Forum Journal-10 Dec 2008

P.O Box - 83 MaeSod, Tak - 63110 Thailand Email:[email protected]

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15

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17

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19

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20

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25

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oluawmh 'Duae@ jrefrmppfAdkvfcsKyfawGuae tm;usav;pm;&wJh bk&ifah emif (ac: ) bk&ifah emif ausmfxifaemf&xmyJ jzpfygw,f? bk&ifhaemif[m b,f v d k b ,f y H k & S d w ,f q d k w mud k b,f o l r S taocsmrod=uygbl;? 'gayr,fh carmufaqmif;/ "g;vG,fudkif+yD; pD;rdk;=unfhaewJh bk&ifhaemif&JŒ &kyfxkawGudk 'Duae@avqdyfawG/ jywdkufawGeJ@ tjcm;e,fpyf*dwfawGrSm ppftpdk;&u xkvkyfvdk@ xm;ygw,f? ppf A d k v f c sKyf a wG u tm;usr,f q d k v nf ; tm;usp&mygy?J bk&ifah emifu jrefrmhtifyg,mudk csJŒxGifEdkifcJhwm[m tdENd, ta&SŒajrmufa'o tmoef/ r%dyl&uae uarBm'D;,m;/ AD,uferf e,fpyfudk a&mufcJhwJhtjyif jrefrmeJ@ t+rJwap &efzuf+ydKifjzpfaewJh qm,rf (ac: ) xdkif;EdkifiHudk vnf; ppfEdkifcJhygw,f? jrefrmjynfudk tvnf tywf a &muf v m=uwJ h Oa&mywd k u f o m;awG uvnf; bk&ifah emif&ŒJ uarBmZom'D eef;awmfu ºuG,f0r_awGudk &ifoyf&_arm jzpfcJh=u&ygw,f? bk&ifhaemif&JŒ wyfawmfxJrSm&SdaewJh tiftm; }uD;rm;wJh wdkufqifawG/ ay:wl*DvlrsKd;yg;&Sm;/ tm&yfvlrsKd;aoewform;awGudkvnf; av;pm; cef@nm;cJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? bk&ifhaemifu wpfcsed u f xGe;f ajymifcw hJ hJ jrefrmjynf&ŒJ twdwf udk udk,fpm;jyKcJhvdk@ jrefrmAdkvfcsKyfawGu *k%f,l ae=uwmrsKd ; jzpf E d k i f o vd k tuG J u G J t jym;jym; jzpfaewJhEdkifiHudk ppfom;jzpfwJh bk&ifu jywfjywf om;om;OD;aqmifv@kd odr;f oGi;f cJw h ma=umifv h nf; jzpfEdkifygao;w,f? yk*Hysuf+yD;aemufydkif; 13 &mpk uae 15 &mpk aemuf y d k i f ; umvtwG i f ; rS m jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f &Sad ewJh rif;+ydKifEikd if aH wmfawG[m jyifyeJ@ tquftqHenf;cJhovdk tiftm;vnf; ao;cJ=h uygw,f? b*F gvaD 'oeJ@ tdE, N awmifyikd ;f a'oavmufe@J yJ tquftqH&v dS rd rhf ,fv@kd pma&; olu az: jyygw,f? 'DumvtwGif;rSmyJ jrefrmwdk@&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_ u jyif y =oZmavmif ; &d y f u ae vG w f v m+yD ;

RFA- 4/11/2008

(3) 15 &mpk u mv rif ; om;rsm;ES i f h yif v ,f " g;jyrsm; aomw&S i f r d w f a qG r sm;cif A sm? tJ h o nf umv 15 &mpkudk jyef=unfhr,fqdk&if jrefrmEdkifiH rSm b,folrSjiif;vdk@r&wJh wefcdk;=oZmtm%m t}uD ; rm;qH k ; bk & if w pf y g; ay:xG u f c J h y gw,f ?

26

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wyifa&$x;D eJ@b&k ifah emifu jrefrmjynfujkd yefvnf pkpnf;zdk@ olwdk@&JŒtdyfrufudk taumifxnfazmfcJh =uygw,f? yJcl;udk yxrOD;qHk;odrf;ydkufygw,f? aemufawmh yifv,fqdyfurf;+rdK@aemufwckjzpfwJh rkwWrudk quf+yD;awmh odrf;ydkufcJhygw,f? 'Dvdk e,f a jrcsJ @ xG i f c J h w J h ppf y G J a wG [ m &uf p uf =urf ; =uKwf v S o vd k / owf j zwf o k w f o if w m vk , uf w mvnf ; rsm;vS w ,f v d k @ qd k y gw,f ? 'gayr,fh pma&;olOD;oef@jrifhOD;uawmh tJhonf tcsdefuppfyGJawG[m urBmay:rSmjzpfaewJh tjcm; tifyg,m ppfyGJawGxufpm&ifawmh xl;jcm;+yD; &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfvSwm r[kwfbl;vdk@ qdkcJhyg w,f? bk&ifwyifa&$xD;u aemufydkif;rSmawmh &xm;wJt h m%mudk qufvufrxde;f odr;f Edik af wmh yJ jy\em&Sv d mcJyh gw,f? ol@&ŒJ t&Sed t f [kef =oZm t&SdqHk;tcsdefrSm ol@teD;cdkv_HaewJh zm&if*Dac: ay:wl*DawGuwqifh &vmwJh 0dkif/ b&ef'Dpojzifh EdkifiHjcm;t&ufaopmudk aomufpm;rl;,pfvdk@ tkyfcsKyfa&;vpf[if;wmawGvnf; jzpfvmcJhw,f vdk@ qdkygw,f? vufvGwfpy,f pD&ifqHk;jzwfwm awGvnf; &Sv d mcJyh gw,f? bk&ifah emifu wdu k cf u kd f ay;xm;cJ h w J h tif y g,mawmif j yef + yD ; +yd K uG J z d k @ ta&;qdkufvmcJhygw,f? rSL;rwfawGu bk&ifh aemifudk eef;odrf;zdk@ t}uHjyKayr,fhvnf; bk&ifh aemifu opPmudkapmifhod+yD; jiif;y,fcJhygw,f? aemufqHk;rSmawmh wyifa&$xD;udk ol@&JŒ eef;wGif; om;awG u yJ jyef + yD ; vk y f } uH c J h = uygw,f ? wyifa&$xD;uG,fvGefwJh tcgrSmawmh bk&ifhaemif u bk&ifjzpfvmygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJh'DtcsdefrSmyJ tcGiahf umif;,lv@kd e,ftoD;oD;u ud, k v hf w G v f yf a&;udk jyefvdk@a=unmcJh=uygw,f? yJcl;upvdk@ wpfa'o+yD;wpfa'o jyefvdk@cGJxGuf=u wdkif;jynf rSm wpfAdkvfwpfrif;eJ@ ttkyftoif;wnf=u&jyef ygw,f? bk&ifhaemifu bk&ifjzpfvmw,f qdkayr,fh vnf; ol@rmS usew f mqdv k @kd ol@opPmcH aemufvu kd f

27

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aomw&SifrdwfaqGrsm;cifAsm;? tavmif; bk&m;bGJ@cH OD;atmifaZ,suawmh t,k'<,udk oludk,fwdkifOD;aqmif csDwufpOfrSmyJ qdk;0g;wJh &moDOwktajctaeeJ@ 1760 ckESpfrSm uG,fvGefcJh ygw,f? oluG,fvGef+yD;cJhwJhaemufydkif; ol@&JŒom; oH;k OD;eJ@ ajr;jzpfol OD;aqmifwhJ uke;f abmifrif;quf &mpkESpfw0ufausmfausmfrSmawmh jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ ppfrmeftwufqHk;eJ@ usL;ausmfe,fcsJ@r_ trsm;qHk; jyKcJhwJhumvvdk@ pma&;ol OD;oef@jrifhOD;u oHk;oyf ygw,f? OD;atmifaZ,s vufxufrSmyJ yJcl;/ [Hom0wDeef;awmfudk zsufqD;cJh+yD; rGefpum;ajym a'owpf c k v H k ; ud k v nf ; aemuf w }ud r f j yef v d k @ yk e f u ef rxºuG E d k i f a tmif ES d y f u G y f c J h y gw,f ? a&$bdkom;uGvdk@ aºuG;a=umf+yD; rGefawGudk jyefvSef wdkufcJhwJh jrefrmEdkifiH txuftnmom;awGu ppfyaJG tmifjrifra_ wGe@J twl ArmvlrsK;d a&;pdw"f gwf uvnf; txGwftxdyfjzpf vmcJhygw,f? jrefrmawG&JŒtif;0aejynfawmfu wyfawG u 1763 ckESpfrSm 'Duae@ csif;rdkifvdk@ ac:aewJh Zif;r,fudk odrf;ygw,f? vmtdkEdkifiHudkvnf; opPmcH vufaqmifyÀmqufEikd if t H jzpf odr;f oGi;f EkdifcJh+yD;/ 1765 ckESpfrSmawmh pif+ydKif vmtdkbk&if avmify&mbef;udk wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;cJhygw,f? 'Duae@xdkif;EdkifiHvdk@ac:aewJh qdkif,rf&J@ tkyfcsKyfcH tpG e f t zsm;a'o tawmf r sm;rsm;u jref r m bk&if&ŒJ vufatmufa&muf&v dS mwJh tcsed f 1766 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvrSmawmh xdkif;EdkifiH&JŒ+rdK@awmf t,k'<,udk 0dkif;cJhygw,f? t,k'<&JŒbk&if ckcHr_u aES ; auG ; aecJ h o vd k wyf a wG u vnf ; tcsd w f tqufrrdjzpfaecJhygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ wESpfeJ@av;v t=um 0dkif;ywf+yD;wJhaemufrSm t,k'<,bk&if

RFA-14/11/2008

(4)

