Putkaradze Dadiani L.xach. Xxix Dialekt Sesiis Moxsen

tariel futkaraZe eka dadiani luiza xaWapuriZe

akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis instituti

tariel futkaraZe eka dadiani luiza xaWapuriZe

qarTvelur ena-kiloTa gandasebis sakiTxebi XXIX respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesiis moxsenebebi

qarTvelur ena-kiloTa gandasebis sakiTxebi XXIX respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesiis moxsenebebi

2009

quTaisi 2009

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Sinaarsi dRes qarTvelolog lingvistTa Tu eTnologTa didi Sromaa saWiro, rom ruseTis imperiis mier dezinformirebuli saerTaSoriso sainformacio veli Seivsos qarTvelTa (zogadad, saqarTvelos) enobriv-kulturuli istoriis Sesaxeb akademiuri, obieqturi informaciebiT da adekvaturad aRiweros Tanamedrove saqarTvelos enobriveTnikuri situacia. am mimarTulebiT, vfiqrobT, pirvel rigSi aucilebelia terminologiis sferoSi konsensusi qarTvelologTa Soris.

winasityvaobis nacvlad: dRes aris Tu ara aqtualuri qarTveluri ena-kiloebis kvalifikacia-klasifikaciis problematika? ..............................................................5-13 tariel futkaraZe, qarTveluri dialeqtebis klasifikaciis kriteriumebisaTvis ...........................................14-40 ekaterine dadiani, kidev erTxel qarTvelur ena-kiloTa dajgufebis Sesaxeb .....................................................41-99 luiza xaWapuriZe, iakob gogebaSvili qarTvelTa saTemo kiloebis Sesaxeb ........................................................100-111 saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis profesormaswavleblebs .......................................................110-112 danarTi iakob gogebaSvili, ena da kilo ....................... 113-116

ISBN 978-9941-9102-0-3 © t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani, l.xaWapuriZe

© quTaisis saswavlo universiteti "lamparis" gamomcemloba 2

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winasityvaobis nacvlad: dRes aris Tu ara aqtualuri qarTveluri ena-kiloebis kvalifikacia-klasifikacis problematika?

guram ramiSvili: "qarTuli ena, rogorc qarTvelTa dedaena, qarTvelTa erovnulobis safuZvelia". ҉ "...biurokratiam es metad iwyina da administracias aakrZalvina am saganze wera..."

iakob gogebaSvili

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mravali saukunis manZilze arsebuli tradiciuli xedviT, qarTvelebs sul mcire 23-saukunovani qarTulenovani saxelmwifo da erTi dedaena (erovnuli ena) gvaqvs1. amaves amtkicebs Tanamedrove lingvisturi qarTvelologiac, istoriografiac da eTnologiac2. 1

ix., qarTlis cxovreba, Tb., 1955; mitropoliti anania jafariZe, qarTuli samociqulo eklesiis istoria, I-IV t. Tb., 1976-2003; mitropoliti anania jafariZe: "Cvenma winaprebma icodnen, romelia saerTosaliteraturo ena da romelia adgilobrivi dialeqti", "saqarTvelos respublika", 3 Tebervali, 2007 w. (№ 5622); b. diasamiZe, qristianoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 2001 da sxv. 2 samecniero literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, qristianobamdeli epoqa, quTaisi, 2005; T. gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006; m. naWyebia, saqarTvelos eTnolingvisturi terminebi, Tb., 2006; r. Serozia, qarTveluri saliteraturo enisa da sulxan-sabas“"sityvis konis” zogi sakiTxisaTvis, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XI, quTaisi, 2007; m. tabiZe, saxelmwifo enis mdgomareoba, rogorc saxelmwifos siZlieresisustis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosa da SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis samecniero konferencia Temaze: “saqarTvelo da msoflio, baTumi, 2008, 14-15 noemberi; r. TofCiSvili, qarTvelTa eTnogenezisa da eTnikuri istoriis problemebi, Tb., 2008; r. gujejiani, qarTvel mTielTa mentalobis istoriidan, Tb., 2008, gv. 191-197; T. beraZe, qarTuli identobis ZiriTadi etapebi, eTnologiuri krebuli, Tb., 2008, gv. 3-9; r. TofCiSvili, q. xuciSvili, r.gujejiani, Teoriuli eTnologia, Tb., 2009: T. beraZe, b. xorava, qarTuli saliteraturi ena da qarTuli kultura - saqarTvelos yvela eTnografiuli mxaris Semoqmedebis nayofi, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, 2009, quTaisi, 2009, gv. 19-29. ix., agreTve, saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis "quTaisuri saubrebi XII" masalebi (simpoziumi mieZRvna saqarTveloSi mociqulTa SemobrZanebasa da qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebas), 13-14 noemberi, 2009 w.

