Tugas Ingris Papa.docx

SOAL 1. Why is health aid from whealty countries necessary for depeloping countries? 2. When will the millennium development goal of 2000 be complete? 3. What do the six goals address in public health? 4. In how many countries are the GHI programs being implemented? 5. What is the public health intervension? 6. What can public health surveillance programs do in particular? 7. When did the partice of vaccination become prevalent? 8. What movement led to public health act? 9. What was founded by john snow? 10. What did the Chinese medical doctor develop?

Jawban 1. Because the presence of health assistance can improve the quality and quantity of health services in developing countries. In developing countries, the quality standard of health services is still not well organized, the number of doctors especially specialists is still small, the distribution and income of doctors is uneven and some doctors have low income, the performance indicators of health service institutions have not been used in a real way.

2. The Millennium Development Goals (English: Millennium Development Goals or abbreviated in English MDGs) are the Millennium Declaration agreed upon by the head of state and representatives of the 189 countries of the United Nations (UN) which began in September 2000, in the form of eight points to be achieved in in 2015.

3. These six goals address key issues in global public health: Poverty, Hunger and food security, Health, Education, Gender equality and women's empowerment, and water and sanitation. Public health officials can use these goals to set their own agenda and plan for smaller scale initiatives for their organizations.

4. A small number of institutions have shaped, and continue to shape, research on GHIs. In 2003, researchers at Abt Associates devised an influential framework for understanding the system-wide effects of the Global fund which has informed much subsequent research, including their own studies of system-wide effects of the Global Fund in Benin, Ethiopia, Georgia and Malawi - often referred to as the 'SWEF' studies. Abt continues to support ongoing research on the effects of GHIs in multiple countries. The Washington-based Center for Global Development has also been very active in its analysis of GHIs, particularly PEPFAR financing. The Center's HIV/AIDS Monitor is essential reading for researchers of GHIs. With hubs in London and Dublin, the Global Health Initiatives Network (GHIN) has been coordinating and supporting research in 22 countries on the effects of GHIs on existing health systems. Knowledge of the effects of GHIs on specific diseases and on health systems comes from multiple sources.Longitudinal studies enable researchers to establish baseline data and then track and compare GHI effects on disease control or country health systems over time. In addition to Abt Associates' SWEF studies, additional early examples of this type of analysis were three-year, multi-country studies of the Global Fund in Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. In 2009, research findings were published from tracking studies in Kyrgyzstan, Peru and Ukraine that sought to identify the health effects of the Global Fund at national and sub-national levels.

5. A public health intervention is any effort or policy that attempts to improve mental and physical health on a population level. Public health interventions may be run by a variety of organizations, including governmental health departments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Common types of interventions include screening programs, vaccination, food and water supplementation, and health promotion. Common issues that are the subject of public health interventions include obesity,drug, tobacco, and alcohol use,and the spread of infectious disease, e.g. HIV.

6. Monitoring, control, evaluation, which includes assessment of organizational performance and reporting is a management function that must be a supporter of the competence of a health manager. Monitoring, control and evaluation is needed to know

and guarantee the progress of a program or service activity, and to assess the final results of a program or service activity. While reporting is a means for information and accountability for program implementation.

7. Vaccines are the material that causes a disease to be modified in such a way that when it enters the body it does not cause pain. While vaccination which is also called immunization is the provision of vaccines into the body to form the body's immunity against disease. Disease material in vaccines still has a number of traits as agents of disease, so that later can cause the body to recognize the cause. The body that already recognizes the cause of an illness will form immunity to the disease if one day the body is exposed to the original disease material. So, vaccination is one way for the body to have a fortress against an illness.

8. The movement lead to public act is The goal of the Healthy Indonesia Program is to increase the health status and nutritional status of the community through health and community empowerment efforts supported by financial protection and equitable health services. These targets are in accordance with the main objectives of the 20152019 RPJMN, namely: (1) improved health and nutrition status of mothers and children, (2) increased disease control, (3) increased access and quality of basic health services and referrals, especially in remote, disadvantaged areas and borders, (4) increasing coverage of universal health services through Kartu Indonesia Sehat and the quality of health SJSN management, (5) fulfillment of the needs of health workers, drugs and vaccines, and (6) increasing health system responsiveness. 9. John Snow (15 March 1813 – 16 June 1858) was an English physician and a leader in the adoption of anaesthesia and medical hygiene. He is considered one of the fathers of modern epidemiology, in part because of his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in 1854. His findings inspired fundamental changes in the water and waste systems of London, which led to similar changes in other cities, and a significant improvement in general public health around the world.

10. The doctor in chine is develop the Traditional Chinese medicine is a style of traditional medicine based on more than 2,500 years of Chinese medical practice that includes various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (tui na), exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy, but recently also influenced by modern Western medicine. TCM is widely used in Greater China where it has a long history, and recently it has begun "gaining global recognition". One of the basic tenets of TCM is that "the body's vital energy (ch'i or qi) circulates through channels, called meridians, that have branches connected to bodily organs and functions." Concepts of the body and of disease used in TCM reflect its ancient origins and its emphasis on dynamic processes over material structure, similar to European humoral theory.