28

ql&D,mrm&ifu opPmcHygr,fvdk@ urf;vSrf;cJhyg w,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; tif;0jrefrmAdkvfcsKyfawGu y,fcsygw,f? vHk;0tºuGif;rJhvufeufcs&r,fvdk@ om awmif;qdck yhJ gw,f? 1767 ckEpS f {+yDvrSmawmh t,k'<,eef;awmf&JŒ+rdK@&dk;udk csKd;azmuf0ifEdkifcJh+yD; +rd K @xJ r S m jrif j rif o r#ud k rD ; wif & d _ @ cJ h = uygw,f ? tJhonftcsdefu vlOD;a&t&qdk&if jyifopfjynf yg&D+rdK@/ vef'ef+rdK@eJ@t+ydKif }uD;rm;pnfyifcJhwJh t,k'<,+rdK@}uD;uvnf; jymyHkb0udk a&mufcJh&yg w,f? ppfoHk@yef;aygif; aomif;odef;csDvdk@ tif;0 aejynfawmfudk zrf;qD;ac:aqmifvmcJhygw,f? tif;0rSm&Sw d hJ ajrwl;rif;om;vd@k ac:wJh qifjzL&Siu f tpOftqufuvdk xdkif;rif;nDrif;om;wOD;OD;udk opP m cH b k & if t jzpf w if w mrsKd ; rvk y f a wmh y J jrefrmbk&ifuaewdkuf&dkuf xdkif;EdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyfcJh ygawmhw,f? tJhonf ukef;abmifrif;quftcsdefrSmyJ w&kwfjynfrefcsL;bk&ifeJ@vnf; ppfoHk;}udrfE$JcJh&yg ao;w,f? tavmif;bk&m;u ol@&JŒ=oZmudk &Sr;f jynfbufcsŒJ xGizf @kd }udK;pm;pOfrmS yJ &Sr;f apmfbmG ; awG/ t}uD;tuJawGu w&kwfjynfbufudk ajy; 0ifcdkvH_cJh=uygw,f? 1760 ckESpfrSm tavmif; rif;w&m;&JŒ'kwd,om; qifjzL&Sifvkd@ od=uwJh ajrwl;rif;om;uvnf; 'D&Srf;jynfudk qufvuf =oZmcsJŒxGifpOfrSmyJ jrefrmwyfawGeJ@ w&kwfwyf awG yËdyuQpwifvmygawmhw,f? yktmvk@d ac:wJh ,leefjynfa'owckrSm jrefrmbk&if&JŒwyfawGeJ@ w&kwfwyfawG wdkufyGJjzpf=u+yD; w&kwfwyfawG acsr_ef;cHvdkuf&ygw,f? 'gukd ,leefe,fpm;vD,l aqmif u rod v d k u f r od b mom aecJ h y gw,f ? aemufrS refcsL;bk&ifu eef;awmfu =um;od&+yD; ol@udk &mxl;cs eef;awmfudk jyefac:cJhygw,f? 'Dvdkt&Suf&cJhwJh e,fpm;vD,laqmifu udk,fhudk udk,fowfaovdkufygw,f? 'DvdkrsKd; eef;awmf t&m&S d a wG x J u owf a ow,f q d k w m rsKd ; u refcsL;&mZ0ifrmS r&Sad vbl;awmh refcsL; tifyg,m

jynfh&Sifu t&Suf&p&mjzpfvmcJhygw,f? 'Dhaemuf awmhppfyGJu jrefvdk@w&kwfawGu ac:a0:ae=uwJh jref r mawG u d k q H k ; rzd k @ tif y g,m jynf h & S i f u d k , f wdkifwdkuf&wJh oduQmq,fp&mppfyGJ jzpfvmyg awmhw,f? olu &ef&ifusL;vd@k ac:wJh 0g&ifeh ,fpm; topfwa,mufukd wm0efxyfay;ygw,f? 1766 ck E S p f a EG u mvrS m yJ &S r f ; jynf x J u d k ,H k = unf r _ tjynfheJ@ w&kwfawG xdk;ppfqifvmcJhygw,f? wyf t if t m;uvnf ; tawmf y gvmcJ h y gw,f ? jrefrmawGuawmh ppfAsL[maxmifacsmuf qifv@kd ckcHcJhygw,f? Armppfol}uD;Avrif;xifu Aef;armf +rdK@udk vufv$wfay;+yD; w&kwfwyfawGudk jyefvdk@ 0dik ;f cJyh gw,f? w&kww f yfawGu axmufacsmufqif wmudk &dyfrdvmwJhtcg olwdk@&ifqdkifae&wJh &efol u jrefrmppfom;awG csnf;r[kwfyJ tjcm;&efol awG u d k v nf ; awG @ cJ h & ygw,f ? iS u f z sm;a&m*g/ umv0rf ; a&m*ga=umif h v nf ; w&k w f w yf a wG twkef;t&kef;aocJh=uygw,f? 'Dowif;udk=um; awmh w&kwf{u&mZf usif;vHku r,Hk=unfEdkif awmhygbl;? ol@&JŒ ppfol}uD;&ef&ifusL; udk,fhudk uk, d rf owfaocif eef;awmfuakd c:vd@k ao'%fay; uGyfrsufcJhygw,f? aemufwcsDrSmawmh w&kwf {u&mZfu 0g&ifhrefcsL; ppfol}uD;rif*,ltDudk wm0efay;vdk@ bk&ifhtxl;wyfawGeJ@ apv$wfcJhyg w,f? rif*,ltDu wl&uDawGudk ppfqifcJhzl; ovdk ,cifu ppfpwefa'orSmvnf; ta&;ygwJh pcef;awGrmS wm0ef,cl zhJ ;l ygw,f? tckcsed rf mS awmh e,fpyfwif;rmr_r#om r[kwfawmhyJeJ@ w&kwfjrefrmESpfEdkifiH ppfcif;wJhyGJtqifhudk a&muf&SdvmcJh yg+yD? 'DwcsdefrSmawmh w&kwfwyfawGu {&m0wD jrpfa=umif;twdik ;f pkeq f if;vm+yD; *kwx f yd f pOfu h u l kd odrf;ygw,f? tif;0eef;awmfeJ@ oHk;&uftuGm 'D u ae@ ar+rd K @teD ; ud k a &muf v mcJ h y gw,f ? qifjzL&Sifu udk,fwdkifuGyfuJ+yD; a&SŒudktrsm;}uD; u|Hqif;vmwJh w&kwfwyfawG&JŒ &duQmeJ@ axmuf

29

yhHa&;vrf;a=umif;awGudk jzwfapygw,f? 'Dtcsdef rSmyJ xdkif;EdkifiHrSm&SdaewJh ppfulwyfawGvnf; jyef a&mufvdk@vmcJhygw,f? tat;a'ou aevm cJhwJh w&kwfwyfawGu iSufzsm;'%fa=umifh ao a=u=uovdk yljyif;vSwJh jrefrmjynf&JΠ&moDOwk '%f u d k v nf ; rcH E d k i f = uygbl ; ? vaygif ; rsm;pG m =umwJhwdkufyGJrSmawmh aomif;ausmftiftm;eJ@ vmcJhwJh w&kwfwyfawGrSm &m*%ef;r#yJusefyg awmhw,f? aemufqHk; 1768 ckESpf ESpfqef;ydkif;rSm ppfol}uD;rif*,ltDudk,fwdkif opfyifwpfyifrSm }udK;qGJcsowfaocJhygw,f? w&kwf{u&mZfu zl[rfqdkwJholudk aemufxyf e,fpm;cef@cJhygw,f? zl [ rf u vnf ; a&wyf a wG u d k o H k ; vd k @ {&m0wD jrpfa=umif;twdkif; pkefqif;vmzdk@ }uHjyefygw,f? jrefrmwyfawG tvpfidkuf&zdk@ rdk;&moDrSm xdk;ppf qifzdk@ oluqHk;jzwf+yD; 1769ckESpfrSm xdk;ppfqifcJh ygw,f? jrefrmwyfawGu aocsmjyifqifxm;+yDrdk@ aumif;wHkcHwyfrSm wdkufyGJawGtjyif;txef }uHKyg w,f? w&kwfwyfawGu tzsm;temrsm;vS+yD;/ zl[rfudk,fwdkifvnf; zsm;emaeyg+yD? aemufqHk; ESpb f uftxdcu kd rf sm;vmwJh tcgrmS awmh ppfem;zd@k pOf ; pm;vm=uygw,f ? 'D v d k e J @ 1769 ck E S p f 'DZifbmv 22 &ufae@rSm ppfajy+idrf;pmcsKyfudk csKyf q d k c J h = uygawmh w ,f ? w&k w f w yf a wG u d k ckcEH ikd v f u kd af wmh jrefrmawGu tawmfukd b0ifjrifh =uygw,f? bdk;awmfbk&m;bk&ifvufxufrSm vnf; ,cifumvu oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh rif; aejynfawmftjzpf&cdS w hJ hJ &cdik jf ynfukd 1784ckEpS rf mS odrf;ydkufcJhjyefygw,f? jrefrmawG&JΠrsKd;cspfpdwf b0ifu xdyfwef;udk a&mufvmcJhygw,f? vlrsK;d taygi;f udk atmifEikd w f o hJ v l @kd ud, k u hf kd udk,fxifvmygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; OD;oef@jrifhOD; uawmh jrefrmbk&ifawG urBm}uD;rSm jzpfay:aecJh wmudk =unfhjrifyHku rsufajcjywfaecJhw,fvdk@ oHk;oyfcJhygw,f? eef;awmfudk qdyfurf;eJ@ a0;&m tr&yl & rS m eef ; pd k u f x m;cJ h o vd k jref r m

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30

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rS/ uGef&ufrsm; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jze@f=uufxm; EdkifrS qef@usifzuftiftm;pkudk jyefvSef wdkufcdkuf Edkif+yD;/ rdrdtiftm;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;EdkifrSm jzpfonf? xdktjyif rdrdtiftm;udkvnf; wdk;yGm; atmif v k y f E d k i f r S m jzpf o nf ? uG e f & uf p epf (Networking) r&Sdv#if EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yftzdk@ tif t m;}uD ; xG m ;zd k @ rqd k x m;ES i f h rd r d u d k , f u d k &yfwnfEdkifzdk@ awmifrvG,fulyg? aemuf x yf o wd ð yp&m wck u d k v nf ; wifjyvdkygonf? acwftqufqufwGif tkyfpdk;ol vlwef;pm;wdik ;f onf ‚if;wd@k . tm%m cdik +f rJa&;ESihf wd k ; yG m ;us,f j yef @ a&;twG u f uG e f & uf r sm;ES i f h uGef&ufwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;udk ykHpHtrsdK;rsdK; jzif h zG J @ wnf w wf o nf ? +yD ; awmh tm%mjzif h wnfaqmufxm;onf/ òydifzufrsm;. uGef&uf rsm;udk t=urf;enf;/ tEkenf;rsm;jzifh acsr_ef; zsufqD;wwfonf qdkwmudkvnf; vkH;0arhxm;I rjzpfay? xd k @ a=umih f Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD / tzG J @ tpnf ; wdkif;onfvnf; rdrdwdk@. uGef&ufESifh uGef&ufpepf (Networking) wnf a qmuf j cif ; vk y f i ef ; ESifhywfouf+yD; txl;tav;xm; aqmif±Gufoifh onf? aqmif&Guf=u&rnf?

