kH aom Edik if aH &;udk aqmif&u G &f mvnf; a&mufygonfb&k m; wynfah wmfwkd Eh ikd if aH wmft&yf&yfokd =h uGa&mufawmf rljy;D v#if arwWmw&m; nD!w G af &;w&mrsm;udk a[mawmfr=l uyg? jrifjh rwfaom vGwv f yfa&;w&m;awmfrsm;udv k nf; a[m awmfr=l uyg? jrifjh rwfaom vGwv f yfa&;qd&k mY vGwv f yfpmG bmomw&m;ud;k uG,Ef ikd rf _ /vGwv f yfpmG umva'ora&G;a[m ajymEdik rf /_ a=umuf&@HG p;kd &dryf yl efjcif;rS uif;vGwrf /_ vltvle b0rSvw G af jrmufr_ ponfw@kd jzpfygonf? t&Sio f jl rwfw@kd onf oH;k vl@xw G x f m; jrwfpmG bk&m; =o0g'ay;awmfrcl o hJ nft h wdik ;f ty`rma'e orma'x rarhravsmb h J tpOfxm0&tm;xkwf =uzd@k wynfah wmfw@kd ArmvlrsK;d wrsK;d om;vH;k udk qH;k rawmfawmfryl gb&k m;?Tod@k aom rdru d , kd rf rd o d mv#if tm;ud;k r_jzifh wynfah wmfw@kd .vlrsK;d onf avmukwaf vmuD ESpv f t D usK;d xl;rsm;udk cHpm;Edik af tmif aqmif±u G Ef ikd =f uayvdrrhf nf?t±Sijf rwf rsm;Y TuJo h @kd aom rGe@f jrwfonfh wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;±Syd gonf?TrGejf rwfaom wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk ausyeG pf mG xrf;aqmif awmfr=l uygb&k m;?wynfah wmfw@kd rmS t±Sio f jl rwfrsm;udk ±dak oav;jrwfpmG wdu k w f eG ;f pum; av#mufxm;jcif;udo k m jyKvkyf Edik yf gonfb&k m;?’(z/q/y/v tzG@J csKyfnv D mcHred @f ceG ;f ) Todk@ AdkvfcsKyfrdef@qdk av#mufxm;cJhonfh twdkif; 2007/pufwifbmvwGif wm0efausyGef OD;aqmifr_ay;cJhaom oHCmawmft±Sio f jl rwfw@kd ukd pHq k ,fjzmvufprkH ;kd I oHCmylaprd/oHCmylaprd[@k t}udr}f udr±f w G q f &kd if; pufwifbmawmf vSeaf &;}u;D twGi;f yg0ifqifEcJG =hJ uaom &[ef;±Siv f t l aygi;f wd@k tm; OD;cdu k /f OD;!Gw&f if; acwfopfjrefrmhordik ;f wGif armfueG ;f xd;k tyfygonf?

0if;rsKd; 29

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

30

trSwfpOf-91

Nird ;f // [m; wdu Yk o kd ed ;f wpfa,mufuawmY acgif;wukwu f w k f vufw vIyv f yI ef YJ rtm;&atmifyguvm;? bmtvkyaf wGrsm;½Iyaf ejyef wmygvdrahf emf/ od e f ; / / udprö sm;ajrmif vlwaYkd bmifqo kd rIwv f m; udNk ird ;f &,f?waeYwaeY 'Dvykd J ukwaf evIyaf e&wmygyJ? uJ qdyk gOD;? bmawGrsm;xl;wke;f / Nird ;f / / xl;w,f&,f[w k yf gbl;Asm? ckvakd cgif;½Iyaf ewJu Y o kd ed ;f wa,muf xyfNy;D acgif;pm;p&mav;rsm; Mum;csirf vm;&,fvYkd [J [J [J vmcJYwmyg/ od e f ; / / tif; aumif;vSaygYAsm? rdwaf umif;aqGaumif;yDoygayw,f/ udik ;f udik ;f b0b0u 0#fa
pufwifbm-14-2008

enf;u'Dvw kd ?YJ Edik ;f tvJ Aif;tMurf;zufwu kd cf u kd f rINy;D rSmtar&duefvif; ,keBf u;D rsuaf xmifeY ND y;D tBurf;zuform;awG cdk vH&I m tmz*efepöwefukd 0if wdu k w f ,f r[kwf vm;/tJ'D txd Edik if w H umutdak uao;w,f/ od e f ; / / [kww f ,f? t,fcu kd 'f g; tzGUJ u wmvDbeftpd;k &&JU apmifaY ½SmufreI YJ tm z*efrmS tajcpdu k f vIyf ½Sm;aewm&,f? bifvm 'ifukd vTt J yfzYkd tar&d uefu awmif;qdw k mudk wmvDbef tpd;k & ajymif ajymif wif;wif;jiif;qef cJw Y m&,f qdak wmY tmz *efppfyu JG usKd ;aMumif; qDavsmrf I ½So d vdk urÇmY axmufcrH v I J &cJY ayo aygY/ Nidrf; / / tJ aemuf 2003 rSmtD &wfukd 0ifjyefygava&m? 0if&wJY taMumif;u tD &wf[mvJtMurf;zufo rm;awGut kd m;ay;w,f? quf'rf[pl ed [ f m t,f cdu k 'f g eJY ywfoufrI ½Sd w,f?Edik ;f tvJAif;eJyY wf oufrI ½Sw d ,f?Ny;D awmY tD&wfrmS vl tajrmuf 31

trSwfpOf-91 trsm; aoaMu apEdik w f YJ vufeufawG ½Sd aew,f qdNk y;D 0ifwmyJ? 0ifNy;D vdYk quf'rfukd vuf&zrf;rd jzKwcf sEikd w f w YJ ikd af tmif tJ't D aMumif;jycsuaf wGtwGuf oufao ouúm , rjyEdik f jzpfaea&m r[kwv f m;? 'DawmYt puwnf;u tm; raumif;cJw Y YJ Edik if w H um axmufcrH u I ydt k ajctaeqd;k oGm;awmYwm aygYAsm? tJ'aD emuf tD&wfukd 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if H jzpfatmifvyk af &;qdNk y;D jzpfomG ;a&m? tJ'u D rS urÇmrSm 'Dru kd a&pDjyefyY mG ;a&; wm0efBu;D udk bk½t fS pd;k &u rl0g'csrw S f a
Nidrf; / /

od e f ; / /

Nidrf; / /

od e f ; / Nird ;f / /

od e f ; / /

Nird ;f / /

pufwifbm-14-2008 yGEJ ikd v f Ykd tMurf;zufwmpGe?Yf vufeufpeG MYf u ovm;qdak wmY bmrSrpGeMYf ubl;As?? tpd;k &t zGUJ xJ0ifNy;D wNyKd ix f rJ mS vJ vufeufuikd x f m; wmyJ? qufNy;D tMurf;zufaeMuwmyJ/ ygvufpwdik ;f rSmvJ [m;rwfpaf wGEikd Nf y;D tpd;k &zGUJ oAs? 'gayr,fw Y zufrmS vJ ud, k yf ikd f vuf eufuikd f tzGUJ awGurkd zsuo f rd ;f bl;As? tpöa&; eJu Y v kd q J ufwu kd af ewmyJ'aD wmYa½G; aumuf yGt J vkyaf umif;vdu k w f m tD&wfrmS jynfwiG ;f ppf? vufbEGerf mS tpöa&;eJY [pfZb f v kd mppfy?JG ygvufpwdik ;f rSm tpöa&;eJ[ Y m;rwfpf ppfyJG awGay:vm&awmYwmaygYAsm? tJrv l &nf½, G f arQmv f ifcY suv f J NyKd u&JG awmY wmaygY/ tif; ta½SUtv,fyikd ;f rGwpf vifEikd if aH wGrmS 'Dru kd a&pDZmwfoiG ;f wm ratmifjrifb;l qd&k rSmaygY? 'DawmY 'Dru kd a&pDwifyw Ykd t YJ vky[ f m [kw&f UJ vm; ar;vmMuwmaygY? 'Dvrkd [kwf vm;/ ody[ f w k af ygYq&m?'gayr,fjY yóemu 'Dru kd a&pDwifyw Ykd t YJ vky[ f m [kw&f UJ vm;ar;wJaY e &mrSmwif &yfroGm;bl;cifAs? 'Dru kd a&pDtpm; t&if;½Sipf epfukd wifyw Ykd murS [kww f w k f wkw½f OdS ;D r,fqw kd YJ tjrifawGtxd qufjzpf vmMuwmAs/ bmjzpfvYkd t&if;½Sipf epfukd xnfaY jymae& ao;wmvJAs [if/ aMomf olwaYkd jymwJY t&if;½Sipf epfqw kd mu? pGex Yf iG v f yk if ef;t&if;½Sipf epfrsKd ;udk ajymwm wJAY sm?'Dru kd a&pDqw kd mu Edik if aH &;vGwv f yf cGi?Yf pGex Yf iG t f &if;½Sipf epfu pD;yGm;a&; vGwf vyfciG aYf ygY? pD;yGm;a&;vGwv f yfciG rYf ½Sb d J Edik if H a&;vGwv f yfciG rYf ½SEd ikd b f ;l wJ?Y ½Sv d nf;rNrEJ ikd f bl;wJY cifAs/ b,fvAkd s? pD;yGm;a&; vGwv f yfrrI ½Sb d J Edik if H a&;vGwv f yfrrI ½SEd ikd b f ;l wJ?Y [kwv f m;? b,fY ES,[ f mvJAsm? tukeaf jymif;jyef vefuek yf g vm;As [if/ tJo[maMumifY qdak wmfr&l rSmjzifY tvdak wmf rwlEikd w f t YJ aMumif;awGygvdYk usaemf pum; cHcw YJ maygY udo k ed ;f &,f? usaemfwYkd tjrifrmS u t&m&m[m Edik if aH &;&JUvufatmufcv H Ykd jrif 32

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

“ypPuQ yef;” vSywJh rmvm *E<mom &SdayrJh tumeJ@ tESpf tjrpfeJ@ yifpnf ajrqDe@J a&tm; pkpnf;vdk@ rxm;cJh&if 'Drmvm &Sifoefjcif;[m a&&Snrf mS cHygrh vm;[if ? ? (yG i f h a omyef ; wd k i f ; vS y I wm±S n f a r$ ; ysH @ Ed k i f y gap) &efEdkifxGef; vGwfajrmufe,fajr/ udk&D;,m; wmr[kwv f m;? Edik if aH &;onfomvQif toD; wpf&m tñSmwpfcrk [kwv f m;? 'DawmYp;D yGm; a&;vGwv f yfciG t Yf ygt0if pmayvGwv f yfciG ?Yf ynma&;vGwv f yfciG Yf pwmawG[m Edik if aH &; vGwv f yfrI OD;qH;k yxr½Srd o S m aemufqufwJG jzpfay:vmEdik w f t YJ &mawGvYkd ,lqMuwmr [kwfvm;/ od e f ; / / [kwo f av? tJ'grSm;oGm;Nyv D m;-tck? tck *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;½Si;f ac:MuwJY acwfBu;D rSm pD;yGm;a&; onfomvQif t&m&m jzpfomG ;NyD vm;Asm/ Nird ;f / / wpfcak wmY½o dS aygYav? jrefrmjynfvw G v f yf a&;wdu k yf o JG rdik ;f rSm emusiyf ifyef;rItenf; qH;k enf;eJY vGwv f yfa&;t&,lr,f?? ppfy[ JG m aemufq;kH tqifq Y w kd YJ oabmxm;[m ppfNy;D acwf zqyv&JU wnDwñGwf xJaom o abmxm;ygyJ? aemufyikd ;f rSm 'kw, d oabm xm;ay:vmw,f? e,fcsUJ orm;u tomw Munfay;wJYvGwfvyfa&;[m wu,fYvGwf vyfa&;tppfrjzpfEikd ?f Edik if aH &;t&vGwv f yf

aumif; vGyv f yfEikd af yr,fY pD;yGm;a&;t& r vGwv f yf? wu,fv Y w G v f yfa&;twGuq f uf vufwu kd yf 0JG if&r,fqw kd YJ oabmxm;? tJ'D rSm trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&;wyfO;D zqyvt zGUJ Bu;D xJrmS tuGt J NyJ Zmwfvrf;pcJaY wmY wm r[kwv f m;? t&m&m[m ajymif;vJ aewm aMumifY usaemft Y aeeJu Y awmY Edik if aH &;vm;pD; yGm;a&;vm; Asmrsm;raecsiyf gbl;Asm?? ouf qdik &f mEdik if t H vdu k Mf unfo Y ifw Y ,fvyYkd J xifyg w,f? r*¾Zif;xJrmS awmY 'DaeY tiftm;Bu;D xGm;vmMuwJY Bu;D ESpBf u;D tdE, d´ eJw Y ½kwu f kd ,SOjf yxm;wmoAs?? tcsed v f J enf;oGm;NyrD Ykd aemufwywfrmS a½TjynfBu;D eJY ,SONf y;D qufMu ao;wmaygYAsm/ odef; / / at;Asm? tvdrk wlEikd w f mawGjzpfaywJaY vm uqdo k [m ud, k t Yf BuKd uu f rkd vdu k ?f olpY ½du k f olb Y mom olo Y abmolaqmifaewmrdYk vuf awGUeJYEdIif;,SOfNyD; udk,fYtBudKufr[kwfaomf vJ xnfo Y iG ;f pOf;pm;xdu k w f ,fqv kd Qijf zifY em; axmifMunfMY u&rSmjzpfaMumif;ygcifAsm / 33

trSwfpOf-91

tm[m& pmtkyfpif

pufwifbm-14-2008 ‘igwd k @ aewJ h wd k i f ; jynf r S m owf & J + yD ; /rd k u f & J w J h tm%m±l ; vuf w qk y f p mom±S d + yD ; ,H k = unf c suf e J @ trS e f w &m;twG u f touf u d k p G e f @ / b0ud k tpaw;cH E d k i f w J h pG e f @ 0H h o l a wG / pG e f @ v$ w f a y;qyf a eol a wG j ynf h a ewJ h tmZmenf w d k @ vd k @ ac:qd k ork w f E d k i f w J h tmZmenf w d k @ &J @ wd k i f ; jynf j zpf w ,f ? ’

‘tmZmenf q d k w m trsm;ol i S m rjyKvk y f E d k i f rpG r f ; aqmif E d k i f a om tvk y f u d k vk y f a qmif w J h ae&mrS m vnf ; rd r d . touf c E< m ud k , f u d k v nf ; riJ h u G u f / rd r d & J @ ud k , f u sKd ; pD ; yG m ;ud k v nf ; r=unf h y J trsm;jynf o l t usKd ; / trsKd ; bmom/omoema&;twG u f pG r f ; pG r f ; wrH jyKvk y f E d k i f o l u d k o mv#if tmZmenf o l & J a umif ; [k @ ac:qd k x d k u f a yonf ? ’