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saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiis damkvidrebis Semdeg imperiis mesveurni Seecadnen, daemkvidrebinaT mosazreba, rom saqarTvelo TiTqmis arasodes yofila erTiani, xolo qarTvelTa sxvadasxva "eTnosi" 3000 welze metia sam-oTx gansxvavebul enaze laparakobs. mag., dResac moskovis saxelmwifo universitetis cnobili specialisti, prof. iuri koriakovi "msoflios enaTa reestriT" cdilobs daarwmunos mTeli msoflio, rom damoukidebeli eTnosebia (EG): megreli, lazi, qarTveli, baleli (zemo svani) da qvemo svani, xolo damoukidebeli enebia: megruli, lazuri, qarTuli, zemosvanuri (baluri ena) da qvemosvanuri. Tanamedrove sainformacio qselSic ZiriTadad sabWoTa kvalifikaciebia gavrcelebuli; mag., msoflios virtualuri istoriis vebgverdze, aziis ganyofilebaSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb devs P.J. Hillery-is ruka, romlis mixedviTac saqarTveloSi araqarTvelebis - eTnikuri umciresobis - enebia: 1. CeCnuri; 2. wova-TuSuri; 3. xunZaxuri; 4. uduri; 5. azerbaijanuli; 6. somxuri; 7. lazuri anu Wanuri; 8. megruli; 9. afxazuri; 10. svanuri; 11. osuri3. amgvari kvalifikaciebis kvalad, ucxoel Tu qarTvel specialistTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom, evrosabWos rekomendaciebis mixedviT, umciresobis an regionuli enis statusi unda mieniWos saqarTveloSi arsebul 12 enas: rusuls, somxurs, azerbaijanuls... megruls, svanurs. Sdr., "evropuli qartia" miznad isaxavs avtoqToni eTnikuri umciresobis dedaenis dacvas4. kidev erTxel SevniSnav: megruli, lazuri da svanuri qarTvelTa saSinao 3 4

http://vlib.iue.it/history/asia/georgia.html.

sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., t. futkaraZe, "evropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb" da saqarTveloSi enobrivi politikis dagegmvis sakiTxi, kavkasiologiuri seria, V, Tb., 2009 http://www.pdfcoke.com/doc/12621676/T-Putkaradze-European-Charter-forRegional-or-Minority-Languages-and-An-Issue-of-Plannig-Linguistic-Policy-in-Georgia

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metyvelebebia da ara eTnikuri umciresobebis enebi saqarTveloSi. samwuxarod, ukve evrokavSiris eqspertebic uSveben Secdomas da acxadeben, rom qarTuli, megruli, lazuri da svanuri damoukidebeli eTnosebis Tu subeTnosebis enebia; maTi azriT, am "enebis" arseboba dasturia qarTveli eris arakonsolidirebulobisa; mag., evrokavSiris mier Seqmnili saerTaSoriso sagamoZiebo komisiis daskvnis mixedviT (Tavmjdomare, Sveicarieli diplomati heidi taliavini), TiTqosda, qarTveli naciis arakonsolidirebulobas sxva mizezebTan erTad ganapirobebs qarTulisgan gansxvavebuli megruli, lazuri da svanuri "enebis" arseboba5. 5

