T. Putkaradze Kartvelta Dedaena Da Dialeqtebi 2008

tariel futkaraZe

akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti

tariel futkaraZe

qarTvelTa dedaena da dialeqtebi

qarTvelTa dedaena da dialeqtebi The National Language and The Dialects of Kartvels (Georgians)

quTaisi 2008

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2000 wels saqarTvelo miuerTda evrosabWos dokumentebs: "evropuli qartia regionaluri da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb" da "CarCo konvencias erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb"; Sesabamisad, aqtualuri gaxda saqarTveloSi eTnikuri da enobrivi umciresobebis Tema. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situaciis is aRwerebi, romlebic 2000-2008 wlebSi gavrcelda saerTaSoriso qselSi, qarTvelTa did nawils umwignobro eTnikur jgufebad - araqarTvelebad acxadebs... amgvar kvalifikaciebs Sedegad SeiZleba mohyves qarTveli erisa da saqarTvelos Semdgomi danawevreba. winamdebare naSromSi avtori kritikulad aanalizebs ZiriTadad saerTaSoriso mimoqcevaSi arsebul masalebs (ibeWdeba akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis samecniero sabWos gadawyvetilebiT).

redaqtori ekaterine dadiani

recenzentebi: prof. amiran lomTaZe prof. daviT SavianiZe prof. revaz Serozia

Sinaarsi winasityvaoba...............................................................

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erTiani qarTveli eri Tu qarTvelebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, megrelebi, svanebi, aWarlebi, lazebi; vin aris enobrivi da eTnikuri umciresoba? ......11-25 istoriuli eqskursi: dedaena da dialeqtebi Tu qarTveluri enebi? ........................................

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enisa da kilos gamijvnis "wminda lingvisturi" kriteriumebi da qarTvelur ena-kiloTa sakiTxi dRes........................................................................... 52-63 qarTuli samwignobro enis sabazo enobrivi modelis sakiTxi; ras emyareba qarTizaciis Teoria?................................................................... 64-92 qarTvelTa samwignobro enisa da kiloebis mimarTebis ori sqema........................................... 93-100 damowmebuli literatura.......................................101-108

© t.futkaraZe ISBN-978-9941-9050-0-1 gamomcemloba ”quTaisis pedagogiuri instituti "lampari"

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TinaTin SaraZeniZe:

konstantine gamsaxurdia: "Cemis azriT, unda xdebodes enis reparacia adgilobrivi dialeqtebis saSualebiT. unda SemouSvaT qarTul (samwignobro) enaSi rogorc megrul-svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSav-xevsuruli... vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTul enas..." samwuxarod, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis axali redaqciis (2007) gamomcemlebmac qarTuli saliteraturo enis sabazo leqsikonSi ar Seitanes megrul-lazur-svanuri mdidari leqsika.

arnold Ciqobava:

"xalxis meobas misi ena gvaniSnebs"

evrosabWoSi saqarTvelos parlamentis warmomadgeneli levan berZeniSvili: "saqarTvelom evrosabWos winaSe aiRo valdebuleba, umciresobaTa enebis statusi mianiWos svanursa da megruls".

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"imisaTvis, rom enis diferenciacia ganxorcieldes, aucilebelia am enaze molaparake sazogadoeba daiSalos"

winasityvaoba 2005 wels gamoqveynda Cemi monografia "qarTvelebi" (I nawili, qristianobamdeli epoqa). gamokvlevis ZiriTadi mizania Tanamedrove enobriv erTeulTa iseTi kvalifikaciis Zieba, romelic adekvaturad asaxavs qarTvelTa enobriv samyaros; agreTve, gaanalizebulia is calkeuli problemebi, romelTa Sesaxebac 2000-2004 wlebSi mimdinareobda polemika sxvadasxva samecniero forumebsa Tu JurnalebSi. wignis SesavalSi vwerT: "wina Taobebis mkvlevarTa (m. brose, n. mari, iv. javaxiSvili, s. janaSia, arn. Ciqobava, g. axvlediani, a. SaniZe, v. Tofuria, g. meliqiSvili, m. qaldani, g. ramiSvili, g. rogava, o. jafariZe, o. lorTqifaniZe, gr. giorgaZe, b. jorbenaZe, q. lomTaTiZe, T. gamyreliZe, T. uTurgaiZe, i. zicari, h. fenrixi...) didi pativiscemiT, magram, garkveulwilad, maTgan gansxvavebuli xedviT Seqmnili wignis pirveli gamocema miznad isaxavs diskusiis gaSlas ganxiluli problematikis irgvliv..." (gv. 32).

gamokvlevas danarTis saxiT erTvis akad. Teimuraz gvancelaZis statia "qarTveluri enebi Tu dialeqtebi", sadac ganxilulia qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa statusis istoriis sakiTxebi da gamotanilia daskvna: "qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros Semadgenlobis, megrulis, Wanurisa da svanuris lingvisturi statusis gansazRvris sakiTxebis Seswavlis istoria XVIII saukunis dasasrulidan XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs am sakiTxTa gada5

wyvetis sami varianti: 1.arsebobs erTi, zogadqarTuli, igive iberiuli ena, xolo megruli, Wanuri (lazuri) da svanuri misi dialeqtebia; 2.arsebobs sami qarTveluri ena: qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri (zanuri, kolxuri) da svanuri; 3.arsebobs oTxi qarTveluri ena: qarTuli, megruli, Wanuri (lazuri) da svanuri. am sami variantidan arc erT Tvalsazriss ar moepoveba wminda lingvisturi xasiaTis utyuari kriteriumebi, rac imiTaa gamowveuli, rom msoflio enaTmecnierebasac ara aqvs amgvari saklasifikacio kriteriumebi... zemoT dasaxelebuli sami Tvalsazrisidan rogorc lingvisturi, ise eTnopolitikuri da eTnokulturuli aspeqtebiT yvelaze optimaluri pirveli Tvalsazrisia, romlis modificirebuli variantis dasabuTeba am ramdenime wlis winaT warmoadgina profesorma tariel futkaraZem" (gv. 597).

bevri sxva saintereso (mxardamWeri Tu kritikuli) gamoxmaurebis fonze ucnaurad negatiuri naazreviT mogvevlina arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutisa da "Voikswagen-Stiftung"-s proeqtis ("enobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi") saxeliT gamoqveynebuli wignaki "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi" (erTi "samecniero polemikis" gamo), Tbilisi, 2007, gamomcemloba "meridiani". misi winasityvaoba gvamcnobs: "proeqtis "enobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi" monawileTaTvis udavoa qarTveluri enebis arseboba. winamdebare gamocema am mecnieruli poziciis dacvas isaxavs miznad". am seriozuli ganacxadis miuxedavad, enaTmecnierebis institutis direqtoris l. ezugbaias organizebiT g. gogolaSvilma, m. qurdianma, W. qiriam, a. arabulma dabeWdes mecnieruli analizisagan daclili da sicruiT, 6

avsebuli erTi Sinaarsis werilebi. sam-oTx avtorad gadanawilebuli es "koleqtiuri naazrevi" maT miutanes saqarTveloSi arsebuli universitetebis reqtorebs1, episkoposebs, humanitaruli dargis institutebs da a.S. dRemde avrceleben azrs, rom Cveni (Cemi kolegebisa da Cemi) naSromebis nawili wina Taobebis mkvlevarTa uaryofasa da lanZRvas Seicavs; xazgasmiT minda gavimeoro mravalgzis naTqvami: Cven did pativs vcemT yvela Taobis mecniersa da moRvawes, Tumca amave dros, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, kritikulad vaanalizebT, an vaviTarebT maT naazrevs, rac zogadad samecniero azris ganviTarebis umTavresi pirobaa, da Tavad Cveni winamorbedebis moRvaweobis devizic gaxldaT. "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebis" me-12 gverdze danaSaulad acxadeben Cveni Tvalsazrisis Setanas universitetebSi da sabWouri suliskveTebiT gmoben imperiuli sqemebisgan Tavisufal im saxelmZRvanelos ("qarTuli enis istoria", 2006), romelic quTaisis universitetSi momzadda. aqve g. gogolaSvili i. vostorgovTan, j. hiuitTan Tavad aTanabrebs qarTvel mecnierebs (T. gamyreliZes, a. onians...) da am“”mignebas” me momawers: imowmebs ara Cems samecniero naSroms, aramed erT-erT wignze ("saTave da perspeqtiva qarTuli samwignobro enisa", 2006) darTuli saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondis mimarT saprotesto werilis fragments2. 1

reqtorebTan mitaniT maT hqondaT mcdeloba, xeli SeeSalaT Cveni (Cemi da Cemi Tanamoazreebis) sauniversiteto moRvaweobisaTvis; ix., agreTve, i. gipertis werili g. xubuasadmi da T. gvancelaZis pasuxi (gelaTis akademiis Jurnali, 2007 w., # 5, 11). 2 fondma eqspertad moiwvia erTi araprofesionali ucxoeli eqsperti, romelmac aralegitimurad dabloka qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis samecniero proeqti.

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Cems am saprotesto werilSic ki erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad arian gamijnulni saqarTvelos daSladaqucmacebis momxre avantiuristebi da sakuTari argumentebis mqone mecnierebi. Cvens mimarT mTavari braldeba (usafuZvlo!) ase JRers: t.futkaraZis, T.gvancelaZis m.tabiZis (da sxva TanamoazreTa) mier XX saukunis dasasrulidan iwyeba enaTmecnierebis politizeba da saqarTvelos safrTxeebis gazviadeba... vaimbraldebelTa azriT, "saxifaTod danaxul perspeqtivas araviTari realuri safuZveli ar gaaCnia"3. qveynis saxelmwifo politika mecnierul baziss unda efuZnebodes. erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavla da marTebuli kvalifikacia yvela normaluri saxelmwifos mTavari mizania. araiSviaTad, imperiebi Tavisi interesebis Sesabamisad warmoaCenen dapyrobili qveynis kulturul-istoriul memkvidreobas. bolo wlebSi mimdinare diskusiis dros araspecialistTaTvisac ki naTlad gamoCnda: qarTvelologiis politizeba moxda ruseTis imperiis mier XIX saukunis bolos. XX saukunis dasasrulidan ki daiwyo imperiuli sqemebisgan Tavisufali, mecnieruli qarTvelologiis aRorZineba. miuxedavad amisa, sabWoTa mecnierebis gavleniT Seqmnili Tanamedrove evropeli eqspertebis amJamindeli kvalifikaciebi4 (Tu rekomendaciebi) cxadyofs, rom jer

kidev seriozuli safrTxe emuqreba qarTvelTa enobriveTnikur, saeklesio da saxelmwifoebriv erTianobas. warmodgenil mcire moculobis wignSi ("qarTvelTa dedaena da dialeqtebi") Cemi ZiriTadi mizania Tanamedrove evropel eqspertTa farTod gavrcelebuli kvalifikaciebis kritikuli analizi da maTTvis argumentirebuli debulebebis SeTavazeba; aseve, vimedovneb, Cem mier gaanalizebuli faqtebi da miRebuli debulebebi daexmareba samecniero sazogadoebas am problemur sakiTxTa garkvevaSi; aseve, qarTveluri enobriv-eTnikuri samyaros terminologiuri Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT samoqalaqo Tu saxelmwifo doneze konsensusis miRwevaSi5. maT ki, vinc Cvens droSic cdilobs qarTvelTa erTi nawilis araqarTvelebad gamocxadebas, qarTvelTa kiloebis mixedviT "anbanebis", dedaenebisa da "axali saliteraturo enebis" Seqmnas, samecniero diskusia ar sWirdebaT da amitom didi vaJas leqsiT davemSvidobebi: vin aris kaci? kaci is aris, cxovreba vinc gaatara WamaSi da kacis daniSnuleba mxoloda hpova amaSi. kaci is aris, vinaca quCaSi salams ar gaZlevs, Tu dahpatiJe sadilad, did jiutobas ar gaswevs.

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qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv. 12 rogorc qvemoT naxavT, isini araadekvaturad aRweren saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikur realobas: araqarTvelebad acxadeben qarTvelTa naxevarze mets.

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mkiTxveli male miiRebs am kuTxiT saintereso krebuls: "qarTvelTa dedaena; gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi".

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kaci is aris, vinaca saqmiT sxvis, sityviT Cvenia, da Tavis oinbazobas hmalavs, ar dauCenia.

erTiani qarTveli eri Tu qarTvelebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, megrelebi, svanebi, aWarlebi, lazebi... vin aris enobrivi da eTnikuri umciresoba?

kaci is aris, vinaca Sehstrfis, Sehxaris Rvinosa da hsaxavs idealada salxino samikitnosa. kaci is aris, vinaca ara kiTxulobs gazeTsa, wignisTvis Saursa zogavs, mearRnes aZlevs maneTsa.

gadaamterebs erTmaneTs qarTlsa, imereTs, kaxeTsa, sakuTars anbans Seudgens samegrelos da svaneTsa. kaci is aris, sicocxle vinac atara tkbilada, sikvdilis Semdeg iwoda didyurianis Svilada.

mravali istoriuli wyaros mixedviT, sul cota 15-20 saukunea eTnonim qarTveliT moixsenieba: egris-margveTis (afxazeTi, samegrelo, guria, qvemo aWara, maWaxeli, lazeTi, imereTi), mesxeTis (zemo aWara, borCxa-murRuli, SavSeTimerxevi, imier da amier tao, eruSeTi, kola, samcxejavaxeTi), istoriuli hereTis (saingilos), fxovis (fSavxevsureTi, mTiuleT-gudamayari, xevi), TuSeTis, svaneTis, Takveris (raWa-leCxumi), kaxeTisa da qarTlis (centraluri qarTli: mcxeTis, goris, xaSuris, borjomis raionebi; Sida qarTli: axalgoris, znauris, cxinvalisa da javis raionebi; qvemo qarTli: rusTavis, gardabnis, dmanisis, marneulis, TeTriwyaros, walkis raionebi) avtoqToni mosaxleoba6. qarTvelTa erovnuli meobis didi istoriis miuxedavad, araiSviaTad, samecniero literaturasa Tu Tanamedrove sainformacio qselSi araqarTvelebad arian warmodgenili: svanebi, megrelebi, aWarlebi, mesxebi; mag.: 1. 2000 wels parizSi gamocemul atlasSi "safrangeTi da samyaro" (La France et le Monde, Atlas) sxvadasxva feriT da 6

samecniero literaturisa da msjelobisaTvis ix., t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi, 2005

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eTnikuri saxeliT arian warmodgenili: qarTvelebi, afxazebi, megrelebi, aWarlebi, svanebi da osebi. 2. "evropis enebis centris" grifiT 2002 wels espaneTSi gamoqveynebul wignSi "Europe of the Peoples" sxvadasxva droSiT da eTnikuri dasaxelebiT arian warmodgenili: qarTvelebi, afxazebi, megrelebi, svanebi da osebi. 3. msoflio globaluri qselis ZiriTadi eTnologiuri enciklopediis mixedviT (2008 wlis mdgomareobiT), saqarTveloSi cxovroben Semdegi eTnosebi/xalxebi: azerbaijanelebi - 308 000, asirielebi (aisorebi) - 3 000, afxazebi - 101 000, bacbebi - 3 420, berZnebi - 38 000, lazebi - 2 000, megrelebi - 500 000, osebi - 100 000, rusebi - 372 000, svanebi (samwerlobo enad iyeneben qarTuls da rusuls) - 15 000, somxebi - 448 0007, urumebi (musulmani berZnebi) - 97 746, qarTvelebi (imerlebi, raWa-leCxumlebi, gurulebi, aWarlebi, imerxevleb-qarTlelebi (Imerxev Kartlian), kaxelebi, ingiloebi, TuSebi, moxeveebi, xevsurebi, fSavlebi, mTiulebi, fereidnelebi, mesxeb-javaxebi) - 3 901 380, qarTveli ebraelebi - 20 000, qurTebi - 40 000 da sxv. (Ethnologue report for Georgia http://www.ethnologue.com).

4. qarTvelTa erTi nawili (megrelebi, lazebi, svanebi) araqarTvelebadaa gamocxadebuli msoflios virtualuri istoriis Tanamedrove gverdze; kerZod, aziis ganyofilebaSi arsebul saqarTvelos vebgverdze gamoqveynebulia saqarTveloSi mcxovreb "eTnikur umciresobaTa" gansaxlebis Semdegi ruka:

rukas darTuli ganmartebebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi umciresobebis enebad miiCneva: 1. CeCnuri; 2. wovaTuSuri; 3. xunZaxuri; 4. uduri; 5. azerbaijanuli; 6. somxuri; 7. lazuri anu Wanuri; 8. megruli; 9. afxazuri; 10. svanuri; 11. osuri. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom am kvalifikaciebis Camosayalibeblad avtorma (P.J. Hillery) cxra weli iSroma (1996-2004)8; aseve wlobiT aqvs saqarTveloSi naRvawi 8

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Sdr.; 2002 wlis aRweriT, saqarTveloSi sul 248 929 somexia; amaTgan 171 139 grigorianelia.

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Sdr.: TiTqmis analogiuria XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis sabWouri midgomac (ix., mag., i. stalini, marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi, Tb., 1951, gv. 18).

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saqarTvelos vebgverdis avtors, b-n adrian Brisku-s (ix. http://vlib.iue.it/history/asia/georgia.html). 5. hokaidos universitetis slavistikuri gamokvlevebis centris profesoris, iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtoris kimitaka macuzatos Sesavali weriliT 2007 wels gamoqveynda krebuli: «Историографический диалог вокруг непризнанных государств: Приднестровье, Нагорный Карабах, Армения, Южная Осетия и Грузия». hokaidos universitetis slavuri kvlevebis centri (sapporo, iaponia); masSi vkiTxulobT (gv. 7): "Если западные страны старались преодолеть межнациональные различия в плане образования и иных социальных возможностей с помощью нетерриториальных мероприятий, нацеленных на индивидов, в СССР присваивали статус этнотериториальным образованиям. Республики с союзным статусом (например, Грузия) имели наилучшие условия для развития, территориальные образования с автономных статусом (например абхазы) – менее благополучные, а этнические группы без территориального образования (например мегрелы) преодолевали огромные трудности с целью сохранить свой язык и идентичность"9... 6. qarTvelTa nawilis araqarTvelebad warmodgena bolo periodis saqarTveloSic xdeba; metic, Zveli wyaroebis gayalbebiT (an araswori interpretaciebiT) cdiloben, daaZvelon amgvari kvalifikaciebi; sanimuSod ganvixilavT erT faqts: saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministrosTan arsebuli rusTavelis (qarTvelologiis) fondis 9 masala kritikuli analiziT warmoadgina prof. vaJa kiknaZem iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis 2007 wlis 3 dekembris samecniero sabWos gafarToebul sxdomaze.

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samecniero sabWos wevrs, q-n n. doborjginiZes "hgonia", rom ipolite romaeli qarTvelebs, megrelebs, svanebs calke xalxebad, Sesabamisad ki qarTuls, megruls da svanurs calke enebad aRiarebs10. Sdr., ipolite romaelis xedviT, sxvadasxva xalxebia: iberebi, kolxebi da sanebi (anu Wanebi - t.f.). n. doborjginiZe SecdomiT erTmaneTTan aTanabrebs terminebs: kolxi da megreli, iberieli da qarTleli; straboni: "dasavleTis iberebis analogiiT, svanebs zogi aRmosavleTis iberebs uwodebs, ramdenadac oqros sabadoebi aris orive iberiaSi..."11 saidan moitana n. doborjginiZem, rom sanebi, svanebi, sanigebi erTi da imave tomis aRmniSvneli saxelebia (ix. iqve, gv. 262)?12 Sdr.: memnoni, straboni, evstaTi episkoposi: "isini, vinc winaT makronebi iyvnen, axla sanebi arian"; ariane: trapezuntidan Zvel lazikamde cxovroben: "sanebi, sanigebi, makronebi, afsilebi, abaskebi..." prokofi kesarieli: "lazebi TavianT qalaqs quTaTiss uwodeben" (logikuria, rom. dedniseuli termini "lazebi" "qarTvelebad" iTargmnos).

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n. doborjginiZe, 2007. berZnul-bizantiuri winaaRmdegobrivi cnobebis analizisaTvis ix. a.uruSaZe, Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, Tb., 1964; t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, 2005, gv. 124-134, 144-184. 12 ipolite romaelis Σαύνοι aris sani (Σαννοι) da ara svani! Sdr.: svani - Σοάνες. samecniero literaturaSi erTmaneTTan samarTlianadaa gaigivebuli sanebi da Wanebi (literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. t.futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 123-126). araiSviaTad, qarTvelTa erTi romelime sazogadoebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli saxeli sxvadasxva eTnonimad/Temonimad miiCneva da piriqiT; amgvari aRrevebi bevr gaugebrobas iwvevs ( t.futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 186-200). 11

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Sdr., agreTve: XV s. italieli mogzauris katerino Zenos cnobiT, "qarTvelebi isini arian, vinc uZvelesi droidan iberebad iwodebian da iqidanve qristianebi arian, iseve rogorc amJamad, gamudumebiT ebrZvian Turqebs trapizonis sazRvarze"13. gaugebaria, n.doborjginiZe ratom endoba winaaRmdegobriv ucxour cnobebs14 da ar eTanxmeba kavkasiis (Tu saqarTvelos) ukeT mcodneT - "qarTlis cxovrebis" Semqmnel mravali Taobis mematianeT - romlebic saukuneebis manZilze acxadeben: megrelebi da svanebi sxva kuTxeebis qarTvelebTan erTad qmnian qarTvel ers; qarTvelebs erTaderTi dedaena aqvT - qarTuli ena (vrclad ix. qvemoT). winaswarve SevniSnavT: Tanamedrove samecniero kvlevebic adasturebs Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis xedvas: saqarTvelos yvela istoriuli kuTxis mosaxleoba (aWarlebi, megrelebi, gurulebi, svanebi, imerlebi, raWvelebi, leCxumlebi...), maT Soris ucxo saxelmwifos velSi moxvedrilTa didi nawilic, tradiciulad, Tavs qarTvelad aRiqvams; Tumca, bunebrivia, sxva qveynis saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi myofi sazogadoebis TviTaRqma garkveul koreqtirebas ganicdis akademiuri ganaTlebis ararsebobis (deficitis) pirobebSi. ganaTlebisa da enobriv-eTnikuri TviTaRqmis mimarTeba lazebis magaliTze ganvixiloT: mravalwaxnagovani istoriuli kataklizmebis gamo, lazebs sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul velSi 13

Targmani mogvyavs d.berZeniSvilis broSuridan (d.berZeniSvili, 2008, gv. 14). 14 ucnauria is faqtic, rom Tavis wignSi: ”svanuri ena” (Tb., 2007) prof. zurab WumburiZe WeSmaritebad acxadebs n. doborjginiZis aSkara Secdomebs.