,ckvtwGuf pifwifpm (OD;Ek) tmZmenf pmayzvmupmtkyfwdkufrS owWrt}udrftjzpf ar-2004wGifjzef@csdcJhygonf/rl&if;pmtkyfudk 1945 ckESpf wGif yxrt}udrftjzpf tmZmenfqdkwmbmvJ trnfjzifhxkwfa0cJh+yD;/1949/1953/1954/1957/1997ESifh,ck aemufqHk; 2004 ckESpfwGifpmayavmurS xkwfa0jzef@csdcJhygonf? -‘tmZmenfjzpfatmif vky, f &l ef udprP mS vG,u f al om udprP [kwaf y/tmZmenfjzpfatmifvyk &f ef tvkyrf ajym xm;ESifhtmZmenfqdkwmbmvJqdkonfhtcsufudkyif wdwdususod&efcJ,Of;ayonf?’ -b,fvdkvludk tmZmenfvdk@ac:ovJ? -owdW±Sdwdkif; tmZmenfvdk@ac:ovm;? -vkyf&J udkif&J ao&Jwdkif; tmZmenfvdk@ qdk&rSmvm;? -aovGef+yD;rS tmZmenfvdk@ ac:qdk&rvm;? -ouf±Sdxif±Sm;±SdaewJh &[ef;±Sifvl yk*~Kdvfwdk@udk tmZmenf&,fvdk@ *k%fjyKac:a0: wifpm;vdk@ r&Edkifbl;vm;qdk onfh tmZmenfwdk@. *k%ftifwdk@udk a&;om;az: =uL;xm;aom pmtkyfaumif;wtkyf jzpfayonf/ 'Dv'Dr#ESifhem;ygOD;rnf?

tm[m&0dik ;f awmfom;wOD;? 34

trSwfpOf-91 á jrefrmEdik if H jy\emudk 0if a&muf ulnD ajz&Si;f ay;Edik zf @kd q+kd y;D ukv twGi;f a&;rSL;u Edik *f s;D &D;,m;Ekid if o H m; tDb&m[if*rfbm&Dukd 2005 ckEpS u f pvd@k ukvtxl;wreftjzpf cef@xm;cJh ygw,f? Edik *f s;D &D;,m;Edik if o H rdik ;f rSm t =urf;=uKyf t&ufpufq;kH eJ@ jc tpm;qH;k ppf tm%m&Sif qHet D bmcsm tpd;k & vufxuf ( 1993 - 98) rSm *rfbm&D bmvkycf o hJ vJ? tJ'Dumvwav#mufvHk;rSm *rfbm&D[m tbmcsm ppftpd;k &&J@ uk vor*~qikd &f m t+rw J rf;ud, k pf m;vS,f jzpfcyhJ gw,f? tbmcsm ppftyk pf &k @J vl owf0g'awGukd Edik if w H um rsuEf mS pm rSm ynmom;ygyge@J u|r;f usik yf g;eyfpmG umuG,f ay;cJw h ,f/tifrwef@udk wuf wufºuºu pdwt f m; xufxuf oef oefe@J pdwfygvufyg udk,fpm;jyK ay;cJh wmjzpfw,f? txufu cdik ;f vd@k wm0ef t& 0wfaus wef;aus vkyf&wmr [kwfygbl;? Edkif*sD;&D;,m;vlrsdK;awGvdk tyfaewm 'Dru kd a&pD r[kwb f ;l As? bm vd@k vq J akd wmh 'Dru dk a&pDqw kd m pm;vd@k rS r&wm? tcktcsed rf mS 'Dru kd a&pDu OD; pm;ay; r[kwb f ;l vd@k *rfbm&D tJ'w D ek ;f u ajymcJh ygao;w,f? tbmcsmtpd;k &tay: wurBm vH;k uae zdtm;awG wd;k vmwJh tcg *rfbm&D[m tbmcsm tm%m&Sif pepfudk umuG, af y;&mrSm eJ@ zdtm;udk

pufwifbm-14-2008

1234567890123456789012 1234567890123456789012 1234567890123456789012 ykqed u f 1234567890123456789012 1234567890123456789012 1234567890123456789012 arhEdkifayr,fhopfyifu 1234567890123456789012 1234567890123456789012 1234567890123456789012 b,fawmhrSrarhEdkifbl;vdk@ 1234567890123456789012 vrf;v$J ay;&mrSmydek mrnfq;dk / ydjk yif;xef vmcJw h ,f? 1995 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvrSm emrnfausmf pma&;q&mvnf;jzpf/ ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&;orm;vnf;jzpfwh J td*k ekd D wkid ;f &if;om; vlxak cgi;f aqmif uifqm&dk0Dudkrw&m; tr_qifzrf;+yD; ao'%fay;vdkufvdk@ wurBmvHk;u uef@uu G &f w _ cf wswt hJ cg *rfbm&Du uifq f m&d[ k m omref&mZ0wfom; w a,mufomjzpfw,f? vlowform;jzpf vd@k pDteftef &kyo f t H pDtpOfwckrmS o rkwcf yhJ gw,f? ( aemufyikd rf mS awmh 'Dvkd rajymcJ&h ygb;l vk@d ajz&Si;f cJw h ,f?) uif qm&dkwdk@ (9) a,mufudk Oay'enf; vrf;wus w&m;&H;k wif ppfaq;cJw h m jzpfa=umif; a&S@aeaumif;aumif;eJ@ ckcH umuG,f a&SmufvGJcGifh&cJha=umif;/ *rf;bm&Du ajymygw,f? 'gayr,fh t jyifw&m;&H;k rSm tr_rppfbJ txl;cH&k ;kH rSm ppfwm/ tr_ppfyu kH kd uef@uu G w f hJ t aeeJ@ a&S@ae tm;vH;k eD;eD; Ekwx f u G o f mG ; wm/ w&mvkjd y oufaoawGukd ppft pdk;&u aiGay;+yD;v oufaoxGufqdk

cdkif;wm/ t,lcHr&wmawGudkawmh xnfrh ajymygb;l ? uifqm&dek @J t*kd ekd D wdik ;f &if; om; acgi;f aqmif (8) OD; ao'%fay;r_ udk qef@usifwJh urBmhEdkifiHawGudkoGm;+yD ao'%fupd v P ufczH @kd pnf;&H;k em;cs wm a&m a&eHvufeuftm;ud;k eJ@ t=uyf udik w f ma&m vkycf w hJ hJ t"du Edik *f s;D &D; ,m; oHwref (2) a,mufu Edik *f s;D &D; ,m;Edik if &H @J ukvor*~qikd &f m oHtrwf *rfbm&De@J Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; wGrt f pf udrDwdk@jzpfygw,f? olwdk@ ESpfa,muf [m Edik if H tcsKd @ukd em;csv@kd r&cJah yr,fh wcsdK@EdkifiHawGudkawm yg;pyfydwfoGm; atmif atmifjrifpmG pGr;f aqmifEidk cf yhJ g w,f ? *rf b m&D [ m Ed k i f * sD ; &D ; ,m; b¾ma&;Xmeudk ydik w f ,f? ol@rmS t bmcsm ppftpd;k &udk umuG,af y;&mrSm bmrqdk vkyEf ikd zf @kd tuef@towfrhJ &if; jrpfawG&w dS ,fv@kd owif;awG xGucf yhJ g w,f/ 1998 ckrSm tm%m&Sif t bmcsmwa,muf jynfwefqm (2)

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234

*rfbm&DqdkwJh *rfbvm;

*gr%d 35

trSwfpOf-91 a,mufe@J aysmfyg; ae&if; Adkif,m*&m (umrtm;aq;) aq;vGev f @kd aooGm; +y;D aemuf 'Dru kd a&pD wpHw k &m ay: vm +yD;/ tbmcsm&J@ rdu k af z:qd;k zufawGukd pHk prf;ppfaq;r_awG vkycf &Jh mrSm *rfbm&D vGwfaecJhygw,f? &Sif;vif;ajz=um; wmawG rvkycf &hJ ygb;l ? t&Sucf JG &_wf csc&H r,fh tpm; ukvtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf udzk t d meefu ac:,l olaumif;jyKay;+y;D vufaxmuftwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfawmif jzpfvmygw,f?f wu,fawmh udzk t d meef om; ud*k sKd tmeef[m tbmcsm ppftpd;k &eJ@ aygif;+yD; Edkif*sD;&D;,m; a&eH vkyfief;xJ ywfoufaevd@k udzk t d meefu, kd w f ikd u f Edik *f s;D &D;,m;rSm 'Dru dk a&pD &Srd &Su d dk pdwf r0ifpm;cJhygbl;? Edkif*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH+rdK@ awmf av;*dpk rf mS ud*k sKd tmeef&@J {&mr ZdrfcHwdkuftdrf}uD; txift&Sm; &Sdyg w,f? ud*k sKd tmeefe@J tbmcsm&J@ a&eH vkyif ef;=um;rSm t"du csw d q f ufu *rf bm&D jzpfw,fvdk@vnf; owif;awG xGucf yhJ gw,f? ( udzk t d meef@ om;[m aemufydkif;rSmvnf; q'Nrf[lpdefvuf xuf tD&wfukd ydwq f @kd ta&;,lxm; csed rf mS ukv&J@ ydwq f @kd a&; qH;k jzwfcsuf udk azgufzsuf+yD; t}uHtzef enf;eJ@ atmufvrf;u0if pD;yGm;a&; aomif; use;f cJyh gao;w,f?) tbmcsm ao+yD;aemufyidk ;f rSm udzk t kd meefu Edik *f s;D &D;,m;udk oGm;+yD; 1993 orRw a&G;aumufyrJG mS tEdik f &cJhwJh (tbmcsm tm%modrf;vdk@ orRw rjzpfvu kd &f wJh ) bmbD,v kd mudk 93 a&G;aumufyGJ rif;'dwf pGe@f vw $ zf @kd ajzmif;zsc&hJ mrSmvnf; *rfbm&Du udzk D tmeefudk t&if rdwq f uf oabmxm; csxm; ay;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? tmbD,kd crsm tbmcsm aoayr,fh orw rjzpf vdu k b f J axmifxrJ mS yJaooGm;ygw,f?

pufwifbm-14-2008 'gawG a =umif h v nf ; 2008 ckEpS x f rJ mS *rfbm&Dukd Edik *f smjrpf0u|e;f ay: xdyfoD; tpnf;ta0;&J@ yJhudkif aumfrwD OuUXtjzpfcef@z@kd udk Edik *f s;kD ,m; jynfoal wGu tjyif;txef uef@uu G f cJw h mjzpfygw,f?2005ckEpS w f ek ;f uvnf; tar&duefEikd if eH ,l;a,muf wuUov kd f ruf'f*gtJAm;pfaumvdyf tm%mydkif awGu *rfbm&Dudk vma[majym yd@k cs ay;zd@k zdwcf w hJ t hJ cg e,l;a,mufrmS &Sw d hJ jynfya&muf Edik *f s;D &D;,m; todik ;f t0dik ;f u uef@uu G f cJyh gao;w,f? txl;o jzifh *rfbm&Dvkd ppftm%m&Sif a'guf wdik u f vlr_ tcGit hf a&;ta=umif; yd@k csrmS [m bke;f }uD;eJ@ bD;vdk jzpfaew,f qd+k yD; uef@uu G cf =hJ uwm jzpfygw,f/ tbmcsm vufxufrmS *rf bm&D[m owif;pmwdu k af wG/ pmtkyf wdik af wG ydwyf pfwmukd qifajcay; um uG,af y;cJ+h yD; vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf z:cGi/hf vGwv f yfpmG oif;yif;zG@J pnf;cGi/hf tvkyf orm; tcGit hf a&;/ ausmif;om; tcGihf ta&;wdk@udk ydwfyifwhJ trdef@awG/ Oy a'awG xkwjf yefwmudk vnf; &yfchJ um uG,af v#mufvJ ay;cJo h l jzpfygw,f? ykqdefu arh Edkifayr,fh opf yif u b,f a wmh r S rarh E d k i f b l ; vd k @ Edik *f s;D &D;,m; jynfoal wGu qkyd gw,f? uifqm±d0k 0D gqw kd hJ emrnf[m *rfbm&D &J@ woufwmudk xm0pOf ajcmufveS @f aevdrrhf ,f? *rfbm&D&@J aoG;pGe;f xm;wJh ordik ;f pm[m b,fawmhrS aysmufysuf oGm;rSm r[kwb f ;l vd@k Edik *f s;D &D;,m; vl@ tcGihf ta&;v_y&f mS ;olawGu ajymxm; yg w,f? tJ'D *rfbm&D[m jrefrmEdkifiH qdik &f m ukv txl;ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf 2008 ckEpS f =o*kwv f (20) &ufwek ;f u &efuek rf mS trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf A[dak cgi;f aqmifawGe@J awG@awmh 2010

a&G;aumufyGJudk vGwfvyfw&m;r#w atmif vkyrf ,fq+kd yD; etz tajccH Oy a'/ etzqENc, H yl ?JG etzvrf;jyajr yHk awGukd todtrSwjf yKwJh bufuae &l; a=umif/rl;a=umife@J ajymcJw h m bmrsm; qef;ygovJ? o@q l &m befurD eG ;f ud, k f wdkifu em*pfrkefwdkif; u,fq,fa&; udpP oufouf twGuf Armjynfukd vmw,fq+dk yD; oef;a&$e@J awG@wt hJ cg rsuEf mS csKd aoG;av;eJ@ vrf;jyajryHu k dk t jrefq;kH +y;D ajrmuf atmifjrifomG ;atmif vkyzf @kd c,0, vkycf ahJ o;w,f r[kwf ygvm;? 'ga=umif h a':atmif q ef ; pk =unfu owif;pme@J wDArGD mS "mwfykH t ±du k cf &H ±H/k oufouftwGuf *rfbm&D eJ@awG@qHk&wmudk oydwfarSmufwm [m vH;k 0rSeu f efygw,f? a':pku, kd w f idk f u 'Dvdk &Si;f &Si;f jywfjywf oabmxm; aerSawmh usaemfw@kd jynfoal wGtae eJ@vnf; tckvdk uGv J , G f arSmufv, G w f hJ *rfbvm;awG/ vifbef;awGukd tm;ud;k raebJ ud, k v hf x l /k ud, k hf wyfrawmf atmufajc wyfrLS ;wyfom;awG tpGr;f tm;eJ@om ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd jref rmh ajruae t+y;D tydik f wku d x f w k &f rSm jzpfyga=umif;--------? (a'guw f mvGr;f aqG bavmufr)S