http://www.ceiig.ch/Report.html (tomi, II, gv. 2). History of an Ambivalent Relationship: "Georgian national identity claims historical origins dating as far back as the establishment of an autocephalous Georgian church in the 4th century and the emergence of the Georgian language with its own alphabet in the 5th century. Nevertheless, for centuries Georgia was divided into diverse local sub-ethnic entities, each with its own characteristic traditions, manners, dialects and, in the case of the Mingrelians, Lazs and Svans, with separate languages similar to Georgian. The process of ethnic consolidation and nation-making had not been completed (A standard work on this process is: Ronald Grigor Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation, Bloomington/Indianapolis, 1994). Earlier Georgian history culminated in the united Georgian Kingdom of the 11 th to 13th centuries, when Georgia was a regional power in the Caucasus. In ensuing periods it split up into several political entities such as the kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti in the east and the kingdom of Imereti and principalities like Samegrelo and Svaneti in the west. Georgia weakened after repeated attacks by foreign powers like the Mongols and Timurides. From the 16th century onward, Ottoman Turkey and Safavid Iran began to subjugate western and eastern regions of Georgia respectively". Targmani: istoria da ambivalenturi urTierToba: istoriulad, qarTuli erovnuli identoba Tavis warmoSobas me-4 saukuneSi qarTuli avtokefaluri eklesiis Camoyalibebas da me-5 saukuneSi qarTuli enis gamoCenas da anbanis Seqmnas ukavSirebs. Tumca, saqarTvelo saukuneebis manZilze sxvadasxva adgilobriv sub-eTnikur erTeulebad iyo dayofili, romelTagan TiToeuls hqonda Tavisi sakuTari tradiciebi, zne-Cveulebebi, dialeqtebi da, megrelebis, lazebis da svanebis SemTxvevaSi ki - sxva enebi, romlebic hgavs qarTuls. eTnikuri konsolidaciis da erad Camoyalibebis procesi ar iqna dasrulebuli (A standard work on this process is: Ronald Grigor Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation, Bloomington/Indianapolis, 1994; sainteresoa: am avtoris Zveli gvaria mirzoiani). saqarTvelos adreulma istoriam

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sinamdvileSi qarTuli ena megrelisa Tu svanisTvisac istoriuli dedaenaa (erovnuli enaa); qarTuli samwignobro ena, rogorc qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSemoqmedeba, qarTveli eris gamaerTianebeli mravalsaukunovani duRabia, xolo megrul-lazur-svanuri idiomebi zogadqarTuli enis - dedaenis - meoreuli saxesxvaobebi arian. Sdr., vinc fiqrobs, rom, mag., megrelisTvis qarTuli dedaena ar aris, qarTvelTa am jgufs arTmevs (uucxoebs) Wyondidlebis, minCxis, merCules Tu rusTvelis mier Seqmnil did samwignobro kulturas. qarTveluri ena-kiloebis kvalifikaciis sakiTxs aaqtualurebs "regionuli an umciresobis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis" ratifikaciis aucileblobac (ix. qvemoT). Cvens sinamdvileSi sakiTxs arTulebs isic, rom ar arsebobs konsensusi im kriteriumebis Sesaxeb, romelTa mixedviT unda aRiweros saqarTvelos enobrivi situacia. bunebrivia, problemuria sakuTriv qarTveluri idiomebis enad Tu kilod gamijvnac, vinaidan sabWoTa imperiis periodSi politizebuli debulebebi sakmaod myaradaa gamjdari sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi. enaTmecnierebi Tavs ver davimSvidebT imiT, rom ena-kilod kvalifikacia sakuTriv lingvistikis sferos scildeba; Sdr., mag., j. laonzi: sxvaoba axlomonaTesave enebsa da dialeqtebs Soris upiratesad politikuri da kulturuli rigisaa, vinem sakuTriv enobrivisa; kulminacias XI-XIII saukuneebSi miaRwia, roca Camoyalibda gaerTianebuli qarTuli samefo, romelic gaxda erT-erTi wamyvani saxelmwifo kavkasiis regionSi. Semdeg periodSi saqarTvelo ramdenime politikur erTeulad daiyo, rogoricaa qarTl-kaxeTis samefo aRmosavleTSi, xolo dasavleTSi - imereTis samefo, samegrelos da svaneTis samTavroebi. saqarTvelo daasusta ucxo Zalebis (monRolebi, Temurlengis STamomavlebi...) mravalma Semosevam. me-16 saukunidan moyolebuli, osmaleTi da sefianTa irani saqarTvelos dasavleT da aRmosavleT regionebs gamudmebiT awiokebdnen... kritikisaTvis ix.: http://www.pdfcoke.com/doc/21919401/T-Putkaradze-TaliavniKomisiis-Daskvnis-Kidev-Erti-Rusuli-Pasaji; http://pirweli.com.ge/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36778&Itemid=1.