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uxdebaT cxovreba. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia sakuTari warsulis codnis xarisxic, rac pirdapirproporciulad aisaxeba erovnul-enobriv TviTaRqmaze; kerZod: lazTa erTi nawili (ZiriTadad, sarfisa da gonioaxalsoflis mkvidrni) ar mowyvetila qarTvelur kulturul-saxelmwifoebriv vels; Sesabamisad, am mosaxleobam icis, rom megrelTa, kaxelTa, mesxTa, fxovelTa... msgavsad, isinic arian erTiani qarTveluri kulturisa da saerToqarTvelur enobriv struqturaze dafuZnebuli mwignobrobis avtorebi; maTTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli mefeebis didi nawilis garda, lazeT-samegrelos Svilni iyvnen qarTveluri kulturis Semqmnelebi: iovane lazi, ioane minCxi, stefane sananoisZe, ioane petriwi, iovane maruSisZe, Wyondidlebi... dadianebi, Ciqovanebi, gamsaxurdiebi da mravali sxva. lazTa meore nawili aRizarda TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi. maT daviwyebuli aqvT TavianTi kilo da, Turquli ganaTlebis sistemis Sesabamisad, Tavs Turqebad miiCneven. TurqeTsa da evropaSi moRvawe lazTa mesame nawilisaTvis ucnobia (bunebrivia, ara yvelasaTvis!) saerToqarTveluri kulturis qmnadobis procesSi laz-megrelTa monawileoba, magram maT ician, rom lazebi enobriveTnikurad arsebiTad gansxvavdebian Turqebisagan. lazTa es jgufi sakuTari metyvelebis bazaze cdilobs axla Seqmnas samwignobro ena da "gadaarCinos" TavisTavadoba. saqarTvelos amJamindeli sazRvrebis gareT mcxovreb qarTvelebs xSirad ara aqvT informacia sakuTari istoriis/kulturis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove teqnologiebis pirobebSi Zneli araa samecniero codnis gansazogadoebrioba; Cvens SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis keTilmezobluri urTierTobis pirobebSi unda Seiqmnas 17

obieqturi samecniero informaciis gacvlis veli, romelic yvela lazs saSualebas miscems icodes: 1. kolxuri (kolxur-yobanuri) arqeologiuri kulturis sazRvrebi cxadyofs, rom saxelmwifo: kolxa/kilxa/kolxida ocamde qarTvelur toms/Tems aerTianebda da Tavisi arsiT qarTveluri (zogadqarTuli) xasiaTisaa. 2. qarTveluri samwignobro ena efuZneba saerTo qarTvelur enobriv models da ara qarTlurs, kaxurs an sxva romelime qarTvelur kilos; pirveli qarTuli asomTavruli warwerebi SemorCenilia iovane lazis monasterSi, qarTuli himnografiis erT-erTi fuZemdebelia lazi/megreli ioane minCxi da sxv. 3. saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli saxelmwifos ideologebi da winamZRolebi metwilad iyvnen lazurmegruli warmoSobis didgvarovnebi (bagrationebi, Wyondidlebi da sxva); 4. lazTa folklorSi (msgavsad imerxevelTa, taoelTa, svanTa, herTa, kaxTa...) gamorCeulad pativsacemi adgili uWiravs erTiani saqarTvelos did mefes - Tamars (qarTvelTa saerTo istoriis amsaxveli es masala i.yifSiZis mier erTi saukunis winaa Cawerili)15. yovel ers Tu eTnikur-enobriv umciresobas da, bunebrivia, TurqeTsa Tu germaniaSi mcxovreb lazebsac, aqvT ufleba, icodnen TavianTi warmomavloba. am da sxva analogiuri faqtebis codna obieqtur vels Seqmnis lazTa qarTveluri TviTaRqmisaTvis16. 15

msjelobisaTvis ix., agreTve: t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 51-52 . eTno-kulturuli warsuli didwilad gansazRvravs pirovnebisa Tu sazogadoebis erovnul meobas (identobas). obieqturi TviTaRqma mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis safuZvelia. 16

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eTnikur-enobrivi umciresobebis sakiTxi yovelTvis aqtualuri iyo evropaSi, sadac, sabWoTa imperiisgan gansxvavebiT, logikuri kanonmdeblobac Seiqmna; kerZod: 1992 wlis 5 noembers evrosabWos wevrma saxelmwifoebma strasburgSi miiRes "evropuli qartia regionaluri da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb", xolo 1995 wlis 1 Tebervals aqve xeli moewera "CarCo konvencias erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb". aRniSnuli dokumentebi evrosabWos wevrebisa da wevrobis msurvelTaTvis warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelo debulebebis krebuls erovnul da lingvistur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis sferoSi; kerZod, qartia da konvencia iTxovs: saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mosaxleobisgan gansxvavebuli avtoqToni eTnikuri Tu enobriv-kulturuli jgufebisTvis umciresobis statusis miniWebasa da saTanado uflebebiT aRWurvas (avtoqTonobasa da gansxvavebul enaze xazgasmaa qartiis ganmartebiTi moxsenebis pirvelive punqtSi). konvenciisa da qartiis mixedviT, umciresobaTa uflebebi STambeWdavia: eTnikur-enobrivi umciresobis enaze unda moxdes saxelmwifo saqmiswarmoeba (Sesabamis regionSi) da swavleba baga-baRSi, skolasa da umaRles saswavlebelSi. ix., mag., qartiis me-8 muxlis I.e. punqti: saxelmwifom unda miiRos zomebi, raTa "xelmisawvdomi gaxados sauniversiteto da sxva saxis umaRlesi ganaTleba Sesabamis regionalur da umciresobaTa enebze". konvenciis me-12 ganmartebaSi vkiTxulobT: "konvencia ar iZleva erovnuli umciresobis cnebis ganmartebas im praqtikuli mosazrebis gamo, rom mocemul etapze SeuZlebeli iqneboda imgvari formulirebis Semo-

19

Tavazeba, romelsac evropis sabWos yvela wevri saxelmwifo dauWerda mxars". msgavs azrs gadmoscems qartiis XVII ganmartebac: "qartia ar gansazRvravs enas arc socialur-politikuri Tu eTnikuri niSniT, rogorc ama Tu im konkretuli socialuri Tu eTnikuri jgufis komunikaciis saSualebas; amgvarad, qartia ar iZleva enobrivi umciresobis cnebis gansazRvrebas". enis Sesaxeb evrosabWos xedva gamoTqmulia qartiis 32-e ganmartebaSi: "qartia ar gansazRvravs, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos calke enad gamoxatvis esa Tu is konkretuli forma"; aqve, mocemulia regionaluri da umciresobis enis zogadi definicia: regionaluri ena aris saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi im avtoqToni erovnuli/eTnikuri umciresobis ena, romelic umravlesobaa mocemul regionSi, xolo umciresobis enaa iseTi avtoqToni eTnikuri umciresobis ena, romelic ricxobriv umciresobaSia Tavissave regionSi (ix., qartiis I muxli da qartiis me-18 ganmarteba)17. evrosabWos dokumentebis mixedviT, umciresobis enad ar miiCneva saxelmwifo enis saxesxvaoba da migrantTa ena; kerZod, qartiis pirveli muxlis a punqtis meore nawilSi da qartiis 32-e ganmartebaSi xazgasmiTaa naTqvami: "regionaluri/umciresobaTa enebi ar gulisxmobs (ar moicavs) saxelmwifos oficialuri enis saxesxvaobebs, dialeqtebsa da migrantTa enebs". sxva SemTxvevebisTvis, qartiisa da konvenciis mixedviT, umciresobisa da damoukidebeli enis cnebebis gansazRvris ufleba aqvs konkretul saxelmwifos: 17

vrclad ix., t. futkaraZe, eTnolingvisturi terminebi da evropuli qartia umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb, Tb., 2005

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"qartia prerogativas aniWebs konkretuli qveynis xelisuflebas, demokratiuli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tavad gansazRvros is kriteriumebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac am qveynis teritoriaze gavrcelebul ama Tu im enas mieniWeba damoukidebeli enis statusi" (32-e ganmarteba; ix. agreTve, qartiis ganmartebebis me-18 nawili). e.i. evropuli saxelmwifoebis xelisuflebebi Tvlian (samarTlianadac - t.f.), rom erovnul Tu enobriv umciresobad misaCnevi sazogadoeba unda iyos aborigeni - mocemuli teritoriis Tavdapirveli, ZvelisZveli binadari da misi ena unda iyos gansxvavebuli saxelmwifo enisgan; mag., dabadebidan germaniis moqalaqe ramdenime milion Turqsac ki germanelebi ar miiCneven erovnul umciresobad, vinaidan, miuxedavad am diasporis sakmaod xangrZlivi istoriisa, isini aq mainc migrantebad arian CaTvlili (Sdr.: avtoqToni - ama Tu im qveynis ZvelisZveli mkvidri mosaxleoba). migrant da avtoqTon jgufTa enebis gansxvavebis aucilebloba mkafiodaa aRniSnuli qartiis sxva monakveTebSi: ganmartebiTi moxsenebis 31-e nawili: "qartiis debulebebi moicavs mxolod istoriul enebs, anu im enebs, romlebic didi xania gavrcelebulia mocemuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze". amrigad, evrokavSirma miznad daisaxa, daicvas da gadaarCinos avtoqTon enobriv-eTnikur umciresobaTa enebi/kulturebi. evrokavSiris am kargi iniciativis ganxorcielebaSi aqtiurad CaerTo iunesko da sxva mZlavri organizaciebi (mag., "Volkswagen-Stiftung"-is saerTaSoriso fondi), romlebmac didi Tanxebi gamoyves "politikuri da socialuri

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mizezebis gamo safrTxis qveS myofi" umciresobebis enebis/kulturebis gadasarCenad. 2008 wlamde qartiasa da konvencias SeuerTda 44 qveyana, ratificireba ki moaxdina ocdacxrametma: belgiis, saberZneTis, islandiisa da luqsemburgis parlamentebs jerjerobiT ar daudasturebiaT mTavrobebis xelmowerili dokumentebi. evrosabWos am dokumentebs 2000 wels saqarTvelos saxeliT xeli moawera e. SevardnaZem; "saqarTvelos parlamentma" 2005 wlis 13 oqtombers daamowma konvencia; uaxloes xanSi ki igegmeba "enebis qartiis" dadasturebac; Sesabamisad, sasurvelia, saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo doneze moxdes SeTanxmeba (konsensusi) "enebis qartiaSi" warmodgenili cnebebisa da saqarTvelos "umciresobaTa enebis" CamonaTvalis Sesaxeb. rogorc zemoTac vnaxeT, garkveuli jgufebis mier saqarTvelos umciresobebad warmodgenilia, erTi mxriv, migrantebi, meore mxriv ki - avtoqToni qarTvelebi18. damowmebuli rukebisa Tu kvalifikaciebis avtorT iqneb mxolod keTilSobiluri mizani amoZravebT: surT, saqarTveloSi "aRricxon" da "daicvan" "erovnuli/enobrivi umciresobebis" uflebebi; magram aqvT ki maT obieqturi informacia? meti sicxadisaTvis, wina planze wamovwioT ori mTavari kiTxva: _ ra samecniero argumentiT an evrosabWos romeli dokumentis mixedviT unda miviCnioT eTnikur/enobriv um18

qarTuli sazogadoebis Tu politikuri speqtris erT nawilSic araadekvaturad iqna gaazrebuli terminebi "regionaluri ena" da "umciresobis ena".

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ciresobebad aSkara migrantebi - axalqalaqis, cxinvalisa da rusTavis mimdebare raionebSi mcxovrebi: somxebi, osebi, azerbaijanelebi? miT umetes, am xalxebs saqarTvelos mezoblad TavianTi saxelmwifoebi aqvT. _ ra samecniero argumentiT an evrosabWos romeli dokumentis mixedviT CaiTvleba enobriv umciresobad qarTvelTa romelime jgufi, an regionalur Tu umciresobis enad - qarTvelTa kilo? migrantTa, diasporaTa da avtoqTon eTnikur umciresobaTa Sesaxeb msjeloba sxva droisaTvis gadavdoT. regionaluri da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb "evropuli qartiis" miRebis Semdeg, gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi evropul struqturebSi aqtualuri gaxda eTnikur umciresobaTa da umciresobaTa enebis uflebebis dacvis sakiTxi saqarTveloSic; Sesabamisad, gaCnda interesi, Seqmniliyo zemoT warmodgenili rukebi Tu kvalifikaciebi; Cans, maT safuZvlad aiRes sabWoTa periodis kvalifikaciebi. samwuxarod, politikuri da samecniero speqtris erTma nawilmac sabWoTa tradiciis Sesabamisad da saqarTvelos sinamdvilisTvis araadekvaturad gaiazra "enebis qartiis" terminebi: eTnikuri umciresoba, regionaluri ena, enobrivi umciresoba, umciresobis ena; Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos enebisa da umciresobebis Sesaxeb maT mierac araadekvaturi kvalifikaciebi qveyndeba. ufro arsebiTi ki is aris, rom es jgufi aRmoCnda saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa Tu sauniversiteto ganaTlebis sadaveebTan (20002008 wlebSi); mag., saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministroSi, Tbilisis wamyvan saxelmwifo universitetebis saTanado instanciebSi "aminds" dResac eseni qmnian da 23

araTu cdiloben, obieqturi informaciebi Seitanon axal saxelmZRvaneloebsa Tu saerTaSoriso samecnierosacnobaro velSi, aramed, piriqiT, Tavad gvevlinebian saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situaciis, rbilad rom vTqvaT, dausabuTebeli mosazrebis damcvelebad19. arsebuli terminologiuri winaaRmdegobebis mosaxsnelad Tu qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros adekvaturad gasaazreblad, pirvel rigSi, mowodebuli unda iyos enaTmecnierebis instituti; Tumca, am institutis mier axlaxan gamocemul "qarTuli enis enciklopediaSi" warmodgenili sabWouri kvalifikaciebis siWarbe cxadyofs, rom am institutis amJamindeli direqcia da samecniero sabWo Sorsaa istoriuli Tu Tanamedrove realobis gaazrebisgan. aqve aRvniSnavT: institutis zogi warmomadgeneli cdilobs, gaayalbos saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis poziciac ki; erT magaliTs moviyvan: qarTveli eris dedaeklesiis enis istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II naTlad ambobs: ”me mecnierebs SevTavaze, iqneb vTqvaT ase - qarTuli ena Tavisi ganStoebebiT. msgavsad imisa, rogorc Sto amouva xes, - asea es dialeqtebic... maTi saerTo Ziri da fuZe aris qarTuli ena... RmerTi aerTianebs, xolo eSmaki hyofs. amitom yvelam kargad unda gaviazroT da sxvebsac davumtkicoT, rom qarTuli ena aris erTi, megruli da

svanuri dialeqtebi ki misgan gamomdinare ganStoebebia... (”sapatriarqos uwyebani, # 16 (416), 17-23 maisi, 2007 w. Sdr., damaxinjebuli damowmeba: "uTuod droulia, vusminoT nebas, gamoxatuls saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis bageTagan - qarTvelTa enebi erTiani qarTulis ganStoebebia!"20 vfiqrob, mkiTxvelisTvis gasakviri ar unda iyos, samecniero literatura Tu uaxlesi saerTaSoriso sainformacio qseli ratomaa "gajerebuli" saqarTvelos "umciresobaTa" Sesaxeb araadekvaturi kvalifikaciebiT (sxva mizezebi ix., agreTve, qvemoT).

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mag., n. ladaria megrelTa dedaenad miiCnevs megruls; misi azriT, qarTvelTa eTnikuri jgufebia: megrelebi, svanebi, bacbebi... (n. ladaria, 2002, gv. 22-23, 111-113; Sdr., aqve, 43-e gverdzea sxva "gaugebari" kvalifikaciac: "dialeqti aris enis eTnikuri saxesxvaoba"; ix., agreTve: k. gabunia, 2004 (sadac terminebis: eTnikuri jgufi, ena araswori gamoyenebiT saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situacia araadekvaturadaa warmodgenili).

24

20

prof. a. arabulis es modifikacia ix.: "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi", 2007, gv. 40.

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istoriuli eqskursi: dedaena da dialeqtebi Tu qarTveluri enebi? samecniero literaturaSi qarTvelTa sametyvelo erTeulebis klasifikaciis Sesaxeb ori ZiriTadi mosazreba arsebobs: I. qarTvelebs gvaqvs erTi dedaena - qarTuli (romelic aris qarTvelTa saeklesio, saxelmwifo, samwignobro ena) da ocze meti dialeqti; II. qarTvelebs gvaqvs 3-4 dedaena Tu 6-7 ena21: qarTuli, megrul-lazuri, svanuri... naTelia, rom zemoT warmodgenili saqarTvelos e.w. umciresobaTa enebis rukebisa da aramarTebuli eTnologiuri kvalifikaciebis avtorebs udavo WeSmaritebad miCneuli aqvT meore mosazreba. bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: istoriulad ra safuZveli aqvs da mecnierulad ramdenadaa dasabuTebuli mosazrebebi, rom qarTvelebs gvaqvs erTi, sami/oTxi Tu Svidi ena? problema vrcladaa gaanalizebuli samecniero literaturaSi22. sruli safuZveli gvaqvs vTqvaT, rom amJamad 21

mag., g. gogolaSvili Tvlis, rom lazuris, megrulis da svanuris garda, qarTvelebs gvaqvs kidev 5 qarTuli ena: Zveli qarTuli ena, axali qarTuli ena, saSuali qarTuli ena, Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo ena, axali qarTuli saliteraturo ena (g. gogolaSvili, 2004, gv. 32-37); Sdr., msgavsi mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli i. koriakovs, romelic fiqrobs, rom arsebobs eqvsi qarTveluri ena: megruli, lazuri, Zveli qarTuli, saSualo qarTuli, saeklesio qarTuli, svanuri (i. koriakovi, 2006, gv. 39-42; Sdr., i. koriakovi 1 darguuli enis nacvlad 18 enas gamoyofs: darguul kiloebs enebad acxadebs). qarTvelTa 6-7 enis arsebobis mtkiceba araseriozulia da mas aq ar ganvixilavT. 22 istoriisaTvis ix., T. gvancelaZe, 2006.

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arsebobs ori ZiriTadi mosazreba, romelic, Cemi azriT, cxadyofs, rom arsebobs ori qarTvelologiuri skola; kerZod: pirveli: tradiciuli qarTuli skola, romelic saTaves iRebs "qarTlis cxovrebis" Semqnel mematianeTa mier mowodebuli faqtebis analizidan; misi ZiriTadi samecniero debulebebi Camoyalibda XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze, magram TiTqmis miviwyebul iqna sabWoTa imperiis dros; am skolis mixedviT, qarTvelebs erTi dedaena gvaqvs da qarTuli kultura yvela qarTveluri Temisgan Seiqmna. meore: sankt-peterburgSi - ruseTis imperiis dedaqalaqSi - XIX saukunis dasasruls safuZveldebuli da politizebuli qarTvelologiuri skola, romelic warmatebiT fuqcionirebda sabWoTa periodSi. am skolis mTavari debulebebia 3-4 qarTveluri enis arseboba da e.w. qarTizacia-qarTvelizacia. sabWouri kvalifikaciebis inerciiT, problemis sagangebod Seswavlamde (1994-2000 wlebamde), mec vimeorebdi amgvar kvalifikaciebs. sakiTxis istorias aq mokled warmovadgenT23: "qarTlis cxovrebis" Semqmnel mematianeTa mravali Taoba araerTxel Seexo kavkasiisa da msoflios enebis Temas; arc erT saukuneSi ar Secvlila Tavdapirveli midgoma: Zveli qarTuli wyaroebidanve saxeldeba qarTvelTa mxolod erTi ena: "iyvnes qarTls esreT aRreul ese yovelni naTesavni, da izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina equsi ena: somxuri, qarTuli, xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli, berZnuli; maTgan farnavazma "ganavrco ena~ qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa" (q. c., 1955, gv.16, 26). 23

vrclad ix., t. futkaraZe, 2005.