36

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

usaemfw@dk u owif;orm;rsm; r[kw=f uyg? owif;pmorm;rsm;vnf; r[kwf =uyg? pmayukd cspjf rwfE;dk =uolrsm;jzpfI pmaycsppf w d jf zifh pmapmifwckudk pDpOfxw k af 0 =ujcif;jzpfonf? usaemfw@dk u pmapmifwckudk pDpOfxw k af 0 jzef@csd ae&if; owif;rD', D mukv d nf; tpOfrjywf xd awG@ae&ygonf? ,ae@ owif;rD'D ,macwfwiG f owif;rD', D ma=umifh owif;. taumif;tqk;d / tusKd ;tjypf &v'fawGu owif;zwf&o _ w l @dk xH oufa&mufapygonf? owif;rD', D mwGif owif;. tcsut f vuftrSe/f ta=umif;t&mrSeu f dk azmfjywJo h wif; jzpfap csiyf gonf? ok@d jzpfI ,ae@jrefrmEkid if &H dS owif;rD', D m orkid ;f utp owif;orm; wa,muftwGuf vkt d yfcsuaf wG/ wm0ef&rdS a_ wG/ owif;qko d nft h "dyg` ,/f o wif; a&;enf;awG/ owif;yk@d enf;awG ponfw@dk udk &SmazGI xkwEf w _ f azmfjy vkyd gonf? *|Ku d pf q f vke;f (Joyce Sloane ) a&;om;onfh jrefrmowif;pm q&mrsm;twGuf owif;pmynm avhusichf ef; (Basic Journalism Workd yf gonf? book for Burmese Journalists) ukd &SmazG wifjyvku tm[m&pmapmif0kdif;awmfom;rsm;

jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd owif;rD'D,m tcef; (1) TaqG ; aEG ; r_ rpcif r D w G i f jrefrmEkid if . H owif;rD', D mESihf tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;. owif;rD', D mwd@k ukd Edi_ ;f ,SOf =unhyf g? rnfonfh ae&mrsm;wGif uGjJ ym;jcm;em;oenf;? rnfonhf ae&m rsm;wGif wlnaD e oenf;? vkyfaqmif&ef? ? jzpf&yfwckudk cGjJ crf; oH;k oyf=unhyf g? tpd k ; & owif ; pmapmif j zpf aom jrefrmhtvif; owif;pm wapmif ukd ,lyg? +y;D v#if jrefrmEdik if rH mS a&;om; aeaom jzpf&yfrsm;udk zwf=unhyf g? t om;ay; az: jyaom jzpf&yfrsm;ukd pm &if;csa&; jyKpkyg?

- 4if;owif;rsm;wGif rnfo h nht f csuf rsm;ukdk a,bl,s az: jy=uoenf;? - 4if;owif;rsm;onf pdw0f ifpm;zG,f aumif;ygovm;? - jrefrmEdik if &H dS trsm;jynfow l @kd wiG f jzpf yGm;aeaom jzpf&yfrsm;ta=umif; rnf r# yg&Sdoenf;? tpdk;&. vkyfaqmif csurf sm; ta=umif; rnfr# ygoenf;? - rnfo@l ukd ud;k um; az: jyoenf;? jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwGif az: jy xm;aom "mwfyrkH sm;udk =unhyf g? -rnfolwdk@ "mwfyHkrsm;udk awG@&o enf;? - oifawG@&aom tpd;k & t&Srd sm;ESihf

ppft&m&Srd sm;. yHrk sm;udak &wGu=f unhf yg?+y;D v#iaf z: jycH&aom omrefjynfol rsm;. yHrk sm;ukd a&wGu=f unhyf g? tpk;d & ±kyjf rifo=H um;ukd em&D tenf;i,f=um =unh&f +yD; aemufwiG f vnf; tvm;wl oH;k oyfrr_ sKd ; vkyEf ikd f ygonf? oifrnfuo hJ @kd aumufcsucf s ygoenf;? jrefrmEdik if . H owif;pmrsm; udk qifqm wnf;jzwf ygonf? urBm wpfvm$ ;wGif owif;rD', D m qifqm wnf ; jh z wf r _ u d k umuG , f a y;a&; twGuf wku d yf JG 0ifvsu&f +dS y;D pme,fZif; vGwv f yfciG u hf kd jrSiw hf ifaeaom Edik if w H um tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfonhf e,fjcm; rJh owif;axmufrsm; tzG@J ( Repotr ters Without Borders) . tqift h wef; owfrw S cf suf tE &W m,f tjyKqH;k Edik if H ig;ckwiG f wcktjzpf 2005 ckEpS f twGi;f Y xnfo h iG ;f az: jycJyh gonf? vGwv f yfaom Ekid if rH sm;&Sd rD'D ,m vGwv f yfciG u hf kd cGijhf yKay;xm;aom Edik if rH sm;rS tpd;k &rsm;onfyif r=umc% qkdovkd owif;pmrsm;u tpdk;&. v#Kd @0u S cf suf trsm;tjym;ukd az: jyae =uonf? tpd;k &ESihf qef@usiaf om od@k r[kwf tpdk;&udk a0zefjypfwifaom owif ; rsm;uk d yH k E S d y f x k w f a 0vsuf &So d nf[k r=umc%qdo k vdk apm'u wuf ajymqdak vh &S=d uonf? jrefrmEdik if H &Sd owif;pmrsm;onf tpd;k &ukd a0zef aom owif;rsm;udk a&;om; xkwaf 0 cGifh r&=uacs? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd owif;rD'D ,mrsm;wGif az: jyjci;f rjyKczhJ ;l aom jzpf &yfrsm;ukd oif pm&if;cs ay;Edik yf govm;? vkyaf qmif&ef? ?oif.b0tay: oufa&mufr&_ adS eaom jzpf&yfrsm;t a=umif; pdwu f ;l =unhyf g? oif. ae@pOf b0ay; ouf a&mufr_ &Sad om udprP sm; ( Oyrm tpm; taomufaps;E_e;f / "mwfqaD ps;/ t0wf 37

trSwfpOf-91 txnfaps;/ tdr&f m p&dwrf sm;/ trsm; jynfoq l ikd &f m o,f,l yd@k aqmifa&; &&Sd &SEd ikd rf _ tajctae/ trsm;}udKuf zuf &Sif yHpk rH sm;ESihf aw;*Dw/ oif. tvkyf tudkif tajctae ponfjzifh) udk pm&if;cs=unhfyg? Tta=umif;t&m toD;oD;ESifh ywfoufI oifrnfodk@ jzpf&yf wifjya&;om;Edik rf nfqo kd nfukd pOf;pm;=unhyf g? jrefrmEdkifiH. owif;rD'D,m ordik ;f ? jrefrmEdkifiH. owif;rD'D,m onf 1824 ckEpS f yxrt*Fvyd -f jrefrm ppfyt JG +yD; &cdik Ef iS hf weoFm&Dwidk ;f wd@k udk +Aw d o d #w@kd yxrOD;qH;k t}urd f odr;f ydu k f udv k ekd jD yK+y;D tapmydik ;f umv twGi;f rSm yif pwif ay:ayguv f mcJo h nf? yxrOD; qHk; owif;pmjzpfaom (The Maul main Chronicle) owif;pmudk 1836 ckEpS w f iG f weoFm&Dwikd ;f rif;}u;D upwif xkwaf 0cJo h nf? TowifpmrSm +Adwdo#tpdk; &ydkif owif;pm wapmifjzpfonf? 1841ckEpS w f iG f yxrOD;qH;k u&ifowif; pm jzpfaom (Morning Star) owif; pmxGuv f mcJo h nf? 1853 ckEpS f wGif +Aw d o d # a&S@aewOD; xkwaf 0aom (The Rangoon Chronicle) owif;pm ay: xG u f v mcJ h + yD ; 4if ; onf +Ad w d o # tpd k ; &ud k a0zef a om yxrOD ; qH k ; owif;pm jzpfonf? rif;wke;f rif;vuf xuf 1874 ckESpf wGif jrefrm- w±kwf ujym;wOD;u &wemyHkaejynfawmf rE aW v; a*Zuf (Yadanabon Nay Pyi Daw Mandalay Gazette) owif;pmudk xkwaf 0chhJ onf? yxrurBmppf}uD;jzpf yGm;aepOf umvwGi;f Y owif;pmrsm; trsm;tjym; xGufay: xm;cJhonf/ xdk@aemuf +Adwdo# tkyfpdk;r_atmufY Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESit hf wl owif;

pufwifbm-14-2008 pmaygi;f ( 26) apmif xGucf o hJ nf? od@k vnf; t}uD;tus,f r&Scd aJh cs? aomfvnf; Oy rmtm;jzifh az: jy&v#if +Aw d o d #tyk pf ;dk r_ukd wdu k cf u kd f a0zefaom tpdk;&. tajymif;tvJrsm; (q,f o ef ; ) owif ; pmuJ h o d k @ aom vkycf jhJ cif;---owif;rsm;qdkv#if toa&zsufr_jzifh 1962 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmppfwyf u w&m;pGq J dk cH&um }uD;av;aom '%f tm%mod r f ; cJ h o nf ? Ed k i f i H . wck aiGrsm; ay;aqmif cJ=h u&onf? wnf ; aom owif ; pmoif w ef ; ud k 'kwd,urBmppfumv *syef vnf; ydwyf pfco hJ nf? Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; tkypf ;kd r_atmufwiG f &Sad epOfumv t onf owif;pm t,f'Dwmrsm;ukd wGif; owif;pm oHk;apmifom &Sdch+J yD; axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csc+hJ yD; tpd;k &ydik o f tm;vH;k onf tpd;k &.tmabmfowif; wif;pmrsm;udk wnfaxmifcJhonf? pmrsm;om jzpfco hJ nf? *syefw@kd ukd armif; 1962 ckESpfwGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0olrsm; xkwf+yD; +Adwdo#udk jyef0ifvmaom rSwyf w kH ifOya'udk jyXmef;cJ+h y;D TOya' 1945 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHowif;rD'D t& tpd;k &u pme,fZif;rsm;udk qif ,monfvnf; jyefvnf &Sio f efvmcJh qm wnf;jzwf&eff tcGihf tm%mrsm; onf ? owif ; pmapmif o nf (12) ay;tyf x m;cJ h o nf ? TOya'ud k apmiftxd wd;k vmcJo h nf? aemufq;kH }udrfzefrsm;pGm jyifqifjyXmef;vmcJh&m Y jrefrmEdik if o H nf 1948 ckEpS w f iG f vGwf aemufqHk; 1989 ckESpfwGif qifqm vyfa&;&&Scd o hJ nf? wnf;jzpfr_ e,fy,fEiS hf jypf'%ftwkid ;f 1940 jynhfvGef aESmif;ydkif;ESpf twmukd ydrk kd cs@J xiG f jyXmef;cJo h nf? 1950 jynfv h eG t f apmydik ;f ESprf sm;wGif jref TOya't& jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rmEd k i f i H . aus;vuf a 'orsm;Y xkwfa0jzefcsdor#pmtkyf/ pme,fZif; za,mif;puUL pmul;pufrsm;jzifh xkwf rsm; oDcsi;f / &ky&f iS f rSeo f r#onf pmaypd a0aom owif ; pmtrsd K ;rsd K ;vnf ; ppfa&;tzG@J xrH S cGijhf yKcsu&f ,l+y;D rS xkwf ay:xGufcJhonf? T*sme,frsm;onf a0jzef@cs=d u&rnf jzpfonf? 1964 ckEpS f jrefrmEdik if . H vlenf;pkvrl sKd ;pktcsKd @. t wGif Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u owif;pmrsm; oHrsm;udu k , kd pf m;jyKaz: jyaoma=umifh tm;vHk;udk jynfolydkif odrf;vdkuf&m 4if;wd@k ukd ( olyek f owif;pmrsm;) [k ,cif u &S i f o ef p nf y if a ecJ h a om vnf;ac:=uonf? bmompum;aygi;f owif;pmavmuonf ESpt f enf;i,f 100 ausmjf zifh xkwaf 0cJ=h uonf? twGi;f rSmyif csKyf+idr;f oGm;cJ&h onf? 1950 jynfvGefESpfrsm;Y jref OD ; ae0if ; acwf tpOD ; wG i f rmpme,fZif;avmuonf tm&SwiG f owif;pmaygif; 30 ausmf &SdaecJh&mrS tvGwv f yfq;kH [k qkEd ikd +f yD; Edik if aH &;t 1988 ckEpS f ta&mufwiG f owif;pm 6 jrif t rsd K ;rsKd ; uk d ud k , f p m;jyKvsuf apmifom xGu&f EdS ikd af wmhonf? OD;ae bmom pum;aygi;f rsm;pGmjzifh xkwaf 0 0if;onf owif;rD', D mudk tpd;k &rl0g' aom ae@pOfowi;fpmaygi;f 30 ausmf rsm;ta=umif; &Sif;vif;jy&ef/ trsm; xGuf &Scd o hJ nf? Towif;pmtawmf jynfoltwGif ta&;}uD;rnfxif& rsm;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;ygwDwckckudk aom owif;tcsut f vufrsm; ay; tm;ay; axmufcHaz: jycJhonfhwkdif &efEiS hf trsKkd ;om; qd&k , S v f pf ta&;t tpd;k &csKyfuikd rf E_ iS hf uif;vGwf aecJ=h u+y;D wGuf jynforl sm; tvkyf }udK;pm;vkyf qifqm wnf;jzwf&ef }udK;yrf; r_rsm; aqmifvmap&ef wdkufwGef;vH_@aqmf 38

trSwfpOf-91 Edik af &; twGuo f m toH;k cs cJah vonf? owif;az: jyrnhf owif;pm rsm;udk ydwyf ifxm;aoma=umifh tjcm; aom pmapmifrsm;u owif;pmrsm;/ ae&mudk tpm;xk;d 0ifa&muf ae&m,l vmcJhonf? 0w©K/ r*~Zif;rsm;vnf; vl } ud K uf r sm; acwf p m;vmcJh o nf ? jrefrmEdik if o H nf &kyjf rifo=H um;xkwv f i$ hf &mY ta&S@awmiftm&SEikd if rH sm;teuf aemuftusq;kH aom Edik if jH zpf+yD; 1980 jynhEf pS w f iG rf S pwif xkwv f iG Ehf ikd cf o hJ nf? ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHY tpkd;&ydkif &kyjf rifo=H um; xkwv f iG ahf y;a&;Xme oH;k ck&adS eonf? 1997 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmhquf oG,af &;/ pmwku d Ef iS hf a=u;eef;0ef}u;D Xm eu jrefrmEdik if w H iG f tDvufx&Ge;f epf pmyd@k pepf tD;ar;vf 0efaqmifrv _ yk if ef; udk vl trsm;toH;k jyKEikd &f ef cGijhf yKco hJ nf? odk@&mwGif toHk;jyKonfrSm aiGuek f a=u;us rsm;vGe;f ojzihf jrefrm jynfom; trsm;pktzd@k toH;k jyK&ef r wwfEikd af cs? 1988 ckEpS w f iG f yk*v ~ u d vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;tzd@k tifwmeuf toH;k jyKapEdkifrnhf owif;w&yfukd owif; enf;ynmpDru H ed ;f }uD; ( Informati on Technology Master Pl an ) w&yfudk csrw S af =umif; twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) 'kw, d Adv k cf sKyf}uD;cifneG @f u a=unmcJo h nf? ESpfESpft=umY qifqmwnf; jzwfrv _ yk if e;frsm;ukd tifwmeuft f oH;k csr_ wGiv f nf; usio hf ;kH vmcJ+h yD; ( jynf axmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. tusdK; pD;yGm;udk aESmif, h u S f zsuq f ;D aom) a&; om;r_rsm;udk wm;jrpf ydwyf ifco Jh nf? t pd;k &onf jrefrmEdik if . H wOD;wnf;aom tD;ar;vfEiS hf tifwmeuf 0efaqmifr_ ay;ol jzpfonf? vkyaf qmif&ef/ ?owif;rD', D m ae@pOfrw S w f rf; ('dik , f m&D) xm;&Sjd cif;? wae@wm twGuf owif; rD'D ,m rSww f rf;wck jyKpkay;yg? oif rnf

