T. Putkaradze. Ergative. 2008(1)

tariel futkaraZe (qsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis instituti) moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis variantTa istoriisaTvis qarTuli samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri dialeqtebis monacemebis mixedviT (-an > n; -man > -ma/-m/-em; -qo > q)1 qarTveluri enobrivi samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli moTxrobiTi brunva samecniero literaturaSi orgvarad ganixileba: specialistTa didi nawili mas ergativad (ergatiuli wyobis erT-erT mTavar elementad) miiCnevs; zogi ki Tvlis, rom qarTuli enis moTxrobiTi brunva nominativis variantia (megruli -i da -q sufiqsebis alomorfobis Sesaxeb ix. g.klimovi, 1973, gv. 54. qarTveluri saxelobiTisa da ergativis igiveobis Sesaxeb ix., g.nebieriZe, 1987). arsebul qarTvelur enobriv qvesistemebSi saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi brunvebi mkafiodaa gamijnuli formobrivadac da funqciuradac; Sesaabamisad, Tanamedrove monacemebis mixedviT gaumarTlebelia maTi gamocxadeba erT brunvad. sayovelTaod gaziarebuli azris mixedviT, ergatiuli wyobas qmnian: gardamavali moqmedebis gamomxatavi zmna, specifikur brunvaSi (ergativSi) mdgomi subieqti da obieqti, romelic formobrivad emTxveva gardauvali zmnis subieqts, romelic, rogorc wesi, saxelobiTi brunviT (/absolutiviT) aris gamoxatuli; mag., g.klimovis azriT, gardamavali moqmedebis subieqti gamoixateba ergativiT, gardauvalis subieqti da gardamavalis obieqti ki absolutiviT/saxelobiTiT; ergativs aqvs subieqtisa da iribi obieqtis (xSirad moqmedebis instrumentis) gamoxatvis funqcia, absolutivs (/saxelobiTs) ki subieqtisa da pirdapiri obieqtisa (g.klimovi, 1973, gv. 260); miCneulia, rom ergativs axasiaTebs bivalenturoba: ergativis forma gvevlineba instrumentalisis (an naTesaobis) rolSic; Sdr., arn. Ciqobava: gardamavali zmnasTan realuri subieqts ergativi gamoxatavs, xolo realur obieqts saxelobiTi da ara akuzativi (arn. Ciqobava, 1961, 126-127); am avtorTan aucilebel pirobad ar aris miCneuli ergativis bivalenturoba. qarTveluri moTxrobiTi brunvis Semcveli konstruqcia (svanuri -dalomorfiani variantis CaTvliT) ganxiluli unda iqnas ergatiuli wyobis erTerT Tavisebur modelad. gasaziarebelia mosazreba, rom iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi ergatiul konstruqcias dasabami eZleva klasovan uRlebaSi (arn.Ciqobava, 1961, gv. 127-128); Tavdapirvelad, ergativi da saxelobiTi iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi gaudiferencirebeli iyo da gauformebeli fuZiT gamoixateboda (arn. Ciqobava, 1948, gv. 117; arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv. 140-142, 146; qarTveluri gaudiferencirebeli ergativis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, g.maWavariani, 2002, gv. 79; l.palmaiti, 1979 da sxv.). arn. Ciqobavas azriT, iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis Tanamedrove brunvaTa sistemaSi ergativi orgvaria: TavisTavadi (qarTulzanurSi da CaCnur-inguSurSi) da saziaro (ergativ-instrumentalisi - xunZursa da andiurSi, ergativ-genetivi - lakurSi, ergativ-lokativi - lezgiurSi)... qarTvelurSi ergativi pirvelad Cndeba xolmeobiTobis semantikis (mudmivi viTarebis, gangrZobiTi moqmedebis) gamomxatvel zmnebSi (Sdr.: arn. Ciqobava, 1948, gv. 119-127; arn.Ciqobava 1961, gv. 3-4; 1979, gv. 137). amJamindeli qarTveluri ergativi Taviseburebebs avlens aramxolod ergatiuli wyobis/konstruqciis mqone sxva enebTan SedarebiT, aramed, araerTgavrovania qarTveluri qvesistemebis SigniTac. sxva enobriv velSic, erTi 1

statiis Semoklebuli varianti dabeWdilia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mier 2008 wels gamocemul krebulSi (gv. 112-128): "akademikos qeTevan lomTaTiZes" (krebuli miZRvnilia q. lomTaTiZis samecniero-pedagogiuri moRvaweobis 75 wlisTavisadmi).

enis farglebSi qvesistemebis mixedviT sxvaobs morfemis semantikac da alomorfTa distribuciac: araiSviaTad, semantikuri da distribuciuli kriteriumebis zusti dacva SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi enobrivi qvesistemis (dialeqtis, enis arqauli variantis...) farglebSi; Sesabamisad, morfTa identifikaciis procesSi gasaTvaliswinebelia enobrivi velis erTgvarovnoba/araeTgvarovnoba. aqve arsebiTia aRvniSnoT: arqaul samwignobro enasa da qarTvelur kiloebSi (zanur-svanuris CaTvliT) istoriulad da amJamad mimdinare movlenebi ZiriTadad erTi enisTvis (/erTi enobrivi sistemisTvis) damaxasiaTebel kanonzomierebebs emorCileba da erT konteqstSia gansaxilveli; Sdr., zogi avtori miiCnevs, rom svanuri, zanuri da samwignobro qarTuli sxvadasxva enaa, ris gamoc aSkarad igiveobriv enobriv faqtebs gverdigverd ar ganixilavs (sxvadasxva enobrivi sistemaao); Sesabamisad, misi daskvnebic araadekvaturia (ix. qvemoT). warmodgenil statiaSi Cveni mizania qarTveluri moTxrobiTi brunvis zogi alomorfis warmomavlobis Zieba. Cveni msjeloba aigeba Semdegi zogadi wesis gaTvaliswinebiT: mocemuli enobrivi erTeulis (enis, kiloTa jgufis, kilos, kilokavis...) farglebSi erTi morfemis alomorfebad unda miviCnioT is morfebi, romlebic erTnairia mniSvnelobisa Tu funqciis TvalsazrisiT da vlindebian identur, an urTierTgamomricxvel poziciebSi (termin "alomorfs" viyenebT i.naidas mixedviT: mocemuli brunvis niSnis alomorfebad miiCneva rogorc fonologiurad, aseve morfologiurad Sepirobebuli alternatebi; ix. t.futkaraZe, 1986, gv. 32). * * * ergatiuli wyobis mqone enaTagan mravalsaukunovani da uwyveti samwignobro tradicia aqvs qarTuls; qarTuli enis magaliTze SesaZlebelia Tvali gavadevnoT ergativis istorias erTi enobrivi samyaros istoriis farglebSi. qarTveluri ergativis niSnis ZiriTadi alomorfi ukavSirdeba CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare determinaciul "man" morfemoids, Sesabamisad, pirvel rigSi gasaazrebelia nacvalsaxelTa brunebis istoria qarTveluri dialeqturi monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tanamedrove qarTulSi man gaiazreba is/igi nacvalsaxelis moTxrobiT brunvad: igi, ma-n, ma-s, m-is-Tvis... Cans, adreul etapze wrfelobiT brunvaSi myofi mesame piris fardi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi: isi/is, igi, egi/ege/eg, mag/magan, man, aman, iman... saxelobiTisa da moTxrobiTis formirebis Semdeg qarTveluri qvesistemebis mixedviT gansxvavebulad inawileben "rolebs"; mag., samwignobro qarTulSi igi gardauvali zmnis subieqts gamoxatavs, man ki ZiriTadad, gardamavlisas; Sdr.: qarTvelur CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa samwevrovani sistema momdinareobs orwevrovanisgan: es/eg - is; agi/ege - igi (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., n.CarTolani, 1985, gv. 12, 40). saerToqarTveluri (amosavali) viTareba daculi aqvs svanur kiloebs (ala<*aman "es"/"eg" - eja<"ega "is" (ej da eg erTmaneTTan daakavSira h.Suxardtma); qarTv. man warmomavlobiT III piris nacvalsaxelia da opoziciur wyvilebs dieqtur nawilakTa darTviT iZens: man - aman - iman; Sdr., mag/magi (mag-an, magas...) da agi (aman, amas): aseTive zogadi mniSvneloba unda hqonoda mag nacvalsaxelsac; kerZod. "mag" qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi sakmaod xSirad miuTiTebs saganze an pirze sivrceSi konkretizaciis gareSe: mag wyals somdnen", "magan uTxra", "magens hqondaT", "magins yavden erTi biWiSvili" (iqve, gv. 79-81); ase iyo Zvel qarTulSic: "arc magan coda, arca mSobelTa magisTa", "vin aRuxila magas Tualni" (il.abulaZe, 1973, gv. 145).