(*) Oya'wGif;vnf;r[kwf/ Oya'yvnf; r[kwfonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tkyfpk qdk+yD; æ t=urf;tm;jzifh (3) rsdL;uGJaeay onf? xdkEdkifiHa&;ygwD tkyfpktoD;oD;onf rsufarSmuf Armjynfudk tkyfpdk;aeaom ppftkyfpk/ ppftm%m &Sifpepf/ ppftpdk;&udk rwlonfh EdkifiHa&;tqifh ae&m taetxm;t& qef@usifuef@uGufv#uf/ awmfvSefv#uf&Sdonf? a,bl,stm;jzifh Oya'wGif;EdkifiHa&;ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;vkyfief; rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&mwGif Oya'abmif twGif;rSm tkyfpdk;olu cGifhðyowfrSwfxm;onfh 'Drdkua&pD abmif t wG i f ; uom vk y f u d k i f a qmif & G u f = u& onf? tkyfpdk;olu ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk usifhokH; +yD ; tk y f c sKyf a epOf w G i f 'D r d k u a&pD t cG i f h t a&; qdkonfrSm tkyfpdk;oltwGufomv#if&SdEdkifrnf? xdkEdkifiHa&; tajctaeatmufwGif jynfolvlxk onf rdrdwdk@ . 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfxkwfcJh/ awmif;qdkcJh/ wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uonf? 'Drdkua&pD pwif qdwfokOf;cJhonfh (1948) ckESpfrS pI ES p f a ygif ; (60) twG i f ; wG i f jynf o l r sm;. 'Drdkua&pDa&; awmif;yGJ/ wkdufyGJonf pOfquf rjywf&SdcJhonf? jynfolvlxk. 'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkufyGJwdkif;udkvnf; tkyfpdk;ol tpdk;&wdkif;u tiftm;okH;+yD; &uf&uf pufpuf ajcr_ef;cJhonf? ajcr_ef;&eftwGuf ae@ ,n rjywf jyifqifv#uf &Sdonf? Oya'wGif; 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJrsm;wGif rnfonfh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrqdk rdrdtiftm; rsm;udk pkzGJ@+yD;rS rdrdwdk@&J@ EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyaf qmif=u&onf? vlxu k kd pnf;&k;H /v_@H aqmf+yD;rS rd r d w d k @ qEN a wG a zmf x k w f w m/ tcG i f t a&;awG awmif;qdkwm/ 'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkufyGJqifE$JwmawG vk y f = u&onf ? Oya'wG i f ; wd k u f y G J w d k i f ; onf ajray:Edik if aH &;wdu k yf JG yko H ¿mefjzpfonf? od@k aomf ajray:wdu k yf o JG ¿mefwikd ;f onf Oya'wGi;f wdu k yf JG

(1) Armjynf v l t zG J @ tpnf ; ud k =unf h r nf qdkv#if vlrsdK;aygif;pkHjynfolvlxk trsm;tjym;jzifh zGJ@wnfxm;onf? vlrsdK;pkHjynfolrsm;wGifvnf;/ vlwef;pm; vltv$mrsm;jzifh uGJjym;jcm;em;aeay onf? rwlwv hJ rl sKd ;rsm;tvdu k /f rwlwv hJ w l ef;pm;/ vl@tv$mtvdkuf rdrd wdk@udk,fpm;ðyonfh EdkifiHa&; ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;&Sd=uonf? rsufarSmuf ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;wGif 8-av;vkH;ta&;awmfykH +yD;aemuf (u) Oya'wGif; EdkifiHa&; ygwDrsm;tkyfpk (c) Oya'y EdkifiHa&; ygwDrsm;tkyfpk

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omru/ Oya'ywdkufyGJ (tkyfpdk;olcsrSwfxm;wJh wnfqJOya'udk qef@usif+yD;wdkufyGJ0ifjcif;)rsm; vnf; qifE$JwmrsKd; jzpfEdkifonf? ajray:EdkifiHa&; wdu k yf o JG ¿mefonf t=urf;rzufwu kd yf o JG ¿mef ppfppfjzpfonf? a,bl,stajctae ('Drdkua&pD tcGifha&; wpkHw&m&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&;tajctae)wGif ajray: (Oya'wGif;)ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@. ææ -Ed k i f i H a &;vk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;ud k vG w f v G w f vyfvyf vkyfaqmifcGifh&Sd&rnf? -vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfcGifh&Sd&rnf? pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfonfhtcg ajymif (twdtvif;) vkyfaqmifcGifh &Sd&rnf? -vlwOD;csif; odk@r[kwf vlwpk odk@r[kwf vlxkonf rdrdwdk@&J@ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;/ &ydkifcGifhrsm;udk azmfxkwf jcif;/ awmif;qdkjcif;/ wdkufyGJ0ifjcif; pwmawGudk ajymifvkyfudkifaqmif&GufcGifh&Sd&rnf? -tpdk;&vkyf&yfrsm;udk a0zefjcif;/ zGifhcsjcif;/ qef@usifjcif;/ uef@uGufjcif;rsm;udkvnf; ajymif vkyfudkif aqmif&GufEdkifcGifh&Sd&rnf? txuf y g Ed k i f i H a &;vk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;ud k vkyfudkifaqmif&GufEdkif&ef EdkifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;/ tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@. uGef&uf rsm; (odk@r[kwf) uvyfpnf;rsm; (odk@r[kwf) tpktzGJ@ rsm;udk vlxk/ vlwef;pm;rsm;twGif;Y pepfwus zGJ@pnf;+yD; vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf=u& onf? od k @ aomf ,ck t cgYrl ajray:Ed k i f i H a &; tajctae/ Oaya'wGif; EdkifiHa&;tajctaeu cGifhðy xm;oavmufom rdrdwdk@. uGef&ufrsm;udk wnfaqmufEdkifrnfomjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;ygwD rsm; vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;cGifh &Sdv#if&Sdovdk rdrdwdk@. uGef&ufrsm;vnf; jzef@usufEdkifap&rnf? uGef&uf rsm; rwnfaqmufEdkifv#if rdrdwdk@EdkifiHa&; vkyfief;

pOfrsm; taumiftxnfazmfrw _ iG f tcuftcJ}uD; edkifonf? aemufqkH;wGif EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm; ratmifjrifonfh tjzpfqdk;jzifhvnf; &ifqdkif&Edkif onf? ajray:ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf ajray: EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf uGef&ufrsm; wnf aqmuf+yD; vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf=u&rnf? uGef&uf rsm; wnf a qmuf x m;ed k i f r S o mv#if ygwD / tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;. Ed k i f i H a &;vk y f i ef ; rsm;ud k xda&mufatmifjrif pGm vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G Ef ikd rf nf jzpf o nf ? ajray: Ed k i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm; vk y f a qmif & mwG i f enf ; emrsKd ; pk H j zif h vkyfudkifaqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Oyrm-wOD; csif; (odk@r[kwf) vlwpkjzifh (odk@r[kwf) vlxk enf;jzifh qENazmfxkwfjcif;/ 0g'jzef@ pnf;&kH;v_H aqmfjcif;/ pD w ef ; vS n f h v nf j cif ; / vuf r S w f x d k ; qENazmfxkwfjcif;/ ta&miftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh qENazmf xkwfjcif;/ bk&m;wuf 0wfðyqkawmif;jcif;/ pDwef; vSnfhvnf qkawmif;jcif;/ puf&kH tvkyf&kHrsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm;u rdrdwdk@ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;/ oydwf wdkufyGJ qifE$Jjcif;/ ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; rdrdwdk@. tcGifhta&;/ &ydkifcGifhrsm;udk awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;/ tpdk;& Oya'wGif;rS wdkufyGJqifjcif; - tcgtm;avsmfpGm tpdk;&u usif;yðyvkyfay;onfh a&G;aumufyGJrsm; wGif qef@usijf cif;§uef@uu G jf cif;/ qENc, H yl rJG sm;udk axmufcHjcif;§uef@uGufjcif; æ ponfwdk@jzpf onf? xdk@tjyif ajray:EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk jynf wGif;Y vkyfudkifaqmif&GufEdkifouJodk@ jynfyrSm vnf ; vk y f u d k i f a qmif & G u f E d k i f o nf ? Oyrm oHwrefa&;&m vkyfief;rsm;/ oH&kH;rsm;wGif qENjy jcif;/ qkawmif;yGJ rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;/ avmfbDvkyfjcif; æ ponfjzifh vkyfudkifaqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Tod@k vyk u f ikd af qmif&u G &f mwGif vlv;Hk jy+yD;/ toHukef[pfum ajymifvkyfudkif aqmif&Guf=u& onf? ajray:EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ o¿mefonf/ ajymif

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Edik if aH &;wdu k yf JG o¿mefjzpfonf? pnf;&k;H v@aH_ qmfr_ onfvnf; ajymifpnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfr_ jzpf&rnf? pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;xm;r_onfvnf; ajymifpnf;&kH; zGJ@pnf;xm;r_yif jzpf&rnf? rdrdwdk@wnfaqmuf xm;onfh uGef&ufrsm;ESifhvnf; ajymifqufoG,f jcif;omru tvsm;vdkuf (jym;vdkuf) qufoG,f onfh pepftwdkif; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ vkyfEdkif onf? vkyf=u&rnf? azmfjyyg ajray:EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh wdu k yf o JG ¿mefw@kd onf wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f Y 'Dru kd a&pD tcGifha&;wpkHw&m wdk;wufr_&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&; tajctaeatmuf Y om usif h o k H ; Ed k i f o nf ? rsufarSmuf ArmjynfEdkifiHa&; tajctaeonf ajray:EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf tcGifhtcg aumif ; onf h tajctaer[k w f y g? vuf a wG @ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;&J@ tusdK;oufa&mufr_u azmf j yaeayonf ? ajray: Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD r sm; qufvuf&yfwnfEikd af &;udk ae@pOft+cdr;f ajcmufcH ae&jcif;/ tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;ol rsm;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&; awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;/ vlra_ &;vkyif ef;rsm;rS u&k%m&Sirf sm;/ jidr;f csr;f a&; qkawmif;olrsm;ESijhf ynfEh u S af ejcif;/ wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f ae&m tES H t jym;wG i f w&m;r#wr_ r &S d o nf h Oya'rsm; xkwfjyeff+yD; zdESdyftkyfcsKyfaejcif; æ ponfhtcsufawGu ajray:EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; udk }uD;rm;pGm uef@owfxm;onf? odk@aomf ajray:Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD / tzG J @ tpnf ; toD ; oD ; wd k @ onf rd r d w d k @ . Ed k i f i H a &;vk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;ud k quf v uf v k y f u d k i f aqmif & G u f E d k i f & ef t wG u f enf;emtopfrsm;udk qufvuf &SmazG=u&pjrJ jzpfonf? qufvuf+yD; Oya'y EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;. EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkvnf; qufvuf wifjyvdkygonf? Oya'ytzG J @ tpnf ; rsm; ay:ayguf v m &jcif;. t"dua=umif;tcsuf- Armjynf&Sd acwf