onhaf umufcsurf sm;udk csEikd yf goenf;? t"du tm;jzifh owif;rsm; udk rnfh onhaf e&mrS aeI oif&&Syd g oenf;? (oif. t"du owif;&if;jrpfonf t b,frmS enf;?)rnfonht f wGuaf =umifh Tod@k jzpf&oenf;? ,ae@jrefrmEdik if . H owif;rD', D m? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif yk*~vdu o wif;rD'D,mu¾ wnf&Sdonfhtjyif }uD;xGm;vmaevsuf &Syd gonf? yk*v ~ d uydik *f sme,fEiS hf trsm;tm;jzifh ae@pOf xkwf r*~Zif;aygif; 80 ausmf &Sdaeyg onf? T*sme,fr*~Zif;rsm;.trnf rsm;udk oifrnfr# az: jyay;Ekdifygo enf;? rnfr#ukd oif zwfz;l ygoenf;? Tpmapmif p k p k a ygif ; onf a=umfjimcaiG cef@rSef;ajc tar&duef a':vmtm;jzifh 15 oef;cef@ 0ifaiG tjzpf &&Sd=uygonf? T0ifaiGa=umifh om &yfwnf vnfywfaeEdkif=ujcif; jzpfygonf? *sme,f/ r*~Zif;t,f'w D m rsm;onf Tpmapmifrsm;udk yHEk ydS x f w k f a0jcif;rjyKrD pdpd pfjcif;ESihf qifqmwnf; jzwfa&;twGuf jyef=um;a&;0ef}u;D Xme atmuf&dS pmaypdppfa&;tzG@J o@kd tqif tjyifEiS t hf a=umif;t&mwd@k ukd wifjy =u&ygonf/ rnfonht f a=umif;t&m rsm;udk yHkESdyfaz: jyEdkifonf/ rnfonfh t&mrsm;udk ydwyf ifonf qdo k nfEiS hf ywfoufI pnf;rsOf;owfrSwfr_rsm; onf tpOf a jymif ; vJ a ewwf + yD ; wdwu d sus az: jyxm;jcif;vnf;r&Syd g? xdka=umifh t,f'DwmESifh owif;pm q&mwd@k onf pdppfa&;u rnfonft h a=umif;t&mudk cGifhjyKrnf/ rnfonhf ta=umif;t&mudk ydwyf ifrnfqo kd nf udk rod&EdS ikd f jzpf=u&ygonf? owif; tcsut f vufrsm;udk EdkifiH. ppfacgif;aqmifwdk@u wif;usyf pGm xde;f csKyfxm;ygonf? wu,fwrf;

pufwifbm-14-2008 ay:xGufvmaom owif;tcsuft vufrsm;onfvnf; qifqmwnf; jzwfrr_ sm; / 0g'jzef@csad &; ,E &W m;ESihf pm e,fZif;rsm;tay: pmaypdppfa&;tzG@J . ausmcsr;f zG,f +cdr;f ajcmufrr_ sm;ukd jzwf oef; qefcgcs+yD;rSom ay:xGufvm &jcif; jzpfygonf? pmaypdppfa&;tzG@J onf ausmcsrf;zG,f aumif;onf[k qd&k jcif;f rSm owif;axmuf od@k r[kwf t,f'w D mwd@k ud, k Yf u pmaypdppfa&; tzG@GJ ukd a=umuf&+yD; rdrw d @kd bmom rd rdw@kd qifjcif wnf;jzwf&jcif;aomf4if;/ tcsdK@aom ta=umif;t&m rsm;udk a&SmifuGif; a&;om;&jcif;aomfvnf; aumif; aqmif&Guf=u&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? jref r mEd k i f i H . aumv[v rsm;wGiv f nf; owif;rSerf sm; ygaewwf ygonf? jynfot l rsm;onf yHEk ySd af z: jy xm;aom aqmif;yg;yg pma=umif;rsm; ukd zefI az: jy rxm;aom jrefrmEdik if H wGif trSew f u,f jzpfysuf aeonfrsm; udk }uKd ;pm;I t"dyg` ,af z: rSe;f q=u&yg onf? od@k wnf;r[kwf owif;f rSm az: jyxm;onfrsm;ESifh xdefcsefxm;onf rsm; tay:wGif tajccHI pOf;pm;=unhf jcif;tm;jzifh bmjzpfaeonfukd t"dyg` ,f jyefqdk=unfh=u&ygonf? oif=um;zl; aom aumvm[v wckukd jyefpOf;pm; =unhyf g? aemufq;kH rrSeo f wi;ftjzpf ay:vGio f mG ;aomaumvm[vrsm;t a=umif;udk oifpOf;pm;=unfI h &ygo vm;? aumvm[vrsm;ESit fh jzpfreS f udk oifaumif;aumif; cGjJ cm;Edik yf govm;? vkyfaqmif&ef? ? aumv[mvESifh tjzpfreS u f kd cGjJ cm;jcif;? atmufyg 0gusrsm;udk zwfyg? aumv[vrsm; ,lqygu uGuv f yf wGif (u) [k a&;yg? tjzpfreS [ f k ,lqyg u (r) [k a&;ay;yg? (1) wvtwGi;f rSm "mwfqaD ps;E_e;f 39

trSwfpOf-91 rsm; (2)q jzpfomG ;vdrrfh nf[k usaemfh tpfuu kd ajymonf? (2) ,ae@onf 2006 ckEpS f Zlvikd f 4 &ufjzpfonf? (3) rH&k mG +rKd @ aps;}u;D udk ae&ma&$@ajymif; vdrrhf nf[k usaemf=um;cJo h nf? (4) jrefrmEdik if . H yxrqH;k aus;vuf owif;pmrsm;udk za,mif;puUL pmul; pufjzifh yHEk ydS x f w k af 0cJo h nf? (5) jrefrmEdkifiHonf &kyfjriffoH=um; xkwfv$ifha&;vkyfief;wnfaxmif&m ta&S@awmiftm&SEikd if rH sm;wGif aemuf tusq;kH Edik if jH zpfonf? (6) jrefrmEdik if w H iG f owif;pmtm;vH;k udk 1964 ckEpS w f iG f jynfoyl ikd f odr;f cJh onf? (7) jyef = um;a&;0ef } uD ; Xmevuf atmuf & S d pmaypd p pf a &;Xmeonf 4if;wd@k em;rvnfaom ta=umif; t &mrsm;ukd qifqmwnf;jzwf ydwfyif avh&o dS nfrmS vlwikd ;f todjzpfonf? (8) tpd k ; &onf jref r mEk d i f i H w G i f tD;ar;vf udk xde;f csKyfxm;+y;D rnfonhf today; pum;ukrd # tar&duef jynf axmifpo k @kd ra&mufap&ay? (9) +Adwdo#wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHudk 1826 ckEpS rf mS 1948 ckEpS t f xd udv k edk D u|ejf yKcJo h nf? vkyaf qmif&ef? ?jzpf&yf a&G;cs,yf kH rwl jcm;em;csurf sm;udk tuJjzwfjcif;? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tywfpOf *sm e,frsm;wGif tom;ay;az: jyaom

pufwifbm-14-2008 xdyw f ef;jzpf&yfrsm;udk pm&if;cs a&;yg? xdak emuf tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS (on line ) udk 0if=unhyf g? od@k r[kwf tjcm; EdkifiHrsm;&Sd owif;r*~Zif;wapmifudk ,l=unhyf g? xdak emuf tjcm;Edik if w H ck&dS t"du owif;pm}uD;wapmif. (on line) az: jyxm;onf r sm;wG i f tom;ay; az: jyxm;aom xdyw f ef; jzpf&yfrsm;udk zwf=unhyf g? rnfo@kd rnfykH jcm;em;=uygoenf;? rnfonht f wGuf a=umihf uGv J jJG cm;em;=uonf[k oif,l qygoenf;? vkyq f mif&ef? ?rnfonfjh zyf&yf rsm;udk oifyEkH ydS f xkwaf 0 az: jyrnfenf;? Tvk y f a qmif c suf u d k rd w f aqGwOD;ESifh twlwI JG vkyfaqmifyg? oifonf tywfpOf owif;pmwapmif ukd ydik q f idk x f m;onf qdyk gp@kd ? rnfonhf jzpf&yfrsm;udk oifxnho f iG ;f az: jyrnf enf;? oif. rdwaf qGu rnfo h nhf jzpf &yfudk az: jyvdo k enf;? az: jyvdak om jzpf&yfukd pm&if;cs tb,fa=umifh rwl jcm;em; &onf[k oif xifygoenf;? tb,fa=umifh wl aeonf[k oifxif ygoenf;? vkyaf qmif&ef? tb,fa=umifh oif owif;pm zwfygoenf;? tb,fa=umifh oif owif;pm zwfygoenf;? owif; od&&dS eft wGuf vm;/ azsmaf jzr_twGuv f m;/ a=umfjim od@k r[kwf ema&;owif;=unhf &efvm;/ oifzwf&_aeaom pmapmif rsm;onf

oif. owif;vdk pdwf tmoDoudk t aumif;qH;k jznhq f nf; ay;Ekid yf govm;? tcef; (1) ed*;Hk csKyff vkyaf qmifcsu?f Ttcef;Y oifonf jrefrm owif ; rD ' D , mtay: =oZmouf a&mufaer_rsm; ta=umif;udk avhvmchJ &ygonf? oif pdwf0ifpm;aom jzpf &yfrsm;ESihf tb,fa=umifh oif owif; pmzwfaejcif; ta=umif;udv k nf; cGpJ w d f oHk;oyfEdkifcJhygonf? owif;pmq&m rsm;tzd@k tjzpfreS rf sm;udk a&;om;az: jyEdik &f ef ESihf aumv[vrsm; az: jy rdjcif;rS a&Smif=uOf&ef ta&;}u;D a=umif; wd@k udfk oifavhvm+y;D cJah y+y?D atmufyg tcsufrsm;udk awG;rd apvdkygonf? owif;pmq&mwOD;onf ol. pmzwf olrsm;udk eHygwf (1) OD;pm;ay; wm0ef od&rnf jzpf+yD; eHygwf (1) OD;pm; ay;& rnfholrsm;rSm ol. t,f'Dwmrsm; owif;pmwku d f ydik &f iS rf sm; od@k r[kwf a=umfjimtyforl sm; r[kw=f uyg? Tod@k OD;pm;ay; &rnhf olrsm;onf tpd;k & od@k r[kwf txl;tusKd ;pD;yGm;ESihf qdik af om udprP sm;vnf; r[kwyf g? owif;pmq &mrsm;onf rdrw d @kd pmzwforl sm;t ay: Tod@k wm0eford r_ sKd ; tb,fa=umifh &Sdoifhonf[k oif xifjrif,lqygo enf;? TusdK;a=umif;qifjcifr_rsm;udk pm&if;cs az: jyay;yg? ?

40

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

xm0&rdwfaqG/ xm0&&efolESihf xm0& tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm; cGefqdkif; ( 21/7/2008) arv&J@ em*pftavmif; ode;f aomif;awG ay:eif;+yD; etzu wkid ;f jynf ppfu|ejf yKa&; zG@J pnf;yHu k kd tJ'D v arvxJrmS wif ajymprSwjf zpf use&f pfavmuf atmif ratmifEh ikd /f rapmifEh idk /f r&SuEf ikd f ra=umufEikd f tEdik u f sihf twnfjyKvu dk =f u wm? 92 &mE_e;f axmufcw H ,fv@kd tHb h , G f ajymifajymif pm&if;awGjyvdu k =f uwm? ckawmh ol@vlawG a&G;aumuf yG0J ifbdk@ jyif=uawmhvdk@ tcsufjyaeyg+yD? 'Dwcg xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ud, k b f ufu pvd@k *efbm&Dukd zdw&f wmu oltusKd ;pD;yGm; etz crsm odyaf jymcsiw f hJ pum;awG &Sw d ,f? ajymr,fph um; tESpcf sKyu f usaemf wd@k vrf;jyajryH(k 7) qif-h raerem; vkyv f mwm tcktqifh (4) jzpfwhJ zG@J pnf;yHt k wnf jyK+yD;oGm;+yDcifAs? 2010 rSm a&G;aumufyJG vkyf +y;D &if b,foEl ikd Ef ikd f tEdik &f ygwu D kd pepfwus tm%mv$aJ y;rSmyg? NLD tygt0if twku d t f cHawG tm;vH;k yg0if,OS +f yKd if=ubk@d cGijhf yKxm;ygw,f? zdwaf c: xm;ygw,f? ( usLyfw@kd obmxm; }uD;ygw,fayg)h ? +ird ;f csr;f a&; ,lxm;wJh tzG@J awGvnf; vufeufpeG @+f y;D (vufeuf rcscikd ;f ygb;l )ygwD axmif/ 0ifa&muf ,SO+f ydKif Edik =f uygw,fayg?h rkew f idk ;f '%fcjH ynfoal wG twGuv f nf; usaemfw@kd u pepfwus yHyh ;kd / Edik if H wum tultnDawGvnf; xdxda&mufa&muf ulnDap +yD;yg+yDaygh? 'gayr,hf aiGawGawmh xyfvdkaeygao; w,fcifAs? ulnDOD;aygh? ('gawG t"du xm;ajym bk@d ac:wmyg? ) atmf- a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J &[ef;oHCmawG/ ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmifawG qdw k mvm;/ twku d t f cHawG v$waf y;bd@k qdw k mvm;? 2010 a&G;aumufyG+J yD;&if tm;vHk;udk wa,mufrusef taotcsm v$wfay;rSmyg? ckawmh pdppfwek ;f yg? jcif;xJ tm;vH;k xnh+f y;D ? 14 ESpaf wmif =umoGm;w,f? tcsKd @awG awmh t&yfom;csi;f ±du k o f wfcikd ;f / wcsKd @awGawmh axmifawGxJ xnfh xm; &wm? odyrf rsm;ygb;l ? ESpf 20 xJyg? 'D avmufyg? w&m;r0ifatmif vky&f wm qdak wmh eJeaJ wmh t&kyq f ;kd wmayg?h 2010 rSm ppfwyfxJ qufaezd@k t&G,&f adS o;olawGuawmh quf ae? +rJr,fh tm%mxJrmS 'gu taotcsmqk;kH ? ppfwyfrmS rvkv d @kd tkv d @kd rS y,f cH & awmhr,fh ppfom;awG twGuaf wmh ygww D ck zG@J awmhayg?h cufwmu ckvkd ae@pm; cay;+y;D 'dik ef mum;awGe@J vdu k af c: wifrS vlpv k @kd &wJh 0g;&if;wkwf w&r;f&rf; vlawG eJ@ vl&akd o &Si&f akd o ygww D ck axmifz@kd rvG,w f m/ vlawG =um; pnf;&H;k a&;qif;zd@k cufwm olw@kd od w,f? t+r;D usuf t+r;D pm;/ acgi;f usuf acgi;f pm; orwvl=urf; eJ@bezl;odu k w f ;l ygwrD sKd ;awGbJ jzpfvmrSm? &kyjf y aumif;atmif +rKd @r+d rKd @z qdw k mawG