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droTa ganmavlobaSi fuZis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi (m-an, m-as) enobrivi koleqtivis mier sxva brunvebis niSanTa rigSi gaiazreba; Sdr.: igi, m-an, m-as (< mans?), m-is; mag-i, mag-an, mag-as, mag-is, mag-iT... SeniSvna: Zvel qarTulSi aqtiurad dasturdeba magan: ege, magan, magas, magis, magiT, magad; egeni, magaT… (i.imnaiSvili, 1957, gv. 498; i.abulaZe, 1973). al.focxiSvilis varaudiT (1985, gv. 119), maga+man > maga-n (agreTve: ma+man>ma-n); n.CarTolanis azriT, ma+ag(a): ma- piris nacvalsaxelis Ziria (ma-n), "-g Tanxmovnuri Ziri ki agi, eg(e), igi CvenebiT nacvalsaxelSi gvxvdeba; Serwymis gziT miRebuli maga fuZis II pirTan dakavSireba gvian moxda orwevrovani sistemidan samwevrovanze gadasvlisas, iseve rogorc eg nacvalsaxeli gvian daukavSirda II pirs" (1985, gv. 82). d.meliqiSvilis varaudiT magan miRebuli Cans ege da man fuZeTa kontaminaciiT (1980, gv. 54). ori nacvalsaxeluri fuZis Serwymis daSveba met dasabuTebas iTxovs. vfiqrobT, mag-an formaSi gamosayofia -an sufiqsi (Sdr.: meg/mag da mag-an; Sdr.: m-an).

zanur kiloebSi man-s Seesatyviseba *mun "is" (TviTon; munefi "isini"; Sdr.: mu "ra" - mudomu "raebi") da *muT (muTefi): saxelobiTi brunva: mu/mun (megr.) "is", mu(q)/muT (laz.) "is" (Sdr., Zveli qarTuli mun "iq": rogorc cnobilia, araiSviaTia nacvalsaxeluri da zmnisarTuli fuZeebis saerTo warmomavloba: igi - iq, agi - aq; Sdr., agreTve, n.mariseuli mun-d > mun-T (sadac -d mimarTulebiTis niSania). zog sxva qarTvelur kiloSi saxelobiTSi

igi-s paralelurad (winadadebaSi igis nacvlad!) man formac gvaqvs; mag.; aWar.: "man midis", "man ambobs". istoriulad man formaSi unda gamoiyos fuZis mawarmoebeli -an sufiqsi (brunvis -n niSnis gamoyofas bevri dabrkoleba axlavs): Tavdapirveli man erTian fuZedaa gasaazrebeli; am mosazrebas mxars uWers isic, rom zog qvesistemaSi man saxelobiT-moTxrobiTis saziaro formad gvevlineba (aseve, vin nacvalsaxeli) da amjamindeli saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi wrfelobiTi brunvisgan gvian yalibdebian. SeniSvna: Sdr.: n.mari: man formaSi -a(+n) Zveli micemiTis niSania; man formis -n segments Tavdapirvel brunvis niSnad miiCneven h.Suxardti da ak.SaniZe; sainteresoa ak.SaniZis msjeloba (1980, gv. 619-621): moTxrobiTis niSani Tavdapirvelad unda yofiliyo n, romelic aqamomde Semonaxuli gvaqvs ma-n-Si. gansazRvrul moTxrobiTs unda hxleboda "man" nawevari: ganusazRvreli moTxrobiTi: kac-n da gansazRvruli moTxrobiTi: kacn man... sakuTar saxelebs marto erTi forma unda hqonodaT: daviT-n, luka-n... arn.Ciqobavas azriT, -n aris nacvalsaxeluri Zirisgan (savaraudod: *ga/*da/*na?) momdinare sufiqsia, romelic brunvis niSnad gaazrianda (arn.Ciqobava, 1929, gv. 173-178); "-T- WanurSi da -n- megrulSi erTi da imave Rirebulebis morfologiuri odenoba unda iyos" (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 77). -n-s determinantad Tvlis g.maWavariani (2002, gv. 79); b.kikviZe fiqrobs, rom -n ar aris ergativis niSani: na determinanti elementis naSTia (b.kikviZe, 1960, gv. 62); -an determinantad miaCnia d.meliqiSvilsac, oRond, misi azriT, -n elementi sinqronul WrilSi brunvis niSnadaa gasaazrebeli (d.meliqiSvili, 1980, gv. 56; d.meliqiSvilma Tavisi mosazreba daazusta zepir saubarSi)... g.maWavariani: n sufiqsis moTxrobiTidan saxelobiTSi gadasvla inovaciad unda miviCnioT megrulWanurSi. aseTi inovacia unda iyos n-s momdevnod -em sufiqsi gaCena svanur nacvalsaxelebSic (g.maWavariani, 1960, gv.99-101; sxva literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., d.meliqiSvili, 1980; k.gabunia, 1998; am ukanasknelis azriTac, n warmoSobiT fuZis mawarmoebeli derivaciuli sufiqsia da ara ergativis arqauli niSani; 1998, gv.37-38).

sayovelTaod gaziarebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, samwignobro qarTulisa da qarTveluri "sisina" kiloebis -ma/-m sufiqsi momdinareobs man III piris nacvalsaxelisagan (arn.Ciqobava, 1939, gv. 168,173; g.klimovi, 1962, gv.55; g. deetersi, 1930, gv.95): arn.Ciqobavas mixedviT, "moTxrobiTi qarTvelur enebSi - esaa nacvalsaxeluri ZiriT gansazRvruli fuZe" (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.174); "moTxrobiTis niSani warmoSobiT nacvalsaxelobiTi Ziri unda iyos. es Tanabrad exeba rogorc qarTul n-s, ise Wanursa da megrul q-s da svanur d-s (Ciqobava, 1936, gv.173). megrul-Wanuri q- igive g-a, rac i-g-i, e-g-e nacvalsaxelSi gvaqvs, oRond fonetikuradaa saxecvlili: g>q. es naTlad Cans adgilis zmnizedebidan: a-g (a-gre) zmnisarTi < aq (megr., qarT., Wan., xof.), haq//haqo (viw.-arq., aTin.), i-g (i-g-i) < iq (qarT.), hiq//hiqo (viw.-arq., aTin.), eq (meg. xof.) ma-g (mag-is) < ma-q (das. kiloebi). balsqvemourSi Senaxulia zmnisarTi, sadac daculia g: im-e-d "sad", dem-e-g (ara, arsad) e-g CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisagan momdinarea (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.173-174; arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv.144). bes. kikviZem da g.maWavarianma damajereblad aCvenes, rom svanurSic gvaqvs man/aman ganmsazRvreli nawevari romlisganac miRebulia ergativis -em/-m (Sdr.: m formanti adiReurSic nacvalsaxeluri warmomavlobis niSani 3