tqufqufu azmufjyefaom tkyfpdk;ol vlwef; pm;onf vlrsdK;aygif;pkH jynfolvlxkESifh ‚if;wdk@. t=um;rSm wnf&adS eaom Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;enf;jzifh w&m;enf;vrf;wus rajz&Sif; =u? rw&m;onfh Oya'rsm; csrSwfusifhokH;+yD; zdESdyfjcif;ESifh vufeufudkif t=urf;zufenf;udk tokH;ðy+yD; ajz&Sif;cJh=uonf? xdktcsufa=umifh tzd E S d y f c H jynf o l v l x k o nf rd r d u d k , f u d k ck c H umuG , f & ef / azmuf j yef o nf h t pd k ; &ud k ðzwfcs z,f&Sm;ypf&eftwGuf vufeufpGJudkif+yD; awmfveS pf pfukd rv$o J mra&Smifom qifEcJ$ &hJ onf? awmfvSefppfqifE$J&jcif; onf r+yD;jywf ao;aom rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk qufvuf vkyaf qmifvu kd jf cif;omv#ijf zpfonf? wd;k wuf+yD; awmfvSefonfh vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ o¿mef tjzpf ay:xGufvm.? Oya'y EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;udkvnf; t=urf; tm;jzifh (2 )ydkif; cGJjcm;Edkifao;onf? (u) vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; qifE$Jae onfh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpk (vlwef;pm;tajccHonfh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpk/ vlrsdK;a&;tajccHonfh EdkifiHa&; tkyfpk[lIvnf; ESpfrsdK;/ ESpfpm; uGJjym;aeao; onf?) (c) vuf e uf u d k i f awmf v S e f a &;rvk y f / odk@aomf Oya'jyifyrS tkyfpdk;ol vlwef;pm;udk twdkuftcHðyvkyfaeaom EdkifiHa&;ygwD (t=urf; rzufaom twdu k t f cHEikd if aH &;tkypf )k rsm;tkypf æ k ponfwdk@jzpfonf? ‚if;Oya'y EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;onf rdrdwdk@ oufqikd &f m vlrsKd ;tvdu k /f vlwef;pm;/ vl@ tv$m tvdkufudk tajccH+yD; r+yD;qkH;ao;onfh EdkifiHa&; vk y f i ef ; rsm;ud k vk y f a qmif = u&onf ? Tod k @ vkyfaqmif=u&mwGif Oya'wGif;ygwDrsm; r[kwf ojzifh ‚if;wdk.@tajccHvlxk/ vlwef;pm;rsm;ESifh tquftoG,, f o l nft h cg ajymiftquftoG,f vkyfIr&? v#dK@0SufqufoG,fr_ ðyvkyf&onf?

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0g'jzef@csdr_vkyfief;/ pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;r_ vkyfief;rsm;ESifh wyfaygif;pkvkyfief;rsm;onfvnf; ajymifvkyfief; r[kwfawmhbJ v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;jzpf&awmhonf? Oya'y EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. tajccH,lepfrsm;jzpf aom uG e f & uf r sm;od k @ r[k w f uvyf p nf ; rsm; zG J @ pnf ; wnf a qmuf r _ o nf v nf ; ajymif w nf aqmufIr&Edkifawmh? v#dK@0SufpGm wnfaqmuf& aom vkyfief;tjzpfodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;onf? wenf;tm;jzifh Tod@k v_y&f mS ; aqmif&u G &f jcif;udk ajratmuf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;[k ajym=uonf? xd k @ a=umif h Oya'y Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD r sm;. EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJo¿mef (Forms of Struggle) rsm;onf vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ESifh tjcm; wdkufyGJo¿mefrsdK;pkH (t=urf;rzufonfhwdkufyGJ) wdk@aygif;pyfxm;onfh vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfudk awG@jrifEdkifonf? odk@aomf Oya'y EdkifiHa&;ygwD wdik ;f uawmh vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk rqifEJ$ yg? tcsKd@uvnf; tjcm;wdkufyGJrsdK;pkHeJ@ aygif;pyf+yD; vkyfaqmifzdk@ pdwftm;xufoefr_r&Sd? ta=umif; rSm ygwDwckjcif;/ wzGJ@jcif;. EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOf/ Edik if aH &;enf;y&d,m,f/ Edik if aH &;&yfwnfr/l wz@jJG cif; tusdK;pD;yGm;/ pdwfyg0ifpm;r_rsm;uvnf; wzGJ@ESifh wzG@J xyfwrl usEikd af om a=umifjh zpfonf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap Oya'y§wGif; EdkifiHa&;tzGJtpnf;rsm;. wd k u f y G J o ¿mef r sm;ud k a wmh ‚if ; wd k @ ud k , f w d k i f a&G;cs,f cGifhr&? tkyfpdk;ol vlwef;pm;u a&G;cs,f ay;avh &So d nf? Oya'wGif;EdkifiHa&;ygwDESifh Oya'y EdkifiHa&; ygwD tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;t=um;wG i f ygwD r sm;. &Sifoef&yfwnfa&; taetxm;rwl jcm;em;r_ a=umihf wdkufyGJo¿mefrsm;vnf; uGJjym;jcm; em;rnf? wdkufyGJo¿mef uGJjym;jcm;em;ouJhokd@ tjcm; EdkifiHa&;vkyfief; (0g'jzefcsda&;/ pnf;&kH;a&;/ wyf a ygif ; pk / uG e f , uf w nf a qmuf a &;)rsm; vk y f a qmif = uonf h enf ; emonf v nf ; vk H ; 0 rwlnDEdkifyg? vkyfief;oabm obm0rwlwmudk

tav;teufrxm;bJ vkyfief;rsm; a&maxG;+yD; vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufrdygu bufESpfbuf. vkyfief; rsm; xdcdkufqkH;&_H;Edkifonf? xdcdkufqkH;±_H;cJhbl;onfh om"ursm;&Sdonf? Ttcsufudkawmh txl; owdðy=u&rnf? usef & S d a eao;onf h Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD / tzG J @ tpnf;rsm;ta=umif;udk qufvufwifjyygrnf? wwd , trsd K ;tpm;jzpf o nf h Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD / tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;tk y f p k o nf &S p f - av;vk H ; ta&;awmf y k H + yD ; aemuf Armjynf E d k i f i H a &;wG i f xl;jcm;csufw&yftjzpf xGufay:vmcJhonf? Ttrsd K ;tpm;wG i f Oya'wG i f ; vnf ; r[kw/f Oya'yvnf;r[kwo f nfh Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; tkyfpktjzpfawG@jrif &Edkifonf? yg0ifol trsm;pk onf vuf&Sdppftpdk;&ESifh typftcwf&yfpJxm; onfh vlrsKd ;aygi;f pkH Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfonf? &Spf - av;vkH;ta&;awmfykH rwdkifrDu vlrsdK;a&; tajccHjzifh acwftqufquf tkypf ;kd ol tpd;k &rsm; udk vufeufudkifwdkufyGJqifE$JcJh=uonfh vlrsdK;pkH EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfonf? &Spf - av;vkH; 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykH +yD ; aemuf wd k i f ; jynf & J @ tm%mwpk H v k H ; ud k csKyf u d k i f x m;onf h e0w-etz ppf t pd k ; &ES i f h typf t cwf & yf p J v d k u f o nf h tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm; tjzpf toGifajymif;oGm;onf? ppftpdk;&. “e,f p yf a 'o zG H @ òzd ; a&;”qd k o nf h ay:vpD twkta,mifatmufwGif ‚if;wdk@. EdkifiHa&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnf azmfEdkifvdrfh rnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? wu,fh vufawG@b0 q,f p k E S p f a usmf j zwf o ef ; vmcJ h +yD ; aemuf typfcwf&yfpJxm;onfh tzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD; onf ppftkyfpk/ ppftpdk;&&J@ ay:vpDta=umif; aumif ; aumif ; em;vnf v m=uvd r f h r nf [ k ,lqrdonf? ta=umif;rSm ppftpdk;&. “e,fpyf a'ozGH@òzd;a&;”qdkonfh ay:vpDrSm vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;udk oif;uGyfypfrnfh ay:vpDom

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jzpfa=umif; wae@+yD;wae@ awG@jrifae&aom a=umifhjzpfonf? etzppftyk pf . k Edik if aH &;weyfpm; ^m%fjzifh csrS w f x m;aomay:vpD o nf etz ppf t k y f p k &ifqdkifae&aom EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_ a&; yÉd y uQ r sm;twG u f ,m,D x G u f a yguf & &S d x m; ovdkawmh&Sdonf? etz. òzdcGJa&;ay:vpD atmif jrifonf[ak wmif ajymEdik o f nf? tjcm;wzufwiG f typf t cwf & yf p J x m;aom tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm; taejzifh rdrw d @kd . wu,hEf ikd if aH &; &nfreS ;f csurf sm; rnfr#taumiftxnf azmfEdkifcJhoenf;/ rdrdwdk@ udk,fpm;ðyaom vlrsdK;pkHjynfolrsm;. (EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;) tcGifhta&;udk rnfr#tmrcH aqmif&Gufay; EdkifcJhoenf;/ rdrdwdk@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; twG i f ; pnf ; vk H ; nD ! G w f a &;ud k rnf r #cd k i f r m tm;aumif;apcJhoenf;/ rdrdtiftm;rsm; wdk;yGm; vmovm;/ qkwf,kwfoGm;ovm;/ tjcm;aom etz tpdk;&udk qef@usifaom ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; (Oya'wGi;f / Oya'y)rsm;ESihf rnfo@kd rnfycHk sw d q f uf xm;Ed k i f c J h o enf ; æ ponf h a r;cG e f ; rsm;jzif h xdktypftcwf &yfpJxm;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tm; rsuf a rS m uf E d k i f i H a &; tajctaeu vwfwavm awmif;qdkaeonf? typfcwf&yfpJ xm;onfhtzGJ@rsm;. EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm; atmifjrifjcif;/ ratmifjrif jcif;udk ajymrnfqykd gu txufygar;cGef;rsm;wGif tajz&Sdonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfapumrl etz ppftkyfpk onf 2008 - zG J @ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y H k tajccH O ya'ud k twif;t"rRa&;qGx J m;+yD;/ +cdr;f ajcmuf t=uyfuikd f onf h enf ; rsd K ;pk H j zif h jynf o l r sm;. qEN t rS e f rxkwfazmf&Jatmif trdef@Oya'rsm; xkwfjyefcJh onf? jynfolawG&J@wu,hfqENrSef azmfxkwfol rsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'udk raxmufcH&ef/ qef@usifuef@uGufonhf pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfolrsm;udk Oya'yk'fr trsdK;rsdK;wwf+yD; ESpf&Snf axmifcscJh onf? jynfol@qENtrSefr[kwfbJ vdrfnm+yD;