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b. jorbenaZe (1889, gv. 118-119): enebad da dialeqtebad diferenciaciis procesSi marTlac monawileoben politikuri da kulturuli momentebi... "dialeqti, ena, enobrivi ganStoeba, enobrivi ojaxi fardobiT terminebs warmoadgenen".. dRes didi Sromaa saWiro, rom ruseTis imperiis mier dezinformirebuli saerTaSoriso veli Seivsos qarTvelTa enobrivi istoriisa Tu awmyos Sesaxeb obieqturi informaciebiT. vfiqrob, pirvel rigSi aucilebelia, akademiuri msjelobiT miiRwes konsensusi qarTvel specialistebs Soris. swored am mizans isaxavda Cemi da Cemi kolegebis moxsenebebi, romelTa Tezisebi (vrceli masalebi) gavagzavneT XXIX respublikuri samecniero sesiis organizator dawesebulebaSi - arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutSi; Tumca manamde uCveulo ambavi moxda: rogorc wesi, respublikuri dialeqtologiuri sesiebis maspinZeli dawesebuleba cxaddeba erTi wliT adre maspinZel qalaqSi moRvawe dialeqtologebTan SeTanxmebiT. 2008 wels axalcixeSi 2009 wlisTvis maspinZel qalaqad ganisazRvra Tbilisi (enaTmecnierebis instituti). Tumca mimdinare wlis oqtomberSi gadawyvetileba ratomRac Seicvala; kerZod, mas Semdeg, rac "raRac manqanebiT" m. Cuxuas nacvlad g. gogolaSvili gaxda enaTmecnierebis institutis "qarTveluri enebis" ganyofilebis gamge, XXIX respublikuri dialeqtologiuri sesiis Catareba quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetSi daigegma ise, rom saqmis kursSi ar viyaviT maspinZlebi - quTaisSi moRvawe enaTmecnierebi (araviTari informacia ar iyo arc qarTuli enis departamentSi da arc qarTveluri dialeqtologiis institutSi); kerZod, enaTmecnierebis institutidan uSualod daukavSirdnen Cveni universitetis reqtorats. bunebrivia, reqtorats CvenTvis gverdi ar auvlia da es ambavi am gziT gavigeT.

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zrdilobis gamo maspinZlobaze uari mainc ar vTqviT da winaswari molaparakebis Semdeg, arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutis (rogorc organizatori dawesebulebis) direqtoris moadgilesTan - q-n maia manjgalaZesTan arcTu sasiamovno saubrisa da, bolos mainc, SeTanxmebis Semdeg gavagzavneT Cveni moxsenebebis masalebi (vrceli Tezisebi). ratomRac am moxsenebebis "bedis" ganmsazRvrelad mogvevlina anonimuri "respublikuri dialeqtologiuri sakoordinacio sabWo", romelmac "dabloka" awsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis mecnier-TanamSromlebis (Cemi da ori Cemi Tanamoazris - e. dadianisa da l. xaWapuriZis) moxsenebebi da "Setyobineba" q-n manana miqaZes gaugzavna (wesiT, "anonims" dialeqtologiis institutis TanamSromlebis Sesaxeb informacia ar unda gaegzavna q-ni m. miqaZisTvis, romelic ar aris arc akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori, arc qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTis institutis direqtori da arc dialeqtologi). me vesaubre dRes moRvawe dialeqtologebs - Tbilisel, axalcixel, gorel, baTumel kolegebs (Tedo uTurgaiZes, merab beriZes, marine beriZes, merab Cuxuas, SuSana futkaraZes, niko oTinaSvils...); rogorc mosalodneli iyo, maT araferi icodnen "respublikuri dialeqtologiuri sakoordinacio sabWos" "gadawyvetilebis", metic, funqcionirebis Sesaxeb. bunebrivia, SeTanxmebis darRvevis mizezi vkiTxe q-n maia manjgalaZes (arn.Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutis direqtoris moadgiles). man satelefono saubarSi miTxra, rom arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutis direqcias monawileoba ar miuRia gogolaSvili-arabulis am