gansazRvrebiTi nawevarisgan momdinareobs (s.janaSia, 1942, gv. 263). miuxedavad imisa, rom svanuri -em/-m-iani ergativis qarTveluroba (da ara adiReuroba!) aSkaraa, saerToqarTveluri da adiReuri ergativis msgavsebac uTuoa: ergativi momdinareobs determinanti nawilakisgan); kerZod, Zveli qarTulis moTxrobiTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli aman nacvalsaxeli unda aRdges svanur-i -em/n niSnisTvisac da amnem "aman" formis fuZisTvisac: *aman > *aman-em > amn-Lm; sadac -Lm meoreuli danarTia (bes.kikviZe, 1958, gv. 91: "m-iani bruneba svanurSi nacvalsaxeluri, gansazRvruli tipis brunebaa. saxels daerTvis nacvalsaxeli ama Tu im brunvis formiT...). g.maWavariani fiqrobs, rom e-s sigrZe man-is a-s reduqciis Sedegia... (bes.kikviZe, 1958, gv.91-93; g.maWavariani, 1960, gv. 97-100; g.maWavariani, 1985, gv. 237-238); ix. agreTve: d.meliqiSvili, 1980, gv. 56: svanurSi -an determinanti sufiqsis xmovani SeikumSa moTxrobiTis -em-is gavleniT: am+an-em > amn-em. k.gabunia, 1998, gv. 39-40: man fuZis Semadgenelma -m da -n segmentebma moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis adgili daikaves: *mana nacvalsaxeluri fuZe svanurSi erTi mxriv gvaZleva -m ergativis niSans (*ma-na > ma > m/em/am > am-d), meore mxriv - ergativis -n niSans: *ma-na > *-na > *na-em > -nLm-d da savaraudo *ma-da > -*da > d... Sdr., svanurSic saxelobiT brunvaSic SeiZleba aRvadginoT *ama/*aman: ala <*ama (m.Cuxua, 2003, gv. 49-50); *ama < aman. svanuris monacemebi da Zveli qarTulis ama da aman variantebi (il. abulaZe, 1973, gv. 4) saSualebas gvaZlevs saerToqarTvelurSi aRvadginoT: *man, *aman/*ama; Sdr.: g.klimovi, 1964, 124-125: *a-ma, *ma; h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 2000, gv. 314: *ma; m.Cuxua, 2003, gv. 50: *a-m-(a).... calke ganxilvis sagania svanuri *ejnem forma: Sdr.: sax. ala, mic. ala-s/amis, moTx. amnLm, moqm. amnoS, viT., amn@r(d), naT. amnLmiS, amMS da sax. eja, mic. ejas, moTx. ejnLm, moqm. ejnoS, viT., ejn@r(d), naT. eCMS (mogvyavs n.CarTolanis mixedviT, 1985, gv. 124). ala (<*aman) nacvalsaxelis moTxrobiTis amnLm formis msgavsad (amnLm < aman-em) xom ar SeiZleba ejnLm formaSic fuZed *ejan- aRvadginoT (Sdr., ejn-oS "imiT"; amn-oS "amiT")? Sdr.: agi - magi/mag-an; ega - mega/*meg-an; Sdr., svan eja/*ejan (<*ega/*egan) > ejn-Lm. ar gamoiricxeba aseve ejnLm formis warmoqmna analogiiT: amnLm: eja - *ej-em > ej-n-em. Sdr., agreTve, sakamaToa -n-s kvalifikacia imn@r "ratom?" (sityvasityviT "rad?), amn@r "amitom?" (sityvasityviT "amad?); ejn@r "imitom?" (sityvasityviT "imad?) formebSi; vfiqrobT, aq amosavalia *am-nair-d/*egnair-d formebi, romelic saerToqarTvelurSia savaraudo: *am-nair-d > *amn@rd > amn@r; *eg-nair-d > *ej-@r-d > *ej-@r (gaqvavebulma formam ganicada cveTa). SeniSvna: Sdr.: amn@r(d) formas aRadgens, magram -n- segments micemiTis niSnad miiCnevs T.SaraZeniZe (1955, gv. 130); am-n-@r formaSi -n- da -@r- segmentebs orgvari viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebad Tvlis g.maWavariani (1985, gv. 237-238); l.palmaiti, vfiqrobT, samarTlianad fiqrobs, rom amn@rd formaSi n- segmenti nairi sityvis nawilia, oRond, misi azriT, amnairi, imnairi qarTulidanaa nasesxebi (ase SemTxvevaSi bundovani rCeba ejn@r formis "nasesxoba"); -n-s micemiTobas (Tu viTarebiTobas) ar iziarebs a.oniani (1989, gv. 164-165, 214); misi azriT, rom amn@r, imn@r, ejn@r formebSi gamosayofia n@r morfologiuri erTeuli (1998, gv. 85; Sdr., iqve, gv. 150: safuZvliania varaudi, rom amn@r, imn@r, ejn@r qarTulis gavleniT mirebulia formebia da aq -n- da -@r- morfologiur erTeulTa gamoyofis safuZveli ar arsebobs). Cveni azriT, aqac da sxva SemTxvevebSic e.w. -n-iani (Tu -n@r-iani) brunvis gamoyofa saeWvo masalas emyareba: svanur masalaSi -n zogan deterninanti sufiqsis naSTi Cans, zogan fonetikuri procesis Sedegi.

g.maWavarianis azriT, qarTvelur enaTa diferenciaciis periodSi moTxrobiTi brunva gaformebuli ar iyo. qarTvelur enebSi es brunva saerTo principis mixedviT - nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobis elementebis gamoyenebiT - gaformda (g.maWavariani, 1960, gv. 98-104; g.maWavariani, 2002, gv.79); kerZod, misi azriT, svanuri -m uSualod ar momdinareobs qarTuli -man nawevarisgan; svanurSic arsebobda Zveli qarTulis tipis "gansazRvruli bruneba" (msazRvreli/determinanti - iyo *-aman - CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare nawevari); substantivisa da postpoziciuri nawevaris erTad brunebis gamo, enk4

litikurad darTuli nawilaki Seerwya substantivs: *mKr-ad a-ma-n(a)/e-ma-n(a) > *mKrKman/*mKrLman > *mKrKm/mKrLm (1960, gv. 102-103). SeniSvna: Sdr., g.maWavarianis es msjeloba Taviseburad esmis a.onians; a.oniani Tvlis, rom g.maWavarianis azriT, Zveli qarTulis man nawevari da svanuri -em saSualebas ar iZleva saerToqarTveluri arqetipis rekonstruqciisTvis (a.oniani, 1989, gv. 148); arada, aSkaraa, rom g.maWavarianis mtkicebiT svanuri -m -aman/iman nawevarisgan modis, romelic igivea rac Zveli qarTulis aman (gv. 100); e.i g.maWavarianisTvis aman nawevari ufro saerToqarTveluri monacemia; vfiqrobT, logikuria, rom saerToqarTveluri -man/-aman/-iman determinati nawilaki (momdinare CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan) davsaxoT amosavlad rogorc samwignobro enis -ma/-m, ise svanuri kiloebis -m/-Lm morfebisTvis (am ukanasknelSi L CvenebiTi/dieqturi da fuZiseuli xmovnebis SerwymiTaa miRebuli). swored -aman, -amas, -amis nawilakebis daSvebiT ixsneba g.maWavarianis mier svanuri zedsarTavi saxelebis irib brunvebSi -am segmentis arseboba (xoCKm dMna-d, xoCKm dMnas...).