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aqve aRvniSnavT, rom ucxouri wyaroebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze dasturdeba sul mcire aTamde qarTveluri tomi24, romelTac, zogi (arcTu sando) wyaros mixedviT, Tav-TavianTi "enebi" Tu dialeqtebi aqvT; "qarTlis cxovrebidanac" Cans, rom saqarTveloSi bevri qarTveluri Temia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, qarTveli mematianeni qarTvelTa kuTxur metyvelebebs calke enad ar miiCneven (maT mimarT ar iyeneben qarTulis aRmniSvnel tolfard cnebas) da Tvlian, rom qarTvelebs erTi ena gvaqvs (bunebrivia, maT mier nagulisxmevia, rom qarTvelTa kuTxuri metyvelebebi qarTulis zepiri saxesxvaobebia, kiloebia). arc qarTul da arc ucxour saistorio wyaroebSi ar gvaqvs sagangebo msjeloba, Tu qarTveluri modgma ratom miiCneva erTi Tu mravali enis patronad. logikuria vifiqroT, rom qarTveli mematianeebi ufro obieqtur informaciebs flobdnen, vidre saqarTvelos sinamdvilisgan Sors myofi ucxoelebi25. 24

Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze aqtiurad Canan: kolxebi/kolaelebi, mosxebi/mesxebi, taoxebi, tibarenebi, saspeirebi, xalibebi, xaldebi/qaldebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni/ekeqe~rebi, henioxebi, sanebi, sanigebi/sanikebi (terminebi: kolxebi da mesxebi sxvadasxva dros konkretul Temebsac miemarTeboda da tomTa gaerTianebebsac)... 25 aseT SemTxvevaSi romelime ucxouri cnobis utyuarad miCneva, rbilad rom vTqvaT, gaumarTlebelia. yvelas aqvs ufleba, Tavisi azri hqondes, an gaiziaros esa Tu is mosazreba, Tumca, umjobesia mosazreba/azri raime arguments emyarebodes. Sdr., "ucnauria" saqarTvelos TiTqosda axlos mcnobi zogi ucxoelis xedvac; mag., v. boederis logikiT, qarTuli mwignobrobis istoriaSi konstantine gamsaxurdias wvlili isevea gansaxilveli, rogorc poloneli konradisa inglisur literaturaSi; kerZod: is wers: ”CemTvis gaugebaria, ra kavSiri aqvs qarTulad mwerali lazebis, megrelebisa da svanebis qarTul literaturaSi

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adreul saukuneebSi enis statusis gansazRvrisa da qarTvelTa erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa "iverielTa erTobis traqtati", romelsac 1790 wels xeli moaweres qarTlkaxeTis, samegrelos, imereTisa da guriis mefe-mTavrebma; traqtatSi mkafiodaa naTqvami: "vinaidan yovelTave iverielTa, msaxlobelTa samefosa Sina qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisaTa aqvsT erT morwmuneoba, arian Svilni erTisa kaTolike eklesiisagan Sobilni da erTisa enisa mqonebelni, aqvsT mavasxelobiTica (urTierTvaldebulebiTi - t.f.) siyvaruli viTarca sisxliT naTesavTa da moyvarobiT SekrulTa urTierTTa Soris. amisaTvis Cven zemoxsenebulad qveyanaTa iveriisa da mefeni da mTavarni damamtkicebelni saukunosa amis pirobisa saxeliT yovlad Zlierisa RvTisaTa aRvsTqvamT mtkicesa amas erTobasa, romelica TviTeulad SemdgomTa Sina hazrTa cxad iqmnebis..." XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi, roca yalibdeba enaTmecnierebis dargi da mecnierTa mier qveyndeba sxvadasxva enaTa CamonaTvali, qarTveluri sametyvelo erTeulebis Sesaxebac winaaRmdegobrivi (da dausabuTebeli) mosazrebebi Cndeba: zogi Tvlis, rom qarTvelebs erTi ena gvaqvs (iohan anton giuldenStedti...), zogis azriT ki - sami/oTxi (georg rozeni...). XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ruseTis imperiam saqarTveloSi iaraRis ZaliT gaauqma mefis xelisufleba da Tanamonawileobas sakiTxTan, erTgvari qarTulia Tu ara lazuri ena da a.S. im faqtidan, rom polonelma jozef konradma didi wvlili Seitana inglisur literaturaSi, ar gamomdinareobs, rom polon-

29

fizikurad gaanadgura saqarTvelos samefo gvari (bagrationTa dinastia); Semdeg mospo qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliac da saqarTvelo Tavis guberniad aqcia. imperiis mesveurni grZnobdnen/grZnoben, rom amierkavkasiis sabolood SenarCunebisTvis saWiroa qarTveli eris waSla-daqucmaceba; Sesabamisad, XIX saukunis meore naxevridan dRemde ruseTis imperiis moxeleebi, erTi mxriv, qarTvelTa genocidiT cdiloben saqarTvelos teritoriaze demografiuli situaciis Secvlas, meore mxriv ki eTnolingvisturi "kvlevebiT" intensiurad eswrafvian, araqarTvelebad warmoadginon qarTvelTa erTi nawili: aWarlebi, lazebi, megrelebi, svanebi, mesxebi, herebi da sxv. paralelurad, imperiis mecnierebis mier XIX saukunis dasasrulidan dRemde qarTvelTa mcire nawili (qarTlelebi) asimilatorad cxaddeba "araqarTvelebad" miCneul qarTvelTa didi nawilisaTvis; kerZod, XIX saukunis dasasruls peterburgSi Camoyalibda e.w. qarTizaciis Teoria (q. patkaniani, n. mari...), romlis mixedviTac "qarTebma" daipyres amJamindeli qarTlis provinciis aRmosavleTi, dasavleTi, samxreTi, CrdiloeTi mxareebi da TavianTi ena Tu kultura Tavs moaxvies sxva "xalxebs": kaxelebs, herebs, megrelebs, lazebs, svanebs, mesxebs, fxovelebs, TuSebs, afxazebs... qarTlelebma moaxdines ra am "xalxebis" gaqarTveleba, TiTqosda Seqmnes saqarTvelos imperia26. msoflios arc erTi wyaro ar adasturebs e. w. "qarTis" tomis arsebobas, maSin roca Zveli cnobebis uri inglisuris dialeqtia” (v.boederi, 2005, gv. 231); Sdr., t. futkaraZe, 2003, gv. 207-227. 26 dResac am usafuZvlo Teorias bevri mecnieri brmad iziarebs (kritikisaTvis ix. qvemoT).

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mixedviT, istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze aqtiurad Canan: kolxebi/kolaelebi, mosxebi/mesxebi, taoxebi, tibarenebi, saspeirebi, xalibebi, xaldebi/qaldebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni/ekeqe~rebi, henioxebi, sanebi, sanigebi/sanikebi, lazebi, svanebi, TuSebi... amaTgan, Semdgomi msjelobisTvis sainteresoa termini kolxi. Zvel ucxour wyaroebSi qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvnel saxelebs Soris yvelaze popularulia terminebi: kolxi, kolxa, kilxa, kolxida. ak. uruSaZis da sxvaTa varaudiT, Tavdapirvelad, berZnebi kolxeTSi mTel qarTvelur samyaros gulisxmobdnen (ak. uruSaZe, 1964, gv. 6). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sxvadasxva dros qarTveluri tomebis am teritoriis saxelad gvidasturdeba: aRmosavleTis iberia (Sdr.: pirineis naxevarkunZuli dasavleTis iberia) da kavkasiis iberia; kerZod, terminebi: kavkasiis iberia da aRmosavleTis iberia pirvelad Cndeba Zv. w. IV-II saukuneebis avtorebTan: megasTenesTan, TeofrastosTan, dionise periegetTan... (v. vaSakiZe, 1993, gv. 61). plutarqes cnobiT, kavkasiis mTavari erebi albanelebi da iberebi arian; misi azriT, iberebi binadroben dasavleTiT mesxeTis (evfrat-Worox-mtkvar-araqsis wyalgamyof) mTebTan da pontos zRvasTan, albanelebi ki - aRmosavleTiT, kaspiis zRvasTan (iv. javaxiSvili, 1950, gv. 18). Sdr., agreTve: strabonTan svanebi iberiul tomadaa moxseniebuli. vatikanSi daculi "saeklesio analebis" mixedviT, kolxeTi zemo iberiaa: "iberiis im nawilma, romelic pontos zRvasTan mdebareobs da kolxidad iwodeba, saxareba jer kidev imperator traianes (98-117) dros mqadagebeli papi wm. klementis (pa31

pobis wlebi - 88-97) SemweobiT miiRo... rac Seexeba qvemo iberebs, romlebic kavkasiis mTebTan, kaspiis zRvis axlos cxovroben, Tvlian, rom maT qristianoba imperator konstantines dros miiRes” (i. tabaRua, 1984, gv. 171). vfiqrob, naTelia, rom ucxouri wyaroebSi dadasturebuli terminebi: kolxa da aRmosavleTis iberia Zvel wyaroebSi mainc sinonimebia, romelsac istoriul qarTul wyaroebSi termini qarTli Seesatyviseba. aseve: kolxi, araiSviaTad, "yovelTa qarTvelTa" (qarTvelur TemTa: svanTa, egriselTa, fxovelTa, mesxTa...) aRmniSvneli saxelia. am mosazrebas mxars uWers kolxur-yobanuri arqeologiuri kulturis sazRvrebic (sinopedan soWamde; Savi zRvidan mcxeTamde): i. gagoSiZisa da j. afaqiZis gamokvlevebma savsebiT daadastura b. kuftinis mosazreba, rom Sida qarTlis arqeologiuri masala kolxuri kulturis organuli nawilia: "aTaswleulidan moyolebuli, taxtiZirisa da cxinvalis regionis arqeologiuri masala mxolod kolxuri kulturis "filtraciiT" ver aixsneba; qarTlis iberia uSualo monawilea didi kolxuri kulturisa" (i. gagoSiZe, 1964, gv. 86; i. gagoSiZe, 1997; i. gagoSiZe, 2003; j. afaqiZe, 2002). vfiqrob: aia-kolxeTi qarTveluri Temebis saxelmwifoa, romelsac qarTuli saistorio tradicia warmarTul qarTlad ixseniebs27. Cemi azriT, am saxelmwifos ena iyo saerToqarTveluri ena. misi

politikuri da kulturuli memkvidreoba grZeldeba azonisa da quj-farnavazis saxelmwifoTi28. Sdr.: "qarTlis cxovrebis" qarTli dasavleT saqarTvelosac moicavda: Zveli qarTlis kultura da saxelmwifoebrivi tradicia dasavlurqarTveluri mosaxleobis kuTvnilebac iyo; garda amisa, rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, asomTavruli anbani Seiqmna saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze da ara qarTluri kilos mixedviT29. vfiqrob, logikuria davuSvaT, rom rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos, aseve samxreT Tu aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis istoriuli dedaenaa saerToqarTveluris mixedviT Seqmnili qarTuli samwignobro ena: qarTvelebs erTi dedaena gvaqvs. es faqti sakamaTo ar gamxdara XIX saukunis dasasrulamde. qarTvelur ena-kiloTa statusis Sesaxeb aqtiuri diskusia daiwyo saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiis damkvidrebis Semdeg; kerZod, XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi ruseTis imperiis moxeleebi acxadeben, rom qarTvelebi ar arian: megrelebi, svanebi, Sesabamisad, maTi metyvelebebi damoukidebeli umwerlobo enebia. rusi moxeleebi "exmarebodnen" "uwignur" "velurebs" da calkeuli dialeqtebis mixedviT qmnidnen "samwignobro enebs" - "axal dedaenebs"; kerZod: ruseTis xelisuflebis davalebiT rusma samxedro moxelem - generalma uslarma rusuli alfavitiT Seqmna afxazuri da svanuri anbanebi. "luSnu anbaniT" balsqvemour kiloze Targmnes wminda werili.

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dResac terminebi: kolxi da qarTveli, kolxuri kultura da qarTveluri kultura sinonomebad unda gaviazroT (miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriis zog monakveTSi kolxica da qarTvelic mxolod erTi kuTxis mosaxleobis aRmniSvnelad viwrovdeboda).

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28 29

t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 259-397 ix. qvemoT

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imperiis davalebiT Seiqmna aseve ori megruli anbani; erTi Seqmna al. grenma, meore - Tada aSordiam 30. ruseTis mizani didi xania cnobilia: qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturuli da eTnikuri danawevreba, saqarTvelos dapyroba da amierkavkasiis samudamod moqceva Tavis geopolitikur velSi. am miznis miRwevas istoriis yvela etapze qarTveli eris enobrivi danawevrebis gziT cdilobs. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSic qarTveli sazogado moRvaweni, zogadad qarTveloba (gansakuTrebiT samegre-

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petre qavTaraZe ixsenebs (www.geocities.com/komblege/petre.htm): "kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelma ianovskim peterburgidan specialurad moiwvia enaTmecnieri al. greni. grenma "energiulad" mohkida qarTuli enis saziano saqmes xeli da erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi Seadgina "megruli anbani". magram al. grens metoqe gauCnda zugdidis saqalaqo saswavleblis maswavleblis _ Tada aSordias saxiT, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, Seadgina "dida nina" (megruli anbani). grenis anbani rusuli asoebisagan Sedgeboda, magram cxramet asos xazzeviTa da xazqveviTa niSnebi hqonda. aSordias anbanic rusuli asoebisagan Sedgeboda, magram ramdenime qarTuli aso eria, garda amisa, mxolod or asos hqonda xazqveviTa niSani... ori anbanis erTdroulad dabadebam maTs avtorebs Soris mtroba Camoagdo. mtroba pirad safuZvelze iyo agebuli; orive cdilobda Tavisi anbani gavrcelebuliyo da uareyo meore. ganaTlebis moxeleebi cdilobdnen aSordia da greni SeerigebinaT da orives saerTo anbani Seeqmna... sabolood saqme iqamde midioda, rom qarTuli ena idevneboda da mis adgils TandaTanobiT rusuli ena ikavebda. swored es iyo ganaTlebis moxeleTa winaswar Cafiqrebuli mizani... qarTuli enis sruli gandevna samegrelos skolebidan mainc ver xerxdeboda saRvTo sjulis swavlebis gamo... komisiam (niko dadianis TavmjdomareobiT) locvis qarTul enaze warmarTva moiTxova. amis Sesaxeb ix. gaz. "iveria", 1889, # 89. saRvTo sjulis swavlebis enad kvlav qarTuli ena darCa”.

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los mosaxleoba) win aRudga imperias. cnobil avtorTa SefasebaTagan ramdenimes davimowmebT: iakob gogebaSvili ("megruli dawyebiTi skolis sakiTxisaTvis", 1903): "megrelTa tomi qarTul enas yovelTvis Tvlida Tavis ZiriTad mSobliur enad, xolo Tavis adgilobriv dialeqts ucqeroda rogorc mSobliur kilos..." 31 ambrosi xelaia: (1906, gv. 122-123; 131-132); "cdilobdnen samegrelos skolebidan da eklesiebidan gaedevnaT qarTuli ena; am faqtma "erovnulobis SenarCunebis Zalumi swrafva gamoaRviZa: megrelebi ganimsWvalen TavianTi saliteraturo da saeklesio enis dacvis ideiT..." rusifikatorTa sapasuxod samegrelosa da afxazeTis sasoflo sazogadoebebisgan gaigzavna ganCinebani saeklesio-samrevlo skolebSi qarTuli enis swavlebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. eparqiis maswavlebelTa sabWom ganixila aRniSnuli ganCinebani, CaTvala isini pativiscemis Rirsad da daadgina: "im samrevlo skolebSi, sadac mosaxleoba laparakobs qarTuli enis megrul dialeqtze, qarTuli enis swavleba aucilebelia"... xazgamiT unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvelur ena-kiloTa Sesaxeb XIX saukunis meore naxevrisa da XX saukunis sabWoTa periodamdel samecniero literaturaSi arsebul gansxvavebul interpretaciaTagan megrulis, lazuris Tu svanurisTvis enis statuss irCevdnen ruseTis xelisuflebis (da rusuli eklesiis) warmomadgenlebi, xolo 31

dRes paradoqsuli situacia gvaqvs: iakob gogebaSvilis sazogadoebis saxeliT sazogado asparezze Cans piri (prof. g.gogolaSvili), romelic iakob gogebaSvils uyalbebs am arsebiT debulebas; metic, iakobs miawers kolxeTis qarTizaciis ideasac (ix., "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi", Tb., 2007, gv. 111-113),

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qarTveli sazogado moRvaweni maT aRsaniSnavad kilos iyenebdnen (Sdr., agreTve maSindeli terminebi: samSoblo ena da saTemo ena; maTTvis saTemo ena iyo megrulic, imerulic, mesxuric, xevsurulic, svanuric...); amis Sesaxeb kargad wers T. saxokia: "yvelas mogexsenebaT, rom megruli enis sakiTxi rusebis Semosvlamde ar arsebobda. es sakiTxi gaCnda mas aqeT, rac rusebma saqarTveloSi fexi moikides. roca saqarTvelos sxvadasxva samTavroebi gauqmda da Cveni samSoblos sxvadasxva nawilebi gaerTianda, rusis mTavrobam igrZno am gaerTianebis saSiSroeba da gadawyda xelovnurad Seeqmna daqucmaceba Cvenis qveynisa. 1870-ian wlebSi ieriSi mitanil iqna samegrelos skolebze. aq saministro skolebidan qarTuli ena gamodevnil iyo, rogorc aradedaena".32 kiTxvaze: rusi moxeleebisgan gansxvavebiT, ratom miaCndaT qarTvel moRvaweebs, rom megruli, svanuri da lazuri qarTuli enis kiloebia? pasuxi erTia: ori dedaena ar arsebobs; yvela qarTvelis istoriuli dedaenaa qarTuli ena, xolo kuTxuri metyvelebebi - kiloebia; Sdr.: grigol orbeliani: "ra ena waxdes, eri daeces"; ilia WavWavaZe: "ena istoriaa erisa, pirveli niSani eris vinaobisa - enaa"; vaJa-fSavela: “eri dedaa enisa"... aq aRar moviyvanT v. f. humboldtis, l. vaisbergeris, g. ramiSvilis da mraval sxvaTa mosazrebebs enisa da eris urTierTgansazRvris Sesaxeb33. 32 srulad ix., T.gvancelaZe, 2006, gv. 124-130; aq naxavT dokumentur masalasac, Tu 1992 wels saxelmwifo damnaSaveebi S. afridoniZis xelSewyobiT rogor cdilobdnen, prorusuli politikisTvis gamoeyenebinaT T. saxokias es patriotuli, rusuli imperiuli politikis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli werili. 33 t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, quTaisi, 2005, gv. 25-27.

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samecniero polemikis istoriiT dainteresebuli Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisTvis saintereso iqneba iv. javaxiSvilis erTi citatac: ivane javaxiSvili (1992, gv. 53-54): im dros, rodesac Tavisi Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebani pirvelad gamoaqveyna, n. marrisTvis megruli, Wanuri da svanuri qarTuli enis "Zmurad dakavSirebuli cocxali kilokavebi", dialeqtebi iyo mxolod... mkiTxveli samarTlianad gaocebuli iqneba, rodesac missave 1912 w. sajarod warmoTqmulsa dabeWdil sityvaSi: "kavkasia da sulieri kulturis Zeglebi" imave avtoris amgvar msjelobas Sehxvdeba: "qarTvelTmcodneni, qarTul nacionalur Sexedulebaze damynobilni, ugulebels hyofdnen mTel rigs qarTulis, Tumca monaTesave, magram damoukidebel enebs, rogorc mag. svanurs, megruls, Wanurs da maT qarTulis `damaxinjebul" Tqmad anu dialeqtad sTvlidnen"-o... avtors daviwyebia, rom amgvarive "nacionalisturi" Sexeduleba masac hqonda, 1905 da 1908 wlebSi megruli, Wanuri da svanuri masac qarTulis cocxal kilokavebad miaCnda". momdevno periodSi am kamaTs axali "energia" misca i. stalinma; kerZod, misma wignma: "marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi"34 samecniero velidan didi xniT gandevna tradiciuli erTi qarTveluri enis Teoria: enaTmecnierTaTvis (ara mxolod maTTvis) diqtatoris mosazrebebi oficialur instruqciad iqca; mag., i. stalinis wignSi (gv. 18) vkiTxulobT: "kulturul-nacionaluri avtonomia gulisxmobs cotaT Tu bevrad ganviTarebul erovnebebs ganviTarebuli kulturiT, literaturiT. uampirobod es avtonomia yovelgvar mniSvnelobas kargavs, uazrobad iqceva. magram

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kavkasiaSi arian mTeli rigi xalxebi, romelTac primitiuli kultura, gansakuTrebuli ena aqvT, magram mSobliur literaturas moklebulni arian... ra vuyoT aseT xalxebs: megrelebs, afxazebs, aWarlebs, svanebs, lekebs da sxv., romlebic sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben, magram TavianTi literatura ki ara aqvT?" (gv. 138-139)... "nacionaluri sakiTxi kavkasiaSi SeiZleba gadaiWras mxolod im mimarTulebiT, rom dagvianebuli erebi da xalxebi (megrelebi, svanebi, aWarlebi... xazgasma Cemia - t.f.) umaRlesi kulturis saerTo kalapotSi movaqcioT" (gv. 142). XX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde samecniero wreebSi mainc gagrZelda kamaTi, magram maleve xangrZlivad Sewyda. 20-iani wlebis enaTmecnieruli diskusiidan movitanT cnobili enaTmecnieris - silovan xundaZis35 erT frazas: "SaniZem unda icodes, rom qarTuli enis formebis Seswavlis dros maTi Sedareba monaTesave kilo-kavebis formebTan interess aorkecebs. garda amisa, saWiroa, rom Cvenma mozardma Taobam icodes, rom megruli da svanuri enebi Stoebia qarTuli enisa da ara gansxvavebuli enebi, rogorc amas ambobdnen da dResac amboben mterni da orgulni Cveni qveynisa" ("saxalxo saqme", 1919, #709, gv.2). ruseTis enobrivi diversia sabWoTa periodSic gagrZelda. XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos ck-m miiRo dadgenileba: "megruli enis privilegiebis aR-

sadgenad skolaSi, sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebisas da gazeTis gamocemis saqmeSi". mogvianebiT, amgvarma kvalifikaciam l. berias protestic ki gamoiwvia; kerZod, 1937 wlis 16 ivniss i.stalinisadmi miweril werilSi is akritikebs sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis Sesabamis institutebs, romelTa oficialur instruqciebSi aWarlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, lazebi da wova-TuSebi qarTvelebad ar miiCneodnen36. sabWoTa imperiasac aRudga win samegrelos mosaxleoba, gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen am kuTxeSi aRzrdili cnobili moRvaweebi; mag., konstantine gamsaxurdiam, qarTuli samwignobro enis qmnadobis ZvelqarTuli tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT, dReisTvisac aqtualuri Teoriuli postulati Camoayaliba: "Cemis azriT, unda xdebodes enis reparacia adgilobrivi dialeqtebis saSualebiT. unda SemouSvaT qarTul (samwignobro) enaSi rogorc megrul-svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSav-xevsuruli... vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTul enas..." (k. gamsaxurdia, 1922; ix. aTtomeuli, 1983, t.VII, gv. 411); Sdr., agreTve: "XX saukunis mwerlobam unda mogvces ilias qarTluris, akakis imerulis, vaJas fSauris, megrulisa da guruli enobrivi elementebis sruli sinTezi. ai, es iqneba idealuri literaturuli qarTuli (k. gamsaxurdia, 1929; aTtomeuli, 1983, t.VII, gv. 499)...37

34

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i. stalini, marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi, Tb., 1951. s. xundaZis qarTul gramatikas, romelic 7-jer iyo gamocemuli (V gamocema, 1917, quTaisi; VI gamocema, 1919, quTaisi; VII Sevsebuli gamocema, "merani", quTaisi, 1920), bolos darTuli aqvs "qarTuli enis kilokavebis (megrulisa da svanuris) gramatikuli formebi". s. xundaZe gardaicvala 1928 wels. 35

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l. berias werili gamosaqveyneblad moamzada v. gurulma (”axali droeba”, 1999, # 1, gv. 25-27. 37 am tradiciul midgomasTan srul SesabamisobaSia am cota xnis winaT saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis gancxadeba, rom qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi unda SevitanoT narCevi megrullazur-svanuri dialeqturi leqsikac (jerjerobiT qarTuli enis

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sabednierod, XX saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi qarTvelTaTvis kiloebis mixedviT axali "saliteraturo enebis" Seqmnis procesi SeCerda. XX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebis mijnaze, roca realuri gaxda sabWoTa imperiis ngreva, ganaxlda svanurad da megrulad "bibliis" Targmnac da isev gaaqtiurda megruli da lazuri "dedaenebisa" da "anbanebis" Seqmnis sakiTxic; kerZod, rogorc v. foirStainis sajaro gancxadebidan gairkva, prof. o. gigineiSvilis davalebiT man lazeTSi gaavrcela "lazuri dedaena", romelic osman tamtrulis fsevdonimiT TbilisSi Seqmnes mixeil qurdianma da waTe bawaSma. m. qurdianma kerZo saubarSi dagvidastura es faqti, magram aRSfoTebiT aRniSna, rom man da w. bawaSma "lazuri dedaenis" anbani Seadgines qarTuli SriftiT, xolo v. foirStainma maT daukiTxavad laTinuriT Secvala38 da aseTi variantiT gaavrcela. aqve aRvniSnavT erT saintereso garemoebasac: ufro adre oTar gigineiSvili jemal narakiZis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulSi Sedis mxolod qarTvelTa sxva kiloebis monacemebi). 38 axlaxan gamoqveynebul "qarTuli enis enciklopediaSi" (Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 31) m.qurdiani Tavad wers, rom man da w. bawaSma "lazuri dedaena" ("nananena") Seqmnes "qarTuli da laTinuri damwerlobebis anbanebis safuZvelze" (v.foirStainsa da o. gigineiSvils aRar axsenebs). Tavisi dialeqtis bazaze qarTvelTa erT jgufs axal dedaenas qarTuli anbaniT ”Seuqmni” Tu laTinuriT, amiT bevri araferi icvleba; lazebma, romlebic saqarTveloSi (sarfSi, gonioSi) cxovroben, kargad ician, rom maTi winaprebi qarTuli kulturisa da saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnis Tanamonawileni arian; Sesabamisad, maTi erovnuli identoba iseTivea, rogoric: aWarlebis, gurulebis, imerlebis, megrelebis... sxva qveynis saganmanaTleblo velSi aRzrdil lazT ”axali dedaena” ki ara, obieqturi informacia esaWiroebaT sakuTar warsulze, vinaidan erovnul meobas ayalibebs winaprebis kulturisa da saxelmwifoebriobis istoriis obieqturi codna.