6 gadawyvetilebaSi . Cveni moxsenebebis dablokva CemTan pirad saubarSi gaioca da gaaprotesta prof. Tedo uTurgaiZem; man aseve miTxra, rom Tavadac dialeqtTa gandasebis Temaze unda isaubros quTaisSi... CvenTvis erTi ram didi xania aSkaraa: zogs akademiur velSi saTqmeli araferi aqvs da nacad destruqciul gzas irCevs. gTavazobT e.w. "sakoordinacio sabWos" anonimur depeSa-werils, romelic ase gamoiyureba:

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От кого:დიალექტოლოგიური საბჭო Кому:[email protected] Дата:Wed, 18 Nov 2009 07:42:16 +0400 Тема:რესპუბლიკური დიალექტოლოგიური საკოორდინაციო საბჭო

ქალბატონო მანანა,

სამეცნიერო

სესიების

რესპუბლიკური დიალექტოლოგიური

საკოორდინაციო

საბჭომ

იმსჯელა

და

გადაწყვიტა, რომ მომავალში ამგვარ ფორუმებზე აღარ ჩართოს ენა– კილოების კლასიფიკაციასთან დაკავშირებული თემატიკა, როგორც უსაგნო პოლემიკისა და არცთუ იშვიათად პოლიტიკურ ვნებათა მაპროვოცირებელი საკითხი. ამ მოსაზრებით კონფერენციაში მონაწილეობაზე უარი ეთქვა თქვენი

უნივერსიტეტის

თანამშრომლებს:

ბატონ

ტარიელ

ფუტკარაძეს, ქალბატონებს: ეკა დადიანსა და ლუიზა ხაჭაპურიძეს.

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yvelas (saqmians Tu axirebuls) aqvs ufleba, Tavisi azri iqonios, magram g. gogolaSvili yovelgvar zRvars gadascda: ix., misi erTi da imave Sinaarsis "statiebi": "saenaTmecniero ZiebanSi" (XI, Tb., 2004, gv. 3-8); "qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebSi" (IX, Tb., 2005 gv. 126-136); paskvilur krebulSi "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi [erTi "samecniero" polemikis gamo]" (Tb., 2007, gv. 97-107); arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutis 67-e samecniero sesiis masalebSi (Tb., 2008, gv. 32-39); gazeT "saqarTvelos respublikaSi" (#174; xuTSabaTi, 03.09.09.)... aqamde saWirod ar vTvlidiT, gvepasuxa mecnierulad uintereso misi publikaciebisTvis. axla ki, roca enaTmecnierebis institutis saxeliT daiwyo seriozuli zianis momtani moqmedeba, gadavwyvite, mis zog mosazrebasTan sinqronSi (vimedovnebT, ukanasknelad) warmovaCino Cveni pozicia: ar minda, vinme kidev dabrkoldes g.gogolSvilis mizanmimarTuli dezinformaciebis gamo.

ვიმედოვნებთ, რომ, თუ ვინმეს ჯერ კიდევ დარჩა ამ კუთხით გამოსათქმელი თვალსაზრისი, ამას სხვა ფორმითაც მოახერხებს.

27.11.09. XXIX respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesia.

რესპუბლიკური დიალექტოლოგიური

tariel futkaraZe

საკოორდინაციო საბჭო.

qvemoT warmogidgenT XXIX respublikuri samecniero

qarTveluri dialeqtebis klasifikaciis kriteriumebisaTvis

sesiisTvis gankuTvnili Cveni moxsenebebis (romelTa masa-

lebi gavugzavneT arn.Ciqobavas institutis direqcias)7 vrcel variantebs (piradad me vapirebdi, konsensusis aucileblobis Sesaxeb msjelobiT damewyo moxseneba). vfiqrobT, mkiTxveli Tavad gaerkveva, Tu ramdenad aqtualuria "ena-kiloebis klasifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli" problematika Tanamedrove qarTvelologiisTvis, aseve, saqarTvelos enobrivi situaciis aRwerisa da enobrivi politikis dagegmvisaTvis; gaerkveva aseve, mavanTa aralegitimuri ( "sabWo"uri), iakob gogebaSvils Tu davesesxebiT, "biurokratiuli" gadawyvetilebebis motivSic. t. futkaraZe 20.11.09-23.11.09