acgif ; tiS m ;&S m =ur,f q d k j yef a wmh odumQ orm"de@J woufv;kH aevmwJh vl}u;D vlaumif; ppfppfawGu ywfouf csirf mS r[kwb f ;l ?a0;a0;bJ aecJ=h uwm uvm;? Edik if aH &; tm%mawGukd pD;yGm; wGuf wGufwhJ cgawmfrSD olaX; wcsdK@ avmufbJ }uHhzGwf avvnfwmudk 0rf;omrSm? pnf;&H;k vk@d &rSm/ 'gvn;f jynfwiG ;f jzpfukd tm;ay;ygqw kd hJ pum; vk;H oufouf wefqmqif jrefrmenf; jrefrmh[ef pnf;urf;jynf0h aom 'Dru dk a&pDygwDtwGuf ta&;ay:rl0g'wdk@/ vkyif ef;vrf;pOfw@kd qdw k mawGukd acwf opfEikd if aH &;odyH` ausmif;awmfom; qdk wmawGqD oGm;a&; ckdif;+yD;rS tJ'Dcg awmfr t DS rwfavmif;awGukd usucf ikd f &OD;rSm? 'gayr,fh pdwfyl p&mawmh r&Sd ygb;l ? jcif;xJu=uufawGqakd wmhvnf; tawmifrcwfEikd /f atmuft;D r wGef Ed k i f y gbl ; ? jcif ; =um;u wcgwcg acgi;f xGuw f mavmuf/ tcsi;f csi;f w aumifacgi;f waumifqw d w f mavmuf vkyEf ikd af wmhrmS yg? or*~awG/ toif;t yif;awGzJG@zdk@ acgif;xGufvm&ifvm;? ud, k b f ufrmS wnfqOJ ya'awG &Sw d m bJ? tJ'D E_wo f ;D uyfaus;eJ@ nSyaf y; vdu k /f awmify=H um; vuf 0g;apmif;wif ay;vku d ?f 'gr rS &&if xdyt f av;e@J xk xnhv f u dk ?f 'ge@J qufo, G af &;0ef}uD; OD;atmif=unfudk arhaew,f? Edk;+yD; 41

trSwfpOf-91 tdrjf yefy@kd vu kd af v? *efbm&Dvmvd@k t vku d u f ef;qd;k rod awmufar; ajrmuf ar; ar;aer,f? o&kyaf qmif t&;ay: cef@vu kd &f wm awmfawmfyifyef; oGm; +y?D NLD a&G;aumufyJG r0if awmh bl; qdw k mawmh 0rf;om *k%, f l p &m qHk;jzwfcsufyg? 'g 1990 vlxkqEN tppfukd av;pm; jyvku d w f mbJ? ygwD zsuf cH&rSmvm;/ rylyge@J ? bmom/ om oemudk apmifw h m 0denf;tbd"rRm qdk &if wu,fh vlxyk gwu D kd apmifah &Smuf wJt h oufu 'Dru kd a&pD0Od mOfv@kd ajym vku d ?f 'Dru kd a&pD0Od mOf vlx=k um; &Sif oefaeoa&G@ vlx l u k kd tcsed rf a&G; Ed;_ vd@k &ygw,f? vd y f j ymvH k v H k a c:vd k @ &w,f ? vlpv k @kd &w,f? ac:wJah e&mudk ud, k x hf rif;ud, k pf m; csw D ufvmvdrrhf ,f? tJ'D 0dOmOfaooGm;&ifawmh vlxu k dk rac:eJ@ awmh?ta,mifaqmiftacsmiform;awG om 'dik ef mum;eJ@ac: ae@pm;ceJ@ac:/ t &uf w d k u f a c:/ vl p k v d k @ &awmh r ,f ? ArmhEikd if aH &;rSm ygwrD &Sv d nf; vkyw f wf wJh vlawGvyk v f @kd acwfajymif;oGm;wm awG@c=hJ urd@k vm;? ESpf 20 pkxm;wJ txk taxmif;cH/ rDjyif;wdu k cf /H avrk;d '%fcH tiftm;pk}uD;u *k%o f u d mQ &S&d dS vlxk =um;rSm yHpk rH sKd ;pHek @J quf&adS ew,f? vl xkbufu&yf tusdK;raqmifEkdifyJeJ@ awmh bmemrnfc+H yD; vdrv f rd f vlxu k kd vdrv f @kd r&bl;? vlxu k rtlb;l / rebl;? ppftm%m&Sifudk r}udKuf/ qef@usif ygw,fqdk+yD; ygwDaxmifa&G;aumuf yG0J if EdkifiHa&;vkyf/ 'DESpf 20 twGif; w a,mufrS tzrf;rcH&bl;qdw k hJ tJ'yD gwD rsKd ;udk vlxu k ,Hrk ,f yHrk ,fxifvm;? jy\emeJeJ&Sdwmu wwd, tiftm;pkqw kd mawG? wcsed u f ppftm %m&Sif jzKwfcsa&;vkycf w hJ hJ ae&mrSm w csKd @vnf; OD;aqmifc?hJ OD;oef@/ bke;f armf

pwJh ta&;awGrmS ygc=hJ uwmbJ? aemuf awmh a&G;aumufyu JG wyftvSef &JreG f u tjyefvrf;awGrmS "mwfawGysuf +y;D uk, d w hf yfy;kd ud, k jf yefeif; vlxu k kd 'kuQ wGi;f u xkw&f r,ft h pm;/ orife@J usm; w+cHxJ xm;vkd@&ygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDe@J tm%m&Si=f um; yg;yg;av;yg? a&mor ar$vu dk v f @dk &ygw,f vky=f uw,f? ck ol wd@k pOf;pm;ae&wJh tcsKd ;tauG@ ppfwyf ausmaxmuf aemufcHjyKygwDudk 0if& rSmvm;/ }uzH w G ef @J aygi;f &rSmvm;? woD; yk*v ~ &yfr,fqkd vlxu k b,ftm;ud;k ygrh vJ? NLD eJ@ 88 rsdK;qufawGukd opPmazmuf+yD; woD;yk*v ~ emrnfcH cJh =uwm? ckawmh etzeJ@ NLD 'Drdku a&pDe@J tm%m&Siaf wG=um;rSm wwd, tiftm;awGjzpfvmrvm;? woD;yk*v ~ ewftdk;uGJawGb0eJ@ vlxk,Hk=unf axmufcrH _ &OD;rvm;qdw k mbJ? Ad k v f r S L ;atmif v if ; xG Ë f [ m wcsed u f etz twGi;f pnf;xJu vl/ 'Dru kd a&pD&@J twdu k t f cH &efow l OD;vd@k ajymvd@k &ygw,f? 'gayr,fh em*pf+y;D wJh tcg etzvkyyf u kH ikd yf akH wG =unh/f olpw d f ajymif;+yD; tm%m&Siaf wGukd &G@H rek ;f wm awG jzpfvmw,fwJh? olwwfEdkifwJh enf;eJ@ tm%m&SifawGudk yHkaz:bdk@ qef@usif acszsub f @kd }udK;pm;ygw,f? 'D ae@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;rSm rdwfaqGaumif; jzpfb@kd ol}uKd ;pm;&yfwnfprG ;f aqmifvm awGudk usaemfwdk@ todtrSwfjyK&yg w,f? usaemfw@kd em;vnfre_ @J vuf urf;}udKygw,f? *efbm&Du c&D;pOf tvnfrmS a':atmifqef;pk=unff &J@ oabmxm; yef=um;v$mukd o,fomG ;ay;+yD; puFm yl owif;pm &Si;f vif;yGu J ae a0csvu dk f wJh tcgwek ;f u etz a'gy+G yD; *efbm &Dqw kd v hJ l oHwrefusi0hf wf azguw f ,f? ukvor*~uvnf; Edik if }H uD; awGbuf u vku d af ew,f? twku d t f cHawGbuf

pufwifbm-14-2008 u yif;aeygw,fv@dk a'ge@J armeJ@ ajymcJh wmawG? *efbm&Dxyfvmbd@k vkyw f m udk *efbm&D rvmeJ@v@kd rajym&Hw k r,f ae@a&$@na&$@ vkyfaecJhwm ylylaEG;aEG; }uD;&Sdwkef; tm;vHk;tod? aemufu vlu tcsKd ;jyif+y;D twdu k t f cHawG v$wf yg? tm;vH;k yg=urSjzpfr,f? jrifomxif om vkyyf gqw kd hJ avawGazsmuf ud, k pf um; ud, k +f rdK atmufusKd @0if+yD; cifAsm; wd@k ajrykH jrefjrefw;l / vkyif ef;pOfawG jref jref+yD;atmif olu jyp&m tcef;u¾ awmifr&Sdawmh ovkdjzpfaevdk@ +idrfae wJt h csed u f srS wul;wu zdww f ,fjzpf jyefw,f? etz olvyk cf siw f mvky+f y;D +yD qdak wmh ykÀuwkid x f b l @dk vdv k m+yaD v? 'Dwcg ukvor*~ukd oltoH;k cs&if jzpf Edik af vmufw,fv@kd olwu G o f ud;k ? 1958uwnf;u u&iftrsdK; om;awGtwGuf KNU udk 0ifcJhwJh awmfveS af &;orm; 'kAv kd rf LS ;}u;D apma* xl;[m r=umcifu etz zufurf;udk ul;+yD; u&iftrsKkd ;om;awG&@J jy\em tajz xGurf vm;/ oGm;&Sm=unhw f ,f? aemuf tajz rxGufEdkifavmufbl;/ r,H=k unfavmufb;l vd@k cHpm;&vd@k rae@ wae@u KNU bufurf;jyefu;l vmwJh tcg ol@wkdufaz: wkdufzufawGu arwWmrysuf }udKqdw k m =um;&vk@d yDwd jzpfrw d ,f? &J a wG axmif u swJ h t cg axmif x J r S m ol w d k @ [m oem;bd k @ aumif;aewwf+yD; olw@dktwGuf t ouftE W&m,fvnf; t&rf;}uD;ae wwfw,f? axmifusawmifrmS yd@k vu kd f vd@k vlq;kd awGe@J wlwo l mG ;ae&wJt h cg vlq;kd awGu olw@kd ukd ESyd pf ufcb hJ ;l wJh &JawGq+kd y;D nusawmh apmiftyk +f y;D 0dik ;f uef=u/ xd;k }uw d =f u vkyw f ,f? '%f&m awGeJ@ uGJ+yJzl;zl;a,mif+yD; wdkufxJ a&muf a&mufvmwmawG r=umr=um awG@czhJ ;l w,f? 'kuaQ y;EdyS pf ufcw hJ hJ jypfr_ 42

trSwfpOf-91 tukov kd t f vku d f olw@kd uom;aumif awG jyefjzpf? olw@kd ukd owfz@kd acsmif;wm wcgjyefc&H wm? 'Dvt kd Edik u f siw hf mcH& wmawG@awmh atmf - 0Ëfqdkwm 'g vm;vd@k awG;rdz;l w,f? &JawG r=umc% towf cH&w,fv@kd aemufqkd vlq;kd awG&w dS hJ taqmifawGrmS rxm;&Jawmh yJ usOf;usOf;=uyf=uyf 5 (n) awG&SdwhJ wdu k af wGrmS vmxnhx f m;w,f? 'DrSmvnf; 'kuQu rao;bl;? pdwu f sO;f =uyf&wJt h xJ wku d u f 5(n) awGu w&m;a[mao;w,f? ykvdyf usiyhf v k yd }f uHraysmuf&ifawmh rsuEf mS om ray;bl;? vlxu k kd 'kuaQ y;wJh jypf r_awGwoD;wwef;xx&Gwaf wmh&aJ wG pdwfnpfw,f? aemufawmh arSmfbD wdu k }f u;D bufrmS &JawGtwGuf oD;oef@ &Jbufpcef;qdw k m oufouf xGiaf y; &w,f ? &J a wG a xmif u svmwmeJ @ jrefjrefaxmifjyifxw k +f yD; tJ'D oD;oef@ &Jbufpcef;ukd yd@k w,f? ckqdk jzKwfxkwf&Sif; cHxm;&wJh axmufvrS ;f a&;awG axmifawGxrJ mS vnf; o[Zw rjzpfe@J axmufvrS ;f a&; &Jbufpcef;qdw k mvnf; b,fxu G f &JrmS vJ? etz 'kurQ sm;w,f? oD;oef@ ae&mawG &Sm&wm axmifxrJ mS awmf awmfcuf? 'Dae@Armjynf}uD;u axmif ygbJ? bk&m;yGJav;awmif b,frSm vGwv f w G v f yfvyf usi;f ycGihf &vd@k v?J txuftrde@f cH&wm uvm;? tmz&durSm ZifbmabG or w rl*gbq D w kd m wcsed u f vljzLawGord ;f ajr,ma0jcrf;a&;awG ZGwv f yk +f y;D wkid ;f jynfrSm awmfawmfvl}udKufrsm;cJh rsm; cJb h ;l wmyg?h ESpaf wG=um tm%m awG&;l oGm;awmh 'Dae@Av kd cf sKyf (6) a,muf tkycf sKyfwhJ Edik if aH &;r&% &xm;udq k GJ ae&&Smygw,f? aemufq;kH a&G;aumuf yGrJ mS twdu k t f cH armf*efu&dik ;f Edik o f mG ; awmh ta=umif;awG trsKd ;rsKd ;jy tm