2008 - tajccHOya'udk twnfðya=unmcJh onf? xkdtajccHOya' touf0ifa&;twGuf r=umcif 2010 ckESpfwGif taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJ topfwck ðyvkyfzdk@toHv_difv_difay;aeonf? usdwfIwrsdK;/ ajymifwrsdK; jyifqifaeonf? etz ppftyk pf t k aejzifh 2010 a&G;aumufyJG rusif;yrD jy\emaygif; aomif;ajcmufaxmif xJrS ta&;}uD;EdkifiHa&;jy\em ESpfckudkawmh rkcsajz&Sif;&vdrfhrnf? xdkjy\emESpfck rSm (1) 90 - ckESpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif &&S d c J h a om trsd K ;om;'D r d k u a&pD t zG J @ csKyf E S i f h etzwdk@ t=um;rSm&Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&;jy\em? (2)typftcwf &yfpJxm;aom vufeuf udkifvlrsdK;pkrsm;ESifh etzwdk@ t=um;u EdkifiHa&; jy\em æ wdk@jzpfonf? typftcwf&yfpJxm;onfh EdkifiHa&; tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;ES i f h ywf o uf + yD ; etz vwfwavm udkifwG,faeykHtm; avhvm=unfh rnfqdkv#if - etzonf typftcwf&yfpJxm; onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xJrS tiftm;tvGefcsdeJ@ onf h t zG J @ rsm;ud k tif t m;ok H ; t=uyf u d k i f + yD ; vufeufcstnHhcHaponf? xdkaemuf ‚if;tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;tqifhae&mudk aysmuf oGm;atmif vkyyf pfvu kd o f nf? ( yavmif/ &Sr;f jynf ajrmuf y d k i f ; rS typf & yf t zG J @ tcsd K @/ &vvz rl v tzG J @ / u,m;jynf e ,f r S e*g;tzG J @ )wd k @ jzpf onf? Tvkyfaqmifcsufonf etz. ppfom; p&dkuftwdkif; trma&Smif/ taysmhxdk;qdkonfh enf;y&d,m,fudk &kd;&Sif;pGm usifhokH;vdkufjcif;om jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif etz. wu,fho&kyfrSefudk vnf; ay:vGifaponf? tenf;i,f tiftm; awmifhonfhtzGJ@rsm;udkrl etz umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csLyf. xD;&dyfatmufwGif 0ifa&mufcdkv_Hzdk@ urf ; vS r f ; um em;csaejyef o nf ? a¹rG ò rd o nf h enf;y&d,m,fudk ajymif;vJusifhokH;aejcif;om jzpfonf? odk@aomf typf&yf tzGJ@rsm;tay: etz

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uxm;&Sdonfh oabmxm;uawmh xl;jcm;+yD; ajymif;vJvdrfhrnfr[kwf? etz. 2008 zGJ@pnf; tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk avhvmv#if t&Si;f om; ay:vGifaeygonf? etz onf 2010ck E S p f a &G ; aumuf y G J txajrmufzdk@ aumufuspfonfh enf;aygif;pkH usifhokH;vdrfhrnfqdkwm wdkif;jynfcspfpdwf&Sdolwdkif; u cef @ rS e f ; wG u f c suf x m;ygonf ? etzonf ‚if;. vrf;jyajrykH tqifh ( 5 ) udak tmifjrif ap&ef w&m;onfhenf;jzpfap/ rw&m;onfh enf;jzpfap usifhokH;+yD; taumiftxnfazmfvdrfhrnf? erlem tjzpf,ck typf&yftzGJ@rsm;udk=unfhv#if odEdkifyg onf? typf&yftzGJ@rsm;udk anmifESpfyifnDvmcH udk wufa&mufapcJo h nf? zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccH Oya'a&;qG J a &;wG i f y g0if a pcJ h o nf ? typf & yf tzGJ@rsm;. wifjycsufrsm;udk vspfvsL±_xm;jcif;cH &onf? tajccHOya'rl=urf;udk t=uyfudkif+yD; vufrw S af &;xd;k apcJo h nf? xdk tajccHOya'jzifyh if typf&yftzGJ@rsm;tm; vufeufðzwfayvdrfhrnf? etzESifh xkdtzGJ@rsm; t=um;&Sd jy\em onf vuf e uf c scd k i f ; I &/ r& jy\emES i f h vuf e uf u d k i f c G i f h &/ r& jy\emjzpf o nf ? Ed k i f i H a &;jy\em ajz&S i f ; yG J j zpf o nf ? tm%m jy\em ajz&Sif;yGJjzpfonf? b,fvdkqufvuf ajz&Sif; =urnfqdkwmudkawmh pdwf0ifwpm;apmifh =unfh=u&rnf? tcsdefum; ra0;awmhyg? T pm&if;&Sif;yGJrS ArmjynfEdkifiHa&; toGiftjyif vuQ%mwcsdK@ tajymif;tvJjzpfay:Edkifonf? etzbuf u tompD ; &oG m ;v#if Oya'wG i f ; r[kw/f Oya'r[kwo f nfh Edik if aH &;tkypf q k w kd m r&Sd awmhb/J Oya'wGi;f Edik if aH &;tkypf t k jzpf ajymif;vJ oGm;rnf? typf&yftzGJ@rsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@. rlvEdkifiHa&;&yfwnfcsuftwdkif; qufvuf&yf wnfxm;rnfqdkygu Oya'y vufeufudkif EdkifiH a&;tkyfpkrsm;tjzpf topfwzefajymif;vJ jzpfay: vmEdkifonf? xdk@tjyif typf&yftzGJ@ tpnf;wck

csif; twGif;rSmvnf; t,ltq rwl uGJjym;r_awG jzpfay:Edik o f nf? aemufqufwt JG jzpf *d% k ;f / tkypf /k tpdwftydkif; trsm;tjym;tjzpfvnf; uGJxGuf oGm;Edkifao;onf? xdktwdkif;om jzpfay:vm rnf q d k y gu trsd K ;om; aoG ; pnf ; nD n G w f a &; twGuf rawG;&Jp&myg? Tumvonf typf&yf tzGJ@rsm;twGuf vrf;a=umif;rSef ay:aygufa&;udk txl;tm&kHpdkuf&rnfhumvwck jzpfaeayonf? xdktzGJ@rsm;onf rdrdwdk@a&muf&Sdaeonfh Ed k i f i H a &;taetxm;t& etz Oya'wG i f ; 0ifa&muf+yD; Oya'wGif;wdkufyGJo¿mef wcktjzpf anmifESpfyifnDvmcHodk@ 0ifa&muf+yD; rdrdwdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkwifjycJh=uonf? odk@aomf rSef;csufESifhESrf;xGuf rudkufcJh? tcsdK@tzGJ@ rsm;qdkv#if nDvmcHrSE_wfxGuf+yD; avhvmol tqif h t jzpf aemuf q k w f a ecJ h o nf ? tcsd K @ tzGJ@pnf;rsm;uawmh ‚if;wdk@ wifjycsufrsm;udk vuf r cH E d k i f v nf ; rS w f w rf ; wif x m;ay;yg[k awmif;qdkcJh&onf? typf&yftzGJ@rsm;ESifh etz =um;u EdkifiHa&; jy\emrsm;um; pm&if ; &S i f ; yG J rwd k i f r D t xd qufvuf+yD; }uD;xGm;aernfom jzpfonf? (2) ,ck w if j ycJ h a om Ed k i f i H a &;tk y f p k r sm;. toGiftjyifvuQ%monf rsufarSmuf Armjynf EdkifiHa&; ZmwfckHwGif awG@jrifae&aom wu,fh toG i f t jyif vuQ % mrsm;jzpf o nf ? T toG i f t jyif vuQ % mrsm;ud k wif j y&jcif ; ta=umif;t&if;rSm rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;onf rnf o nf h Ed k i f i H a &;taetxm;ud k tajcðy+yD;v_yf&Sm;=u&rnf qdkonfudk od&Sdap&ef jzpfonf? od@k ro S m rdrw d @kd . wdu k yf o JG ¿mefrsm;udk rSefrSefuefueftokH;ðyEdkifrnfjzpfonf? wdkufyGJ

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o¿mef rSefuefpGma&G;cs,fxm;EdkifrS wdkufyGJenf; emaumif;rsm;udk csrSwfEdkifrnf? xdktjyif tokH;ðyrnfh wdkufyGJo¿mefrsm; tay: tajccHum rdrdwdk@. pnf;&kH;a&;(pkzGJ@r_) ykHo¿mefrsm;udk wnfaqmufEdkifrnfjzpfonf? qufvuf+yD; rdrdwdk@. uGef,ufrsm;udk vsdK@0Suf odk@r[kwf ajymifjzef@usufjcif;/ wnfaqmufjcif; rsm; ðyvkyfEdkifayvdrfhrnf? Oyrm - (u) Oya'wGif;ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf; wckckonf wpk H w &m'D r d k u a&pD & S d a om tajc taeY taeY- rdrdwdk@. qENrsm; azmfxkwfjcif;/ tcGifh ta&;rsm; awmif;qdjk cif;/ 'Dru kd a&pDa&; wdu k yf rJG sm; qifEjJ$ cif;wd@k twGuf t=urf;rzuf wdu k yf o JG ¿mef udk a&G;cs,fqifE$JEdkifonf? vlxv k w l ef;pm;twGi;f pnf;&k;H a&;o¿mef onf ajymif p nf ; &k H ; a&;o¿mef r sm;jzpf o nf ? uGef&ufjcif;qufoG,fr_onfvnf; ajymifquf oG,fr_ESifh tvsm;vdkufqufoG,fr_udk us,fus,f jyef@jyef@ usifhokH;=u&rnf?