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fsevdonimiTa da cnobili folkloristis _ zurab Tandilavas redaqtorobiT aqveynebs wigns: "lazuri paramiTefe" (1982), romlis winasityvaobaSi xazgasmiT wers: "lazuri zRaprebi dawerilia qarTuli enis lazurmegrul dialeqtze."39 XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi iqmneba "megruli dedaenac" ("nanaSi nina")", romlis avtoria giorgi siWinava40. XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan sazRvargareTis seriozul samecniero konferenciebze saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situaciis TiTqosda kargad mcodne da, j. hiuitisgan gansxvavebiT, kargi reputaciis mqone mecnierebisganac ki gaxSirda qarTvelTa erTi nawilis (megrelebis, lazebis, svanebis, mesxebis...) araqarTvelebad gamocxadeba; pirdapir Tu iribad, subieqturobis braldebiT grZeldeba mecnieruli qarTvelologiis kritikac41. SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos, rom XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan daiwyo cnobili istoriuli moRvaweebis poziciebis gayalbebac; mag.: - 1997 wels darejan TvalTvaZem gamoaqveyna petre Waraias mier 1910 wels Seqmnili megruli saleqsikono ma39

dawvrilebiT ix., t. futkaraZe, 2005, nawili I, gv. 74. g. siWinava dadanaSaulebuli iyo g. eliavas "SearaRebuli amboxis" organizebaSi. 41 bolo periodSi (2000-2008) saqarTveloSi SeiniSneba "saintereso" tendenciac: ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sferoSi did Tanamdebobze iniSnebian qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikurad danawevrebis mxardamWeri pirebi; araiSviaTad, zogi cdilobs, karg mecnierebad warmoadginos is ucxoelebi (mag., j. hiuiti da sxv.), romlebic aramecnierul, rig SemTxvevaSi ki antiqarTulad politizebul kvalifikaciebsa Tu lingvistur rukebs avrceleben mTel msoflioSi. 40

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sala; gamomcemelma didi Sroma gaswia, magram, ratomRac, ar gaiTvaliswina gardacvlili avtoris principebi da didi moRvawis naSroms daarqva megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni (p. Waraia Tvlida, rom megruli qarTulis dialeqtia!); - 2007 wels gamoica besarion niJaraZis mier 1888 wels Seqmnili orenovani qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, sadac qarTul formebs miwerili aqvs balszemouri kilos saleqsikono masalac. b. niJaraZe samarTlianad Tvlida, rom svanebis dedaena qarTulia; kerZod, werilSi "ra enaze adideben da adidebdnen svanebi RmerTs (1904), b. niJaraZe werda: "svanuri namdvilad qarTulia, mxolod aqa-iq Secvlila, magram zogierTebi ver Sehrigebian am azrs da gaiZaxian, svanebi sul sxva xalxiao!.. netav vicode, visTvis an risTvisaa saWiro es daJineba da svanebis gasxvistomeba"42. besarion niJaraZis naSromis gamomcemlebmac ar gaiTvaliswines gardacvilili avtoris pozicia da leqsikons uwodes: samenovani qarTul-svanur-rusuli leqsikoni. samwuxarod, rogorc ukve zemoT vnaxeT, rusuli (sabWouri) istoriul-eTnologiuri usafuZvlo kvalifikaciebi dRemde farTodaa gavrcelebuli evropis, amerikisa da aziis samecniero (Tu sainformacio) velSi. bolo dros intensiurad iqmneba da vrceldeba saqarTvelos enobrivi situaciisadmi miZRvnili araadekvaturi rukebi; samagaliTod gavaanalizebT or lingvistur rukas. 42 vrclad ix., t. futkaraZe, n. nakani, "svanebi saliteraturo enisa da svanuri metyvelebis Sesaxeb (qarTvelTa erovnul-enobrivi TviTmikuTvnebulobis sakiTxi)", samecniero-popularuli gazeTi `qarTuli", 2001, #7, gv. 2.; ix., agreTve: r. gujejiani, mama besarioni (niJaraZe), mestiisa da zemo svaneTis eparqiis gazeTi, 4 ivnisi, 2007; ix., aqve: t. futkaraZe, svanuri - arqauli qarTulis nairsaxeoba.

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pirvel rigSi warmovadgenT i. gipertis namuSevars (http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/kauk/kaukasm.htm; amave piris xelmZRvanelobiTaa momzadebuli proeqti: "enobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi"):

xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom b-ni i. giperti am rukaze muSaobda 10 wlis manZilze (1993-2003 wlebSi), magram Sedegi mainc metad araobieqturi da aramecnieruli miviReT, radganac avtori eyrdnoba gasuli saukunis 30iani wlebis Semdgom faqtobrivad dRemde gabatonebul e.w. 4 qarTveluri enis Teorias; kerZod, am rukis mixedviT: _ samegreloSi, svaneTSi, afxazeTSi, lazeTSi, imerxevsa da cxinvalis mxareSi qarTuli ena ar aris avtoqToni qarTvelebis dedaena; _ afxazeTis TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze (galSic ki!) kompaqturad cxovrobs afxazur enaze molaparake eTnosi; 43

_ centralur da samxreT qarTlSi xelovnuradaa gazrdili osurenovani mosaxleobis raodenoba da sxv. ufro Sors midis lingvisturi rukebis erT-erTi cnobili Tanamedrove avtori i. koriakovi; kerZod, mas hgonia, rom terminebi: samegrelo da istoriuli kolxa (Colkhis) sinonimuri cnebebia; Sesabamisad, megruli da kolxuri erTi da igive ena hgonia:

i. koriakovis rukis mixedviT gamodis, rom megrelebi sxva qarTvelebisgan enobrivad gamijnulni arian sul mcire 3200 welia43.

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am mimarTulebiT ufro Sors midis m.qurdiani, misi azriT, qarTuli da zanur-svanuri erTmaneTs gaemijnen, sul mcire, 6000 wlis win (2008, gv. 9); Sdr., Tanamedrove evropuli enebi Camoyalibdnen bolo 1000-2000 welSi (Zveli berZnuli Tvisobrivad sxva enaa, Tanac am uZvelesi anbanuri damwerlobis mqone enis asakic ver gadaSordeba

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naTelia, rom i. koriakovi da i. giperti kargad ar icnoben saqarTvelos lingvokulturul istoriasa da awmyos. cxadia isic, rom i. gipertma zedmeti gulmodginebiT "gaiTvaliswina" saqarTveloSi arsebuli ori (afxazuri da osuri) avtonomiis sazRvrebi44. garda amisa, Cans, TavianTi rukebis agebisas i. koriakovma da i. gipertma gamoiyenes mxolod im mecnierTa mosazrebebi, romlebic qarTul enobriv samyarosTan mimarTebiT arasworad iyeneben terminebs: eTnosi, umwerlobo (arasamwerlobo) ena, eTnikuri dialeqti/ena, tomobrivi metyveleba, eTnikuri ena45, tomi46, tomobrivi ena da sxv.. 4000 wels, werilobiTi tradiciis uqonel zanur-svanur Tu sxva enobriv erTeulze ki laparakic zedmetia). 44 sxva sakiTxia i. gipertis legitimuri finansuri interesi: evropeli mecnierebisTvis xelmisawvdomia didbiujetiani grantebi, Tuki isini Seqmnian proeqtebs "safrTxis qveS myofi enebis” Sesaxeb. 45 Sdr.: b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, 1989, gv. 42: "saqarTvelos eTnikur kuTxeebSi (xevsureTSi, xevSi, qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, imereTSi, guriaSi...) gavrcelebuli metyveleba (xevsuruli, moxeuri, qarTluri...) teritoriuli dialeqtebia, Tumca arsebiTad aq eTnikur dialeqtebTan gvaqvs saqme, kerZod, tomobriv metyvelebasTan". 1995 wels gamoqveynebul b. jorbenaZis "qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebSi" ki vkiTxulobT (gv. 17): qarTvelebis lokaluri eTnikuri jgufebia: xevsurebi, fSavlebi, moxeevebi, TuSebi, mTiulebi da gudamayrelebi, qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, mesxebi (samcxelebi), javaxebi, raWvelebi, imerlebi, leCxumlebi, gurulebi, aWarlebi, ingiloebi, fereidnelebi, imerxevlebi, SavSelebi, klarjebi; xolo "zanebi aerTianeben or eTnikur lokalur jgufs: megrelebsa da Wanebs (lazebs)..." es damxmare saxelmZRvanelo gamoqveynebulia prof. b. jorbenaZis gardacvalebis Semdeg g. gogolaSvilisa da g. saliaSvilis redaqtorobiT. 46 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulis mixedviT, ratomRac, Tanamedrove qarTvel tomebad miCneulni arian: aWarlebi, TuSebi, lazebi da svanebi, xolo gurulebi, xevsurebi, megrelebi, mesxebi... gansazRvrulni arian, rogorc saqarTvelos erT-

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am terminTa nawili sabWouri gadmonaSTia47, nawili ki arasworadaa gamoyenebuli; mag.: sabWoTa kavSirSi terminebis: "tomi", "tomobrivi ena” aqtiur gamoyenebas saTave daudo f. engelsisa da i. stalinis "moZRvrebebma". 1913-1951 wlebSi i. stalinis ideologizebuli doqtrina "marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi" 4-jer gamoica; 1951 wels gamoqveynda stalinis sxva "naSromic", sadac aseve aqtualuri terminia tomobrivi ena48; Sesabamisad, imperiis velSi moRvawe mecnierebi iZulebulni iyvnen, ufro maRali idealebis gadasarCenad garkveul kompromisebze wasuliyvnen. dRes droa, gadaisinjos zogi maSindeli kvalifikacia; Sdr., mag.: arn. Ciqobava, "enaTmecnierebis Sesavali”, gv. 99-114: "tomobrivi enebis nimuSad Cveni sinamdvilidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT qarTvel tomTa enebi: svanuri, zanuri (megrul-Wanuri)”. agreTve, "enaTmecnierebis Sesavlis sakiTxebi" (g. axvledianis redaqciiT), Tb., 1972: svanuri da zanuri (megrul-Wanuri) tomobrivi enebia amerikel indielTa enebis (algonkinuris, irokezulis, acketuris...), an daRestnis enebis (waxurulis, andiuris...) msgavsad. vfiqrob, logikuria r. TofCiSvilis Tvalsazrisi, rom Tanamedrove qarTvelebTan mimarTebiT miuRebelia terminebi: tomi da tomobrivi ena:

erTi kuTxis mcxovrebni; damatebiTi msjelobisa da samecniero literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 33-70 47 "sabWoTa periodSi daumkvidrda megruls da svanurs umwerlobo enebis statusi" (T., bolqvaZe, 2007, gv. 221) 48 ix., "marqsizmi da enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, ike, t. 3, gv. 5-32; Sdr.:

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tomi winafeodaluri gaerTianebis - eTnosis aRmniSvnelia49. zemoT warmodgenili masalidan naTlad Cans, rom bolo periodSi aris mcdeloba, sabWoTa kavSiris dros e.w. tomobriv enebad CaTvlili qarTveluri kiloebi saxeldebul iqnas "eTnikuri umciresobis enebad", qarTvelTa erTi nawili ki - saqarTveloSi enobriv umciresobad cxaddeba. am TvalsazrisiT, kritikas ver uZlebs "kiTxvari qarTvelur enebze molaparakeTaTvis"50. i. gipertisa da misi Tanamzraxvelebis mier Seqmnili es dokumenti momzadda proeqtis "enobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi" farglebSi. proeqtis prezentacia moxda saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministroSi (27. 12. 2005 w.). umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb "evropuli qartiis" fonze Tu ganvixilavT aRniSnul "kiTxvars", aSkaraa: proeqtis avtorebi miiCneven, rom saqarTveloSi qarTuli enisgan Seviwroebulia megruli, lazuri da svanuri (ase ganacxada i. gipertma proeqtis prezentaciis dros). bunebrivia, qarTul samecniero sivrceSi am proeqtis avkargianoba Sefasda da mwvave kritikis obieqtadac iqca

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garda amisa, e.w. tomobrivi ena Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi gaigeba rogorc ganuviTarebel eTnikur umciresobaTa ena. 50 kiTxvaris Seqmnaze pasuxismgeblobas iReben proeqtis "enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi" qarTveluri enebis jgufis xelmZRvaneli, g. gogolaSvili, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris qarTuli enisa da literaturis sagnobrivi jgufis koordinatori, fil. mecn. doqtori k. gabunia da jgufis wevrebi: arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutis direqtori, fil. mecn. kand. l. ezugbaia, fil. mecn. kand. W. qiria (ix. kreb. "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi", Tb., 2007, gv. 6264).

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(ix., mag., akad. T. gvancelaZis51, prof. n. quTelias52 da sxvaTa Sefasebebi); aq warmovadgenT mxolod akad. g. kvaracxelias mosazrebas am proeqtis Sesaxeb: "roca am proeqts vecnobodiT, mis kuratorad dasaxelebuli iyo j. hiuiti53, visi miznebi da interesebi aravisTvis damaluli ar aris. amave dros, proeqtis warmomdgenma54 ilaparaka qarTuli saliteraturo enis gavlenis Sesaxeb svanurze, romelic "daCagrulad" moixsenia. gasagebia, yovel seriozul kvlevas dafinanseba esaWiroeba, magram am fasad? amgvari "dasabuTebebi", romlebic xSirad gvxvdeba ucxouri grantebis mosapoveblad, arc eTikuria da arc usafrTxo, Tavi rom davaneboT imas, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba isini realobas. me es iq (ganaTlebis saministroSi; xazgasma Cemia - t.f.) vTqvi"55. meti sinaTlisTvis aqve warmovadgenT xsenebuli "kiTxvaris" ramdenime "tests" savaraudo pasuxebiT: _ ra enaze gindaT, rom ganaTleba miiRon Tqvenma Svilebma? (megrul-lazur, qarTul, svanur Tu sxva)? ratom? _ romel enaze loculobT eklesiaSi (megrul-lazur, qarTul, svanur Tu sxva)? _ saWirod migaCniaT Tu ara satelevizio gadacemebi megrul-lazur/svanur enebze?

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T. gvancelaZe, aucilebeli ganmartebani, gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnali, 2007, # 7, gv. 51-62. 52 qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv. 18. 53 j. hiuits saqarTveloSi dRemde hyavs damcvelebi da Tanamoazreni; ix., n. ladaria, 2002, gv. 58. 54 saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministroSi proeqti sajarod waradgina prof. i. gipertma. 55 g. kvaracxelias sruli teqsti ix.: "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi", 2007, gv. 13.

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_ saWirod migaCniaT Tu ara radiogadacemebi megrullazur/svanur enaze? _ saWirod TvliT Tu ara, rom presa gamodiodes megrullazur/svanur enaze? Tu ara ratom? _ iciT Tu ara, gamodis Jurnal-gazeTebi megrullazur/svanur enebze saqarTveloSi? _ romelia TqvenTvis meore ena? (qarTuli, megrullazuri, svanuri Tu sxva). _ romelia TqvenTvis mesame (meoTxe) ena? (qarTuli, megrul-lazuri, svanuri Tu sxva)...56 gaugebaria, ganaTlebul qarTvel adamians ratom unda daebados survili, rom sul mcire 20-saukunovani samwignobro tradiciis mqone qarTvels (megrels, svans) hkiTxos: _ ra enaze gindaT, rom ganaTleba miiRon Tqvenma Svilebma? (megrul-lazur, qarTul, svanur Tu sxva)? ratom? is vinc ambobs, rom qarTulisgan iCagreba svanuri da megruli57, an acxadebs, rom qarTuli megrelis dedaena ar aris58, mas surs, qarTvelTa nawili aiZulos, ifiqros 56

am kiTxvarze momuSave jgufs xelmZRvanelobs g. gogolaSvili. g. kvaracxelia: "proeqtis warmomdgenma ilaparaka qarTuli saliteraturo enis gavlenis Sesaxeb svanurze, romelic "daCagrulad" moixsenia". 58 ix., n. ladaria, 2002, gv. 22-23, sadac wers, rom kiTxvaris grafaSi ”dedaena” megrelma unda Caweros megruli ena da ara - qarTuli ena. politikur dajgufebaTa Tu arasamTavroboTa erTi nawilic ("Serigebis resursebi", Tavisuflebis instituti, respublikuri partia, WaWia-giorgaZis”jgufi da saqarTvelos konfederaciuli Tu federaciuli mowyobis sxva momxreni) aqtiurad cdilobs, megrul-lazursa da svanurs mieniWos "regionaluri enebis" statusi, raTa es qarTveluri kiloebi iqces saqmiswarmoebis, RvTismsaxurebisa da ganaTlebis enad (dokumenturi masalisaTvis ix. mag., gazeTi "asaval-dasavali", 5-11 noemberi, 2007 w. 57

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RvTismsaxurebisa da ganaTlebis enad megrulis, lazuris, svanuris SemoRebis Sesaxeb. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samecniero-sainformacio qselSi umwignobro qarTvelur enebad saxeldebuli qarTveluri kiloebi ukve aRiarebulia eTnikuri umciresobebis enebad. karsaa momdgari evrosabWos valdebulebebic59. aSkaraa: qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros istoriis araadekvaturi gaazrebis gamo safrTxe emuqreba qarTveli eris mravalsaukunovan enobriv da eTnokulturul erTianobas. "umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb evrosabWos qartiis" umTavresi moTxovnebis fonze ori ram unda davuSvaT: an: i. gipertis jgufi, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, xels uwyobs, rom qarTvelTa calkeul dialeqtebs saqarTveloSi mieniWos umciresobaTa enebis uflebebi; Sesabamisad, mravalsaukunovani samwignobro enis mqone qarTvelebma (megrelebma, svanebma, lazebma...) dRes kiloebis bazaze miiRon ganaTleba da daiwyon RvTismsaxureba.

sxva masala ix. T. gvancelaZe, enisa da kilos sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006, gv. 130-139; msjelobisTvis ix. agreTve: http://www.pdfcoke.com/doc/6505547). 59 2007 wlis 18 marts saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis gadacemaSi "dRis komentari daviT afrasiZesTan erTad" evrosabWoSi saqarTvelos parlamentis warmomadgenelma levan berZeniSvilma ganacxada, rom saqarTvelom evrosabWos winaSe aiRo valdebuleba, daabrunos e.w. Turqi mesxebi da umciresobaTa enebis statusi mianiWos svanursa da megruls... cxadia, rom amgvari ulogiko "valdebulebis" SesrulebiT safrTxe Seeqmneba saqarTvelos erTianobasac da mravalsaukunovani samwignobro tradicia waerTmeva samegrelos, lazeTisa da svaneTis mosaxleobas.

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an: am "kiTxvaris" avtorebma ar ician evrosabWos "enebis qartiis" debulebebi da, amave dros, TavianTi kvalifikaciebisas eyrdnobian meTodologiurad gaumarTavi lingvisturi Tu eTnologiuri kvlevebis Sedegebs. aqve kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: keTilSobiluri miznis mqone evropuli dokumentebi araviTar safrTxes ar Seicavs, Tumca maT ratifikacias saqarTvelosTvis savalalo Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves, Tuki saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situacia oficialurad aRiwereba e.w. sami/oTxi qarTveluri enis mixedviT; kerZod, "regionaluri da umciresobaTa enebis" Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis ratificirebis dros saqarTvelos enaTa CamonaTvalSi Tuki 2-3 "umwignobro qarTveluri ena" dafiqsirdeba, ulogikod da xelovnurad waxalisdeba qarTvelTa mravalsaukunovani enobriv-eTnikur-kulturuli erTobis danawevreba (ruseTis imperiis didi xnis ocneba!)60. Sdr.: am dros safrTxes "ver xedaven" Cveni oponentebi, romlebic cdiloben miCqmalon arsebuli problema61; metic, ruseTis imperiis mier politizebuli e. w. oTxi qarTveluri enis Teoriis mimarT Cveni62 kritika maT sakiTxis politizebad CaTvales, xolo imperiis centrSi Seqmnili politizebuli mosazrebebi - mecnierebad. 60

ruseTi ar jerdeba afxazeTisa da cxinvalis mxaris warTmevas; mas didi geopolitikuri miznebi aqvs. 61 ix., qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv. 12, sadac g. gogolaSvili wers, rom t.futkaraZis, T.gvancelaZis, m.tabiZis (da sxvaTa) mier "saxifaTod danaxul perspeqtivas araviTari realuri safuZveli ar gaaCnia"! komentari mkiTxvelisTvis migvindvia. 62 Cemi da Cemi kolegebisa (romelTa ricxvi bevrad aRemateba "sameuls" da momavalSi ufro meti iqneba.).