l.palmaitma samarTlianad ar gaiziara g.maWavarianis mier *aman, "iman/eman nawevrebis daSveba e, L, K xmovanTa monacvleobis asaxsnelad: "ufro SesaZlebelia, rom yvelgan a-m-iani nawevari SeerTebuliyo" (l.palmaiti, 1979, gv. 115)... safiqrebelia, rom amn-Lm formaSi -Lm analogiiT gaCnda, xolo e.w. micemiTis -Km (arKm) da -Lm segmentTa xmovnebis sxvadasxvaoba SeiZleba aixsnas warmomavlobiT: micemiTis forma adrindelia, Sesabamisad, K fuZiseul da nawevriseul a-s asaxavs, xolo Lm-is xmovani saxelobiTis analogiiTaa miRebuli. vfiqrobT, qarTveluri moTxrobiTi brunva saxelobiTze axali Cans; Zvel samwignobro enaSi saxelobiTi ukve Camoyalibebulia, moTxrobiTi ki - ara (Sdr., arn.Ciqobava, 1939, gv. 173; a.oniani, 1989, gv. 152). CvenTvis aseve Znelad gasaziarebelia sazRvrulis warmodgena -ad elementiani moTxrobiTis formiT; ufro logikuria davuSvaT, rom svanurSic (Zveli qarTulis analogiurad!) nawevari saxelis fuZes daerToda: *mKra/e(a~) a-man > *mKrLman > mKrLm. svanuri man-iani bruneba Zveli qarTulis tipis gansazRvruli brunebidan unda momdinareobdes, kerZod, svanurisTvis amosavalia Zveli qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli wyoba: "keTili igi kaci"; swored aseTi wyobis pirobebSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo nawevaris Serwyma atributivTan svanurSi: *xoCa-d i-man(a) mKra-d > *xoCLman mKra-d > xoCLm mKrad (g.maWavariani, 1960, gv. 97-104); am mosazrebas gaamyarebs nacvalsaxel ala-s moTxrobiTi varianti: amnem, maremnem tipis formebi. vfiqrobT, g.maWavarianis mosazrebaSi bundovania msazRvreliseulad navaraudevi d-s sakiTxi; ufro logikuri gveCveneba, *xoCa-d i-man(a) mKra-d konstruqciis nacvlad aRvadginoT *xoCa i-man mKra-d, romlisganac, -iman nawevaris bolokiduri -an segmentis dakargviT, gacilebiT martivi gziT (bunebrivad) miiReba sintagma: *xoCLm mKrad; saerTod, logikuria msazRvrelSi daculi iyos ergativis ufro arqauli varianti; Sdr., agreTve, ormagi sufiqsaciis dros fuZes uerTdeba ZirTan ufro axlosaa arqauli varianti; mag.: laSxur kiloSi gvaqvs mKrLm-d da ara mKre-d-Lm. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom man nacvalsaxelisgan miRebuli (e)m analogiiT gadasuliyo sxva brunvebSic: sax. mara~ > mare; pirvel rigSi mare formas efuZneba SedarebiT gvian warmoqmnili moTxrobiTi: mare-aman > marLma >marLm; Semdgom -em erTian sufiqsad iqna gaazrebuli da analogiiT gadavida sxva brunvebSic: *marems > marem, marem-iS... sxvagvari axsna sWirdeba xoCKm formas: a-s arseboba cxadyofs, rom an momxdaria ukana mimarTulebis umlauti: xoCems > xoCams, an ufro arqauli warmoebis micemiTi inarCunebs fuZiseul a xmovans (sax. brunva: mara-~). amrigad, vfiqrobT, ufro sarwmunoa svanur kiloebSi gamovlenili maniani ergativis -m niSnis qarTveluroba (vidre misi adiRuri warmomavloba): svanuri ergativis -m/-em warmoiqmna saerToqarTveluri (dasturdeba arqaul qarTulSic) *man/-iman nawevaris cveTis gziT (rogorc samwignobro qarTulsa da qarTvelur e.w. sisina kiloebSi): mara-iman > mareiman > marLman > marLm; nacvalsaxelisTvis Sdr., g.maWavariani: *aman > *aman-Lm > amn-Lm; am SemTxvevaSi -Lm sufiqsis darTva sazogado saxelTa analogiiT gvian moxda (sazogado saxelebTan Camoyalibebuli brunvis formis ganzogadebiT). Sesabamisad, svanuri e.w. or5

fuZianoba warmoqmnilia fonetikur niadagze, rogorc amas varaudobda v.Tofuria; kerZod, misi azriT, svanuris orfuZianoba (mare - mara) fonetikuri xasiaTisaa da ara morfologiuri rogorc adiReursa Tu xunZurSi; svanuri da gurul-imeruli orfuZianoba (baRana~ > baRane) erTi da igive movlenaa (v.Tofuria, 1979, gv. 451). v.Tofurias msgavsad fiqrobs m.qaldanic da b.jorbenaZec; Sdr., mag., b.jorbenaZe (1995, gv. 125, 342): bicola~ - bicole da mara~ > mare, Jaxa~ > Jaxa~ > J@xe erTi rigis movlenebia; Sdr, agreTve, nasesxebi sityvis transformacia: bamba > svan. bamb@~ da megr. bambe...

SeniSvna: svanuri da xunZuri orfuZianobis igiveobis Sesaxeb ix., arn.Ciqobava, 1941, gv. 56; svanuri da mTis kavkasiuri enebis orfuZianobis sxvadasxvaobis Sesaxeb ix., g.Tofuria, 2001, gv. 65. sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. m.qaldani, 1974, gv. 151-164: "fuZis bolokiduri a xmovnis e-d qceva saxelobiTi brunvis niSnis -is gavleniT svanuri enis erTi damaxasiaTebeli fonetikuri movlena iyo: muryvama-i > muryvame > muryvam; *RvaJ-ar-a-i > RvaJare > RvaJ@r (m.qaldanis azriT, bolo magaliTSi -a sufiqsi mr.r. gamomxatvelia; igi iwvevs umlauts. Cveni azriT, -a -an formantis fardia da warmomavlobas awarmoebs). Sesabamisad, saxelobisTis niSnad svanurSi -e ar ivaraudeba; svanuri -i saerToqarTveluria (da ara *iji-sgan momdinare; Sdr., m.qaldani, 1974, gv. 151). a-i > e~ > e fonetikur process varaudobs g.kartoziac lazuris saxelobiT brunvaSi gamovlenili -e-sTvis: kuCxai > kuCxe, qoTume > qaTamai, dianTili > damTire "dedamTili" (g.kartozia, 2005, gv. 62-63; Sdr., h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 2000, gv. 183: -e saxelobiTi brunvis niSnis alomorfia, romelsac Sesatyvisi ara aqvs qarTulSi. Cveni azriTac, -e warmoqmnilia qarTvelurisTvis bunebrivi ai > e procesiT (Tanac, arc Tu ise didi xnis win; aseTive warmomavlobisa SeiZleba iyos Jaxe-s e). rig SemTxvevebSi -e analogiiT gadasuli Cans sxva poziciebSi; -e ganzogadda mravlobiT ricxvSic. Sdr.: a. oniani a/e Senacvlebis safuZvlad miiCnevs Zireuli morfemis variantulobas: sax. J@xe, mic. Jaxa Zireuli morfemis ori sxvadasxva variantia, msgavsad JeR - JaRE, WiSx - WHSx... formebisa (a.oniani, 1998, gv. 78).