EdkifiHa&;taetxm;udk tav;teufxnfhoGif; pOf;pm;=u&onf? ,if;odk@ wnfaqmuf&mwGif tzGJ@tpnf;wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;. tajccH jzpfaom uGef&uf (uvyfpnf;) wnfaqmufr_udk txl;tav;ay; wnfaqmufoifhonfqdkonf udk xyfrHwifjyvkdygonf? ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; wGif EdkifiHa&; vkyfief;pOf&Sd+yD; EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfudk taumiftxnfazmfrnfhol r&Sdygu xdkEdkifiHa&; vrf;pOfonf pm&Gufay: Yom tdyfaeayrnf? ajym, a[mor#tm;vkH; avESifhtwl vGifharsm oGm;rnf? EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm; touf0ifvm a&;twGuf rdrdwdk@ tajccHonfh vlxk/ vlwef;pm; rsm;twGif; uGef&ufrsm;ESifh uGef&ufwnfaqmuf r_vyk if ef;udk tm;oGecf eG pf u kd f vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G =f u &rnf? rkcsvkyf=u&rnf? Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD / tzG J @ tpnf ; (ajray:/ajr atmuf)rsm;onf rdrw d @kd . Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;pOf rsm; udk pdwfa&mudk,fyg taumiftxnfazmf aqmif ±Guaf y;rnfh atmufajctzG@J tpnf; (uGe&f uf)rsm; r&Sdv#if/ rwnfaqmufEdkifv#if jzpfay:vmrnfh EdkifiHa&;tajctaeopfudk &ifqdkifausmfv$m;Edkifzdk@ rjzpf E d k i f a y? uG e f & uf E S i f h uG e f & uf p epf wnf aqmuf j cif ; vk y f i ef ; onf ygwD w nf a qmuf a&;vkyfief; jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh rsufarSmuf EdkifiHa&; tajctaeopfu ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;wdkif; tm; ygwDwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk tcdkif trm vkyaf qmif=u&ef tcsed Ef iS w hf ajy;nD awmif; qdkaea=umif;today; E_d;aqmftyfygonf?

(c) tu,fI 'Drdkua&pDr&Sdaom tajc taeY Oya'wG i f ; ygwD / tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;. EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tuef@towfrkcs&Sd rnf ? xd k t cg Oya'y ygwD r sm;uJ o d k @ rd r d w d k @ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_onf ajymifv_yf&Sm;I rjzpfEdkifawmhacs? pnf;zGJ@r_ykHo¿mef/ uGef&uf wnfaqmufr_ESifh jzef@usufr_wdk@onf vsdK@0Suf vkyfudkif aqmif&Guf=u&rnf? wdkufyGJykHo¿mef onf Oya'wGif;wdkufyGJvnf;jzpfEdkifonf? Oya'y wd k u f y G J v J j zpf E d k i f o nf ? t=urf ; rzuf w d k u f y G J o¿mefvnf;jzpfEdkifonf? tkyfpdk;olu t=urf; zuftiftm;okH;+yD; zdESdyfvmv#if rdrdudk,fckcH&ef/ t=urf;zuf wdkufyGJo¿mefodk@vnf; tcsdefra±G; ul;ajymif;oGm;Edkifonf? EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. wnf aqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif rdrdwdk@. wnf&SdqJ

aemif}uD; 29 / Ed k 0 if b m/ 2008

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&uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfccH &hJ w,f? *,ufu +y;D qH;k roGm;bl;? vdyfjymawGudk owfjzwfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf x&l*sDvdk wa,mufvnf; aemufwESpft=umrSm vkyf}uHcHcJh&w,f? usef&pfcJhwJh nDrav; *sLvD,m t,fvAm&ufpf (Julia Alvarez) u tar&duef jynfaxmifpkudk xGufajy;cJh+yD;/ olwdk@ rdom;pk }uHKawG@cJh&wJh tdyfrufqdk;awG/ v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk pmtkyfwtkyf a&;om;cJhw,f? vdyfjymawG ysH0JaecsdefrSm (In The Time of the Butterflies)wJh/ &kyf&Siftjzpf emrnf }uD; vufwifrif;orD; q,fvfrm[dkuf (Salma Hayek) u o&kyfaqmifxm;w,f? acgif;pOf emrnf u twl w l y J ? tcsd e f & r,f q d k & if a wmh 0wˆKudk zwfapcsifygw,f? &kyf&Sifu ay;csifwJh tcsuf t vuf a wG / tcif ; tusif ; awG u OD;wnfcsuaf wGukd ray: vGib f ;l ? Zmwftrd w f ckv;kH tm;enf;oGm;apcJhw,f? usaemfuawmh &kyf&Sif xuf0wˆKudk ydk}udKufw,f? nDtr (4) a,muf&J@ 'dkif,m&DawG/ ESvHk;om;qDu &dkufcwfvmwJh toH awGudk ESpftvdkufcJG+yD; pma&;q&mru vSvSyy oDuHk;xm;w,f? 0wˆKxJu tpdk;&qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk rD;armif;xdk;jyxm;wJh pum;ajym awG/ jzpfpOfawGudk az: jy&if;eJ@ t=urf;zsif;yJ rdwfqufay;vdkufygw,f? wcsdK@pum;vHk;awGudk awmh wdu k &f u kd rf ,lawmhyJ ArmawG em;vnfEikd w f hJ pum;vHk;awGtjzpf tpm;xdk;ypfcJhw,f?

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42

qef'Da&;*dk;+rdK@qDrSm tajcjyK+yD; ykefuefr_awG pwif v mw,f ? +rd K @awmf qef w d k ' d k r if * d k q D u d k csDwufvmae+yD? EdkifiHawmforRw Aufpfuufudk E_wfxGufay;zdk@ awmif;qdk=uw,f? tJh'DwHk;u x&l*sDvdku ppfwyft}uD;tuJ/ orRwu ykefuef r_awGudk ESdyfuGyfypfzdk@ x&l*sDvdkudk trdef@ay;w,f? olu trdef@twdkif;vkyfyg@r,fvdk@ uwday;w,f? 'gayrJholykefawGvnf; òrd@awmfqDudk a&mufvm a&m..olu aoewfwcsurf S rypfazmufyJ ykeu f ef olawGeJ@yl;aygif;oGm;w,f? 'dkrDeDuef&J@ EdkifiHawmf orR w &mxl ; u E_ w f x G u f c J h & w,f ? ol y k e f acgi;f aqmif Rafael Estrella u orRw&mxl;udk ,m,D v uf c H x m;w,f ? x&l * sD v d k u topf zGJ@pnf;wJh 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD&J@ acgif;aqmiftjzpf vsmxm;cJw h ,f? aemufoyd rf =umbl;? a&G;aumuf yGJudk (95) &mcdkifE_ef; tEdkif&w,fqdk+yD; tm%m wuf,al wmhw,f? ol@&@J tusrô mS “bk&m;ocifEiS hf x&l*sDvdk” qdkwJh pmwef;udk csdwfqGJxm;avh&Sd w,f? vlawGuawmh wdk;wdk;/ wdk;wdk;ajymqdkae =uw,f? a&G;aumufyGJu vdrfnmr_awGjynfhESuf aew,f w J h ? wbuf r S m awmh òrd @ awmf q D u d k qef ZDE G e f v k d @ ac:wJ h rk e f w d k i f ; wd k u f c wf r _ a =umif h vloHk;axmifausmf aoqHk;ukefw,f? tar&duef jynfaxmifpek @J Edik if w H umu&wJh tultnDawGe@J +rdK@awmfudk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf+yD;/ EdkifiHa&; tjrwfxkwfzdk@ pwif}udK;pm;cJhw,f? ol&J@ rdef@cGef; awGxJrSm waoG;woHwrdef@pepfeJ@ EdkifiHawmfudk xd e f ; csKyf a wmh r ,f q d k w m oG , f 0 d k u f + yD ; wrsd K ;/ wdkuf&dkufwrsdK; owday;+cdrf;ajcmufaecJhw,f? vlawGudk ol@&J@ygwDrSm 0ifzdk@ twif;tusyfapcdkif; ae+yD?

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43

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44

vnf; ightudkudk &Sif;ypf&r,fvdk@ qHk;jzwf vdkufyHk& w,f? wae@ ightudkwa,muf +rdK@xJrSm vyfuD;rJ azmufzdk@twGuf rJ0,foGm;cJhw,f? vyfuD;rJudk qJGEd_ufvdkufpOfrSmyJ ol@vufz0g;ay:rSm aiGa&mif wcsKd@vufoGm;wmudk awG@vdkuf&w,f? r=umbl; ²²²igh t ud k w a,muf pl ; pl ; 0g;0g; atmf [ pf & if ; cE<mud, k w f ckv;kH wGe@f ved o f mG ;w,f? yg;pyfawGu tjr‡KyfawG xGufvmw,f? vrf;ray:rSm yJGcsif;+yD; aoawmhwmyJ? tqdyfxnfh vkyf}uHowfjzwf wmav? ol@udkvnf; usLikwfr}uH vkyfypfvdkuf wmaygh? usr bmajym&rSef;rodatmif +idrfouf oGm;w,f? bk&m;ocifeD;yg; usrwdk@ udk;uG,fcJhwJh Ed k i f i H a wmf & J @ t}uD ; tuJ “x&l * sD v d k ” qd k w m 'DvdkrsKd;vm;?

“pifedw”u oufjyif;cs+yD; usr pum; udk wm;vdkufw,f? “aeygtHk; rifeDAm; ²²² ighpum; udk qHk;atmif em;axmif+yD;rS eifaumufcsufcs apcsif w,f? “ol u ppf b uf r S m t}uD ; tuJ j zpf v m awmh orRwudk r}udKufESpfoufwJh olawGeJ@ r[mrdwfoGm;vkyf+yD; ykefuefzdk@ ajr‡mufay;w,f? orRw eef;awmfudk tJh'DvlawG 0dkif;0ef;ydwfqdk@ vd k u f + yD ; orR w ud k &mxl ; u xG u f c d k i f ; awmh orRwu &,farm+yD; ol@oil ,fcsi;f ppfO;D pD;csKyfukd qifhac: vdkufw,f? x&l*sDvdkqdkwJh ppfOD;pD;csKyfu ay:rvmbl;?” aemufqHk;awmh EdkifiH&J@orRw 'dkrDeDuef&D ywfrvpfuae xGufcGmay;&w,f? ay:wl&Dudk EdkifiHbufqD udk jynfajy;tjzpf xGufcGmoGm;wJhn/ orRw a[mif;u av,mOfay:rSm a&mufomG ;wH;k &dSao;w,f/ “Ad k v f c sKyf x &l * sD v d k ” u ol [ m 'd k r D e D uef&Dywfyvpf&J@orRw jzpfw,fvdk@ [pfaºuG; w,f? tJhovkd a=ujimcsufudk ol&J@r[mrdwfawG u tHh=ooifhrifoufae=uw,f?” usr “pifedw” &J@ pum;awGudk pdwf0if wpm; em;axmifaerdw,f? “ol&J@ vkyf&yfawG[m r&dk;om;bl;”vdk@ odem;vnfvu kd =f uwJh olawGu jyefvnfjzKwfcsz@kd aqG;aEG;=uw,f? olu vufOD;w,fav? ol@udk raumif;ajymwJh olawGudk tukefowfypfw,f? tJh'DxJrSm ightaz&,f/ ighOD;av; ESpfa,muf&,f/ ygoGm;wmaygh? ol@udk qef@usifwJh pum;awG rajym&J a tmif x d vk y f v mw,f ? tJ h ' D x J r S m igt h udjk zpfwhJ *sK;d vl;0pfpu f kd apmif=h unfh aecJw h ,f? oloGm;av&m rdef;rawGeJ@ r#m;w,f? raumif;r_ awGtay: wdrf;nGwfvmatmif qJGaqmifw,f? 'gayrJh aumv[mvawGu +rdK@xJrSm ysH@aew,f [? igh t ud k u tazeJ @ OD ; av;awG t wG u f vufpm;acsr,fvdk@ ajymaew,fwJh? 'ga=umifh