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vin axdens problemis politizebas? patiosnad dainteresebuli pirovneba am kiTxvaze ufro iolad ipovis pasuxs, Tuki Tvals gadaavlebs enad Tu kilod kvalifikaciis kriteriumebs, qarTuli samwignobro enis sayrdeni enobrivi modelis problemas da e.w. qarTizaciis "Teoriis" istorias.

enisa da kilos gamijvnis e. w. "wminda lingvisturi" kriteriumebi da qarTvelur ena-kiloTa sakiTxi dRes pirvel rigSi, angariSi uTuod unda gaewios erT garemoebas: evrosabWos zemoT ganxilul dokumentebSic, Tanamedrove eTnologiur Tu lingvistur literaturaSic da istoriuladac, ena da eTnosi Tu kilo da Temi (eTnografiul-teritoriuli jgufi) urTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebia63: rogorc wesi, xalxebis eTnikuri klasifikacia da eTnikuri identobis (TviTobis) gansazRvra ZiriTadad enis mixedviT xdeba; Sesabamisad, arsebiTia swori meTodologiiT miRebuli (logikuri) daskvnebi konkretuli enisa da kilos statusis Sesaxeb. XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis bolos Cems kolegebsa da me TvalSi mogvxvda erTi faqti: ucxoeli kolegebi seriozul samecniero forumebze bilingvebad (orenovnebad) warmoadgendnen megrelebs, 63

vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, 2005.

52

svanebs; araiSviaTad, megrel-svanebi miiCneoda araqarTvel bilingvebadac. davsviT kiTxva: ra saxis argumentebs emyarebian evropeli/amerikeli mecnierebi, roca qarTvelTa erT nawils orenovan araqarTvelebad acxadeben? pasuxi am SemTxvevaSic martivi aRmoCnda: isini saqarTvelos "xalxebis", eTnosebis, eTnikuri jgufebis raodenobasa da xasiaTs gansazRvraven "enebis" mixedviT, xolo "qarTveluri enebis" Sesaxeb masalas imowmebdnen qarTvel mecnierTa naSromebidan. sakiTxis istoriis Seswavlam CvenTvis bevri ram gaxada naTeli; dRemde am Temaze gamoqveynda aTeulobiT naSromi. Cveni mTavari daskvnaa: enaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiT argumentirebuli ar aris samecniero wreebSi dRemde gabatonebuli e. w. 3-4 qarTveluri enis Teoria64. Sesabamisad, e. w. qarTizacias Teoriasa da peterburgSi Seqmnil qarTvelologiis politizebul skolas istoriuli Tu mecnieruli argumentebi ar eZebneba65. aqvea aRsaniSnavi, rom 3 qarTveluri enis Teorias bolo periodSi aqtiurad icavs qarTvel enaTmecnierTa

64

msjelobisa da bibliografiisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, I naw., quTaisi, 2005; T. gvancelaZe, enisa da kilos sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, 2006; m. tabiZe, enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da qarTuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2005; m. naWyebia, saqarTvelos eTnolingvisturi terminebi, Tb., 2006; r. Serozia, qarTveluri saliteraturo enisa da sulxan-sabas "sityvis konis" zogi sakiTxisaTvis, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XI, quTaisi, 2007. 65 msjeloba ix., agreTve, qvemoT, samwignobro enis sayrden enobriv modelze msjelobisas.

53

mcire jgufi66; mag., 1996 wlidan saenaTmecniero konferenciebze msgavsi TematikiT, magram Cvengan gansxvavebuli daskvnebiT aqtiurdeba m. qurdiani. kerZod, mas ratomRac hgonia, rom ena-kiloTa statusi ueWvelad dgindeba "istoriul-SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis" mier. misi azriT, Tuki sametyvelo erTeulebs Soris arsebobs "bgeraTSesatyvisoba", isini monaTesave enebia, Tu arada - dialeqtebi. m. qurdiani dRemde manipulirebs ra komparativistikisa da sociolingvistikis terminebiT, cdilobs, araspecialistebi daarwmunos, rom, mag., svanuri svanebis dedaenaa, xolo qarTuli - erovnuli ena. Sdr.: guram ramiSvili: erovnuli ena da dedaena sinonimebia67. sxvagan m. qurdiani aseve uargumentod acxadebs, rom "wminda enaTmecnieruli" gansazRvriT, svanuri da zanuri "damoukidebeli enebia", xolo sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT - qarTuli enis dialeqtebi68. 66

axlaxan e. w. qarTizaciis dausabuTebel Teorias mimdevrebi gamouCndnen TurqeTSic (masalisaTvis ix., mag., Ali Arslan, Tarihsel ve Sosyolojik Olarak Kartvel Niçin Hıristiyan Demektir? (www.gamarcoba.com). 67 g. ramiSvili, dedaenis Teoria, 2000, gv. 7; qarTuli enis, rogorc qarTvelTa erTaderTi dedaenis Sesaxeb msjelobisaTvis ix. iqve, gv. 6-9). araiSviaTad, Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi termini "erovnuli ena" gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo enis sinonimadac; Tu davuSvebT, rom m. qurdianisTvis erovnuli ena saxelmwifo enis sinonimia, aseT SemTxvevaSi, sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, mag., saqarTvelos moqalaqe afxazTa Tu somexTa dedaenebi da qarTvelTa balszemouri (svanuri), megruli Tu guruli dialeqtebi qarTulTan mimarTebiT erT rigSi warmodgeba, rac, aseve, sruli gaugebrobaa; sinamdvileSi: saqarTveloSi afxazuri regionaluri (/eTnikuri umciresobis) enaa, somxuri - migrantTa ena, xolo balszemouri, megruli da guruli - qarTvelTa dialeqtebi. 68 qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv, 6-9; ix. agreTve: m. qurdiani, 1996; Sdr.: t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 65.

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Sdr., agreTve: m. qurdianis azriT, "wminda enaTmecnieruli" midgomiT rusuli da ukrainuli dialeqtebia da ara enebi, ramdenadac maT Soris ar aris regularuli da kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyvisobebi; misive mtkicebiT, sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, imerxevelTa qarTuli Turquli enis dialeqtia. sruli pasuxismgeblobiT vambobT: m. qurdianis amgvari debulebebi Sedegia istoriulSedarebiTi enaTmecnierebisa da sociolingvistikis miznebis aRrevisa69; kerZod: pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnavT, rom saerTaSoriso standartebiT da, swored rom sociolingvisturi parametrebis mixedviT, qarTuli ena TurqeTSi aris ara Turquli enis dialeqti, aramed - eTnikuri umciresobis ena: TurqeTis amJamindel saxelmwifoSi arTvinis guberniaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi avtoqTonebi arian; TurqeTSi gamoicema qarTulenovani Jurnalebi, gazeTebi. iqaur qarTvelebs aqvT ramdenime qarTulenovani sainterneto radioc. meore: ukrainelebi ar daujereben m. qurdians da, Sesabamisad, kilod arasodes miiCneven TavianT dedaenas; mesame: yvela svanisTvis qarTuli aris winaprebis 69

usafuZvlo da xelovnuria e. w. "sakuTriv lingvisturi" da sociolingvisturi cnebebis "koliziaze" enaTmecnier a. arabulis msjelobac (qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv, 34-40). sociolingvistika enaTmecnierebis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa da ara mecnierebis sxva dargi; mag., morfologia enas swavlobs agebulebis mixedviT, xolo sociolingvistika - funqciis mixedviT. sakiTxis istoriisTvis: megrulis sxvadasxva statusis (”lingvistikurad” ena - ”kulturulad” dialeqti) Sesaxeb n. maris msjelobis kritikisaTvis ix.: arn. Ciqobava, 1952, gv. 366 (arn. Ciqobava n. mars uwunebda lazurisadmi midgomis "ormag standarts"); ix., agreTve: T. gvancelaZe, 2006; gv. 19; b. jorbenaZe, 1995, gv. 20; Sdr., t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 65.

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mier Seqmnili dedaenac (/erovnuli enac)70, saeklesio enac, saliteraturo enac, saxelmwifo enac; xolo, mag., laSxuri laSxelisTvis mSobliuri kiloa. erTi wuTiT gavyveT m. qurdianis logikas da davsvaT kiTxvebi: _ mis mier "wminda lingvistur" "kiloebad" gamocxadebuli rusuli an ukrainuli mTeli msoflios mier ratomaa aRiarebuli damoukidebel enebad? mag., arn. Ciqobavas, g. axvledianis, T. SaraZeniZisa da sxvaTa mier warmodgenil "enaTa genealogiur klasifikaciebSi" rusuli, ukrainuli da belorusuli ratomaa warmodgenili damoukidebel enebad?71 _ m. qurdianis logikiT, "wminda lingvisturi" "enebi" - bavariuli da Svaburi mTeli msofliosgan ratomaa miCneuli germanuli enis dialeqtebad? da mTavari, araritorikuli kiTxva: msoflios enaTa genealogiur klasifikaciebSi warmodgenili enebis statusi "wminda lingvisturi" midgomiTaa gansazRvruli Tu "sociolingvisturiT"? pasuxi erTia: "wminda lingvisturi" niSniT (bgeraTSesatyvisobebiTa Tu fonetikur-morfologiursintaqsur-leqsikuri Taviseburebebis xarisxiT) ar (da ver!) ganisazRvreba enisa da kilos statusi.

70

dedaena enobrivi sociumis - eris Tvisebaa (da ara – individisa!); ena erovnulobis damcveli da SemnarCunebelia... ena da eri erTmaneTs gansazRvravs…(g. ramiSvili, 2000, gv. 9, 70, 172). 71 ix., arn. Ciqobava, 1952, gv. 344; enaTmecnierebis Sesavlis sakiTxebi, 1972, gv. 295; T. SaraZeniZe, 1958, gv. 6.

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davuSvaT, rom, mag., ”wminda lingvisturad” svanuri enaa, sociolingvisturad kilo; genealogiur sqemebSi Tu saqarTvelos enaTa oficialur siaSi romeli kvalifikacia unda Sevides? ufro logikuri xom ar aris, wina Taobebis naSromebis mixedviT vilaparakoT ara enis lingvistur da sociolingvistur statusze, aramed termin ”enis” polisemanturobaze? saanalizod warmovadgenT arnold Ciqobavas msjelobis fragments: "gardauvali wesia: erTi Taoba midis, meore modis... xalxi ki ukvdavia. ukvdavia misi enac, Tuki mas xalxma zurgi ar Seaqcia; ena Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da misi wyalobiT es Taobebi erT xalxad iTqmis: xalxis meobas misi ena gvaniSnebs". termini "xalxi" aq eris sinonimia: eris meobas ena gansazRvravs... cnobilia, rom b-ni arnoldi monaTesave, magram mainc sxvadasxva enad miiCnevda qarTuls, zanursa da svanurs; Tumca, bunebrivia, misTvis megrel-Wanebica da svanebic qarTvelebi arian. faqtia, cnobili enaTmecnierisTvisac ki enas orgvari mniSvneloba aqvs72: erTi gansazRvravs ers, meore - ara. romeli mniSvnelobaa ZiriTadi? msoflios enaTa genealogiur sqemebSic, Tanamedrove eTnologiur enciklopediebSic da evrosabWos dokumentebSic (mag., ”enebis qartiaSi”) ena eris/eTnosis meobis ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli (mag., ukrainuli ena, azerbaijanuli ena...) da dakavSirebulia 72

"enis" polisemanturobis, agreTve, sabasa da vaxuStis midgomebis Sesaxeb ix., m. tabiZe, 2005.

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erovnul-eTnikuri identobis sakiTxTan. am TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa T. SaraZeniZis msjeloba: monaTesave kiloTagan an erTi enis diferenciaciiT axali enebi miiReba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki provinciebi damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibdeba da am xalxebs Soris erTianoba gawydeba... kiloebis enebad Camoyalibebis aucilebeli pirobaa erTi sazogadoebis nawilebis erTmaneTisgan mowyveta: imisaTvis, rom enis diferenciacia ganxorcieldes, aucilebelia am enaze molaparake sazogadoeba daiSalos da Sewydes urTierToba gamoyofil nawilebs Soris73. yvelam icis, rom dasavleT, samxreT Tu aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTvelobas Soris arasodes gawyvetila enobrivi da eTno-kulturuli erTianoba; iZulebiTi saxelmwifoebrivi daSlilobac ki droebiT movlenas warmoadgenda da maSinac ki TiToeuli samefos/samTavros mefe/mTavari Tavs saqarTvelos kanonier mmarTvelad miiCnevda (mag., levan dadiani acxadebda, rom iyo iveriis/saqarTvelos mefe): didi saqarTvelo patar-patara saqarTveloebad iSleboda! kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT: msoflioSi arsebuli ZiriTadi enebis statusi gansazRvrulia eqstralingvisturi (eTnokulturuli Tu politikur-religiuri) faqtorebis mixedviT. mainc rogor ganmartavs enas lingvistika? enaTmecnierTa ganmartebiT, ena aris istoriulad Camoyalibebul sametyvelo bgeriT niSanTa sistema, ro73

melic warmoadgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, komunikaciisa da codnis Senaxvis saSualebas. Sdr.: saerTo-saxalxo enis ganStoeba - dialeqti aseve bgeriT niSanTa mowesrigebuli sistemaa; dialeqtic aris samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, komunikaciisa Tu codnis Senaxvis saSualeba. ase rom, sakuTriv enaTmecnieruli ganmartebis mixedviT, ena da kilo ver imijneba. rac Seexeba oponentTagan mSvelelad moxmobil istoriul-SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis mizans: enaTmecnierebis es mimarTuleba cdilobs daadginos, aris Tu ara monaTesave erTmaneTTan TvalsaCinod daSorebuli enebi; misi mizani ar aris sametyvelo erTeulis statusis dadgena; kerZod, aralingvistTaTvis ganvmartav: istoriul-SedarebiTi enaTmecniereba ori saxisaa: prospeqtuli (enis istoriis kvleva istoriis siRrmidan Tanamedroveobisken) da retrospeqtuli. swored retrospeqtuli enaTmecnierebis mizania, istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebiT (rekonstruqciebis gziT!) aRadginos damwerlobis mqone enaTa preistoria da umwerlobo enaTa istoria, raTa daadginos amJamad mkveTrad daSorebuli enebis naTesaoba. naTesaoba ueWvel faqtad cxaddeba regularuli da kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyvisobebis dadgenis Semdeg. komparativistuli meTodika aRadgens sivrcesa da droSi odesRac arsebuli fuZe-enis sistemas da mis wiaRSi navaraudevi dialeqtebis daSoriSorebis process. komparativistika ver adgens (da arc adgens!) im kriteriumebs, romliTac mocemuli sazogadoeba enis statuss aniWebs ama Tu im istoriul Tu Tanamedrove dialeqts. aqve kidev erTxel SevniSnavT, rom arsebobs bevri axlomonaTesave ena (mag., rusuli, belorusuli, Cexuri,

T. SaraZeniZe, 1958, gv. 42-45.

58

59

slovakuri...) romelTa Soris bgeraTSesatyvisoba ar aris Camoyalibebuli. regularuli da kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyvisobis dadgenis saWiroeba Cndeba maSin, roca rTulia mocemul enaTa naTesaobis danaxva; Sesabamisad, bgeraTSesatyvisobas araviTari roli ar akisria axlomonaTesave sametyvelo erTeulebis statusis (enis, kilos, kilokavis) dadgenis TvalsazrisiT74. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom msoflios ZiriTadi enebis/kiloebis statusi gairkva istoriul-SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis meTodologiis Camoyalibebamde didi xniT adre da, iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda, aravin cdilobs am statusTa gadasinjvas. XX saukunis dasasruls, problemis Seswavlisas Cveni mizani Tavidanve naTlad ganisazRvra: istoriulad arsebuli enisa da kilos statusis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumebis dadgena (ramdenadac enebi da kiloebi arsebobda enaTmecnierebis, rogorc mecnierebis erT-erTi dargis, Camoyalibebamde) da amis mixedviT dRes sadavo enobriv erTeulTa kvalifikacia. CvenTvis naTeli gaxda, rom arc istoriulad da arc Tanamedrove msoflioSi ena-kiloTa statusi ar dgindeba arc "sakuTriv lingvisturi" kriteriumiT da arc e. w.

74

Sdr., T. SaraZeniZis msjeloba (1958, gv. 137): istoriul-SedarebiT meTods rigi siZneleebi xvdeba. jer erTi, nakleb nayofieria an metismetad Zneldeba istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyeneba zogierTi tipis enaTa mimarT; aseTebia: a) monaTesave enebi, romlebic Zlier axlos dganan erTmaneTTan, romelTa diferenciacia Sors ar wasula; b) enebi, romlebic metismetad daSorebulni arian erTmaneTs, ris gamoc ar xerxdeba maTi odindeli naTesaobis mtkiceba.

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gagebinebiT, romelsac zogi specialistic ki75 lingvistur kriteriumad acxadebs (gagebineba ar aris lingvistikis sfero). Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi seriozulad ganixileba enisa da kilos gammijnavi sxva kriteriumebi: prestiJuloba, ganfenis xarisxi, damwerlobis qona, standartuloba-xelovnuroba... bevri specialisti Tvlis, rom dialeqtsa da enas Soris zRvaris gavleba Znelia76. aqve aRvniSnavT: wina Taobebis qarTvel enaTmecnierebs sagangebod ar ukvleviaT ena-kiloTa gammijnavi kriteriumebi77; Sesabamisad, roca "evropis enebis qartiam 1992 wlidan am mimarTulebiT axali realoba Seqmna, Tanamedrove avtorebs marTebT siRrmiseuli analizi78. rogorc wesi, tradiciuli samwignobro kulturis mqone sametyvelo erTeuli enad miiCneva. Sesabamisad, rTulia umwerlobo enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna. Cveni azriT, aseT dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT, erTi mxriv, dialeqtis sayovelTaod gaziarebuli gansazRvreba, meore mxriv ki, mocemuli xalxis samwignobro tradicia;

75

ix., mag., T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe,.. 2003, gv. 615. problemis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T. gvancelaZe, 2006. 77 ix. mag., arn. Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 205 78 Sdr., r. amirejibi-malenis msjeloba ix. wignSi: kolxuri (megrullazuri) ena, Tb., 2006: "enebisa da dialeqtebis gamijvnis wminda lingvistur kriteriumebs miekuTvneba urTierTgagebinebis faqtori. amitomac, megrul-lazuri da svanuri damoukidebeli enebia "wminda lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT" (gv. 6-8). Tanamedrove "polemikis" erTi ucnauroba isicaa, rom wignis ambiciuri redaqtorisTvis saWiro xdeba Sexseneba: "urTierTgagebinebis faqtori" da arc romelime sxva "faqtori" "lingvisturi kriteriumi" ar aris! 76

61

kerZod: aRiarebuli gansazRvrebiT, dialeqti aris mocemuli naciis (eris) saerTo-saxalxo (oficialuri) enis ganStoeba, romelic qveynis teritoriis erTi nawilis mosaxleobis an erTi romelime socialuri fenis zepiri (araoficialuri) urTierTobis saSualebas warmoadgens79. Sesabamisad, konkretuli sametyvelo erTeuli monaTesave struqturis mqone oficialuri, samwignobro (standartuli) enis nairsaxeobad - dialeqtad - CaiTvleba, Tuki am sametyvelo kodis mflobel sazogadoebas istoriulad monawileoba miRebuli aqvs mocemuli samwignobro enis SeqmnaSi. rogorc wesi, samwignobro ena aris oficialuri ena - elitaruli metyveleba (mag., samegreloSi ”Jinosquas” ena iyo saliteraturo qarTuli), dialeqti ki saSinao enaa. umwerlobo enad unda miviCnioT enobriv-eTnikuri identobis (meobis, TviTobis) mqone im sazogadoebis metyveleba, romelsac sakuTar dedaenaze ara aqvs werilobiTi kultura da Semoqmedebis Tu saqmiswarmoebis procesSi iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas. umwerlobo ena zepiri formiT (dialeqtebis, kilokavebis, Tqmebis, Jargonebis saxiT...) arsebobs. naTelia, rom megrul-Wanuri da svanuri metyvelebebi ver CaiTvleba umwerlobo enebad im martivi mizezis gamo, rom samwignobro qarTulis am saxesxvaobebis mflobelT sul mcire 20-saukunovani samwignobro tradi-

79

erTi enis dialeqtebs Soris gagebineba SeiZleba Wirdes, an saerTod ar iyos; ix. mag., v. iarcevas redaqtorobiT 1990 wels rusul enaze gamoqveynebuli ”lingvisturi enciklopediuri leqsikoni”, gv. 132133 (da sxv.).

62

cia aqvT sakuTar dedaenaze80. aqve, kidev erTi arsebiTi kiTxva: rogor mtkicdeba, rom qarTuli ena ZvelTaganve aris yvela qarTveluri Temis (maT Soris: megrelebis, svanebis, lazebis) dedaena da amosavalia yvela qarTveluri kilosaTvis? am kiTxvaze damajerebel pasuxs iZleva msjeloba qarTuli samwignobro enis sabazo metyvelebis Sesaxeb.

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zogi aralingvisti marTla gulwrfelad fiqrobs: rogor SeiZleba erTi da imave donis terminiT movixsenioT iseTi daSorebuli metyvelebebi, rogoricaa, mag., imeruli da megruli; maTTvis gvaqvs erTi martivi amocana: gvaqvs ori donis cneba-termini: ena da kilo; am cnebebiT davajgufoT qvemoT CamoTvlili enobrivi erTeulebi: qarTuli, imeruli, aWaruli, megruli, afxazuri, CeCnuri, ukrainuli, rusuli, germanuli, bavariuli... ukamaToa, rom qarTulTan mimarTebiT kiloebia misi saxesxvaobebi: imeruli, aWaruli, xolo germanulis dialeqtia bavariuli; qarTulis msgavsad, ukamaToa sxva erebis sametyvelo erTeulebis statusic; damoukidebeli enebia: qarTulis monaTesave afxazuri, CeCnuri da aramonaTesave: rusuli, ukrainuli, germanuli. romel jgufSi unda ganvaTavsoT qarTulis saxesxvaoba - megruli (romelic ufro metadaa Secvlili, vidre aWaruli): aWarul-imerulis Tu germanulrusul-afxazuris? maT dasaxasiaTeblad mesame termini ar arsebobs (da arc aris saWiro): saerToqarTveluris bazaze Seqmnil arqaul samwignobro enasTan mimarTebiT, dRes arsebuli yvela zepiri qarTveluri metyveleba meoreuli movlenaa (es kargad Cans xmovanTkompleqsTa transformaciebiTac). zanur-svanur (e.w. SiSina) kiloebsa da mesxur-fxour-qarTlurs (e.w. sisina) kiloebs Soris Tvisobrivi, "sistemuri" sxvaoba ar gvaqvs (msjelobisaTvis ix., t. futkaraZe, gv. 66-67). am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa arn. Ciqobavas msjeloba (1936, gv. 205-206): "Wanurisa da megrulis fonetikur-morfologiursintaqsur movlenaTa analizisas cxadi da xelSesaxebi xdeba am movlenaTa istoriuli warsuli da geneturi urTierToba, roca amosavlad gamoyenebulia qarTuli ena."