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom v.Tofurias, T.SaraZeniZis, m.qaldanis da sxvaTa safuZvliani mtkicemis miuxedavad, a.onianisTvis sarwmuno ar aris svanurgurul-imerul-megruli movlenebis erTgavrobis aRiareba (ix. agreTve, i.CantlaZe, 1973, gv. 272: "mKreØs tipis masalaSic dasazustebelia saxelobiTSi -i sufiqsi imsgavsebs -aØs, Tu odindeli e sufiqs"); Sdr. misi msjeloba (a.oniani. 1989, gv. 176-177): qvemoimerul-zemogurul-leCxumurSi gamoiyofa ori jgufi; erTSi e-s cvlis a, meoreSi - ara. "svanurSi viTareba ki sruliad sxvagvaria, araviTari msgavsi jgufebis gamoyofa aq ar xerxdeba... erTnairi agebulebis sityvaTagan zogi a-Ti bolovdeba, zogi eTi... amis gareSec, savaldebulo srulebiT ar aris or enaSi damoukideblad momxdari cvlilebebi aucileblad erTnairi xasiaTisa iyos - erTnairi hqondeT mizezica da Sedegic... arsebiTi mainc is aris, rom svanurSi moipoveba saxelebi, romelTa bolokidurSic amosavali xmovania ara a, aramed e, saTanado irib brunvebSi ki saxelobiTis formaSi warmodgenil fuZiseul e-s mainc a enacvleba. sanimuSod SeiZleba davasaxeloT lHje "rZe" (mic. làja) da mesme "mesame" (mic., mesma)". Cveni azriT, dasavlur kiloebSic sakamaToa e.w. jgufebis gamoyofis sizuste; mag., aWarulSi zogi sazogado saxeli dairTavs ~-s (mela~, kverna~, ana~, babo~, pawa~...), zogi ki - ara (erTmarcvliani da zogi sxva saxeli: da, Zma, deda, kata, Zroxa...); aWarulis swored es ~-darTuli saxelebi gvaZlevs -es zemogurul-imerul-leCxumurSi (t.futkaraZe, 1986)... sakamaToa e.w. qarTul-svanur enaTa sxvadasxvaobis sakiTxic. iSviaTi lHje - làja, mesme mesma tipis faqtebi ki SeiZleba aixsnas analogiiT, paradigmis gasworebiT. vfiqrobT, ufro argumentirebulia bicola~ - bicole da mara~ > mare procesTa erTgvaroba; miT umetes, erTmarcvlian saxelTa msgavsi Tavisebureba svanurSic Cans (sakvlevia am TaviseburebaTa saerTo safuZveli); Sdr., mag. a.onianis mier dadgenili wesi (a.oniani, 1998, gv. 58-69): I tipis brunebaSi saxelis erTmarcvliani fuZe Tu a-sa da e-ze bolovdeba, erTzemetmarcvlanTa msgavsad, ergativSi mxolod -d-s dairTavs (sxva erTmarcvlian saxelebTan -em/-d paralelurad vlindeba). 6

i.CantlaZis azriT, sxva qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa msgavsad, svanurSic (i.CantlaZis samarTliani Tavdapirvelad gvqonda erTfuZiani bruneba SeniSvniT [1998, gv. 88], mTis kavkasiur enaTa e.w. morfologiuri warmoSobis orfuZianobac diaqronulad SeiZleba fonetikur procesamde davides); svanuris auslautSi mimdinare procesebis gamo (bolokiduri segmentis gauCinareba da daxuruli marcvlis warmoqmnis tendencia) miviReT orfuZiani (da samfuZiani) bruneba, "romlis saTave saxelis fuZis mawarmoebel determinant -E, -em sufiqsebSi unda veZioT". Semdeg etapze gaZlierda enobriv formaTa gaerTmniSvnelianebis tendencia da analogiisken swrafvam kvlav gaamartiva saqme; dRes isev yalibdeba erTfuZiani sistema; Sdr. s.q. *sax-/*Zax- da svan. *Jax-em+i >*Jax-em > *Jax-e > Jaxe; Sdr., agreTve: s.q. *ZaR-l- da svan. *JaR-E+em+i > *JaREmi > *JaRmi *JeRmi > *Jerm > JeR (i.CantlaZe, 1998, gv. 106-107, 122-123; aqve ix sakiTxis istoria). Cveni azriT, svanuri kiloebis Jaxe da JeR tipis saxelebi gacilebiT martivi gziT miiReba saerToqarTveluri fuZeebidan; vfiqrobT, aq sakamaToa agreTve -em sufiqsis determinantoba da raRac etapze e.w. morfologiuri orfuZianobis daSveba (amis Sesaxeb vrclad calke gveqneba msjeloba). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom zog SemTxvevaSi fuZes mirTul ergativniSnian meoreul fuZed SeiZleba miviCnioT svanuris micemiT da naTesaobiT brunvebSi gamovlenili formebi (mKram-s > mKrKm > mKra; mKrLm-iS), Tu ar CavTvliT rom isini warmoiqmnen nawevaris Serwymis gziT: maras amas > maraams > mKrKm > mKra; mKre-iS amiS > mKrLmiS); problema Semdgom dakvirvebas da damatebiT argumentebs iTxovs. kvlevis am etapze Cven dasabuTebulad gveCveneba svanuri m-s momdinareoba saerToqarTveluri -man/aman nawevarisgan. vfiqrob, ufro bundovania zanuri ergativis q-s sakiTxi: g.deetersis azriT, -q sufiqsis warmomavloba srulebiT gaugebaria (g.deetersi, 1930, gv.95). arn Ciqobava miiCnevs (1939, gv.173), rom qarTul n-sa da svanur d-s msgavsad, megrul-zanuri -q-c nacvalsaxeluri Ziria; kerZod, "q igive g-a, rac i-g-i, e-g-e nacvalsaxelebSi gvaqvs, oRond fonetikuradaa saxeSecvlili: g > q (Sdr., ag-i, ag-re, aq; igi - iq; mag - maq)... arn. Ciqobavas azriT, igi/ege nacvalsaxelisgan jer warmoiqmna moTxrobiTis -man/-q alomorfebi (e.w. pirveli saxelobiTi brunvis niSnebi), Semdeg etapze ki ganxorcielda igi > i procesi: warmoiqmna meore saxelobiTi (1939, gv. 174-175). a.onianis azriT, zmnizedaTa Cveneba ver gamodgeba nacvalsaxelebsa da moTxrobiTis q-s Soris geneturi kavSiris arsebobis sabuTad, q-s warmomavlobis kvlevac momavlis saqmed rCeba (a.oniani, 1989, gv.117). Sdr., agreTve, a.lomTaZe, 1987, gv. 121: qarTulis analogiurad megrulWanuris moTxrobiTic gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelis SerwymiT warmoiqmna; oRond, ramdenadac zanurSi qarTuli n-iani tipis (man, magan, vin) Zveli afiqsiani forma ar dasturdeba, aq fuZis ganmsazRvrelad ergativSic nacvalsaxelis saxelobiTi brunvis forma gvqonoda; ivaraudeba Semdegi saxis fonetikuri procesi: boSi igi > boSii-qi > boSiqi > boSiq; e.i. a.lomTaZe Tvlis, rom zanuris ergativis niSani warmoSobiT igi nacvalsaxelis saxelobiTi brunvis formis gamartivebuli saxea, rac, vfiqrobT, damajereblad ver gamoiyureba. k.gabunias TvalsazrisiT, -q (<*g<*go) zanurSi imave funqciis mqone elementia warmomavlobiT, rac -n sufiqsi qarTulSi ("-n sufiqsi warmoSobiT fuZis mawarmoebeli derivaciuli sufiqsia da ara ergativis arqauli niSani"; Sdr., ma-n, zan. mu-q). zanurSi moxda formaTa gaerTmniSvnelianeba: nacvalsaxelursa da saxelur paradigmebSi identuri sufiqsebi gamoiyena enam ergatiulobis gamosaxatavad: saxelurma fuZem moTxrobiTis niSnad aiRo ara mTlianad nacvalsaxeluri fuZe *mu-g, aramed mocemul sistemaSi ukve brunvis niSnad gaazrebuli *-g sufiqsi (k.gabunia, 1998, gv.38)... 7