%mv$&J rSm rv$b J J xyf+ydKifr,fw?hJ c av;awG upm;ovdk bGmaw;vkyw f m ayg?h aemufxyf a&G;aumufyx JG yfvyk f w,f? 'Dwcgr&H;_ &atmif rEdik Ef ikd w f ehJ nf; eJ@ twdu k t f cHawGukd vdu k &f u kd o f wf w,f? vlw&mausmfaow,f? csef u&dik ;f vnf; owfr,fayg?h +cdr;f ajcmuf w,f? cseu f &dik ;f wa,muf ol@val wG u rw&m;ao/ olvn;f toufab; eD;qdkawmh }uHK&m oH&Hk;wckxJ 0ifajy; &&Sm+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ r0ifawmhygbl; ajymw,f? 'ge@J rl*gbDu +ydKifbufr&Sd orw jyefvyk w f ,f? yGJu o&kyfysufvGef;aeawmh wurBmvH;k yGuaf vm&du k af e+y;D 'Dae@bJ awmiftmz&du orw brf;bDuD 0if nd+S yD; atmifjrifw,f qdw k ,f? nDnD nGwfnGwf jyefvkyf=ubkd@ oabmwl oGm;=uowJh? tm%m cGJa0=u&rSm aygh? 10 ESpf=um &efol+ydKifbufawG ckawmhvnf; vufqEJG w _ q f ufae=u? 'gaumif;wJv h uQ%myg?wzufrmS awmh ajrZmyifjzpfwhJ jynfoal wGu aoa=u

pufwifbm-14-2008 aewke;f ? vwfvwfqwfqwf tokb csaewJh owif;udk jyaewke;f bJ? w&m;cH b,frrd mS vJ? owif; xJrmS odomwmu olw@kd ESpzf uf vuf qGEJ w _ q f ufwt hJ csed rf mS wcsed v f ;kH t &du k t f ESucf &H / aoajy;&Siaf jy; ajy; cJ&h wJh xm0& t&H;_ orm; cseu f &dik ;f t+yHK; u awmufyae+yD; orw}uD; rl*gbD rsuEf mS u arsmufoyH &k moD; cH@G cH xm; &ovkd usOf;=uyf+yD; 'kuQa&mufaewJh yHak wG@&w,f? 'gawGu avmu obm 0bJ? omoema&;udpP vkyfwmrSm awmif vlxak wG&@J 'kuaQ wGudk rodcsif a,mifaqmifae+yD; etz ajrSmuf pm; wm wckyJ om,mrd&if etz t}uKd uf bufvdkufvdk@rsm; w&m;a[mrd&if etz bke}f uD; jzpf&wmbJ? 'Dru kd a&pD bufu&yf&ifvnf; 'Dru kd a&pD bke;f }u;D jzpfrmS bJ? jrwfpmG bk&m;a[m=um; qH;k r awmfrw l hJ 38 jzm r*FvmrSm - tao0 empAmvmeH -vdk@bJ a[m ¹rufawmf rl c J h w ,f r[k w f v m;? vl r d k u f u d k a&S m if b d k @ a[m¹ruf a wmf r l c J h w m? aygi;f zd@k ¹rufawmf rrlcb hJ ;l av----?

43

trSwfpOf-91 yDwmaZmfjrifhqdkaom aygcsm csmaumifonf aygcsmcsm aumifw aumifjzpfa=umif; aocsmaomfvnf; avmurSm cufawmh tcufom; u vm;? rxifwmawG jzpfwwfonf? xifwmawGvnf; rjzwfwwf? jzpfvrd hf rnf[k }udKwifajymxm;aom t&m rsm;vnf; jzpfrvm? rjzpfEikd b f ;l [k ajym aomt&mrsm;uvnf; jzpfvm.? avmuqdak om oabm}uD;udu k tJ onfvykd J jzpfwwfonf? b0'\evdv k /kd bmvdv k /kd avmu ed,mrvdv k kd bmvdv k Ekd iS hf txufyg pm om;rsm;onf 0wWKtpwGif cyfwnf wnf zdef@vdkufaom pmom;rsm;om jzpf.?yDwmaZmfjrifh aygcsmcsmjzpfjcif;ESihf bmr#oyd rf qdik ?f 0wWKa&;q&mu vl wwfvyk +f yD; oufouf0ifajymaom p um;rsm;omjzpfonf? wu,ft h csuf u armifyw D m aygcsmcsmaumif/ tv um;aumifqakd om tcsuo f m jzpf.? odak omfvnf; apmapmu ajymcJo h vdk aygah v? wavmwkef;uawmh armifyD wm wa,muf aysmufomG ;.? &ef u k e f + rd K @awmf . Ed k i f v G e f uwW&m vrf;a[mif;awGtay:rSm wpf cgwpf&H odyt f a&;}uD;onfh yHpk jH zifh ysm ,D;ysm,m wpfcgwpf&H wpfavmuvH;k

pufwifbm-14-2008 udk vlrxif/ wpfwcg&H xdwf xdwyf smysm a=umuf±@HG a=umuf±@G /H bma=umufreS ;f vnf;rod?wpfcgw&H tvGef at;aq;wnf+idrpf mG tckem&D0ufavmuf twGi;f uyJ w&m;xl;&aom yk*Kd~ vfrsKd ;. tdu k w f ifÁajENEiS ?hf xdo k @kd q,fEpS v f q,fEh pS f &moDrmS armifyw D mudk q,fEh pS f &moD rsuEf mS ay;rsm;ESihf jrifawG@aeus? ±kww f &uf aysmufomG ;onf? oabFm vdu k o f mG ;ovdv k /kd ukvor*~rmS tvky&f oGm;ovdv k /kd tar&duef ynmawmfoif oGm;ovdv k /kd wdu k sKd u armf awmfum; ukr% ` o D al X; r}uD;wpfO;D ESihf tdraf xmifusI vdu k o f mG ;ovdv k ?kd bmyJjzpfjzpf armifyw D miayg aysmuf oGm;wmawmh trSe?f wae@wek ;f uawmh armifyw D m jyefa&mufvm+y[ D k owif; oJo h =hJ um;vdu k f &onf? jyefa&muf vm+yDom ajym&wm/ owif;om =um;&onf? vlukd rawG@& ao;? }u;D jrifah om awmifxw G u f kd jrLcd;k rd;k wdrf t+rzJ ;kH tkyaf eonf [k trnfrrSwf rdaom w±kwyf nm&S}d uD;wOD; ajymcJzh ;l .? xd@k twlyif ayga=umifa=umif armifyD wmudk aumv[mvrsm;u t+rJ zH;k tkyaf eavh&. dS ? yDwmaZmfjrifhwpfa,muf r*Fvm armifr,f xDaygufI odef;ajcmufq,f avmuf &oGm;owJ?h ol tdraf tmufu a&$'*F g;awG tjynfh pOft h ;kd }uD;ud;k vH;k awG@owJ?h tarG&aom ywWjrm;}uD; oufqikd &f mXme oGm;a&mif;wm av; q,fh ud;k ode;f &oGm;wJ?h ol@oil ,fcsi;f “r*~Zif;”usaoma=umifh ode;f oH;k q,f t&if; xkwaf y;+yD; t,f'w D mcsKyf ZGwf 0ifvyk af eowJ?h aumv[mvawG? tqd;k qH;k od@k r[kwf pdw0f ifpm;p&m taumif;qH;k owif;uawmh ol@ oli,f csi;f taygi;f toif;awGukd r*~Zif;qdik &f m XmetoD;oD;rSm Xmet}uD;tuJ &mxl;awGay;+yD; tvkyaf wG pGwcf ef@ aeonfqakd om owif;jzpfawmh onf? “[m æ jy\emu wrsKd ; }uD;ygvm;” woufvHk; ayga=umif a=umif vkyfcho J lrdk@ tckvdk ayga=umif a=umifjrif uGi;f rSm odyrf qef;vS? od@k aomfvnf; 0wWKa&;q&mu odyo f cd sif aeonf/ 'Diayg bmjzpfygvrd ?hf “armifyw D m rif; æ” pum;rqufvu kd &f / b,fvuf0g; umjy.? rsupf u d rSwx f m;qJ? “xdkifu@JG / xdkif? at;at;aq;aq; xdkif? igajymjy&rSmaygh uG,f”

OHKzG yDwmaZmfjrifh (aZmfaZmfatmif)

pum;ajymyHu k vnf; anmifemem? Zmwfrif;om;avoH? “[m; æ aeprf ; ygOD ; armif y D wmiayg&@J ? rif; bmvkyaf ewmvJ? t wGi;f tm; avhusi+hf yD; t&dyrf v hJ uf0g; odik ;f uGuf wDxiG af ewmvm; vkyrf ae eJ@/ odik ;f avmu {u&mZf rd;k atmuf ajrjyif +ydKifzufuif;bG@J ukd [dv k }l uD; ,l oGm;+yD [m; æ [m; æ” onfvEkd iS hf wae@wek ;f u armifyD wmudak wG@onf? b,f ole@J awG@ovJ? b,frmS awG@ovJ? b,fae@wek ;f uvJ? 44

trSwfpOf-91 rar;ESi?hf umvwd@k / a'owd@k / aemufcH 0ef;usifwdk@qdkonfrSm a&S;0wWKawG rSmom ta&;}uD;wm? armf'ef0wWKrSm awG@csiw f t hJ csed /f awG@csiw f v hJ el @J awG@csif ovdk awG@v@kd &.? od@k aomfvnf; Zmwf a=umif;jyefol 0wWKa&; q&mESihf awG@ onf [ k ajymrS j zpf v d r f h r nf ? 'grS qufa&;vd@k &rSm? armifyDwmonf æ tcef;tv,frSm ususee wifysOf acGxdkifI cg;udkrwfrwfxm;I rsufpd rSw d u f m nmbufvufukd txufo@kd qef@wef; ajr‡mufxm;onf? jrwfpmG bk&m; æ yDwmaZmf jrifh xGuf &yfayguo f mG ;+yDvm;? “a[haumif æ armifyDwm rif; b,fvjkd zpf” rsupf u d kd tdu k w f ifEiS zhf iG . hf ? 'l;ay: wifxm;aom b,fvufuakd jrm‡ ufum vuf0g; umjy.?nmvufu axmif xm;qJ? rsuaf phukd jyefrw dS o f mG ; onf? “a[haumif æ a[haumif æ iayg æ bmvkyaf ewm wke;f ” yDwmaZmfjrifo h nf woufv;kH pyf+zJ+zJ tlwlwl rsufESmay;ESifh aecJh oljzpfonf? tck ol@rsufESmay:rSm b,ftcg wke;f ur# rawG@z;l aom !d;l_ i,faeovdv k /kd a=uuGaJ eovdk vdk trl t,m cyfwnfwnfrsKd ;udk awG@ae&.? “ayguu f & 0wWKawGa&;ae wJh 0wWKa&;q&m ightem;odyf ruyfeJ@? igch E<mud, k u f kd rxde@J ? txl;ojzifh igh &J@nmbufvuf udk rxdapeJ@? xdik u f @JG / xdkifu@GJ ” “[m æ jy\emu wrsdK; }uD;ygvm;” woufv;kH ayga=umif a=umif vkycf o hJ rl @kd tckvkd ayga=umif a=umifjrif uGi;f rSm odyf rqef;vS? od@k aomfvnf; 0wWKa&;q&mu odyf odcsif aeonf? 'D iayg bm jzpfygvrd ?f

“armifyw D m rif; ” pum;rqufvu kd &f ? b,fvuf0g; umjy.? rsupf u d rSwf xm;qJ? “xdik u f @GJ / xdik ?f at;at; aq;aq; xdik ?f igajymjy&rSmaygh uG,”f pum;ajymyHkuvnf; anmif emem? Zmwfrif;om;avoH? “[m; æ aeprf;ygOD; armifyD wm iayg&@J ? rif;bmvkyaf ewmvJ? t wGi;f tm; avhusi+hf yD; t&dyrf v hJ uf 0g; odik ;f uGuf wDxiG af ewmvm;? vkyrf ae eJ@? odik ;f avmu {u&mZf rd;k atmuf ajrjyif +ydKifzufuif;bJ@G ukd [kv d }l uD; ,l oGm;+yD? [m; æ [m; æ” “awmfyguG,f/ awmfyguG,f æ ig ajymwmudk em;axmifygO;D ? a&a& vnf vnf &Si;f jy&rSmayg?h r,HEk ikd pf &m jzpf&yf qef;rd@k igo h il ,fcsi;f ayguu f & 0wWKa&; q&m ,Hyk gapawmhv@kd qkawmif; &rSm yJav?” “[m; æ armifyDwm? rif; tdu k w f ifu yDjyifvcS sn;f vm;” “tif; æ owW0grsm; csr;f om=uyg ap? csrf;om=uygap? tjzpfuawmh 'Dvykd gwhJ æuG,?f ” tvG e f th H = ozG , f aumif ; avmufaom A[kow k pmtkyf }u;D wGif q,fEh pS v f avmuf qufwu kd f t cef; quf aqmif;yg;&Snf}uD;tjzpf xnfh avmufaom yDwmaZmfjrifh. xl;jcm; qef;=u,f/ thzH , G x f yd w f ef;/ jzpf&yfqef; }u;D udk twdck sKH ;I azmf jyh &ayawmhrnf? twdck sKH ;&wm ta=umif;&S. d ? wa=umif;u 0wWKq&m aZmfaZmf atmifonf rvdt k yfbJ odik ;f 0dik ;f cs@J xGif +yD; ava=um&Snu f m uAsmt&Sn}f uD; 0wWKt&Sn}f uD;awGa&;aom pm a&;q &mrsm;udk odyo f abm b0ifrawG@onfh ta=umif;? aemufwa=umif;u twdkr csHK;v#if T0wWKonf 0wWK vwfaomf