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enobrivi erTeulisTvis amosaval metyvelebas.

qarTuli samwignobro enis sabazo enobrivi modelis sakiTxi; ras emyareba "qarTizaciis" Teoria? qarTvelTa samwignobro enis sabazo metyvelebis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi ori ZiriTadi mosazreba gvaqvs: a. samwignobro qarTuli efuZneba saerToqarTvelur enas; b. samwignobro qarTuli efuZneba qarTlurs (qarTlkaxurs), an qarTluris safuZvelze Seqmnil qalaqur koines. swored es ukanaskneli mosazreba daedo safuZvlad e.w. qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis Teorias. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani: a. samwignobro qarTuli efuZneba saerToqarTvelur enas - yvela Tanamedrove qarTveluri 64

RvTismsaxurebis terminTa analiziT, iv. javaxiSvili (1979, gv. 154-156) askvnis: "qarTuli ena qarTlel-kaxel-imerel-gurulebisa da megrel-svanebisTvis saerTo enaa..." warmarTobis droindeli saerTo Semoqmedebaa; Sdr., iv. javaxiSvili (1908, gv. 20): "qristianobis niadagze aRmocenebuli mwerlobis ena qarTluria... qarTvelTa Zveli mwerlobis ena ki SeiZleba ekuTvnodes megrul-lazur, an svanur Stos; Sdr., iqve, gv. 4: "saerTo ena da mwerloba yvela qarTvelma tomma Seqmna". ivane javaxiSvilis mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT, "saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriis" avtorma, mitropolitma anania jafariZem, 1996 wels Camoayaliba Semdegi mosazreba: "jer kidev IV-III saukuneebSi qarTlis samefoSi anu aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (xazi Cemia - t.f.) mcxovreb xalxs (yvela qarTul toms - qarTebs, megrelebsa da svanebs) ukve hqonia eris raobis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi mTavari elementi - enis erToba. es iyo saerTo-saxalxo, saliteraturo, saxelmwifo da kultmsaxurebis saerTo qarTuli ena, romelsac hqonda dialeqtebi, rogorc yvela cocxal enas" (gv. 62-63). Sdr., agreTve, mitropoliti anania: "mociqulTa epoqis saqarTveloSi saqristiano moZRvreba iTargmna qarTvelTaTvis saerTo enaze da ara satomo ena-kavebze; fuZe qarTveluri enis daSlamde Camoyalibda qarTuli saeklesio da saliteraturo ena da, saerTod, qarTuli qristianuli kultura. amis Semdeg saerTo fuZe qarTuli daiSala svanur, zanur da qarTul dialeqtebad, romelTac Tanamedrove enobrivi saxe miiRes mogvianebiT saqarTvelos daSla-danawevrebis kvaldakval XIII-XIX 65

saukuneebSi".81 saerToqarTveluri enis, arqauli samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri kiloebis enobrivi faqtebis SepirispirebiT, aseve welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze qarTulidan sxva enebSi da sxva enaTagan qarTulSi nasesxebi leqsika mxars uWers mosazrebas, rom qarTvelTa istoriuli samwignobro ena - sasuliero mwerlobis ena (e.w. Zveli qarTuli ena) Seqmnilia Zveli welTaRricxvis dasasruls da efuZneba Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebSi arsebul saerToqarTvelur enas82. Sesabamisad, Cveni azriT, naklebsarwmunoa, rom qarTuli saliteraturo ena efuZnebodes Tbilisur koines, qarTlurs, kaxurs an sxva erT romelime qarTvelur kilos83. samwignobro enis terminologiis analiziT msgavs daskvnas akeTebs m. Cuxua: "uZveles warsulSi arsebobda saerToqarTveluri samwerlobo ena, romlis bunebriv gagrZelebasac warmoadgens Zveli qarTuli samwerlobo ena. rodesac is Seiqmna, zanuri da svanuri, rogorc damoukidebeli enobrivi erTeulebi, ar arsebobda"84. qarTvelebSi samwerlo tradiciis arseboba saerToqarTveluri enobrivi erTobis xanisaTvis ivaraudeba, rasac aseve mxars dauWerda fuZe-enaSi iseTi kulturuli prototipebis povniereba, rogoricaa: *wign- ”wigni”, *qert- ”qaRaldi”, *ZaR”saRebavi”...85 b. samwignobro qarTuli efuZneba qarTlurs (qarTl-kaxurs), an qarTluris safuZvelze Seqmnil 81

"qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi", 2007, gv, 27. ix., t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 325; t. futkaraZe, 2006, gv. 41-43; ix., agreTve, qvemoT 83 t. futkaraZé, 2007. 84 qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv, 21. 85 m. Cuxua, 2006, gv. 158-160. 82

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qalaqur koines. dResac farTod gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qarTis tomis (/erovnebis) enis bazaze Seiqmna qarTuli samwignobro ena, romelic kulturisa da mecnierebis enad aRiares sxva qarTveluri enebis mflobelebmac... pirvel rigSi sanimuSod warmovadgenT g. meliqiSvilis msjelobas: arabobis Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mkvidri qarTis erovnebis mier moxda dasavleT saqarTvelos araqarTi mosaxleobis "enobriv-eTnikuri" daaxloeba-Serwyma86. samecniero literaturaSi gvaqvs am mosazrebis odnav saxecvlili variantebic: a. SaniZe: Zveli qarTuli samwignobro ena emyareba xanmet da haemet kiloebs, romelTa mflobeli tomebi cxovrobdnen mcxeTa-bolnisis raionSi (xanmeti) da mis dasavleTiT (haemeti; Sdr.: "megrul-Wanuric haemeti kilos Camomavalia"); IX saukunidan mokidebuli qarTuli saliteraturo enis mTavari wyaroa haemeti kilo, romelic adre xanmetis paralelurad arsebobda (a. SaniZe, 1923, gv. 360-362; es azri uzustodaa damowmebuli z. sarjvelaZis mier; kerZod, Sdr., z. sarjvelaZe, 1984, gv. 83: a. SaniZis azriT, "saliteraturo enas safuZvlad daedo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, istoriuli iberiis, metyveleba"); arn. Ciqobava: "saliteraturo ena iqmneba garkveuli dialeqtis safuZvelze, ase, magaliTad, rusul erovnul enas, rogorc aRniSnavs i. stalini, safuZvlad daedo kurskoriolis metyveleba... Zveli saliteraturo qarTuli ena Seiqmna istoriuli qarTlis (igulisxmeba provincia qarTli - t. f.) metyvelebis safuZvelze; axali qarTuli 86

g. meliqiSvili, 1973, gv. 124-128; g. meliqiSvili, 2003.

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saliteraturo ena qarTluris garda kaxursac emyareba" (arn. Ciqobava, 1952, gv. 114-115). g. axvlediani, g. nebieriZe: "qarTul saliteraturo enas safuZvlad udevs qarTl-kaxuri dialeqti, magram saliteraturo qarTuli ar emTxveva mTlianad qarTlkaxur dialeqts, saliteraturo enas safuZvlad edeba is dialeqti, romlis warmomadgenlebic dawinaurebuli arian kulturuli, ekonomikuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT; ase magaliTad, laTinurs safuZvlad daedo romis dialeqti, radgan roms gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava romis imperiaSi. amave mizezis gamo franguls safuZvlad daedo parizis dialeqti, Zvel berZnuls - atikuri dialeqti, qarTuls - qarTl-kaxuri da a.S." (g. axvlediani, 1972, gv. 27). b. jorbenaZe: is, rom qarTul saliteraturo enasTan yvelaze axlosaa qarTluri da kaxuri dialeqtebi, sadavo araa: saliteraturo ena orientacias iRebs eTnikur (teritoriul) dialeqtebze; Tumca ufro logikuria vTqvaT, rom qarTuli saliteraturo ena Seiqmna Tbilisuri koines bazaze (b. jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 173-175)87. ZiriTadad sabWoTa periodis istoriografiaSi popularuli iyo mosazreba, rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 87

Sdr., g. gogolaSvilis msjeloba wignSi: "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi" (2007, gv. 124-125), sadac erTmaneTSia areuli saerToqarTveluri koine (romelic uZvelesi qarTveluri Temebis kiloTa bazaze unda arsebuliyo Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi) da qarTluri kilos safuZvelze navaraudevi Tbilisuri koine (romelic SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo mxolod ax. w. V saukunis Semdeg). amave paskvilSi g. gogolaSvili aseve amaod daSvra, roca Seecada, sakiTxis istoriis mimoxilvisas (gv. 13) teqnikuri Secdomis gamo gameorebuli arn. Ciqobavas citata eqcia msjelobis naklad.

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mcxovrebi qarTuli tomis - "qarTebis" enaze Seiqmna damwerloba, romelic gavrcelda sxva tomebSic: aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma mosaxleobam - qarTebma TavianTi ena da kultura Tavs moaxvies dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi mcxovreb megrelebs, lazebs, kavkasionis kalTebze mcxovreb svanebs, fxovelebs, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi mcxovreb herebs, samxreT amierkavkasiaSi mcxovreb mesxebs da sxv. ix., mag.: o. jafariZe (2006, gv. 353-366): saliteraturo ena emyareba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos metyvelebas - "qarTis" enas; aqve vkiTxulobT: "Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevris saqarTvelos eTnikuri ruka ase gamoiyureba: kolxeTis mTianeTSi - svani, kolxeTis barSi - zani, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi - qarTveli"... r. gordeziani (1993, gv. 58-61): "qarTebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arian; amaT (qarTul) enaze iqmneba damwerloba; qarTuli enis funqcia Semdgom gafarTovda... samecniero literaturaSi gaCnda saocari frazac: qarTi - tomiylapia: "qarTis tomis mier dapyroba-Serwyma sxva tomebisa da Semdeg TandaTan misi saxelmwifoebriv organizaciad gardaqmna (klasobrivi urTierTobis warmoqmna) mas ganuzomel upiratesobas aniWebda sxva tomebTan SedarebiT da moxda udidesi naxtomi: qarTis tomma mcxeTa daipyro da aq Seiqmna axali qarTli. amis Semdeg am tomTa Serwyma kidev ufro swrafi nabijiT wavida. qarTi tomiylapia: iberebi, mesxebi, zidritebi, kaxebi, herebi, fxovi, WarTali, bazali, duali, egre, svani, afxazi, afSili, sanigi" (n. berZeniSvili, 1990, gv. 237). e.w. qarTebisgan sxva qarTvelur tomTa asimilaciis dausabuTebel mosazrebas samecniero literaturaSi

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"qarTizaciis", "gaqarTebis", "qarTvelizaciis" an 88 "gaqarTulebis" saxeliT ixsenieben . kidev erTxel SevniSnavT: msoflioSi arsebuli arc erTi wyaro ar adasturebs e.w. "qarTis" tomis arsebobas. garda amisa, quj-farnavazis qarTlic da farsmanis qarTlic egris-afxazeTsac moicavda, VI-VII saukuneebis ucxouri wyaroebis "iberiad" dapataravebuli qarTli ki - egris-afxazeTis arcTu mcire nawils. am faqtis miuxedavad, sabWoTa periodis istoriografiaSi farTod inergeboda "qarTizaciis" Teoria. sainteresoa isic, rom dausabuTebeli e.w. sami qarTveluri enis mixedviT Seqmnili "qarTizaciaqarTvelizaciis" sadao Teoria ukritikod miiRes lingvistebmac da istorikosebmac. gaCnda am ulogiko istoriuli sqemis ori versia: "iZulebiTi" da "nebayoflebiTi qarTizacia"89. Sdr., mag.: a. onianis azriT, zanuri da svanuri "enebis" mflobelebma da saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis qarTvelebma miiRes moZme "qarTebis" saliteraturo ena; kerZod, a. oniani wers: "qarTulTan, megrulTan da lazurTan erTad svanuri aris qarTvelur enaTa ojaxis erT-erTi wevri. qarTvelur enebze, bevri sxva monaTesave enaTa jgufisagan gansxvavebiT, ar warmoqmnila sxvadasxva erovnuli kultura (mecniereba, xelovneba)... qarTuli iyo mTeli qarTveli xalxis

bunebrivi (da ara - Tavsmoxveuli) saerTo-saxalxo erovnuli ena, mecnierebis, kulturis ena da erTaderTi saliteraturo ena"90. naTqvamidan Cans, rom svanuri (megrulisa da lazuris msgavsad) umwerlobo enaa91. e.w. qarTizaciis Teoriis momxreTa msjelobebSi erTmaneTisgan gamomdinare ori usafuZvlo daSveba gvaqvs: - arsebobda qarTis tomi/erovneba; - arsebobda qarTis ena. xazgasmiT vambobT: qarTis tomis arsebobis varaudis safuZvels msoflioSi arsebuli arc erTi istoriuli wyaro ar iZleva; vinc ar arsebobda, is rogor SeZlebda sxvis dapyrobas? faqtia isic, rom saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTveluri Temebis Tu samTavroebis gaerTianebis idea TiTqmis yovelTvis dasavleT an samxreT saqarTvelos mosaxleobisgan (maTi winamZRolebisgan) modioda; ix., mag., qujis, maruSianis, daviT kurapalatis, leonidebis, bagrat III-is, Wyondidlebis, levan dadianis, solomon II-is, solomon lioniZis da sxvaTa Zalisxmeva. aqve, kidev erTxelaa aRsaniSnavi, rom dausabuTebelia "istoriuli qarTebis", qarTvelebisa da qarTlelebis gaTanabreba. vfiqrobT, ufro logikuria qarTlis 89

88

ix.; n. berZeniSvili, 1990, gv. 225, 353, 406-409; g. mWedliZe, 1996, gv. 111, 115, 370, 534 da sxv.. e.w. qarTizacia/qarTvelizaciis kritikuli analizisaTvis ix.: a. jafariZe, deda eklesia, Tb., 1996; a. jafariZe, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia, t. I, Tb., 1996; t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, I, quTaisi, 2005, gv. 79, 163, 179-180, 220-221, 327 (ix., agreTve, qvemoT).

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t. futkaraZẽ, 2007, gv. 127-132 a. oniani, 1998, gv. 3-4. ix., aqve: "es aris is didi tvirTi, rac istoriam qarTvelur enaTagan mxolod qarTuls daakisra da ris gamoc is aris swored sruliad saqarTvelos saerTo-saxalxo erovnuli ena da qarTveli xalxis erTianobis burji. danarCeni qarTveluri enebi ki, romlebic lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT Cveulebrivi enebia, funqcionalurad (sazogadoebrivi funqciis mixedviT) qarTuli enis dialeqtebs utoldebian. 91 ix., agreTve: r. gordeziani, 1993, gv. 70. 90

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provinciis mosaxleobis saxeldeba mesxebad. Tanamedrove kvlevebis mixedviT, "qarTizaciis" Teoriis usafuZvlobas cxadyofs mravali sxva faqtic92. zemoT ganxilul e.w. "qarTizaciis" Teorias sxva aspeqtiT exmianeba z. sarjvelaZe, kerZod, is wers: "Zvel qarTul saliteraturo enas safuZvlad mcxeTis - iberiis dedaqalaqis - metyveleba daedo. saukuneTa manZilze sxvadasxva qarTuli tomebis warmomadgenelTa urTierTobis Sedegad mcxeTaSi Camoyalibda zedialeqturi cocxali metyveleba ("mcxeTuri koine" "iseTi qarTuli metyveleba, romelic ramdenadme mainc yvela msxvili adgilobrivi dialeqtis ZiriTad Taviseburebebs moicavda da amitom, bunebrivia, ar emTxveoda arc erT dialeqts, maT Soris, arc qarTlurs, iberiuls"); bunebrivia, vivaraudoT am metyvelebis didi siaxlove qarTlur dialeqtTan" (z. sarjvelaZe, 1997, gv. 11; z. sarjvelaZe, 1984, gv. 83-87); safiqrebelia, rom qarTuli samwerlobo ena IV-V 92

sayuradReboa: k. kekeliZesTan kamaTSi iv. javaxiSvils sityva qarTebi brWyalebiT mohyavs (iv. javaxiSvili, 1979, gv. 236); Sdr.: k. kekeliZis rwmeniT, svanebTan narevi mesxebis kuTvnili qarTli Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebSi daukavebiaT qarTebs, romelTac axali qarTli SeuqmniaT; Cans, iv. javaxiSvili ar iziarebda qarTis tomis arsebobis ideas, Tumca, ramdenadac CemTvis cnobilia, amis Sesaxeb mas sagangebod ar umsjelia. iv. javaxiSvilisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTizaciis Tema gaaaqtualura n. berZeniSvilma; davimowmebT mis tipur citatas (n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.225): feodaluri urTierTobis Camoyalibebis xanisaTvis qarTlis eqspansia ZiriTadad dasrulebuli iyo... qsnisa da aragvis xeobebma "saxeli qarTli ar miiRes; ar miiRo es saxeli arc imereTma, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTis kultura, qarTis ena maTTvis mSobliuri ena gaxda (SeiZleba iberni iyvnen da imTaviTve maTi enac igive iyo, rac qarTlisa, oRond dialeqti...)" [xazgasma Cemia - t.f.].

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werlobo ena IV-V saukuneebze gacilebiT adre Camoyalibda, magram JamTa siavis gamo adrindelma Zeglebma Cvenamde ver moaRwia" (z. sarjvelaZe, 1997, gv. 7); Sdr., iqve, gv. 8: "savaraudebelia, rom qarTuli asomTavruli anbani Seiqmna Cv. w-is II-III saukuneebSi qristianuli Temebis wiaRSi da saqarTveloSi qristianobis oficialurad religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg igi farTod gavrcelda. unda vifiqroT, rom ufro adrec arsebobda qarTuli damwerlobis sxva saxe, romlis nimuSebs, samwuxarod, Cvenamde ar mouRweviaT". pirvel rigSi aq sakamaToa e.w. mcxeTuri koinesa (Tundac Tbilisuri koines) da arqauli samwignobro qarTulis mimarTebis sakiTxi. Tu samwignobro qarTuls safuZvlad daedo qarTluris bazaze Seqmnili zedialeqturi metyveleba, arqauli samwignobro ena qarTluri, mesxurjavaxuri, kaxuri da sxva kiloebis Taviseburebebs unda aireklavdes; mag., xanmet teqstebSi ar unda iyos ae xmovanTkompleqsi, romelic yvela am kiloSi ee-d transformirdeba; qarTlurSi unda dasturdebodes xanmetoba, xaxismieri yru xSuli bgera, arqauli qarTulis msgavsi saxeluri da zmnuri paradigmebi da sxv. aSkaraa, rom CvenTvis cnobili qarTluri, kaxuri, mesxuri kiloebis Taviseburebani ver Seqmnida arqauli samwignobro qarTuli enis myar sistemas: arqauli samwignobro ena kilouri monacemebis konglomerati ar aris; mkacrad normirebuli erTi mTliani monacemia. vfiqrobT, SeiZleba iTqvas: dRemde arc erTi specialistis mier ar dasabuTebula, rom qarTuli samwignobro enis saTave ueWvelad aris qarTluri kilo, IVV saukuneebis e.w. qalaquri koine, an e.w. qarTebis ena. arada, rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli samwignobro enis 73

sayrdeni enobrivi modelis sakiTxis garkveva met sinaTles Seitans qarTveli eris istoriaSi. bunebrivia, rom samwignobro enis sayrdeni enobrivi modelis sakiTxze vimsjeloT, erTi mxriv, uZvelesi xanmeti teqstebis enis, meore mxriv, ki asomTavruli anbanis Seqmnis periodSi arsebuli tomebis/Temebis enobrivi erTeulebis mixedviT. logikuria isic, rom qarTuli samwignobro enis sawyisad qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis Seqmnis dro davsaxoT. samecniero literaturaSi ZiriTadad gaziarebulia mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac qarTuli asomTavruli Seiqmna winareqristianul periodSi (d. baqraZe, m. janaSvili, n. mari, iv. javaxiSvili, p. ingoroyva, g. wereTeli, r. patariZe... qarTul anbans warmarTobis droindelad Tvlis bevri sxva mkvlevaric: ak. baqraZe, g. narsiZe, m. CxartiSvili, z. aleqsiZe, l. WilaSvili...)93; mag., iv. javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom asomTavruli anbani warmarTuli periodis Zeglia da Seqmnilia ara ugvianes Zv. w. VII saukunisa. amave azrs emxroba p. ingoroyvac. cnobili wyaroebis axleburi analizisa da bolo wlebSi mikvleuli Zeglebis Seswavlis safuZvelze r. patariZem qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis TariRad ivarauda Zv. w. 415 weli (r. patariZe, 1980). Sdr., T. gamyreliZe, 1989, gv. 197-198: ”ar aris gamoricxuli, asomTavruli damwerloba qristianobis xanis axali qarTuli erovnuli damwerloba iyos, romelmac Secvala an gamoaZeva manamde arsebuli, warmarTuli epoqis werilobiTi sistema"... Cemi azriT, qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis Seqmnis 93

literatura da sakiTxis istoria ix.: t. futkaraZe, 1998; J. feiqriSvili, 2006, gv. 74-85

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drod samarTlianad iTvleba Zv. w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevari (V-II saukuneebi). sayuradReboa, asomTavrulSi, finikiuri anbanis msgavsad, me-6 adgilze myofi asoniSani wyvilbagismieria da `gamoxatavs 6 ricxviT mniSvnelobas" (t. futkaraZe, 1998, gv. 83-90, t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 304). aqve, arsebiTia aRiniSnos, rom specialistTa erTi nawilis mier Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi ivaraudeba saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobac (arn. Ciqobava, k. bergslandi, h. fogti, q. lomTaTiZe...); Sdr.: arn. Ciqobava (1979, gv. 253): "iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi monaTesave enebia, maT warmoSoba aerTianebs. es ZvelisZvel viTarebas gulisxmobs; savaraudod, sami aTasi wlis winandels da, albaT, Zvel adgil-samyofels, kavkasiis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals. am enaTa ganviTareba sxvadasxva gziT warimarTa; ara erTs sxva enas gadahyrian; saukuneTa manZilze araerTi dialeqti Tu ena warmoqmnila Tu gamqrala, gaTqvefila sxva enaSi. amitom gasakviri is ki ar aris, rom iberiul-kavkasiur enebs “gasaocari nairgvaroba axasiaTebs, aramed is, rom fonetikamorfologia-sintaqsSi (aseve, leqsikaSic) niSandoblivi saerTo Tvisebebi SerCeniaT". q. lomTaTiZe (1946, gv. 133-139): megruli zmnebis I da II pirSi arsebuli -q sufiqsi qo dadasturebiTi nawilakisgan warmoiqmna... "qarTulsa da svanurSi TurmeobiTsa da garkveul zmnebTan awmyos warmoebaSi monawileobs meSveli zmna, aseve Wanursa da megrulSic saTanado SemTxvevebSi gamoyenebuli yofila meSveli zmna, megrulSi dadasturebiTi qo nawilakiTurT, WanurSi - awmyoSi uwindebulod, TurmeobiTSi ki - viwur-arqabulSi do- windebuliT (sadac meSveli zmna mTeli formiT gadarCenila), xolo xofurSi uwindebulod". 75

q. lomTaTiZis marTebuli daskvniT, ganxiluli movlena qarTvelur qvesistemebSi erTgvarovania da erTdrouladac xdeba; kerZod: "megrul-WanurTan Sesadarobis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa, rom axal qarTulSi meSveli zmna gauCnda swored saSuali gvaris zmnebs da swored pirvelsa da meore pirSi. Zvel qarTulma es ar icoda; iq gvqonda vzi, vdga da sxva, axali qarTulisTvis ki es formebi sruliad ucxoa (Sdr.: vzi-var, vxti-var...)... Sdr., balszemouri im normebs uWers mxars, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli qarTulisaTvis: sgur "vzi"... balsqvemouri axal qarTuls mihyveba: skur-xEi "vzivar"... udavoa, rom yvela qarTvelur enaSi meoreuli movlenaa xsenebuli meSveli zmnis darTva"94. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom q. lomTaTiZis azriT, Zveli qarTulisa da svanuris xanmetoba erTi da igive movlenaa da samwignobro enaSi xanmetobis gaqrobis dros emTxveva zanurSi dadasturebiTi nawilakis cveTis dasawyisi, oRond, masalobrivad x- da -q sxvadasxva monacemia: "...saerTo araferi SeiZleba hqondes megrul -q-s svanur -xsTan (x-ari, x-Íari). sxva argumentaciasac rom ar gamovudgeT (mag., x yvela droSia), maT gasaTiSad isic kmara, rom aq Cven arsebiTad gansxvavebuli xnovanebis movlenebTan (xazi yvelgan Cemia - t.f.) gvaqvs saqme: erTi (x-) qarTulis istoriuli periodis dasawyisSi ukve gadaSenebis gzaze damdgar movlenad Cans, meore (-q) ki swored am periodidan ikvlevs gzas (aSkaraa, rom q. lomTaTiZe IV-VI saukuneebs gulisxmobs...) (q. lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv. 131-137).