amgvari varaudic uperspeqtivo Cans, vinaidan mocemul "sistemaSi" Tu qvesistemaSi (megrul-lazurSi) mu, mu-q, mu-s... paradigmaSi fuZed ivaraudeba *mun/*muT (da ara - *mug): didi xania garkveulia, rom megrul-lazur mu nacvalsaxelis fuZeSi aRdgeba -n/-d da ara hipoTeturi -g; Sdr.: mu-q - mun-ef-i da laz. mi-q - muT-efi; ase, rom damajerebeli ar aris -q brunvis niSnis momdinareoba -g determinanti (?) sufiqsisgan. SeniSvna: qarTveluri "sisina" kiloebis meg/mag formebis paralelurad zanurSi (/"SiSina" qarTvelur kiloebSi) Tu davuSvebT *mug nacvalsaxels, garTuldeba aixsnas nawevaris cveTis mimarTuleba: rogorc wesi, sityvis bolokidurad darTuli nawevari/nawilaki/Tandebuli gamartivebis procesSi kargavs bolo marcvals/segments.

T.maxarobliZis azriT, ergativi ukavSirdeba ara gansazRvrulobaganusazRvrulobis kategorias, aramed vin-sulierobis kategorias, gamomdinare aqedan, zanuri -q unda momdinareobdes ganusazRvrelobis nacvalsaxel koCisgan: koCi > k > q; "zmnebSi -q afiqss mxolod vin-sulierobis kategoriis gamoxatva ekisreba" (2005, gv. 46-51). misive azriT, amave funqciisa da masalobrivad amave warmomavlobisaa -q sufiqsi megruli zmnis I da II pirSi: vore-q, vWarun-q... -q aqac sulierobis niSania (gv. 47). samecniero literaturaSi zmnuri -q sufiqsis warmomavloba ufro damajereblad sxvagvarad ixsneba; kerZod: q.lomTaTiZis mier dadgenilia, rom megruli zmnebis I da II pirSi arsebuli -q sufiqsi qo dadasturebiTi nawilakisgan warmoiqmna (q.lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv. 133; Sdr., arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 96-97: megrulis -q igive odenobaa rac svanuris x-): "qarTulsa da svanurSi TurmeobiTsa da garkveul zmnebTan awmyos warmoebaSi monawileobs meSveli zmna, aseve Wanursa da megrulSic saTanado SemTxvevebSi gamoyenebuli yofila meSveli zmna, megrulSi dadasturebiTi qo nawilakiTurT, WanurSi - awmyoSi uwindebulod, TurmeobiTSi ki - viwurarqabulSi do- windebuliT (sadac meSveli zmna mTeli formiT gadarCenila), xolo xofurSi - uwindebulod" (q.lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv. 139). q.lomTaTiZis marTebuli daskvniT, ganxiluli movlena qarTvelur qvesistemebSi erTgvarovania da erTdrouladac xdeba; kerZod: "megrul-WanurTan Sesadarobis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa, rom axal qarTulSi meSveli zmna gauCnda swored saSuali gvaris zmnebs da swored pirvelsa da meore pirSi. Zvel qarTulma es ar icoda; iq gvqonda vzi, vdga da sxva, axali qarTulisTvis ki es formebi sruliad ucxoa (Sdr.: vzi-var, vxti-var...)... Sdr., balszemouri im normebs uWers mxars, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli qarTulisaTvis: sgur "vzi"... balsqvemouri axal qarTuls mihyveba: skur-xEi "vzivar"... udavoa, rom yvela qarTvelur enaSi meoreuli movlenaa xsenebuli meSveli zmnis darTva (gv. 136)... aRsaniSnavia isic, rom q.lomTaTiZis azriT, Zveli qarTulisa da svanuris xanmetoba erTidaigive movlenaa da samwignobro enaSi xanmetobis gaqrobis dros emTxveva zanurSi dadasturebiTi nawilakis cveTis dasawyisi, oRond, masalobrivad x- da -q sxvadasxva monacemia: "...saerTo araferi SeiZleba hqondes megrul -q-s svanur -xsTan (x-ari, x-Íari). sxva argumentaciasac rom ar gamovudgeT (mag., x yvela droSia), maT gasaTiSad isic kmara, rom aq Cven arsebiTad gansxvavebuli xnovanebis movlenebTan (xazi yvelgan Cemia - t.f.) gvaqvs saqme: erTi (x-), qarTulis istoriuli periodis dasawyisSi ukve gadaSenebis gzaze damdgar movlenad Cans, meore (-q) ki sworad am periodidan ikvlevs gzas (aSkaraa, rom q.lomTaTiZe IV-VI saukuneebs gulisxmobs.q.lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv. 131-137). warmodgenil msjelobaSi arsebiTia sami aspeqti: _ Zveli qarTulisa da svanurisTvis damaxasiaTebelia uTemisniSno zmnuri formebi; Zveli qarTuli samwignobro enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli viTareba Semonaxulia balszemourSi; _ Tanamedrove samwignobro enaSi, megrul-WanurSi, qvemosvanurisa da sxva qarTveluri kiloebSi moqmedebis mudmivoba (mdgomareoba, statikuroba, arse8