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aqve vbeWdavT "qarTuli enis istoriis" redaqtoris werils saqarTvelos universitetebis profesor-maswavleblebisadmi.

moxsenebis Sesavali nawili. dRevandeli dRe namdvilad sainteresoa: dRes Cven gvaqvs SesaZlebloba, konsensuss mivaRwioT qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis (idiomebis) kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb; Sesabamisad, jer mokled Sevexebi sakiTxis aqtualobas. moxsenebis ZiriTadi nawili. terminologiuri problemebi, mizanmimarTuli gayalbeba Tu mcdari kvalifikaciebi? terminebi: eTnosi, eri, erovneba; erovnuli ena, dedaena, dialeqti... polisemanturia, amitom gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad, winaswarve ganvmartavT qvemoT gamoyenebul ZiriTad terminebs. Tanamedrove msoflioSi termini erovneba (national) orgvarad gaiazreba: erovneba - erad Camoyalibebuli civilizebuli eTnosi; Sdr., tomi - veluri eTnosi. erovneba - erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa erToblioba. erovnebis cnebis orgvari gaazrebis Sesabamisad, orgvarad ganimarteba erovnuli enac (national language); kerZod: 1. tradiciulad, terminebi: erovnuli ena (/eTnikuri ena) da dedaena paralelurad gamoiyeneba; Sdr.: humboltis azriT, "dedaena aris eris sasicocxlo energia". ilias, vaJas, iakobis da sxva did moazrovneTa msgavsad, enis rols analogiurad afasebda arn. Ciqobavac: "ena eris mTavari niSania"8; Sdr., arn Ciqobava, 1952, gv. 8

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qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi, VI, 1984, gv. 37.

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113-118: "yvela erovnuli ena imave dros saliteraturo enac aris". qarTveli erisa da qarTuli enis mimarTeba mkafiod Camoayaliba cnobilma enaTmecnierma guram ramiSvilma (2000, gv. 6-7): "qarTuli ena, rogorc qarTvelTa dedaena, qarTvelTa erovnulobis safuZvelia". amgvari midgomis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi qarTvelisTvis (kaxelisTvis, svanisTvis, megrelisTvis, aWarelisTvis, mesxisTvis, svanisTvis, imerelisTvis...) saxelmwifo ena da erovnuli ena (eTnikuri ena, dedaena) aris qarTuli; Sdr.: saqarTvelos moqalaqe eTnikuri somexis saxelmwifo ena aris qarTuli, xolo erovnuli/eTnikuri ena, anu dedaena aris somxuri. II. Tanamedrove kvlevaTa erT nawilSi Tu normatiul dokumentebSi, mag., "regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis" mixedviT, termini "erovnuli ena" (national language) gamoiyeneba oficialuri enisa da saxelmwifo enis sinonimebad (ix., mag., 69-e ganmarteba); xolo terminebi: RviZli ena, dedaena (own language-me-3

ganmart.; native language; 66-e ganmart.) aris bavSvobaSi mSoblebisgan Seswavlili ena (=eTnikuri ena). warmodgenil terminTa amgvarad gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos moqalaqe qarTvelisTvis saxelmwifo ena (anu erovnuli ena) da eTnikuri ena (dedaena) aris qarTuli. Sdr.: saqarTvelos moqalaqe eTnikuri somexisTvis erovnuli (/saxelmwifo) ena iqneba qarTuli, xolo eTnikuri ena (anu dedaena) - somxuri. qarTulenovan samecniero velSi ufro popularulia pirveli midgoma, mag., Sdr., b. jorbenaZis koncefcia (1989, gv.170): ena erovnuli TviTSegnebis upirvelesi gamovlinebaa. amitom savsebiT kanonzomieria eris upirveles niSnad enis miCneva, radgan nebismieri eris erTianoba, konsolidacia ZiriTadad swored erTiani enis 14