pufwifbm-14-2008 vnf;aumif;/ vjywfr*~Zif; 0wWK&Snf aomfvnf; aumif;/ tcef;qufr*~Zif; 0wWK&n S af omfvnf;aumif; (pm rlc ydrk &bJyJ) jzpfoGm;Edkifonfhta=umif;? xdEk pS af =umif;a=umifh twdck sKH ;I (Third Person Arrative) wwd,ajymol Zmwfa=umif;jyefESifh a&;ygawmhrnhf? t*Fvyd pf um;u [kw&f @J vm; rodb;l ? yDwmaZmfjrifh nmbufvufEiS hf udik f vdu k o f r# t&mtm;vH;k tqrwef }u;D xGm;oGm;onf? bmudik u f ikd f (0g) ol@ vuf ESix hf o d r# t&mtm;vH;k tukef }uD;ukeo f nf? bma=umifv h J rar;ESi?hf rpyfpEk iS ?hf ,kwrdW &S[ d ak pm'u rwufEiS ?hf tHz, G jf zpf&yfqef;yg qdak erS? onfae&mrSm onfavmuf ESihf 0wWKwd+k yD;yg+yD[k ajymvd@k awmh&.? od@k aomf ajymvd@k rjzpfao;? plygarmf'efjzpf oGm;vdrrhf nf?enf;enf;yg;yg;awmh em; vnfatmifajymOD;rS?jzpfyu kH æonfv?kd armifyw D m zd;k olawmfwyg;ESihf awG@onf? tdyfrufxJrSmvm;? tdyfruf tjyifbufrmS vm;rod? olu ajymrjy? xdzk ;kd olawmf aemufo@kd &ufowWywf vdu k o f mG ;.? [drE v W m;/ r[m+rKd iv f m; rod? wywf=um jyefvm.? armifyD wmtdraf &mufonf? ntdy. f ? rsuEf mS opfawmh rvd@k æ a&udk vufcyk Ef iS hf cHvu kd &f m 0ke;f ceJ bmjzpfreS ;f rod? ol wpfudk,fvHk; &$JoGm;.? aemufwcg a&udk vufckyfESifhcH æ AGrf;ceJ æ a& vH;k }uD;? bHb k ikd af cgi;f u usaeaom a& puf ayguf æ? ol@nmvufEiS x hf v d u kd f aomtcg tvGe}f uD;rm;aom a& vH;k }u;D jzpfomG ;.? r,HEk ikd pf &m? armifyw D m bmvky&f rSe;f rod? od@k aomf iaygu aygayr,fh aumvdyrf mS avm*sp, f w k dW aA'oifz;l I tawG;tac:rnh?H a=umif; usKd ;quf pyfqifjcifwwf.? ajr}uD;u pyg;vH;k avmuf ausmufp&pf cJ uav; 45

trSwfpOf-91 ud k i f = unf h o nf ? oyd w f v H k ; avmuf ausmufw;kH }uD; jzpfomG ;onf? [m; æyDwmaZmfjrifh oabm ayguo f mG ;onf? tdrx f u J kd jyef0if? acgi;f tH;k atmufu av;q,fih g;usyw f ef t}u;D }u;D jzpfomG ; .? tvsm;ajcmufay/ tESEH pS af ycG?J zG;D æonfpuUL bmoGm;oH;k &rSmvJ? bm oGm;0,fv@kd &rSmvJ? awG;ac:qif jcifykH oD0&DreS af omfvnf;onfyu kd q f o H ;kH r&? armifyDwm idkifaewkef; =urf;jyif ay:u oifjzL;zsmtpkwu f av; axmifh pGe;f rSm =urf;yd;k waumif awG@&onf? nmvufEiS hf tomxdvu kd . f ? [m; æ vifyef;avmuf}uD;aom vdyf}uD;jzpf oGm;.? avmavmq,f =urf;ydk;u awmh vdyjf zpf+yD? acgif;&if;wef;ay: wifxm;aom r ae@nu vufusef 'l;,m;wvdy/f nm vufEiS hf tomvSr;f udik v f u kd . f ? [m; æ 'l;,m;twkwf}uD; vufoD;qkyf avmufww k . f ? yg;pyfxJ xnfv h @kd r& awmh? jy\emyJ? wu,fqkd vH;k ywf }u;D rvmbJ e*dv k ;kH ywf qdu k t f wdik ;f ESpf axmif&Snfvdkufygvm;? jzwfa&mif;& atmif tckawmh vH;k ywfom wkwo f mG ; I aomufr&? oD0&D wckcak wmh rSm; ae+y?D ajc&if;wef;rSm wdkufvufp a&$0g qyfjymwcJ&Sd.? "g;ESifh vufwqpf avmuf t0dik ;f tav;awGjzwf/ xdt k ydik ;f uav;awGukd nmvufEiS x hf ?d a&$ 0gqyfjymawmifah wG trsm;}u;D jzpfrnf? armifyw D m tvGeOf m%faumif;.? x &H=um; xdk;xm;aom "g;usdK;uav; vSr;f ,lvu kd . f ? nmvufEiS , hf rl I d "g; usKd ;uav; t}u;D }u;D jzpfomG ;.? b,f avmuf }uD;ovJ? ckwifwcsypf m/ zsm wcsypf mavmuf "g;oGm;u }uD;oGm; .? qyfjymcJhaygufpav;jzwfzdk@ aeae omom/ udik f vd@k yifr&? rudk r rEdik ?f

pufwifbm-14-2008 0wWKuawmh awmfzdk@aumif;+yD? =um &ifrvG,?f 0wWK*dwf rqH;k bJ vl*w d q f ;kH a&mufoGm;Ekdifonf? xdk@a=umifh onf vdEk iS hf armifyw D m nmvufEiS hf xdor# tuke}f uD; ukeo f nf[k oma&;&awmh rnf? 0wWK *dr;f abm a&mufcge;D +yD? 0wWKq&m aZmfaZmfatmifu æ ol@ tcspq f ;kH oli,fcsi;f armifyw D mudk ig bmvkyaf y;&rvJ ar;&m? armifyw D mu a=uuGpJ mG acgi;f cgjy.? aZmfaZmfatmif uvnf; oli,fcsi;f aumif; yDopGm rif; 'Dawmifu rausmfEdkifbl;qdk&if rif;r &Sw d ahJ emuf rif;taºu;awG igqyfay;& rvm;? rif;eJ@rwnfw h hJ [dk rE Wav;u aumifawG acsmif;±du k af y;&rvm;? ar; &Smygao;onf? armifyDwm acgif;udk om wGifwGif cgjyvdkuf.? onfvdkESifh aZmfaZmfatmifonf armifyw D mxHrS pdwrf aumif;pGm jyefvm cJo h nf? 'ku}Q uD;aeaom oli,fcsi;f udk oli,fcsi;f aumif; yDopGm arhomG ;.? av;ig;&uf=umawmh armifyDwm aq;±Hkwif&a=umif; owif;=um;& onf? jcifuu kd v f @kd æ wJ?h &efuek +f rKd @rmS jcifudkufwdkif;om aq;±Hkwif&v#if onf;xdwzf @kd rjzpfvaS o;? od@k aomfjzpf yHu k armifyw D m b,fbufvufarmif; udk jcifuudu k /f armifyw D m nmbuf vufESifh jcifudk±dkuf/ jcifurao/ aygif wpfacsmif;usKd ;+y;D jyKus/ olnmvuf ESihf xdv@kd jcifu t}uD;}uD;jzpfomG ;? b,f avmuf }u;D vd@k wek ;f jcifu EGm;avmuf }u;D oGm;onf? aygiw f pfzufusKd ;vd@k a'g oxGuf aeaom EGm;avmuf}uD;onhf jcifarmifyw D mudk wG,yf gava&m?b,f oufomrvJ? 0wWKav;uawmh 'g avmufygyJ æ uG,?f

pmrsuf E S m -24 rS

pdu k cf w hJ hJ oHviG yf ifu oHviG cf uf tacG av;udOk ;D acgi;f rSm*k%jf yKpGyaf y;wm cH& ygw,f?ckacwfrmS vdk a&$/aiGwq H yd af wG r[kwb f ;l ?'gayr,fo h yd w f efz;kd xm;w,f? 'DacwfrSm tdkvHypfyu JG dk EdkifiHa&;eJ@ rywfoufygapeJ@/ vl@tcGit hf a&;wdu k f yGaJ wGe@J tqufpyf ygapeJ@v@kd ajymwm awG =um;ae=u&yg w,f? rlvuawmh vl@tcGit hf a&;bmnmqdw k hJ a0g[m& awG r&Sdchb J l;eJ@ wlyg&@J ? 'gayr,fh ppfyGJ qdw k m &Sad wmh/ ppf&yf pJcw hJ mvnf; &Sd w,f ? tJ ' gud k “+id r f ; csrf ; a&;”vd k @ ac:w,fr[kwf vm;? ppfyaJG wG &Sad e&if tdv k yH pfyv JG nf; usi;f yvd@k r&bl;? a&S; acwfu +ydKifyaJG wGrmS ud, k cf E<m }uHch ikd f r_omru pdw"f gwo f ef@pif}uchH ikd rf _ vnf; yg0ifygw,f? twdck sKyfajym&&ifum, Ava&m/ pm&dwWAvyg jynfh0atmif qnf;yl;av husifh+yD; +ydKifyJG 0if&wmrdk@ bmoma&;yG}J u;D vnf;jzpfygowJ?h ewf wdk@udk ylaZmfyo+yD; usif;y &wJh yG}J uD; ayud;k ? tdv k yH pf pdw"f gwq f w kd m ud, k f pdwEf pS yf g; pif=u,f=uHch idk rf u _ kd tav;rl wJh pdw"f gwyf g?trsm;eJ@qikd w f m uawmh “+idrf;csrf; a&;”eJ@ rdwfaqGjzpfa&;yg? ppfwu kd af &;eJ@ &efozl @JG a&; r[kwf ygb;l ? tdkvHypfyq JG dkwm acgr-a&mrwdk@&@J ewfyu JG ae urBmhtm;upm;+ydKify}JG uD; jzpfvmcJyh g+yD?+idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@rw d af qG jzpf a&;udk OD;xdy&f u G +f yD; vlom;tcsi;f csi;f ud, k cf E<mtvS+yKd iyf /JG pdwrf aemtvS+yKd if yG}J uD;jzpfvmyg+yD? tdv k yH pf pdw"f gwu f kd tkv d yH pfr;D ±SL;wdik ef @J twlvo l m;awGquf vufo,faqmifomG ;=uygvrd rhf ,f? ay usi;f tdv k yH pfy+JG yD;&if w±kwf ayguaf zmf }u;D awG taeeJ@ Arm jynf&@J +ird ;f csr;f a&; k nf;jyefvnfo;kH oyfEikd yf gapownf; OKHzG aZmfaZmfatmif udv vdk@ qkawmif;vdkuf&yga=umif; ? ?

armifprG ;f &nf 46

trSwfpOf-91

armifz;l wifh

trsKd;om;a&;ocGyf trsKd;om;a&;ESif;qD

pufwifbm-14-2008 1? tdrfa±S@cef;odk@vSrf;ae onf@ usaemf@ajcvSr;f rsm;rSm wHcg; ab;wGif wke@f ueJ &yf oGm;&.?tdrf a±S@cef;u p um;ajymoHr sm;udk twdik ;f om;=um;ae&.? usaemf@t azESit hf arwd@k onf usaemf ESihf ywfoufonfh pum;udk usaemf =um;Edik o f nftxif ESihf wrif=um;atmifajymae =uonf[yk ifawG;rdonf? “ at;yg tudk em;vnfyg w,fumG /'g a=umifrh @kd rif;udk ar;aewmayg@/ tudk ar;wm om rif; ajzprf;yg” “atmf tud&k ,f/ vlw a,mufukd waeukef xdik f =unf@aevd@k aum&rvm; t ud&k @J +yD;awmh tudv k nf; n wke;f uom;udak &vnfatmif ±Sif;jy+yD;+yDqdk/om;uvnf; 'Davmufawmh rrdkufygbl; tud&k ,f/ om;udk tudk em; vnf ygw,f/'gayr,fh 'grsK;d u pdw f rxdef; Edkif&if cuf w,fu/G tckyJ atmfw@J [pf wJ@toHawG =um;ae&w,f rd@k vm;/ awmf=um tudk r±Sd wkef;/om;u 'gawG =um;+yD; pdwf rxde;f Edik v f @kd oGm;+yD; jy \em ±Sm&if tm;vH;k 'kuQ a&mufuek rf ,f? ” “tJ'g om;udk rif; Edik af tmif xdef;Edkifygh rvm;vdk@ tudk ar;aew mayg@? 'Dvakd e@ rsK;d rSm±k;H rwufv@kd uvnf;rjzpf bl;avuGm” nGe@f ±ky±f iS ±f zHk ufqu D atmf [pf aºu;a=umforH sm; =um;

ae&.? w±kwf qef@usiaf &; qENjyyGJ (xdpk Ofu yDuif; qef@usiaf &;[k ajymcJ@ =u.?) qDu atmf[pfqn l o H rH sm;udk oGe;f bk&m;vrf;xJrS twdik ;f om; =um; ae&.? usaemfu udpk ef;armif / udOk ;D ESihf udck g;w@u kd kd awG; aerdonf? olw@kd awG b,fqD a&mufae =u+yDv?J bm awGrsm; vkyaf e=u+yDv[ J k awG;aerdjyef onf? udik ;f /'Dvv kd yk rf ,f/ ±k;H udk tudck % bJomG ;r,f/ ±k;H rSm pDpOf p&m±Sw d m pDpOf +yD;tdrf jyefvmcJrh ,f/ om;udak wmh rif; vnf; xde;f Edik rf mS r[kwb f ;l / om;udk awmh ol@tcef;xJrmS yJ wHcg;ydwaf om@ cwfxm;cJ@r,f/om;u bmrSrvkyyf gb;l vd@k uwday;vnf;/ tudu k awmh pdwrf csb;l nutaz ESiu hf saemf jiif;ckecf @J & onfrsm;udk jyefawG;rdonf? w±kwq f ef@ usiaf &; qENjyyGrJ sm;rSm vuf±t dS pd;k &u ol. tusyftwnf;rsm;udk vlxk tm±kHajymif;atmif wrifzefwD;onfh vlrsK;d a&;yÉdyuQomjzpfa=umif; usaemf . t,l tqudk tazu ruef@uu G ?f od@k aomf ,if;w±kwf qef@usiaf &;qENjy yGu J kd rysuf ysuaf tmif zsuf &rnf[k ajymcJ@aom pum;udrk l tazu tjyif; txef qef@usi. f ? onfenf;rSm rSm; ,Gi;f onfh ajz ±Si;f enf;jzpf+yD; ud, k o f m vêsi'f u k jQ zpfrmS aocsma=umif; tazu ±Si;f jy.? om; tz ESpOf ;D tcsed f twef =um jiif;ckecf @J =u+yD;rS taz. oabm xm;udk usaemf vufccH @J &jcif; jzpfonf? w±kwf qef@usiaf &;qENjyyGu J kd usaemf@ taeESihf rnfo@kd rês raESmuf,u S yf gb;l [lonfh uwd udk usaemfay;cJ@&.? od@k ESiw hf ikd f taz onf usaemf@ukd pdwrf cs? xdak =umif@ reufr;kd vif;vd@k ±k;H roGm;rD t csed f tarESit hf cst D cspum;ajymqd+k yD; aemuf usaemf@ukd tdrcf ef;twGi;f 0if ap.? tjyifzufrS wHcg;udak om@cwf+y;D 47