boba) gamoixateba dadasturebiTi morfemoidiT (/nawilakiT, meSveli zmniT), romelic erwymis zmnis formas; _ moqmedebis mudmivobis damadasturebeli morfemoidi lazursa da megrulSi saerTo warmomavlobisaa: megrulSi: -q < qoren; lazurSi: -r < ren; procesi ganxorcielebuli Cans arqauli samwignobro enaSi vzi tipis formebze meSveli zmnis darTvis Tanadroulad. garkveulwilad problemuria I da II pirSi meSvel zmnad III piris nacvalsaxelis daSveba (*vWarun qore{n} > vWarunq), amitom, kvlevis am etapze, Cven ar gamovricxavT, rom megrulis zmnuri sufiqsi -q warmoiqmna uSualod dadasturebiTi -qo nawilakisgan da ara dadasturebiTnawilakiani meSveli zmnis III piris formisgan (qoren)... aqve aRvniSnavT, rom am gzas arc q.lomTaTiZe gamoricxavs (1946, gv. 137): "dadasturebiT nawilaks meSveli zmnis funqciis tvirTva garkveuli mniSvnelobiT unda SeeZlos saerTod; mag., yabardoul enaSi da afxazuris enis tapantur dialeqtSic, agreTve svanurSi, meSveli zmnisa da dadasturebiTi nawulakis monacvleobis SemTxvevebi gvaqvs kidec". amrigad, vfiqrobT, naTelia: probleburia megrulis zmnuri -q-sTvis amosavlad davsaxoT ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeli koCi (Sdr. T.maxarobliZe, 2005, gv. 46); lazuris masala cxadyofs q-s momdinareobas dadasturebiTi qo nawilakisgan; amave nawilakisgan unda momdinarebdes ergativis -q-c: zmnuri sufiqsi -q da ergativis -q masalobrivad da warmoqmnis drois TvalsazrisiTac erTgvaria (t.futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 317-318): zanur metyvelebaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba dadasturebiTi qo nawilaki (aseve, sxva dasavlur sxva kiloebSic; Sdr.: raWuli - qve, aWarul-gurul-imeruli - qe); intensiuri gamoyenebisa da metyvelebis swrafi tempis gamo, megrulSi qo erwymis rogorc zmnas rogorc Tavkidurad (qo-Tqu < qo Tqu), aseve bolokidurad (vWarun-q < vWarun qo); safiqrebelia, rom qarTveluri ergativis formirebis dasawyis etapze, savaraudod, e.w. xanmetobis dros, gansazRvrebiTi (Tu dadasturebiTi) nawilaki/meSveli zmna axlda xolmeobiTis (mudmivi mdgomareobis, arsebobis) semantikis mqone zmnas; SeniSvna: arn. Ciqobavam naTlad aCvena (1948, gv. 117-127), rom qarTveluri ergativi yalibdeba iseTi gauformebeli fuZisgan, romelic sintagmas qmnis arqauli xolmeobiTis formasTan (xolmeobiTi gvqonda adreul samwignobro enasa da qarTvelur kiloebSi zanur-svanuris CaTvliT; zog kiloSi dRemdea SemorCenili): "xolmeobiTi eweoda mermindeli awmyos magivrobas funqciiTac da nakvTTa warmoebis mxrivac" (gv. 119); "mesame pirTan arsebuli konstruqciebisTvis amosavali unda yofiliyo indefinituri konstruqcia, is konstruqcia, romelic pirvelsa da meore pirSi SemogvrCa dRemdis"(117)... dasaxelebul naSromSi xolmeobiTis arqauli formebis arn. Ciqobavaseuli analizi cxadyofs, rom qarTvelur qvesistemebSi ergativis warmoqmnis procesi arqauli samwignobro enis formirebis Tanadroulia.

ramdenadac pirvelsa da meore pirSi saxeli ubrunvelia iyo (da aris axlac), nawilaki miuerTda zmnas sufiqsad, xolo mesame pirSi - fuZis (wrfelobiTis formiT) saxiT warmodgenil saxels - saerToqarTveluri ergativis formas. droTa ganmavlobaSi enklitikuri -qo saxelis bolokidur poziciaSi gamartivda (gacvda): -qo > -q; Sedegad -q-m dakarga dadasturebiTobis funqcia, ris gamoc frazaSi xelaxla gamoCnda qo nawilaki; Sdr., frazis dinamika: koC qo morTu > koCq qo morTu > koCq qomorTu "kac movida" (nawilakisgan afiqsis warmoqmna sxva enebisTvisac ar aris ucxo); Sdr., analogiuri movlena: Se/Sina morfemoidi zmniswinadac iqca da Tandebuladac: saxlsa Sina vida > saxlSi Sevida ("etimologiurad -Si ukavSirdeba Se- zmniswinsa da Sua, Soris Tandebulebs" (b.jorbenaZe, m.kobaiZe, m.beriZe, 1988, gv. 435). mkvlevarTa didi nawili samarTlianad miiCnevs, rom qarTveluri ergativis formireba dakavSirebulia gansazRvrulobis kategoriasTan. determinireba esaWiroeba mxolod III pirs, Sesabamisad, bunebrivia, rom klas-kategoriis moSlis pirobebSi ergativi uyalibdeba III piris saxelebs; vfiqrobT, saxeluri fuZis gansazRvra SesaZlebeli iyo rogorc CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare 9

-man nawevariT (samwignobro ena, svanuri, centraluri, mesxuri, fxouri, heruli kiloebi), aseve, dadasturebiTi -qo morfemoidiT: dadasaturebiToba da gansazRvruloba garkveulwilad moicavs/gulisxmobs erTmaneTs. SeniSvna: arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv. 146: "adiReurSi dRemde SemogvrCa is viTareba, rac Zveli qarTulis analizis Sedegad SeiZleba vivaraudoT: erTi da igive formantebi gansazRvrul nawevrebadac gvevlineba da brunvaTa (saxelobiTisa da ergativis) niSnebsac warmoadgens... am formantebis funqciaTagan ufro Zveli unda iyos gansazRvrebiTi funqcia".

Cveni msjeloba ase SeiZleba SevajamoT: formantiani ergativi saerToqarTvelurSi ver aRdgeba; saerToqarTvelurSi ergatiul konstruqcias qmnis wrfelobiTi brunva nulovani alomorfiT (Sdr., saerToqarTvelurSi warmodgenili sxva brunvis niSnebi: -i, -s, -is, -ad, -iT...); svanuri kiloebi da arqauli samwignobro ena saSualebas iZleva saerToqarTvelurSi vivaraudoT saxelis fuZes darTuli -man/aman gansazRvrebiTi nawevaris arseboba: kac-man (>kacma), *mKre-aman (> marem); samwignobro qarTulSi, svanur da sisina e.w. qarTvelur kiloebSi man nawevrisgan -ma/m/-em brunvis niSnis warmoqmnis paralelurad, zanur kiloebSi qo dadasturebiTi nawilakisgan yalibdeba ergativis -q niSani. savaraudoa, rom niSniani ergativisa da zmnis meSvelzmniani(/nawilakiani) formis Camoyalibeba erTdroulad xdeba; procesi saTaves iRebs arqauli qarTuli samwignobro enis arsebobis droidan (Sdr.: svanursa da arqaul samwignobro qarTuls erTnairad axasiaTebT agreTve: piris niSanTa xanmetoba, zmnis uTemisniSno warmoeba da sxv.). Tanamedrove monacemebis mixedviT (sinqronul doneze) ergativis niSnis alomorfebad (sxva variantebTan erTad) unda miviCnioT fuZis mawarmoebeli sufiqsis gadaazrianebiT miRebuli -an (mag-an), -n (ma-n; Sdr., ma-s), saerToqarTveluri *man/*aman nawevaris cveTiT miRebuli m/em/-Lm (amn-Lm) da dadasturebiTi qo nawilakisgan warmoqmnili -q. damowmebuli literatura: 1. i.abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb.,1973. 2. k.gabunia, brunvaTa sistemebi qarTvelur enebSi (diaqroniuli analizi), avtoreferati filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili naSromisa, Tb., 1998. 3. k.dondua, adiReuri tipis moTxrobiTi brunva svanurSi, ike, I, 1946. 4. g.Tofuria, orfuZiani brunebis sakiTxisaTvis svanurSi, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #2, 2001. 5. v.Tofuria, brunebis sistemisaTvis svanurSi sxva qarTveur enaTa brunebasTan SedarebiT, saq. ssr. mecn. akademiis moambe, t. V, #3, 1944 w. 6. v.Tofuria, Sromebi, III, Tb., 1979. 7. v.Tofuria, Sromebi, II, Tb., 2002. 8. i.imnaiSvili, saxelTa brunva da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957. 9. g.kartozia, lazuri ena da misi adgili qarTvelur enaTa sistemaSi, Tb., 2005. 10. b.kikviZe, zedsarTavi saxeli iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, Tsu Sromebi, t.71, 1958 11. b.kikviZe, moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis genezisisaTvis qarTulSi, komunisturi aRzrdisaTvis, 1960, #2. 12. Г.А.Κлимов, Очерк общей теории эргативности, М., 1973. 13. Г.А.Κлимов, Склонение в картвельских языках… М., 1962. 14. a.lomTaZe, brunebis TaviseburebaTa istoriisaTvis megrulSi, Tb., 1987. 15. Я. Н. Марр, Грамматика древнелитературного грузинского языка, 1925. 16. a.martirosovi, nacvalsaxeli qarTvelur enebSi, 1964. 17. g.maWavariani, brunebis erTi tipis genezisisaTvis svanurSi, Tsu Sromebi, t. 93, 1960. 10