tyd k i f ; (3) v,fawmxJu vlawGajymaeovdkrsdK;aygh? “wlwpfacsmif;[m oHudkaumif;aumif; xdatmif r&kdufrcsif;/ wlwacsmif;&J@ tpGrf;owdW udk r,Hk=unfcsif=ubl;”wJh? “ajymr,Hk }uHKbl;rSod”qdkwJhpum;yHkvdk@ xifyg&J@? pmoif a usmif ; awG u d k usr owd x m; rdvmcJhw,f? “x&l*sDvdk” ausmif;udk tvnfvm +yDqdk&if ausmif;awGydwfvdkufwmudk owdxm; vdkufrdw,f? usrwkd@&J@ ausmif;tkyfu tm;upm; rSm emrnf}uD;wJh ausmif;olav;awGudk txl; {nfhonfawmfudk }udKqdkzdk@ tjzpfqifhac:avh&Sd w,f? usrowdxm;rdwJh tcsufwcsuf&Sd w,f? usrwdk@ausmif;ukd pdkuf0ifrJhoHwpfacsmif; ay:udk wlwacsmif;u t&Sdefjyif;jyif;xkcsvkduf+yD xifyg&J@? AkdvfcsKyfx&l*sDvdkqdkwJh olu usrwkd@ ausmif;rSm abmvDabmupm;wJh h h h “vDemvdkAmwGef”qdkwJh usroli,fcsif; udk rsuf p d u saew,f ? vD e mu cyf a wmif h a wmif h

45

cyfacsmacsm? qGJaqmifr_wtm;&Sdw,f? ol@udk “Ad k v f c sKyf x &l * sD v d k ” u vmawG @ wJ h a e@qd k & if ausmif;em;w0ku d rf mS tapmift h usyaf wGu rsm;rS rsm;/ taqmif w ck v H k ; vnf ; toH w d w f y G w f avm&kdufvdk@? AkdvfcsKyfx&l*sDvkdqkdwm usrwkd@ ausmif ; ol a wG t wG u f a wmh tif t m;}uD ; wJ h ewfwyg;rdk@vm;? olu vDemudk vmrawG@cif yef;awGydk@w,f? zGJ@EGJ@xm;wJh tcspfuAsmvSvS av;awGudk ydk@w,f? tdk h h h tpHkyJ? zl;zl;n$ef@n$ef@ awGeJ@ pD&ifxm;wJh tdyfrufav; vDemu oleJ@ awG@+yDqdk&if olr&J@ b,fbuf&iftHkrSm &ifxdk;av; wpf c k y gvmwwf w ,f ? +yD ; &if *k % f , l 0 H h º uG m ; vdu _ af rm&Da0wJh touf&o _ iG ;f oHe@J wdrv f m$ av; awGxJ ol@0dnmOf awGarsmvGifhvkdufovdkrsdK;? usru ar;rdw,f? “eif o l @ ud k cspf r d o G m ;+yD ; vm;? pd w f u l ; r,OfygeJ@[m? ol@rSm rdef;r&Sdw,f?” qdkawmh usroli,fcsif;vDemu “bmyJ j zpf j zpf igh t oJ E S v H k ; ud k avmif ; a=u;xyf & J w ,f ? ol @ ud k c spf r d w m igb0xuf ydkygw,f[m?” AdkvfcsKyfx&l*sDvdku vufaqmifypPnf;awG qufydk@aeqJ? tcspfuAsmawG &GwfjyaeqJav? r=umcif usrwdk@ ausmif;ol=um;rSm owif;wck =um;vkduf&w,f? “vD e mqd k w J h a umif r av; ud k , f 0 ef & ae +yD w J h ? td r f } uD ; wck q D u d k Ad k v f } uD ; x&l * sD v k d u a&$@ay;vkdufw,f”wJh? wu,fawmh tJh'Dtdrf qkw d m ol@vb dk 0wlawGukd awG@+y;D vDemwa,muf tJh'Dtdrf}uD;rSm &ifuGJaeavmuf+yD xifyg&J@?

yGJ wyGJudk wufa&mufcGifh&w,f? usru odyf+yD; oGm; csifpdwfr&Sdbl;? azazu roGm;vkd@ rjzpfbl; vdk@ ajymw,f? x&l*sDvdkqdkwJh AdkvfcsKyfu olzdwf wm rvmvdk@ trsufawmf&ScJh&if tm;vHk; 'kuQ a&muf=uvdrfhr,fqkdwm oabm aygufae=u w,f? wbufrSmawmh tpkd;&udk qef@usifwJh tkyfpkawGeJ@ usr oli,fcsif;jzpfae+yD? usrwdk@u x&l*sDvkd&J@ txl;pm;yGJrS xkdif&r,fwJh? azaz uawmh *k%f,l0Hh=uGm;pGm oGm;ckdif;w,f? usrpdwf xJrSm wpfrsdK;yJ? uyGJpwJhtcgrSm usrwdk@ wpf a,muf + yD ; wpf a ,muf u buf u d k a &G ; +yD ; bufwiftuudk ESpfESpf }udKuf}udKufu=uw,f? odyfr=ubl;? AkdvfcsKyf x&l*sDvdk usrem;udk a&muf vmw,f? “rif;eJ@ auseyfEpS o f ufrw _ ck &csiyf gw,f?” usrtajzud k rapmif h y J usrvuf u d k qG, J v l u dk w f ,f? olu usrcE<mud, k u f kd wif;wif; usyfusyfqGJ,l+yD; “tdk; h h htckusrS wkdif;jynf&J@ &wemav;eJ@ pum;ajymae&wmudk;”wJh? ol@qDu a&ar$;eHawGu usrESmacgif;qD jyif;jyif;&S&Swkd;0ifvmaew,f? vlwukd,fvHk;ukd odrf;}uHK;=unfhaewJh t=unfhawGu t&rf;&dkif; vGef;w,f? “wkdif;jynf&J@ &wemvdk@ usrudk,fusr rxif ygbl;/ usr+rdK@av;rSm tv[motcsdefjzKef;aewJh vlvkd cHpm;&w,f?”vd@k ajymvdu k rf w d ,f? wu,f a wmh o l u tu ruwwf y gbl ; ? pnf;csufawGudk rvdkufEkdifbJ }udrfzefrsm;pGm usr&J@ ajcacsmif;awGu wufeif;avh&Sdw,f? 'gayr,fh b,fawmhrS “aqm&D;”vdk@ awmif;yefpum;rsm; rajymbl;? “tif; 'gqdk&if rif;udk +rdK@awmfqD ac:,l oifw h ,f xifw,f?” “[kww f ,f/ usrvnf;+rKd @awmf}u;D qDrmS Oya' ausmif;wufz@kd twGuf azazhukd ylqmaewm”

tyd k i f ; (4) &SmazGawG@&SdwJhae@ (Discovery Day) udk a&mufwkdif; 'dkrDeDuef&DywfyvpfEkdifiHrSm yGJawmf usi;f y avh&w dS ,f? 'DEpS af wmh usrwk@d rdom;pkwpf awG/ tpk;d &xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifawGu zdw=f um;wJh

46

ta0;wckrSmyJjzpfjzpf/ x&l*sDvdk&J@cGifhjyKcsufr&bJ xGufvm&if 'g[m Oya'udk csdK;azmufwmjzpf w,fvdk@ vlwkdif;em;vnf=uw,f? aemufwpfae@ rSm usrwd@k tdru f kd ppfum;wpfp;D a&mufvmw,f? usrtazeJ@ usrudk +rdK@awmf0efu qifhac:cdkif; w,fwJh? wu,fawmh 'g[m usrvkyfcJhwJh vkyf &yftwGuf usrwdk@rdom;pkudk 'kuQpay;zdk@twGuf pwifvSrf;vmwJh ajcvSrf;awGyJ jzpfygw,f? usr taru usrudkac:&if olvnf; vdkufr,fqkd+yD; ygvmw,f? +rdK@awmf0ef&J@ tdrf0if;twGif;udk a&muf awmh usr&J@tazudk wjcm;wpfae&mrSm cGJac: oGm;zdk@ pwifpDpOfvdkufw,f? taruawmh a'go t&rf;xGufaew,f? &efrlvmwJh t&mudk jyef vnfwkdufckdufrJh om;&JwpfaumifvdkyJ? usrwkd@udk vnf; 'Dvykd ?J usrwk@d uv kd nf; ae&mcG+J yD; tusO;f cs xm;vdu k w f ,f? aemuf&ufawGrmS &JXmecsKyfqu D tcef;wckpDac:+yD; ppfaq;jyefw,f? tJh'Dtcef; xJukdvnf; a&mufa&m vlwpfa&muf&J@ t+yKH;udk jrifvu kd w f t hJ cg tE &W m,f&@J taiG@ toufawGukd cHpm;&w,fqkdwmudk owdxm; rdvkdufawmh w,f? usrudkppfwJholu emrnf}uD; ppfaq;a&; t&m&Sd? ol@udk arSmfrsufvHk;eJ@ olvdk@ odxm;w,f? "g;ckwfyGJwpfckrSm ol@rSmrsufpD wpfbufqHk;&_H;cJh w,f ? 'gayrJ h ol @ rsuf p D u od y f v sif w ,f ? 'ga=umifhvnf; x&l*sDvdk&J@ nmvuf&kH;jzpfcJhw,f? usrudk ar;cGef;awG pwif ar;w,f? ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmif Am*sv D &D rdk ;kd a&;wJt h a=umif;/ tquf toG,f&Sdr&Sd/ aemuf ppfaq;aewHk; aemufxyf AdkvfcsKyfwpfa,muf a&mufvmw,f? usrudk t}uHay;w,f? wu,fvkd@ t}uD;tuJ x&l*sDvkd pdwaf useyfatmif tdyaf y;r,fq&dk if Adv k cf sKyfaewJh tdrfqDudk usrudk o,foGm;r,f? ppfa=uma&; pcef;u ppfaq;r_tm;vHk;udk azsmufzsufypfvkduf r,fvdk@ urf;vSrf;w,f? “usroabmrwlwJh t&mudk ZGwftwif;vkyfr,fqkd&if h h ha[m'D