trSwfpOf-91 rS taz ±k;H oGm;.? xdak e@reufu taz ±k;H rS tdro f @kd jyefrvmrSD wem&De;D yg;rSs =umatmifusaemf@rmS tcef;wGi;f atmif; aecJ@&.? nGe@f ±ky±f iS ±f zHk ufqu D atmf oH[pfoH aºu;a=umforH sm;udrk l tcef; wGi;f rSyif =um;ae&avonf? 2? “ppfonf uGsEykf w f @kd cE<mud, k f rsm;udk pGe@f vLS ±krH #EiS @f vHak vmufrnfr [k w f ” Tpma=umif ; av;rS m /1945 ckEpS t f wGi;f wke;f u aqmfvrGeu f íe;f pk wdu k yf w JG iG f usq;kH oGm;cJ@onf@ *syefppf om;av; *dk±dkzlulemum a&;cJ@onfh rdwaf qGjzpfol tdu k ef'g xH ay;pmxJrS pma=umif;wa=umif;jzpfonf? zluel m um rSm 0gaq'gwuUov kd af usmif;om; wOD;jzpf+yD; 1941 ckESpfwGif ppfwyfxJ 0ifc&hJ onfh vli,fwOD;jzpfonf? +yKH ;ae aom arar@rsuEf mS udek rf;v#uaf =umuf ±GH@jcif;r±Sd 0rf;enf;jcif;r&Sd }udK;pifay: od@k usaemf wufygrnf? reufjzefqv kd #if wa±G@a±G@ajymif;aeaom eHeufcif;. ae a&mifjcnfwef;ay:wGif usaemfpD;eif; vdu k yf g oGm;ygrnf? TtcgwiG f av vnf;r±S/d rd;k vnf; r±Sad wm@acswum; ? TuAsmwdak v;rSm *syefppfom;av; [Dpmtdu k rD &l m a&;cJ@onfh rdbrsm;xH ay;pmxJrS uAsmwdak v;jzpfonf? ol onf ppfxJ r0ifcifu wdu k sKw d uUov kd f EdkifiHa&;abm*aA' ausmif;om;jzpfc@J .? touf28 ESpf 1946 ck arv 23 &ufae@wGif pifumyl+rdK@ csef*DtusOf; axmifwiG f &mZ0wfaumiftjzpf }udK; ay;cHc@J &.? olonf uGyrf suf rcH&cif em&D0uf tvdt k csed w f iG f Tpmudk a&; cJ@ jcif;jzpfavonf? “rd k ; &moD a &muf a wm@r,f / yk&pfatmfo/H awmawmifawGu opf ±Guaf ºuoHawGu usaemf ao&wmudk owday; aeygvrd @f r,f” onfpma=umif;av;rSm 1945 ck

=o*kwv f 6 &uf [D±±kd ;DS rm; +rdK@ay:od@k tar&duefw@kd =uJcsc@J aom tEkjrLAH;k '%fa=umif@ ao&tHqq J J tcsed w f iG f a&;cJ@onf@*syef ppfom;av; rDE±kd q l Zl l uD;. pmxJrS pma=umif;av;jzpfonf? olonfppfxrJ 0ifcifuwdu k sKw d uUov kd f Oya'wef;ausmif;om;wOD;jzpfonf? “rsufESmokwfyk0gudk vufwGif udik &f if; uGi;f jyif tpyfem;Y&yfum/zm; atmfoaH wGukd em;axmif aerdonf? i,fpOfb0udjk yefvnfowd&vmonf? va&mifatmufwiG ±f r¸ ;f jraeaom=um yGiEhf iS w hf o l nfh Tb0rSm tb,frsS pw d f ysuzf , G f aumif;vSoenf;?” Tpm om;rSm touf 23 ESpt f ±G,f *syefppf om;av; ,mZltt kd cd s*d srD m; aemufq;kH a&;cJ@onfh ae@pOf rSww f rf;xJrpS mom; rsm;jzpfonf? olonf wdu k sK+d rKd @ 0gaq'g wuUov kd f ausmif;om;b0rS ppfxo J @kd 0ifc@J +yD; tdu k eD m0gu|e;f ta±S@ awmif bufyifv,fjyifwiG f taocHav,mOf ESit hf wl usq;kH cJo h jl zpfonf? “ &ufpuf =urf;=uKwfr_onf urBmay:xGe;f pu pI jyKjyifIr&aom vl@obm0. t&if;tjrpfwck jzpfvm cJ@.?Tppfyt JG wGi;f w&m;rSswr_qo kd nfh udpP vH;k 0 r±S?d vlrsK;d tcsi;f csi;f rke;f wD; r_ayguu f jJG cif;om±S. d ?TvlrsK;d wd@k onf wOD;ESiw hf OD;qef@usiu f mtm;vH;k aysmuf uG,o f mG ;=ucsed t f xd wzufEiS w hf zuf ppfyaJG wG qifEaJì e=uayvdrrf nf” Tpm yd'k rf mS taocH av,mOfEiS t hf wl tdu k D em0gurf;vGef yifv,fjyifwiG f usq;kH cJh ol *syefppfom;av; Edb k [ l m±S*D g0g a&; cJo h nfh ae@pOfrw S w f rf; pmtkyrf S pmyd'k f wyd'k jf zpfonf? olonf ppfxJ r0ifcif u rDt*D saD umvdyf ausmif;om;wOD; jzpfonf? “ *syef[m xm0pOf wnfjrJcsif w,fq&kd ifvpfb&,fjzpfw@J tkycf sKyfr_ w&yf usifhoHk; &r,fvdk@ usaemf tjrJ

pufwifbm-14-2008 awG;cJ@ rdw,f tckawm@ wu,fh tm %m±Sipf epfqu D kd oGm;aewJh 'Dtcsed rf mS 'Dpum;ajym&if &Dp&m oufou jf zpf aeawmhrayg”h 'guawmh 1945 ck tdk uDem0g±dS umawem urf;ay:od@k wuf vmonfh tar&duefwyfrsm;ESi&hf ifqikd f wdu k cf u kd &f if; usq;kH cJ&h onf@ *syef ppf om;av; &D,*kd sD ,ltb d m&m . rSwpf k pmtk y f x J r S p mom;wcsKd @ jzpf o nf ? olonf ppfxJ r0ifcifu wdu k sK+d rKd @ actd tdw k uUov kd f ausmif;om;wOD; jzpf.? “tm%m±SiEf ikd if aH wG[m tqH;k wae@ rSm usq;kH &rSmygy/J olw@kd &@J xeG ;f ajymifr_ [m c%ygy/J 'gu0kd if±;kd wef;Edik if aH wGu ppf}u;D twGi;f rSmom"ujycJ@+y/D zufqpf tDwvD bmjzpf vmovJ/ 0dik ;f 0ef; xd;k ESuf cHae&wJh emZD *smr%Da&m b,f vdk jzpfuek o f vJ/ 'Dtm%m±SiEf ikd if aH wG [m rcdik w f hJ tkwjf rpfay: aqmufxm; wJt h rd ef @J rwlb;l vm;” cgrcd gaZavol &JawG[m puf±yk af wGygv@kd oli,fcsi;f wa,mufu ajymcJb h ;l w,f/ tck 'Dp um;udk usaemf ,Hpk jyK+yD? usaemf[m pufcvkwf EdyS &f mudk vdu k v f yk f ae&wJh puf±yk yf gy/J usaemfrh mS cHpm;r_vJ r±Sb d ;l / usaemfh pdwef @J u, kd u f v kd J rydik b f ;l ? us aemfh qifjcifww kH &m;udv k J ydwyf ifxm; jcif; cHae&ygw,f” onf pmyd'k rf sm;rSm aoqH;k &r,fh ae@txd a&;cJo h nf*h syef ppfom;av; ,d±k dS rD,m*D .rSwpf pk mtkyf xJrS pmyd'k rf sm;jzpf.? olonf 1945 ck arv 19 &uf tdu k eD m0gurf;vGew f iG f tar&duef ppfoabFmay: taocHx;kd pdu k f csvu kd o f nfh av,mOfEiS t hf wlus qH;k cJ. h ?olonf ppfxJ r0ifcifuactd tdw k uUov kd af usmif;om;wOD;jzpfav onf? 3? “olw@kd wawG ae0ifcsed ”f pm tkyx f u J wcsK@d aompmyd'k rf sm;ESihf yxr zwf±@– pOfu rsO;f om; xm;onfh pmyd'k f 48

trSwfpOf-91 rsm;udk aemufw}urd f jyefzwfaerdonf? wnf;jzwfo. l “pum;cs;D ”wGiyf g±o dS nf@ “usaemf@ pdwq f ENtavsmuf taocH jcif;r[kwyf g/ 0rf;enf;r_ r±Syd aJ o&onf vnf; r[kwyf g” [lonfh *syefppfom; av; taocHavol&J tmuD,kd atmh pkbm.aowrf;pmudk zwfum usaemf@ rSmoufjyif;csrad vonf?onfpmtkyrf mS 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f tm±Sta±S@zsm; a'o w±kwjf ynf. awmawmifrsm;t wGi;f /ypdzw d u f íe;f pkrsm;ay:ESijhf refrmjynf .awm}u;D rsurf nf;xJYppfwu kd &f if;t a=umif; trsK;d rsK;d ESi u hf sq;kH cJ&h onfh *s yef ausmif;om;vli,f (32) a,muf wd@k . raocif a&;cJ@=uonfh aowrf; pmrsm;/ rSwpf rk sm;/ ae@pOf rSww f rf;rsm; udk pkpnf;xkwaf 0onf@pmtkyjf zpfonf? *syefbmomrS bmomjyef wnf;jzwf xkwaf 0olrmS *si;f vmwa*; jzpf+yD;jref rmbmom jyefqdkolrSm armifae0if; jzpfavonf?onf pmtkyu f kd zwf±a– e csed w f iG f usaemfonf touf 20 ausmf t±G,/f yJc;l +rKd @wiG af exdik af epOf “w±kwf jrefrmt"du±k%f;”tay:rlwnfum/

zcifEiS u hf saemf tajctwif ajymcJq h ckd hJ &onfrsm;udk vwfvwfqwfqwfjyef vnfowd&aecJrh . d ? usaemfw@kd jrefrm Ekid if v H rl sK;d jcm; t*Fvyd v f ufatmufu rvGwaf jrmufcif tcsed /f “ukvm;Arm t"du±k%;f ” jzpfymG ;cJjh cif;udv k nf; jyef vnf pOf;pm;aecJrh . d ? xdt k cg usaemf@ rSmar;cGe;f wcsK@d ut kd vdv k akd r;rdvsuo f m; jzpfvm&avonf? urBmay:YvlrsK;d a&; yÉdyuQrsm; tb,fa=umifh jzpfymG ;vm &oenf;? vlrsK;d a&; yÉdyuQrsm;udk rnf olawGu zefw;D +yD; rnfoal wGu tm; ay;tm;ajrSmuf vkyaf vh±o dS enf;? us aemf@rmS Tar;cGe;f rsm;udk ar;vnf;ar;/ ajzvnf;ajzvkycf rhJ . d ? trSepf ifppf *syef wd@k .zufqpf0g'rSmvlrsK;d a&;tjrifusO;f onfh trsK;d om;a&;0g'rS ayguzf mG ;vm

pufwifbm-14-2008 =u&onfh tjzpfyif jzpfonf? 4? ,cktcg TurBmay:Y vlrsK;d a&;yÉdyuQ/vlrsK;d a&;tmCmwESiv hf rl sK;d a&;rsK;d jzKwf owfjzwfrr_ sm;rSm ae&mt ES@H wiG f =um;ae&.? usaemfw@kd onfo cGyyf iG chf sed f a&mufwikd ;f / ocGyyf iG o hf nfukd awG@wikd ;f od=um;ESit hf ol&mwd@k rausr csr;f Edik f ppfcif;=uonf@ tmCmw ppfyJG udrk nfonf@enf;ESihf tqH;k owfEikd =f u rnfenf;?od@k r[kwf vlrsK;d wrsK;d ESihf w rsK;d rxdcu kd af ponf@ vlrsK;d rsm;tcsi;f csi;f +idr;f csr;f pGm twl,OS w f aJG exdik Ef ikd o f nf@ ESi;f qD xHak om acwfukd rnfu@J o@kd xl axmif=urnfenf;?vwfwavmtcsed f Y usaemfw@kd . ygw0f ef;usiw f iG f ocGyf yef;rsm; vSidk v f idkS f yGiahf e=uonfukd om awG@ae&onfr[kwyf gavm? ?

jcif;jzpf.?*syefw@kd .zufqpf0g'udk *syef armifz;l wifh tkypf ;kd olrsm;u zefw;D cJjh cif;jzpf+y;D olw@kd (2006ckEpS t f wGi;f wke;f u acwf+ydKif uyif tm;ay;tm;ajrSmufvyk cf =hJ u.? a=uuGzJ @kd aumif;onfrmS *syefwrsK;d om; tGefvdkif; r*~Zif;wGif azmfjycJ@+yD;onf@ vH;k ,if; zufqpf0g'EGt H wGi;f ckeq f if;cJh aqmif;yg;jzpfygonf? )

tm[m&jrwfEdk;olrsm;twGuf tm[m&(tcrJ)h pmapmifukd *syefjynfwiG ;f /jynfy&Sd atmufaz: jyyg pmay0goemwl csprf w d af qGrsm; xHr&S ,lrmS =um;Edik yf gonf? *syefjynftwGi;f ESiehf ,fpyfa'orsm;twGuf tcrJjh zef@csyd gaomfvnf; zH@G +zKd ;+y;D wdik ;f Edik if rH sm;rS tm[m&pmapmif wHqdyfacgif;zdk;” yd@k ay;&efvt tm; rSm,lvykd gu atmufaz: jyyg zke;f eHygwrf sm;od@k qufo, G I f “wH kd yfygrnf? -tdENd,EdkifiH(e,l;a'vD)æ -xdkif;EdkifiH (rJaqmuf+rdK@)æ -puFmylEdkifiH æ -udk;&D;,m;EdkifiHæ -atmfpa=w;vs æ -tar&duefjynfaxmifpkæ (zd@k w0f ed ;f +rdK@) -*syefjynfwGif; (em*dk,m)

ud&k &J ifah tmif udkvGrf;%D udkbkef;rif;ZGef udk&efEdkifxGef; F cifarmifaxG; q&marmifp;kd csed /f q&mra':ZifZif udk0if;xGef;oef;

(91-92 1330-3335)e-mail: [email protected] (66-8-4547-4295) e-mail: [email protected] (65-9831-8474 ) e-mail: [email protected]. (82-11-9723-4773)e-mail: [email protected] (61-421-245-452) e-mail: fkmhtwe@hotmail (1-260-745-7458) e-mail: [email protected] (090- 8556- 8164)

49

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

ae@ v F m fonf/ e w ydw fydkif; u e r rdwfopf/rdwfa[mif;taygif;udk}udKqdkygonf?

50

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

51

trSwfpOf-91

pufwifbm-14-2008

52