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q. lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv. 136

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k. bergslandi, h. fogti95: "saerToqarTveluri ena Zveli welTaRricxvis bolo aTaswleulSi unda movaTavsoT”. vfiqrobT, kvlevis Tanamedrove etapze meti argumenti eZebneba arn. Ciqobavas, k. bergslandis, h. fogtis, g. maWavarianis, q. lomTaTiZis da sxvaTa mosazrebas, vidre g. klomovis, T. gamyreliZis, m. qurdianis da sxvaTa varaudebs. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, aqac warmovadgenT msjelobas glotoqronologiuri daTariRebis Sesaxeb96: saerToqarTveluri enisa da qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa daTariReba glotoqronologiuri anu leqsikur-statistikuri meTodiT pirvelad scades g. klimovma, T. gamyreliZem da g. maWavarianma. erTi da imave meTodiT Sesrulebuli ori gamokvlevis Sedegebi 1000wliani sxvaobis mqone aRmoCnda, kerZod, g. klimovis azriT97, saerToqarTvelurisagan svanuris gamoyofa daiwyo II aTaswleulis, xolo zanurisa - I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi. T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis azriT98, saerToqarTvelurisagan svanuris gamoyofa Zv. w. X saukuneSi moxda, xolo qarTul-zanuris diferencireba Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze. saerToqarTveluri enis divergenciis gansxvavebuli sqemaa warmodgenili T.gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis SromaSi: ”indoevropuli ena da indoevropelebi”; kerZod, am naSromSi saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drod miCneulia Zv. w. IV aTaswleuli99. 95

k. bergslandi, h. fogti, 1972, gv. 255 vrclad ix., t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 220, 265, 280-297 97 g. klimovi, 1952, gv. 119 98 T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, 1965, gv. 17 99 T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanovi, 1984, gv. gv. 880, 909; Sdr., mxolod saeWvo leqsikuri ZiebebiT am TariRs ufro aZvelebs m. qurdiani; misi 96

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samecniero literaturaSi miTiTebulia glotoqronologiuri meTodis naklze: igi mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs enis cvlilebis gansxvavebul temps sxvadasxva epoqaSi da leqsikis cvlis sixSiris xarisxis gansazRvrisas ver iTvaliswinebs intensiuri gavlenis an sametyvelo kodTa Serevis rols; es meTodi naklebsandoa imitomac, rom saanalizo erTeulTa siaSi erTi uzusto formis moxvedrac ki mkveTrad cvlis qronologiur CarCoebs (glotoqronologiis "myife meTodebis" Sesaxeb ix. k. bergslandi, h. fogti, 1972; d. kristali, 1989, gv. 331; b. jorbenaZe, 1997, gv.140-141; t. futkaraZe, 2000, gv, 327; T. gvancelaZe, 2004, T. uTurgaiZe, 2007...)100. 101

Cven mier warmoebuli kvleva mxars ufro uWers Semdeg qronologias: Zv. w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi saerToindoevropuli enis Tanadroulad savaraudoa iberiul-kavkasiuri kontinuumis arseboba; misgan sakuTriv qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros gamomijvna dawyebuli Cans kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi indoevropuli nakadis Semosvlis Semdeg Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze; mkveTri daSoreba ki savaraudoa Zv. w. I aTaswleulis manZilze, kerZod, skviT-kimerielTa da sparsuli azriT, Zv.w. aR. V-IV aTaswleulebis mijna unda miCneul iqnes saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enidan qarTuli enis gamoyofis TariRad (m. qurdiani, 2008, gv. 9); Sesabamisad, saerToqarTveluri enas is varaudobs Zv.w. aR. VI-V aTaswleulebSi. 100 msjelobisa da literaturisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, 2005, gv. 280-297; T. uTurgaiZis mosazreba ix.: "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi", gv, 14. 101 tyav-, quTais- svan-, sarapanis- faT-... da sparsulidan saerToqarTvelurSi nasesxebi zari, kuarTi, tye, Zewkvi, wiTs... sityvebis istoriis Sesaxeb ix., t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, 2005, gv. 293; ix., agreTve, n. barTaia, t. futkaraZe, 2007.

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modgmis tomTa Semosevebis dros. savaraudoa, rom qarTveluri modgmis mier kolxuryobanuri kulturis Seqmnisas, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua periodidan yalibdeba saerToqarTveluri enobrivi erTeuli - Zveli qarTuli Temebis saerTo-sametyvelo ena. arsebobs sakmarisi safuZveli, virwmunoT: erTmaneTs emTxveva qarTuli anbanis Seqmnisa da saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro102. Sesabamisad, logikuria, vivaraudoT, rom qarTvelTa samwignobro enis saTave Zv.w.aR. I aTaswleulSic arsebuli saerToqarTveluri enaa. am mosazrebis dasabuTeba an uaryofa SesaZlebelia saerToqarTveluris, arqauli samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri kiloebis monacemTa SepirispirebiT; kerZod ismis kiTxva: romel enobriv modelTan ufro axlos aris arqauli qarTuli samwignobro ena? qvemoT warmovadgenT ramdenime lingvisturi faqtis SepirispirebiT analizs: 102

am Tanadroulobas bevri faqtic amowmebs; erT-erTia saerToqarTvelursa da arqaul samwignobro qarTulSi e.w. xanmetobis arseboba: meore subieqturi da mesame obieqturi pirebis niSnad x- prefiqsis gamoyeneba (es am periodis normaa da ara metoba); saerToqarTvelurSi x-s rekonstruirebis safuZvels iZleva arqauli samwignobro qarTulis, svanurisa da fxouris masala (sakamaTo ar Cans arc xevsuruli x-s sakiTxi, vinaidan "saTanado fonetikur garemocvaSi swored x-s (da ara h-s) SeuZlia mogvces mJReri R: ma-x-gvris > ma-R-gvris; nakleblogikuria procesi: ma-h-gvris > ma-x-gvris > ma-R-gvris; garda amisa, iq, sadac hbunebrivia, xevsurulSi mainc -x- prefiqsi gvaqvs: da-x-farven, xmkidi, da-x-kazmavs, x-qonda...” (t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, I, 2005, gv. 319-321; Sdr., "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi", 2007, gv. 125, sadac g. gogolaSvilis kidev erTi dagvianebuli ”siaxlea").

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a. saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis fonematur struqturaSi sami klasi gamoiyofa: Tanxmovnebi (Cqamierebi, sonorebi), sonantebi da xmovnebi. saerToqarTveluris xmovanTa sistema analogiuria samwignobro enisa: gvaqvs; a, e, o xmovnebi. i da u bgerebi xan marcvlovani, xanac umarcvlo alofonebiT warmodgebian da, Sesabamisad, qmnian sonantTa klass. i/~ da u/E/v sonantebi dResac arsebobs TiTqmis yvela qarTvelur dialeqtSi103. T. gamyreliZis, g. maWavarianis, h. fenrixisa da sxvaTa azriT, saerToqarTvelur sonantTa rigSi aRdgeba m, n, r, l fonemebic. arn. Ciqobava, g. rogava, q. lomTaTiZe, T. gvancelaZe da sxva cnobili mecnierebi samarTlianad Tvlian, rom saerToqarTvelurSic da dResac m, n, r, l bgerebi sonorebia da ara sonantebi. specialistTa didi nawili saerToqarTvelurSi ZiriTadad imave Tanxmovnebs aRadgens, romelic gvaqvs arqaul samwignobro qarTulSi: xSulebi: b, f, p; d, T, t; Z, c, w; j, C, W; g, q, k; B, y. napralovnebi: z, s; J, S; R, x; h. sonorebi: m, n, r, l. mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis (T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, m.qurdiani) azriT, saerToqarTvelur enaSi winanunismieri Z, c, w, z, s da ukananunismieri j, C, W, J, S bgerebis gverdiT damatebiT savaraudoa Suanunismieri (Suasibilanturi) Z&, c&, w&, z&, s& Tanxmovnebis arseboba. am mosazrebas faqtobrivi masala naklebad uWers mxars. qarTuli anbanis sayrdeni modelis Ziebis TvalsazrisiT arsebiTia is, rom asomTavrulSi 103

Sdr.: T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis mixedviT, Tanamedrove qarTvelur qvesistemebSi sonantTa klasi gamoiricxeba

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dasturdeba: B, ~ da E bgerebis aRmniSvneli grafemebi, romlebic arsebobda arqaul qarTulSic, saerToqarTvelurSic da ar aris damaxasiaTebeli qarTluri da samcxur-javaxuri kiloebisTvis104. "arqaul qarTlursa" da mesxurs Tu warmovidgenT am bgerebiTurT, bunebrivia, "arqauli qarTluris"/mesxuris da saerToqarTveluris identuri monacemebi "arqaul qarTlurs"/mesxurs saerTo-qarTvelurTan gagviTanabrebs; e.i. am SemTxvevaSi logikuria vTqvaT, rom asomTavrulis fonemuri safuZveli ufro saerToqarTveluria, vidre qarTluri. b. qarTveluri qvesistemebisTvis erTi morfemis SigniT damaxasiaTebeli ar aris xmovanTkompleqsebi; 104

Tumca dResac bunebrivia qarTvelur kiloTa umravlesobisTvis; Sdr.: B, ~ da E-s aRmniSvneli asoebi XIX saukunemde gamoiyeneboda samwignobro enaSi. B fonemasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa erTi ambavic: 2004 wlis 23 marts mamia faRavam daicva sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze: qarTuli enis samxruli kiloebis fonematuri struqtura". oficialurma oponentma g. gogolaSvilma sarwmunod miiCnia m. faRavas daskvna imerxeulSi B bgeris ararsebobis Sesaxeb; aqve, undobloba gamoucxada prof. SuSana futkaraZis masalas (gv. 378). arada, imerxeulSi B bgeris arsebobis damadasturebeli mravali faqtia gamoqveynebuli 1993-2003 wlebSi (da ara mxolod S. futkaraZis mier). 2005-2006 wlebSi, sadoqtoros dacvis Semdeg, Tavad m. faRava, prof. T. uTurgaiZis rCeviT, sagangebod daakvirda imerxeul metyvelebas da patiosnad uaryo Tavisive sadoqtoros daskvna (m. faRava, faringaluri B imerxeulSi, XXV respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesiis masalebi, 2005, gv., 47; ix., agreTve, XXVI respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesiis masalebi, 2006, gv. 49). 2007 wels g. gogolaSvilma gamoaqveyna Tavisi recenziis Semoklebuli anu, garkveulwilad redaqtirebuli varianti (saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XXV, gv. 373-379), sadac igi ukomentarod wers, rom m. faRavas mier imerxeulSi B bgeris ararsebobis mtkiceba damajerebelia, metic, principuli msjelobis nimuSia...

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morfemaTa zRvarze warmoqmnili xmovanTmimdevrobebi (gansakuTrebiT: ae, ea, oa, ao, oe, eo) yvela qarTvelur dialeqtSi ganicdis cvlilebebs: warmoiqmneba difTongi, grZeli xmovani an erTi xmovani. msgavsi ram ar dasturdeba samwignobro enaSi; Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia davuSvaT, rom arqauli samwignobro ena romelime CvenTvis cnobil qarTvelur kilos eyrdnoba. am SemTxvevaSic, qarTluri ufro gviandeli gamodis, vidre asomTavrulis sayrdeni metyveleba. bunebrivia, es faqtic kidev erTi argumentia saimisod, rom arqauli samwignobro/standartuli enisTvis amosaval struqturad miviCnioT ara qarTluri an mesxuri, aramed - saerToqarTveluri ena105. g. qarTvelur enobriv qvesistemebSi moTxrobiTi (ergativi) erTaderTi brunvaa, romlis niSnis dReisTvis ZiriTadi alomorfebi (-ma/-m) saerToqarTvelurSi ar aRdgeba: arqaul samwignobro enaSi ergativi warmodgenilia saxelis fuZiT (abraam), ubrunveli nacvalsaxelebiT (me, Sen, Cven, Tqven, man, maT, vin, TviTon) an man nawevriani yalibiT (kac-man). Sdr.: svanur kiloebSi Cans -man nawevaris naSTi (t. futkaraZe, 2007), xolo zanur kiloebSi ergativs awarmo105

Tu davuSvebT e. w. "arqauli qarTluris" arsebobas da warmovidgenT, rom masSi xmovanTkompleqsebi Tavdapirveli saxiT arsebobda, aseTi "arqauli qarTluri" saerToqarTvelurs an samwignobro enas daemTxveva. xmovanTkompleqsebis istoriidan gamomdinare, TiTqos ufro logikuria davuSvaT, rom qarTluri momdinareobs samwignobro enisgan da ara samwignobro ena qarTlurisgan; esec naklebargumentirebadia, vinaidan qarTvelur sinamdvileSi arc erTi kilo ar iRebs saTaves saliteraturo enisgan: yvela kiloSia iseTi arqauli gramatikuli Tu leqsikuri faqtebi, romlebic samwignobro enis velSi ar dasturdeba, magram savaraudoa 82

ebs -q segmenti106. Sesabamisad, logikuria davuSvaT, rom iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis specifikuri brunvis - ergativis -man/-ma da -q nawilakebiani qarTveluri variantebi Camoyalibda arqauli samwignobro enis formirebis paralelurad; es niSnavs: arqauli qarTuli da saerToqarTveluri am mxrivac emsgavseba erTmaneTs. d. svanur da fxour kiloebSi piris niSnad dRemdea SemorCenili arqauli samwignobro enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli e.w. xanmetobis droindeli x- prefiqsi: ax. w. V-VII saukuneebis qarTuli xanmeti teqstebis normis analogiurad, svanurSi x- piris niSani daculia xmovniT dawyebul zmnebTan subieqtur meore da obieqtur mesame pirSi (x-iSxi "iwvi", x-asyi "akeTeb", x-atbide "aTbob"... x-alat "uyvars", x-ahEdi "aZlevs", x-agdi "sZinavs"...). igive xprefiqsi unda gamoiyos pirveli piris x+E- segmentSi107, kerZod, saerToqarTvelurisa da samwignobro qarTulis msgavsad, svanur kiloebSic pirveli piris niSania E/v, romelic arabagismieri xmovnebis win daculia ucvlelad, bagismieri bgerebis mezoblad ikargeba, xolo TanxmovniT dawyebul zmnebSi Semonaxulia infiqsis saxiT (msgavsi distribucia Cveulebrivia sxva qarTvelur kiloebSic). rac Seexeba x+E- segmentis x-s, logikuri Cans, davuSvaT: x- pirveli piris zmnur formaSi arsebuli iribi obieqtis niSania; droTa ganmavlobaSi, svanurSi xE- erTian mosaerToqarTvelurSi. 106 romelic, Cveni azriT, megrul, raWul, taour, imerxeul da sxva qarTvelur kiloebSi farTod gavrcelebuli qe/qi/qo/qve/ki/xo/ho nawilakis naSTia ( t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 317-318) 107 sakiTxis istoriisa da msjelobisaTvis ix.: g. rogava, 1956; m. suxiSvili, 1986; n. maWavariani, 1986. 83

rfemad gadaazrianda da sxva SemTxvevebSic ganzogadda. h/x/s (< sa-/ra-) prefiqsisaTvis amosavali Cans klas-kategoriis niSnoba (arn. Ciqobava, 1944), vinaidan sxvagvarad gaugebari iqneboda ori, gramatikulad gansxvavebuli piris - mesame obieqtisa da meore subieqtis warmodgena erTi da imave niSniT; Sdr., Zveli samwignobro enis monacemebi: aRxumarTe, SexuabT... hvscode, hkiTxe... Zvel samwignobro qarTulSic da svanur, TuSur, xevsurul masalaSic (mi-x-gvrian, x-qonda, da-x-kazmavs, x-mkidi, da-x-farven...) amosavalia s/h; dialeqtebSi savaraudoa Semdegi fonetikuri procesi: s/h > h > 0 da s/h > x > (R): Sdr., xevsuruli: maRgvris, Rgvandi, Rgonebav108... gurul-aWarul kiloebSic gvaqvs piris niSnad fonetikur niadagze miRebuli x109, oRond, aq h > x procesi fuZiseuli Tanxmovnis gavleniTaa warmoqmnili; Sesabamisad, gurul-aWarulSi gamovlenili x xanmetobis periodisad ver miiCneva. aSkaraa: meore subieqturi pirisa da mesame obieqturi piris niSnad x-, anu e.w. xanmetoba saerToqarTveluri movlena Cans. saerToqarTvelurSive arsebuli h/x monacvleobis Sedegi unda iyos zog kiloSi h > 0 procesis ganviTareba, zogan ki x-s damkvidreba (Sdr.: mkvlevarTa nawili fiqrobs, rom xanmetoba da haemetoba sakuTriv qarTuli enis or kilos asaxavs). vfiqrobT, samwignobro qarTulis V-X saukuneebis xanmetoba-haemetoba-sannarevoba, svanur-TuSur-xevsuruli xanmetoba, zanuri *huCaSi > uCaSi da *ho > o procesebi drois erT monakveTSi iRebs saTaves. ramdenadac, svanurfxovurma kiloebma piris niSnad Semoinaxa -x/R, logikuria 108 109

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Sdr., a. SaniZe, 1920 da a. WinWarauli, 1960, gv. 96-98. ix. q. lomTaTiZe, 1938; m. cincaZe, m. faRava, 1998 da sxv.

davuSvaT, rom zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wre formirdeba haemetoba/xanmetobis periodSi; es dro ki, savaraudod, emTxveva axali welTaRricxvis dasawyiss110. e. qarTveluri kiloebis daTariRebisa da samwignobro enis sayrdeni enobrivi modelis gansazRvrisaTvis sainteresoa zmnur Temis niSanTa Cveneba: arqauli samwignobro enisaTvis bunebrivi iyo TemisniSnianic da uTemisniSno zmnebic; analogiuri viTarebaa svanur kiloebSic, rac gvavaraudebinebs, rom arqauli samwignobro ena da svanuri dialeqtebi saerToqarTvelur viTarebas asaxavs. droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTul samwignobro enaSi gaZlierda Temis niSnis darTvis, xolo sxva qarTvelur qvesistemebSi unifikaciis tendenciac; kerZod, Tu fxovur kiloebSi, gurulSi, zemoimerulsa da aWarulSi mkrTalad SemorCa arqauli samwignobro enis (anu saerToqarTveluris) msgavsi viTareba, qarTlursa da kaxurSi TiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba uTemisniSno zmnebi, xolo mesxursa da megrul-WanurSi Temis niSanTa sruli unifikacia moxda111. daskvna: Temis niSnebis aspeqtiT svanuri da arqauli saliteraturo ena Tanadroul viTarebas asaxaven; samwignobro ena eyrdnoba im models, romelic daculi aqvs svanurs da ara megrul-Wanurs, mesxurs an qarTlurs. v. awmyosa da TurmeobiTis formaTa warmoebis principi qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi ZiriTadad erTnairia: arqauli qarTulisa da zemosvanuri kiloebis formebi meS110

t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 303-322; aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom swored am droidan Cndeba wyaroebSi svanebis Temic da maTi saxelic: soanas/Soanas "svani"; Sdr., I-IV saukuneebis ucxour wyaroebSi jer kidev ar Cans dialeqturi Soni/muSuan variantebi. 111 masalisaTvis ix. b. jorbenaZe, 1995, gv. 360-374