td k ; tck c sd e f r S m rd e f ; uav;awG t wG u f wuUov dk q f w kd ahJ e&m[m raumif;ygb;l ? “bmvk@d v”J “tpk d ; &qef @ usif a &;vk y f z d k @ v_ H @ aqmf aewJo h al wGrsm;w,f? uGejf rLepfawGu ausmif;xJ rSm xdk;azmufaew,f? ” ol@rsufvHk;awGrSm a'goxGufwJh t&dyf ta&mifawGudk awG@ae&w,f? cyfvSrf;vSrf;u tcef;xJrSm atmf[pfESdyfpufaewJh toHawGudk =um;csifaeovdkrsdK;? “tdk; rvkyfygeJ@t}uD;tuJ&,f? igwdk@ ausmif;awGu urBmopf&J@ taumif;qHk;ausmif; awGyg? rif;tJhovdkvkyfvdkuf&if igwdk@EkdifiHudk azmufcGJypfvdkufovdk jzpfrSmaygh? ” oluusr&J@ rSwfcsufudk tHtm;oifh oGm;yHk &w,f? usrudk wif;wif;usyfusyfzufvm w,f? usrtwGufawmh touf&SLtusyfqHk; tajc taeygyJ? ol@&J@ cE<mudk,fudk wGef;ypfaerdw,f? bmvdk@vJwJh? oluar;awmh usru “&ifxdk;awGu pl;vdkufwm”vdk@ r0Hhr&J ajymvdkufrdw,f? “rif;twGuf taESmuft,SufjzpfrJh [mawGqdk&if tuFsDukdyg c|wfypfvdk@&ygw,f”wJh? ol@&J@vufawG usrcE<mudk,fae&m tESH@ yGwfoufudkifwG,faeawmhw,f? usr onf; nnf;rcHEkdifawmhbl;? vufutvdkvdk ajr‡muf v#ufom; jzpfoGm;w,f? ol@&J@yg;udk &kdufxnfh vdkufrdw,f?

tyd k i f ; (5) uyGJuaexGufvmrdcsdef tjyifrSm rdk; awG&Gmaew,f? 'g[musdefpmrdaewJh rdk;awGyJ aerSmyg? usr tazu odaew,f? x&l*sDvdkudk E_wfrqufyJ xGufvmwmawG/ yg;&kdufcJhwmawG [m }uD;av;wJh &mZ0wfr_wck jzpfw,fqdkwmudk aygh ? tcrf ; tem;wck r S m yJ j zpf j zpf / tpnf ;

47

wHcg;ayguu f ae ud, k b f momud, k f ckecf sowfao oGm;wmurS aumif;r,f”vdk@ tajzay;vkduf w,f? usru x&l * sD v k d & J @ eef ; awmf q D o G m ;+yD ; rtdyfwJhtwGuf/ usrwkd@wnf;cdkaewJh ae&muae b,fukdrS oGm;cGifhray;bl;? tus,fcsKyfcsxm; w,f ? oH k ; ywf av;ywf a vmuf = umr,f x if w,f? r=umcif x&l*sDvkdeJ@ awG@cGifh&rJhtajctae wckudk &cJhw,f? x&l*sDvdkuvnf; usrtazudk v$wfay;r,fvkd@ qdkw,f? ol@qDudka&mufawmh usrtaz&J@yHkudk =unfh&wm pdwfxJrSm a=uuGJ vdkufwm? tazh&J@yHku wukd,fvHk;pkwfjywfowf aew,f? r=umbl;? x&l*sDvdkeJ@ usrtay;t,l vkyfzdk@ pwifawmhw,f? olu +rdK@awmfqDudk vm+yD; Oya'ausmif;wufcsifwJh usr&J@qENudk trSwf&aewkef;yJ? olu tHpmwHk;awGudk qGJxkwf vdkufw,f? “wu,fvkd@tHpmwkH;yGJrSm rif;u EkdifcJh&if rif;&J@ tvkdqENudk udk,fjznfhay;r,f? rif;&_H;cJh&if awmh udk,fh&J@tvdkqENukd rif;vdkufavsm& r,f?” vdk@ avmif;a=u;udk owfrSwfvdkufw,f? olu usrcE<mudk,fwudk,fvHk;udk =unfh+yD; ajymaeuwnf ; u bmud k q d k v d k w ,f q k d w m oabmaygufygw,f? bm&,fvkd@awmh r[kwf bl;? usr 'Dupm;yGJrSm tEkdif&vdrfhr,fvkd@ udk,fh bmom ,Hk=unfaew,f? usrwdk@ tHpmwHk;awG udk ypf=unfhvdkuf=uw,f? usrAkdvfcsKyf x&l*sDvkd udk tEkdif&cJhw,f? usrwkd@ v$wf+yD/ +yD;&if Oya' ausmif;udk wufcGifh&cJhw,f?

rSm ppfwkef;u tjzpftysufudk jyef=um;cJh&wJhae@ u? ppfa=uma&;pcef;rSm “pife”udk ac:oGm;+yD; a,musF m ;tusOf ; om;awG a &S @ rS m tusô a wG tm;vHk;c|wf+yD; udk,fvHk;wD; aecdkif;w,f? tusOf; om;awG v nf ; twl w l y J t0wf t pm;wck r S r&Sd=ubl;? +yD;awmh a&bHk;vGwfwckudk qGJ,l+yD; tkyfpkxJu acgif;aqmifqkdwJholudk “uJ h h hrif;wkd@&J@ awmfvSefa&;owif; pum; av;awG rif;&J@&JabmfawGudk rdef@a¹cGygOD; qkd+yD; rcH c sif a tmif p w,f ? 'gayrJ h acgif ; aqmif u wnfwnf+idrf+idrfyJ?” &Jabmfwkd@ avmavmq,frSmawmh igwkd@ aemufudk enf;enf;jyefqkwfae&w,f? 'gayrJh wk d u f c k d u f r _ / acsr_ e f ; r_ u d k a wmh rcH c J h & ygbl ; ? vGwfajrmufr_vm;/ aojcif;w&m;vm;? b,f t&mud k a&G ; rvJ w J h toH u [d e f ; aewH k ; yJ ? rifem;Am;u *k%f,l0HhºuGm;pGm em;axmifaeolxJ u c%c%xk w f + yD ; ppf a q;cH & wJ h o l a wG u rifem;Am;eJ@ pifeqdkwJh trsKd;orD;ESpfa,muf? Adkvf csKyf x&l*sv D u kd v_y&f mS ;r_wckv;kH &J@ aemufu, G rf mS rifem;Am;&Sad ew,fq+kd yD; ol@om;udk v$wf ppfaq; cdkif;cJhao;w,f? tyd k i f ; (2) a=umuf & G @ H r _ u awmh tqd k ; qH k ; t&mvk d @ ajym&r,f xifw,f? vlwa,muf vrf;av#muf vmwJh toHudk =um;wJhtcgwkdif; aomhcavmuf zGifhoH ydwfoHawGudk =um;&wJhtcgwkdif; usr&J@ cE<mud, k u f kd tusO;f axmiftcef;&J@ axmifw h ae&mqD ajy;vdrfhuyfaerdw,f? '%f&m&aewJh wd&dp>mef waumifvkdyJ? wdk;wkd;av;+iD;+yD; vHk+cHKatmifaezdk@ }udK;pm;aeovdrk sKd ;ayg?h wreufrmS usrudk t&ifvykd J t&m&Sdwpfa,muf&J@ tcef;wckqDudk ac:oGm;+yD; ppfaq;tHk;r,fvdk@xifaecJhw,f? aoG;qmaewJh *sL&D,efu ab;uae tapmift h jzpf vdu k v f mw,f? atmufxyfukd ac:oGm;+yD;aemufrS tcef;wHcg;udk zGihf tjyifukd qGx J w k o f mG ;w,f? apmifah ewJh um;wpD;ay:

rm&D , mw,f & D p m(ok d @ r[k w f ) vd y f j ym 1960 ck E S p f rwf v -=o*k w f v tyd k i f ; (1) tusOf ; axmif x J r S m rif e m;Am;id k w J h a e@ wae@udk usr awG@zl;w,f? tr_wGJaumifrav; wpfa,mufjzpfwJh “pife”udk ppfa=uma&;pcef;

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“rif; igwdk@ar;xm;wJhudpPudk jyefpOf;pm; aygh”wJh? a*smfeD&J@ jyefar;wJhpum;tqHk;rSm t&dk;pk u“rif;wdk@ ol@udk v$wfray;rcsif; tJh'DudpP t a=umif; aqG;aEG;p&mr&Sdbl;”vdk@ ajzvdkufw,f? *sydk;rsufvHk;eJ@vlu rsufESmudk jzwfxdk;w,f/ aqmifhuefw,f? tcef;xJrSm &SdwJh vlawGtm;vHk; vnf; 0dkif;uef=uw,f? a*smfeDu ajymw,fxif w,f? “'Davmuf&Sdwmæ tJh'Daumifrudk cg;ywf }udK;csnfvdkufuGm”wJh? *sydk;rsufvHk;eJ@ aumif&JŒ vufxJrSm owˆK acsmif;wacsmif;/ usrcE<mud, k u f kd 0g,ma&Smh wdu k f awmhw,f? usr 0dnmOfawG aysmufoGm;ovdkyJ? emusifr_awGu ae&mtESH@/ wdrfawGxJrSm +ydK;+ydK; ysufysuf usrarsmaew,f? aemufawmh a&oGif; ajrmif;wckrSm azmufcscHvdkuf&wJh a&pD;wckvdk arsmygomG ;jyefw,f? aemufq;kH =um;&wJh toHu h h h “rif;wdk@vdkcsifwmudk vkyfay;ygr,f? rif;wdk@ vdkcsifwmudk vkyfay;ygr,f”qdkwJh ol@&J@ uGJtuf aewJh toH? ol@udk '&Gwfwdkuf qGJac:oGm;=uw,f? usr udk t0wftpm;awG0wfay;+yD; jyefac:oGm;awmh wJh/ a*smfeD&JŒ trdef@oHudk =um;&w,f? tapmifh awGu ab;rSm&SdaeayrhJ usrrsufvHk;udk r=unfh&J bl;? olwdk@ &Suf&G@Hae=uw,fqdkwm usr twwf ajym&Jw,f? usr b,fol@tultnDrS r,lyJ ud, k b hf mom t0wftpm;0wf+yD; tjyifu um;pD udk xGuv f mcJw h ,f?

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