mqoneblobiT ganisazRvreba. Sdr., amave avtoris azriT (1989, gv. 16): "dialeqti aris saerTo erovnuli enis nairsaxeoba da ara damoukidebeli sistema. xazgasasmelia: erovnuli da ara saliteraturo enis nairsaxeoba, radgan saliteraturo ena Tavad aris erovnuli enis nairsaxeoba. ukeT: sakuTriv am nairsaxeobaTa erToblioba warmoadgens erovnul enas. amitomac dialeqti swored am erTiani erovnuli enis poziciidan unda iqnes Seswavlili". orive midgomis mixedviT, dedaena da eTnosi urTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebia: aracivilizebuli eTnosis (tomis) dedaena umwerlobo enaa9; civilizebuli (mravalsaukunovani samwignobro da saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciis mqone) eTnosi eria, romlis dedaena erovnuli enaa. Sdr.: eTnikur jgufad ganixileba eTnosis/erovnebis nawili, romelic am eTnosis gansaxlebis ZiriTadi arealis (saxelmwifos) gareT, sxva eTnosis/erovnebis mier Seqmnil saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs10, Sesabamisad, misi erovnuli ena (dedaena) SeiZleba ar iyos saxelmwifo ena. mravalgzisaa aRniSnuli: qarTveli erisa da misi dedaenis mimarTebis Sesaxeb Zveli qarTveli mematianeebisa Tu cnobili qarTveli moRvaweebis xedva aseTia: qarTuli ena aris qarTvelTa (megrelTa, svanTa, mesxTa, imerelTa, kaxelTa...) dedaena anu erovnuli ena. am enis standartuli varianti - qarTuli samwignobro ena qarTvelTa mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifosa da kulturis enaa. qarTvelTa yvela sxva arastandartuli (saSinao) metyveleba aris dedaenis meoreuli lokaluri 9

Sdr. iuneskos kvalifikacia: http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.phpURL_ID=28301&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html: eTnosis umwerlobo ena - idiomi, romelic ar aris standartuli (normalizebuli) da ar gamoiyeneba oficialur enad profesiuli Semoqmedebis processa Tu saqmiswarmoebaSi (es eTnosi am mizniT moixmars sxva sazogadoebis mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas). 10 mag., qarTvelebi TurqeTSi.

15

saxesxvaobebi (enakavebi, Temuri kiloebi, kuTxuri metyvelebebi, dialeqtebi...). tradiciuli qarTuli xedvis ignorirebiT11 zogi dResac Tvlis, rom arsebobs ramdenime qarTveluri ena: damwerlobis mqone erTi ena (qarTuli) da damwerlobis armqone sami (Tu ori) ena (megruli, lazuri, svanuri)12. Sdr., avtorTa nawilis azriT, svanebs ori eTnikuri ena aqvT (i.koriakovi), zogis azriT - svanuri svanTa umwerlobo dedaenaa, xolo qarTuli - erovnuli ena; zogs ki, sulac, svanuri tomobriv enad miaCnia13. enis lingvisturi ganmartebis mixedviT ("ena aris bgeriT niSanTa sistema") SeuZlebelia idiomisTvis enis Tu kilos statusis miniWeba. enis funqciebic14 arafriT gansxvavdeba kilos funqciebisgan15. qvemoT, msjelobis procesSi Cven veyrdnobiT dialeqtis Semdeg ganmartebas: dialeqti - erovnuli (eTnosis) enis saxesxvaobaa; erTi enis dialeqtebs Soris gagebineba SeiZleba iyos da SeiZleba ar iyos16. Sdr., miCneulia, rom dialeqti erT-erTi 11