18. g.maWavariani, brunebis zogierTi sakiTxi svanurSi ike, XXIII, 1985. 19. g.maWavariani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebviTi gramatika, Tb., 2002. 20. T.maxarobliZe, ergativis genezisisaTvis, gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnali, Tb., 2005. 21. d.meliqiSvili, piris nacvalsaxelTa fuZis agebulebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi sakiTxi, narkvevebi iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa morfologiidan, Tb., 1980. 22. g.neibieriZe, arsebobs Tu ara ergatiuli da datiuri konstruqciebi qarTulSi? macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1937. 23. a.oniani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis sakiTxebi (saxelTa morfologia), 1989. 24. a.oniani, svanuri ena, Tb., 1998. 25. l.palmaiti, SeniSvnebi svanuri brunebis Sesaxeb, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 3, 1979. 26. o.uridia, megrulis sintaqsuri Taviseburebani qarTulTan mimarTebiT, Tsu Sromebi, t.93, Tb., 1960. 27. T.uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis saxelis morfonologiuri analizi, Tb., 1986 28. h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000. 29. al.focxiSvili, 1985 - al.focxiSvili, pirisa da kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebis brunebis sakiTxebi Tanamedrove qarTulSi, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1985, # 4. 30. t.futkaraZe, saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreTdasavlur dialeqtebSi, sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb.,1986. 31. t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, qristianobamdeli epoqa, Tb., 2005 32. m.qaldani, saxelobiTi brunvisa da mravlobiTi ricxvis mawarmoebel sufiqsTa sakiTxisaTvis svanurSi, qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, IV, Tb., 1974. 33. Х.Шухардт, О пассивном характере переходного глагола в кавказских языках, Эргативная конструкция предложения М., 1950. 34. a.SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1953. 35. T.SaraSeniZe, svanuri ena, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis weliwdeuli, XII, 1985 w. 36. T.SaraSeniZe, brunebaTa klasifikaciisaTvis svanurSi, ike, VII, 1955. 37. T.SaraSiZe, orfuZianobis erTi tipis Sesaxeb svanur saxelTa brunebaSi, qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi II, 1961. 38. T.SaraSeniZe, svanuri ena, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis weliwdeuli, XII, 1985. 39. i.CantlaZe, saxelobiTis -e formantis Sesaxeb svanurSi, ike, XVIII, Tb., 1973 40. i.CantlaZe, orfuZianobis sakiTxisaTvis qvemosvanurSi, ike, XXI, 1979. 41. i.CantlaZe, ormagi ajiqsaciisaTvis svanurSi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis enaTmecnierebis institutis XXXVII samecniero sesia, Tb., 1981 42. i.CantlaZe, qarTvelologiuri Ziebani, I, Tb., 1998. 43. n.CarTolani, Cvenebis nacvalsaxelTa sistemebi qarTulSi sxva qarTvelur enebTan SedarebiT, Tb., 1985. 44. arn.Ciqobava, moTxrobiTi brunvis genezisisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, Tsu Sromebi, t X, Tb., 1929. 45. arn.Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, tf., 1936. 46. arn. Ciqobava, svanuri moTxrobiTis erTi varianti da saxelta brunebis orfuZianoba zog kavkasiur enaSi, Tsu Sromebi, XVIII, 1941, Tb.,1941. 47. arn.Ciqobava, ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, tomi I, Tb., 1948; tomi II, Tb., 1961. 48. arn.Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1979. 49. m. Cuxua, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 2000-2003 50. b.jorbenaZe, qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebi, Tb., 1995. 51. b.jorbenaZe, m.kobaiZe, m.beriZe, qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis leqsikoni, Tb., 1988. 11

tariel futkaraZe (qsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis instituti) moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis variantTa istoriisaTvis qarTuli samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri dialeqtebis monacemebis mixedviT (-an > n; -man > -ma/-m/-em; -qo > q) formantiani (sufiqsiani) ergativi saerToqarTvelurSi ver aRdgeba; vfiqrobT, saerToqarTvelurSi ergatiul konstruqcias qmnis wrfelobiTi brunva nulovani alomorfiT (Sdr., saerToqarTvelurSi warmodgenili sxva brunvis niSnebi: -i, -s, -is, -ad, -iT...); svanuri kiloebi da arqauli samwignobro ena saSualebas iZleva arqauli qarTulis msgavsad saerToqarTvelurSic vivaraudoT saxelis fuZes darTuli -man/aman gansazRvrebiTi nawevaris arseboba: kac-man (>kacma), *mKre-aman (> marem). samwignobro qarTulSi, svanur da sisina e.w. qarTvelur kiloebSi man nawevrisgan -ma/m/-em brunvis niSnis warmoqmnis paralelurad, zanur kiloebSi qo dadasturebiTi nawilakisgan yalibdeba ergativis -q niSani. savaraudoa, rom niSniani ergativisa da zmnis meSvelzmniani(/nawilakiani) formis Camoyalibeba erTdroulad xdeba; procesi saTaves iRebs arqauli qarTuli samwignobro enis arsebobis droidan. Tanamedrove monacemebis mixedviT (sinqronul doneze) ergativis niSnis alomorfebad (sxva variantebTan erTad) unda miviCnioT fuZis mawarmoebeli sufiqsis gadaazrianebiT miRebuli -an (mag-an), -n (ma-n; Sdr., ma-s), saerToqarTveluri *man/*aman nawevaris cveTiT miRebuli m/em/-Lm (amn-Lm) da dadasturebiTi qo nawilakisgan warmoqmnili -q. Тариел Путкарадзе (Институт картвельской диалектологии КГУ имени Акакия Церетели) К истории вариантов знака повестовательного падежа (эргативa) на основе данных грузикского книжного языка и картвельских наречий Обладающий формантом эргатив не может восстанавливаться в общегрузинском языке; думаеться, эргативную конструкцию в общегрузинском образует падеж с нулевым алломорфом (ср. представленные в общегрузинском знаки другого падежа: -i –s, -is, -ad, -it); сванские наречия и архаический книжный язык даят возможность подобно архаическому грузинскому языку предполагать также и в общегрузинском наличие определитеьного артикля -man/aman, присоединяющегося к основе имени: kac-man- (>kacma), *māre- aman (>marem). Параллельно с образованием в книжном грузинском языке, сванском и свистящих т.н. картвельских наречиях падежного знака -ma/m/-em от артикля man, в занских наречиях от подтвердительной частицы Qo формируется знак эргатива –Q. Можно предполагать, что формирование эргатива со знаком и глагольной формы с частицей происходит одновременно; процесс берет начало со времен существования грузинского книжного языка. Согласно современным данным (на синхронном уровне), алломорфами знака эргатива (наряду с другими вариантами) следует считать -an (mag-an), -n (ma-n; ср.,ma-s), полученные путем переосмысления основообразующего суффикса, далее м/ем/-ēм (amn-ēm), полученные в результате изнашивания общегрузинского артикля *man/*aman, а также -Q, образованный от подтвердительной частицы Qo.

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