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vel zmnas ar dairTavs; gviandel samwignobro enaSi, megrul-WanurSi, qvemosvanursa da sxva qarTvelur kiloebSi ki bunebrivia aris zmnis sxvadasxva fonetikuri varianti. Sedgenili Semasmenlis zmnur komponentad gamoyenebuli ”aris” zmnis fonetikuri cvlilebac qarTvelur qvesistemebSi erTgvari principebiT xdeba; ramdenadac amosavali qarTveluri forma (ars/aris) identuria arqauli samwignobro qarTulis monacemisa, SesaZlebloba gvaqvs, qarTveluri masStabiT vimsjeloT Sedgenili Semasmenlis zmnuri nawilis formirebis droisa da qarTvelur enobriv velSi alomorfTa gamovlenis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb; kerZod: Zvel werilobiT ZeglebSi Sedgenili Semasmenlis zmnur wevrad, rogorc wesi, gvxvdeba ars meSveli zmna, saxeladi nawili ki ZiriTadad fuZis saxiTaa warmodgenili: daxatul ars, daweril ars, mosul ars... iSviaTad dasturdeba i-xmovniani varianti: aris. megrul-WanurSi ZiriTadia oren (< *a-r-e-n) forma; xolo svanur kiloebSi ”aris” damoukidebeli zmnis rolSia @ri/ari (I p. xE-ar-i, II p. x-ar-i, III p. a-r-i. mr.: I p. xE-@-r-id/l-@r-id, II p. x-@-r-i-d, III p. @-r-i-x; (x)E-, x-, -x xanmetobisdroindeli piris niSnebia), xolo meSveli zmnis funqciiT dasturdeba li/liz/lis: I p. xE-i (<xE-ar-i) II p. x-i (<x-ari), III p. l-i (
warmoeba, sadac ”aris” meSveli zmnisgan darCenilia mxolod Tavkiduri a xmovani; igi enklitikurad mierTvis winamaval sityvas: daxatuli-a < daxatuli aris, dawerilia < dawerili aris... Zvel werilobiT ZeglebSi enklitikis SemTxvevebi iSviaTia. b) zog dialeqtSi (xevs., fS., TuS., ing.) enklitikis SemTxvevaSi fuZeTanxmovnian saxelebTan SesaZloa daikargos meSvelzmniseuli a xmovanic, ris sakompensaciodac Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxeladi nawilis bolo marcvals moudis dinamikuri maxvili; mag., xevs.: bevr vaJi& (=vaJia) mZimed daWrili. Tu kacebi-as saxlCi, saarayes Caayeneben, Tu obol-obol-qvrivi& (=obol-obolqvrivi-as), Tunda pursa nu aWmevs (a.WinWarauli, 1960). ing.: daTi koli (=daTvis kvalia), did kaci (=didi xnis kacia), zéri (=Zviria) (gr. imnaiSvili, 1966, gv. 116). g) zepir metyvelebaSi xSiria ”aris” meSvelzmniseuli bolokiduri Tanxmovnis - III subieqturi piris sufiqsis dakargvis faqtebi: aris>ari: daxatuli ari, wasuli ari... III subieqturi piris niSani -n bolokidur poziciaSi ikargeba megrulSic: Waril ore/re“”dawerili aris”... n- sufiqsi aRdgeba xmovnis Semcveli morfemebis (mr. ricxvis -an sufiqsis, sxvaTa sityvis -ia nawilakis, kiTxviTi o nawilakis) darTvisas, mag.: ore-n-a(n) ”arian”, ore-n-ia ”ariso”, ore-n-o ”aris?” WanurSi -n sufiqsis dakargvis faqtebi iSviaTia: ore-n. d) "aris" zmnis fonetikur variantad xevsurulSi gvxvdeba -as: gaWirebuli kaci as. es kanon Zveli as. TiTo moS Tivaic ro miscaT, isic kai as. mkvdris coli as is, ro qals qmar maukvdebis (a. WinWarauli, 1960, gv.41). e) ingilourSi (kakurSi) xmovanfuZian saxelebTan aris/ars meSveli zmna s variantiT aris warmodgenili, igi 87

uSualod ekvris saxels, mag.: zroxa~s (=Zroxa aris), mama~ mepure~s (mama mepure aris), saWiro~s (=saWiro aris) (gr. imnaiSvili, 1955, gv. 122) v) megrul-WanurSi oren meSveli zmna II-III pirSi xSirad Tavkiduri o xmovnis gareSe ixmareba: req o: qali-or < qali var (a.WinWarauli, 1960). z) qarTvelur kiloebSi dasturdeba iseTi faqtebic, roca meSveli zmna erTdroulad kargavs Tavkidur da bolokidur bgerebs, kerZod, megrul-WanurSi amosavali oren forma warmodgenilia re-s saxiT: saWiro re (re>e: xantilie ”daxatulia”, Warilie ”dawerilia”... i) WanurSi oren zmnis Ziriseuli r Tanxmovani icvleba ~-T: ren>~en: si kiTxeri ~e-r-i? (aq r ganviTarebulia, i _ 88

kiTxv. nawilakia)“”Sen naswavli xar?” jigei Jui en "filtvi ori aris" (s.JRenti, 1953, gv. 72). Sdr. martviluri: mu~e<mu re ”ra aris”... k) WanurSi SesaZlebelia xmovnebs Soris moqceuli meSvelzmniseuli r bgera daikargos: en
l) vfiqrobT, am rigSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT svanuris li (< aris) morfemoidic: Tu damajerebelia *lari/*laris > (l)-ar-i > (l)-i procesi, maSin gamodis, rom am SemTxvevaSic dakargulia Sua segmenti -ar-. svanuris Taviseburebad unda CaiTvalos is, rom meSveli zmnis gamartiveba ufro Sors aris wasuli da, msgavsad III pirisa, gacvda III piris formebic. es faqtic saerToqarTveluri movlenaa: ena cdilobs damxmare sityvebi (morfemoidebi) afiqsebad aqcios (Sdr.: a<ars, megr. q
89

herulsa da mesxurSic), maSin roca megruli da sxva qarTveluri kiloebi mihyveba Tanamedrove qarTuls. r. Serozias azriT, lazurisa da megrulis monacemTa sxvadasxvaoba saTaves iRebs VII-VIII saukuneebidan; Sdr.: rogorc cnobilia, daaxloebiT arabobis dros saliteraturi enaSi xdeba cvlilebebi myofadisa da aspeqtis warmoebis mxriv114. samwignobro dedaenisgan mowyvetil da bizantiur kulturul velSi moqceul lazur kilos es cvlilebebi naklebad Seexo; swored amis gamocaa, rom "zogierT sakiTxSi lazurs meti aqvs SenarCunebuli Zveli viTarebisa, vidre megruls da TviT qarTvelur saliteraturo enas" (r. Serozia, 2002, gv. 88). T. qarTveluri samwignobro enisa da kiloebis monacemTa SepirispirebiT samecniero literaturaSi rekonstruirebuli saerToqarTveluri leqsikis morfologiuri da semantikuri struqturebi ZiriTadad emTxveva arqauli samwignobro qarTulis monacemebs; masala vrcladaa warmodgenili n. maris, a. cagarelis, p. Waraias, arn. Ciqobavas, g. klimovis, h. fenrixis, z. sarjvelaZis, m. Cuxuas da sxvaTa leqsikonebSi, amitom mraval nimuSTagan aq mxolod ramdenime tipur SemTxvevas warmovadgenT: saerToqarTv. *asuli, samwign. qarT. asuli, mesx. asuli, zan. osuri, svan. aséS; saerToqarTv. *Tafli, samwign. qarT. Tafli, mesx. Tafli, zan. Tofuri, svan. Tu/TEi; saerToqarTv. *yurZeni, samwign. qarT. yurZeni, mesx. yurZeni, zan. Ïurzeni, svan. yunZel... 114

90

aq kidev erTxel aRvniSnav, rom samecniero literaturaSi saerToqarTvelurisTvis aRdgenilia samwignobro tradiciis amsaxveli leqsikac; kerZod, m. Cuxuas azriT (2006), saerToqarTvelurSi samwerlo tradiciis arsebobas mxars uWers iseTi fuZeebi, rogoricaa: wign- "wigni", qert- "qaRaldi, tyavis naWeri"... vfiqrobT, warmodgenili faqtebi cxadyofs, rom qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis Tavdapirveli varianti , Sesabamisad, arqauli samwignobro ena daefuZna enas, romelic ufro miemsgavseba saerToqarTvelur enas, vidre romelime qarTvelur kilos (Tundac qarTlurs, miT umetes - mesxurs). Sesabamisad: saerToqarTveluris uSualo memkvidrea arqauli samwignobro, normirebuli ena. masTan SefardebiT zepiri qarTveluri metyvelebebi aSkarad meoreuli, fonetikurgramatikulad saxecvlili nairsaxeobani arian; Sdr.: gavigone > gevigone > gevgone > gevgoni: piriqiTi procesi gamoricxulia! istoriul qarTvelur samwignobro enas qmnida yvela kuTxis qarTveloba; amtomaa, rom samwignobro enaSi Cans rogorc zanur-svanuri, aseve qarTlur-mesxur-heruli (da sxva qarTveluri) kiloebis leqsika. amave dros, ramdenadac arqauli samwignobro ena uwinaresia yvela CvenTvis cnobil qarTvelur kilosTan SedarebiT, sistemebr inaxavs uZveles fonematur struqturasa da gramatikuli wyobas. safiqrebelia, rom samwignobro qarTulis fuZe enobrivi erTeuli Zvel kavkasiaSi ganixileboda erT-erT iberiul-kavkasiur dialeqtad, ramac xeli Seuwyo am samwerlobo kulturis gavrcelebas ("gaSinaurebas") qarTvelebis monaTesave Crdilo kavkasiel xalxebSic. msjeloba sxva mimarTulebiTac SegviZlia ganvaviTaroT:

z. WumburiZe, 1986

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saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze arsebuli samwignobro enis meoreuli variantebi ar SeiZleba miviCnioT amosavali struqturis Tanadroul sistemebad. Sdr.: genealogiur xeze tolfard enobriv erTeulebad iseTi samwignobro da umwignobro enebi SeiZleba warmovadginoT, romlebic erTnairad miemarTebian amosaval enobriv sistemas; mag., Tvisobrivad Tanabari sistemebia: italiuri, espanuri da sardiniuli. Cvens sinamdvileSi qarTvelTa arqauli metyveleba amosavalia megrulis, svanurisa Tu mesxurisaTvis; Sesabamisad, istoriul sinamdviles ufro asaxavs opozicia: qarTveluri ena - qarTveluri kiloebi da ara termini: qarTveluri enebi, romelic saerToqarTveluridan sami "moZme" enis gamoyofas gulisxmobs. kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: samwignobro qarTuli rom Seqmniliyo erT-erT qarTveluri kilos mixedviT, masTan mimarTebiT Tanasworad - moZme enobriv erTeulebad - SegveZlo gangvexila sxva qarTveluri metyvelebani, Tuki maTze metyveli sazogadoebebi eTnokulturadac erTmaneTs arsebiTad daSordeboda. termini "qarTveluri enebi" gverdigverd ayenebs ("moZme enebad" ganixilavs) amosaval da meoreul enobriv struqturebs.

92

qarTvelTa samwignobro enisa da kiloebis mimarTebis ori sqema qarTvelTa enobrivi samyaros daTariRebisa da divergenciis Sesaxeb arsebuli ZiriTadi mosazrebis mixedviT Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli ori sqema SeiZleba aigos: a. saerToqarTveluri ena arsebobda II-I aTaswleulebSi; farnavazisa da qujis dros saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze iqmneba qarTveluri mwignobroba. warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi sqematurad ase gamoiyureba:

93

iberiul-kavkasiuri erToba

ena

saer To qar Tvel uri ena

i

el arTv sxva q

b oe kil i ur

i eb

samwignobro

zanur-sv anur i

ki l o

arqauli samwignobro ena

T anamed r o ve s amw i g n o br o en a

sagangebod aRvniSnav, rom samwignobro enisa da dialeqtTa urTierTgamdidreba-Tanacxovreba mudmivi procesia; kerZod: „araizolirebuli mosaxleobis metyveleba (ena, kilo...) warmoqmnilia divergenciuli da konvergenciuli procesebis Sedegad, Sesabamisad, Cem mier warmodgenili ena-kiloTa divergenciuli sqemebi garkveulwilad pirobiTia, vinaidan sqemebSi naklebad Cans ganapira kiloebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ”kulturuli difuziis” aspeqtebi115.

Sdr.: ganvlili 15 saukunis manZilze samwignobro qarTulis gavlena ufro aqtiuri iyo centralur, vidre ganapira qarTvelur kiloebze, Sesabamisad, politikur da kulturul centrTan mudam axlos myofi centraluri kiloebi (qarTluri, kaxuri, imeruli...) mihyvebodnen samwignobro enis normebis cvlilebis dinamikas. qarTuli samwignobro ena naklebad icvleba (inarCunebs saerToqarTveluris ZiriTad niSnebs), Tumca xalxuri metyvelebis (centraluri kiloebis!) gavlena mainc aisaxeba saero mwerlobis enaze. amgvari intensiuri urTierToba ar aris samwignobro enasa da ganapira qarTvelur kiloebs Soris, amitomac logikuria, rom ganapira qarTvelur kiloebSi bevri fonematur-gramatikuli Tu leqsikuri arqaizmic gvaqvs da inovaciac. amitomaa saWiro mecnierTa da mweralTa gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva: samwignobro ena mizanmimarTuli SromiT unda gamdidrdes ganapira dialeqtebis monacemebiT (rogorc amas konstantine gamsaxurdia werda). aqve aRsaniSnavia: centralizebul da samwignobro tradiciis mqone saxelmwifoSi samwignobro enis intensiuri gavleniT kiloebi ufro da ufro Tmoben poziciebs; mag., bolo ramdenime saukuneSi (xalxSi gvarebis formirebis Semdeg!) saxelmwifo enis gavleniT adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dialeqti dauaxlovda samwignobro enas: megruli metyvelebis transformireba moxda qvemo aWarul, gurul da qvemoimerul metyvelebebad, procesisTvis xeli SeiZleba Seewyo TurqeTis mier mesxeTis dapyrobis procesSi mimdinare migracias.

115

msjelobisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, I, 2005, gv. 144, 328. qarTuli samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri kiloebis Tanaarseboba monolingvuri diglosiis saxisaa; dedaena aris oficialuri (mecnierebis, kulturis, ganaTlebis, eklesiis, masmediis, saqmiswarmoebis...) ena, dedaenis kuTxuri (xalxuri) saxesxvaobani ki gamoiyeneba araoficialur, araprestiJul garemoSi (aqac, araiSviaTad, samwignobro qarTulTan erTad)... semantikis

94

miuxedavad (di - ori, glosa - ena) am termins amave mniSvnelobiT (erTi enis saxesxvaobaTa funqciuri ierarqia) iyenebs misi Semqmneli C. fergiusoni; Sdr., T.bolqvaZe, 2007, gv. 227

95

Sdr.: anTropologiuri monacemebic adasturebs, rom saqarTvelos am kuTxeebSi adgili ar hqonia qarTlelTa Tu mesxTa masStabur gadmosaxlebas - qarTizacias. erTi qarTveluri enis Tvalsazrisis mixedviT Seqmnili Tanamedrove qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros amsaxveli sqematuri ruka ase gamoiyureba:

b. Zv. w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi ukve arsebobda qarTveluri enebi (qarTuli, zanuri, svanuri). amaTgan erT-erTi tomis - qarTebis enaze Zv. w. VII - ax. w. IV saukuneebSi Seiqmna damwerloba117, romelic sxva qarTveluri tomebis samwignobro enadac iqca. sqematurad es mosazreba ase gamoiyureba:

wina Taobebis mkvlevarTa pativiscemis miuxedavad, vfiqrob, rom gadasasinjia sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi Seqmnili qarTvelur kiloTa klasifikaciebic116.

116

mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: "qarTuli enis istoria", quTaisi, 2006, gv. 39-44 (wigni gankuTvnilia universitetis bakalavriatis studentTaTvis). am sakiTxis "ganxilvis" drosac cruobs g. gogolaSvili (Sdr.: qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv. 39-44). sxva SemTxvevaSic araerTxel ayalbebs specialistTa mosazrebebs (mag., T. gvancelaZes miawers Jurnalistis mosazrebebs). savaraudoa, rom am koleqtiur broSuraSi dabeWdili avtoportretuli paskvilebi iseTi mkiTxvelisTvisac daigegma, romelsac saSualeba an dro ara aqvs, Tavad Seamowmos gayalbebuli "citatebi" (miT 96

umetes, es avtorebi, rogorc wesi, ar uTiTeben: wigns, gamocemis wels, gverds). 117 am Tvalsazrisis mimdevrebi qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis sxvadasxva dros asaxeleben. 97

dasasrul, "evropis enebis qartiis" fonze saqarTvelos orgvari perspeqtivis Sesaxeb:

iberiul-kavkasiuri erToba

enobriv da eTnikur umciresobaTa Sesaxeb evrosab-

lsq. ex. B balsz. ba laSx. L lent

i r u n sva li, fxovuri AaRmosavluri: heru

D

a sxv a d K ka x u r i

qarTuli qarTlkaxuri

qarTuli samwignobro ena

qarTlur- mesxuri

u r i d a s a v l D

M

me g r u l -W an u r i

za

nu Kk ri il oeb i

saerToqarTveluri ena

mkiTxvelisTvis Zneli gamosacnobi ar aris, rom zemoT kritikulad gaanalizebuli ucxouri kvalifikaciebi mxolod am sqemiT ifarglebian118.

Wos sakanondeblo normebis amoqmedebis pirobebSi, qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros zemoT ganxiluli ori Tvalsazrisi orgvar momavals gulisxmobs: 1. adekvaturad SevafasoT mefis ruseTisa da sabWoTa imperiis mier politizebuli "samecniero" debulebebi, zogadad, qarTvelologiis rusuli skola. Tanamedrove msoflios Tu momaval Taobebs mivawodoT qarTvelTa realuri enobrivi suraTi: sul mcire 20 saukunis manZilze qarTvelebs gvaqvs erTi mTavari ena - dedaena da sami aTeuli dialeqti119.

paralelurad, saxelmwifo doneze unda Sedges farTomasStabiani gegma qarTveluri dialeqtebis SeswavlaSenarCunebisa da samwignobro enis erTiani (qarTveluri) saleqsikono bazis Sesaqmnelad; garda amisa, unda momzaddes qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis axali re-

119

118

aq ar ganvixilavT deetersis moZvelebul sqemas, vinaidan dausabuTebelia saerToqarTveluridan jer svanurisa da zanurqarTulis gamoyofa, 1000 wlis Semdeg ki zanur-qarTulis dacalkeveba. zanur da svanur kiloebSi e.w. SiSina Tanxmovnebis refleqsebis erTgvaroba cxadyofs am kilour jgufTa Tanadroulobas

98

Cveni oponentebis azriT, maTgan dawunebuli am ”erTi qarTveluri enis Teoriis mamamTavari” me var. CemTvis es didi pativi iqneboda, magram, samwuxarod, maTi arc es mosazrebaa marTebuli: amgvari xedva quj-farnavazis droidan momdinareobs da, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, sxvadasxva waxnagiT Cemamdec bevri mecnieri Tu sazogado moRvawe asabuTebda mas.

99

daqcia, romelSic vrclad aisaxeba megrul-lazur-svanurtaour-klarjul-heruli leqsikuri erTeulebic120. II. yovelgvari logikis gareSe zogi evropeli eqspertis mier eTnikuri umciresobis enad, xolo mecnierTa erTi jgufis mier umwignobro enebad gamocxadebuli qarTveluri kiloebi vaRiaroT qarTvelTa erTi nawilis (megrelebis, lazebis, svanebis) dedaenebad; jer davumkvidroT maT aSordia-grenis, siWinavas Tu qurdian-bawaSis Seqmnili anbanebi, Semdeg ki saqmiswarmoeba, RvTismsaxureba, saskolo-sauniversiteto swavleba daviwyoT sam qarTvelur kilozec. am gziT Tu wavalT, Zneli misaxvedri araa, rom xeli Seewyoba qarTveli erisa da saqarTvelos danawevrebas121. saskolo sagani: ”qarTuli ena” unda Seicvalos sagniT: ”qarTvelTa dedaena” (g.ramiSvili, 2000, gv. 9-22). saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSic vrclad unda Sevides Tanamedrove qarTveluri dialeqturi (megrul-lazuri, svanuri, mesxuri, fxovuri, heruli, raWuli...) saleqsikono masalac da qarTuli/qarTveluri samwignobro enis istoris sakiTxebic. 121 Cven mier am gzis kritika oponentebma”qarTul nacionalizmad” CagviTvales. kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT: qarTvelologiis politizeba, qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros politizebuli Sefaseba daigegma ruseTis imperiaSi XIX saukuneSi; wamyvan ”samecniero Teoriad” iqca sabWoTa kavSirSi. politizebuli qarTvelologia ukanasknelad (!) gaaaqtiures XX saukunis bolo aTwleulSi (roca rusulma imperiulma Zalebma kavkasiis dakargvis realuri safrTxe dainaxes). Cven SevecadeT, Tanamedrove mecnieruli meTodologiiT gangvexila problema da warmogveCina sabWoTa periodSi uaryofili sinamdvile. kargia, Tuki Cveni oponentebic daaskvnian, rom depolitizebuli mecniereba unda gaxdes safuZveli erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi ideologiisa. namdvili erovnuloba ki erTnairad gulisxmobs rogorc sakuTari, aseve sxvisi enobrivi Tu nacionaluri meobis (identobis) pativiscemas. 120

100

romeli koncefcia, divergenciuli sqema Tu lingvisturi rukaa saqarTvelos sinamdvilis amsaxveli da mecnierulad argumentirebuli, Tqven gansajeT, pativcemulo mkiTxvelo. p.s. sazogadoebisTvis didi xania cnobilia prof. j. hiuitis antiqarTuli moRvaweoba; am etapze is "axali" iniciativiT gamodis: megruli enis saxelmwifo enad aRiarebiT Seiqmnas samegrelos buferuli saxelmwifo, romelic xels Seuwyobs qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mogvarerbas; kerZod, misi azriT: "afxazebs qarTvelebisgan fizikurad ganadgurebis safrTxe aRar daemuqrebaT, Tuki saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris Camoyalibdeba samegrelos buferuli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni: es procesi unda daiwyos megrulis, rogorc megrelTa saliteraturo da kulturis enis, aRiarebiT; "megrelebmac unda daicvan TavianTi uflebebi"; "megrelebma ar unda gaiziaron qarTvelebis kulturuli memkvidreoba da unda ganaviTaron TavianTi TviTmyofadi ena da kultura"... "vinc amtkicebs, rom megrelebs Soris ar arsebobs amgvari uflebebis moTxovna, vityvi, rom maTTvis am kiTxviT aravis miumarTavs..." am "istoriuli Secdomis gamosworebam grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi SeiZleba qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis sayovelTaod sasurveli gamosworeba moitanos..." unda Seiqmnas kavkasiis konfederacia (romlis subieqtebadac ivaraudeba: afxazeTi, samegrelo, saqarTvelo, azerbaijani, yarabaxi, somxeTi, samxreTi oseTi...)122. 122

j. hiuitma es mosazreba gamoTqva 1999 wels werilSi: "TanamSromloba kavkasiis sakeTildReod" (statia saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arn. Ciqobavas instituts sarecenziod gadasca TurqeTSi gamomavali Jurnalis "Cveneburebis" re-

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