da sabWoTa periodSi damkvidrebuli politizebuli da dausabuTebeli Tvalsazrisis inerciiT. 12 ix., mag., qarTuli ena (enciklopedia), Tb., 2008. 13 amgvari midgoma eTnikur qarTvelTa erT nawils (svanebs, aseve: megrelebs, lazebs) ganixilavs, mag., saqarTvelos moqalaqe eTnikuri somxebis msgavsad, an maT Tvlis werilobiTi kulturis armqone, ukulturo adamianTa erTobad. 14 samyaros "xedva-aRqma"; movlenisa Tu faqtis determinireba saxeldebiT; azris formireba da gamoxatva; komunikacia, informaciis gadacema, azris gacvla-gamocvla, informaciis Senaxva... 15 Sdr., mag.: "adamianis ena SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc pirobiT bgeriT niSanTa sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba adamianTa sazogadoebaSi azris gamoxatvisa da komunikaciis, informaciisa da azrTa gacvlagamocvlis saSualebad (T. gamyreliZe... 2003, gv. 23-26). 16 Sdr.: http://bse.sci-lib.com/article027018.html: Диалект (от греч. diálektos — разговор, говор, наречие), разновидность данного языка, употребляемая в качестве средства общения с лицами, связанными тесной территориальной, социальной или профессиональной общностью. Территориальный Диалект всегда представляет собой часть целого другого Диалект данного языка, часть самого этого языка, поэтому он всегда противопоставлен другому Диалект или

16

Sualeduri donea enasa da Tqmas Soris; ix., mag., sqema: ena kilouri jgufi (metyveleba/наречие) - dialeqti (kilo) - kilokavi - Tqma - idioleqti17. qarTul Tu ucxour literaturaSi araerTxel aRniSnulia, rom rTulia enis, metyvelebis, kilos, kilokavis, Tqmis kvalifikaciac da monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa (idiomTa) klasifikaciac18; Sdr.: zogjer dialeqtTa dajgufeba geografias efuZneba, zogjer struqturul maxasiaTeblebs (mocemuli dialeqtis leqsikas, fonologias, morfologias, sintaqss). specialistebi xSirad ver Tanxmdebian, klasifikaciisas romel kriteriums unda mieniWos другим Диалект Мелкие Диалект объединяются в более крупные. Самые большие могут называться наречиями, меньшие — говорами. Территориальные Диалект обладают различиями в звуковом строе, грамматике, словообразовании, лексике. Эти различия могут быть небольшими, так что говорящие на разных Диалект данного языка могут понимать друг друга (например, Диалект славянских языков); Диалект других языков могут так сильно отличаться друг от друга, что общение между говорящими затруднено или невозможно (например, Диалект немецкого или китайского языков); 17 samecniero literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, 2005; T.gvancelaZe, 2006; t. futkaraZe, 2008; Sdr.: internetSi ganTavsebuli masalis erTi nawili: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B

D%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE% D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC

: термину диалект присвоен таксономический статус на шкале с четырьмя уровнями близости: язык — наречие — диалект — говор. Язык или диалект: Диале́ кт (греч. διάλεκτος — «наречие» от греч. διαλέγομαι «говорить, изъясняться») — разновидность языка, которая употребляется в качестве средства общения лицами, связанными между собой одной территорией. Диалект является полноценной системой речевого общения (устной или знаковой, но не обязательно письменной) со своими собственными словарём и грамматикой. Не существует единого понимания и соответственно единых критериев для разграничения языка и диалекта, поэтому говоря, что данный идиом является языком или диалектом, необходимо оговаривать что имеется в виду под тем или иным термином... Идиом может считаться диалектом, например, в случае, если: {1} он не является стандартизованным литературным языком; {2} его носители не имеют собственного государства или автономного образования; {3} он не является престижной формой общения... 18 msjelobisaTvis ix.: T.gvancelaZe, 2006;

17

upiratesoba (qarTulis Sesaxeb msjeloba ix., qvemoT) 19. ufro rTuli da principulia umwignobro enisa da kilos (zepiri metyvelebis) gamijvna: ar arsebobs mocemuli samwignobro enis monaTesave umwerlobo enisa da kilos gasamijni myari lingvisturi kriteriumi. rogorc wesi, es problema wydeba mocemuli sazogadoebis TviTaRqmis (identobis, TviTidentifikaciis) da samwignobro tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT. Cveni istoriuli sinamdvile aseTia: yvela kuTxis qarTvelis istoriuli Semoqmedebaa arsebuli qarTveluri samwignobro kultura. qarTuli samwignobro enis istoria TvalnaTliv aCvenebs, rom, sxva qarTvelTa msgavsad, megrel-lazebica da svanebic, mravali saukunea qarTuli eniT qmnian msoflioSi erT-erT uZveles werilobiT kulturas; rogorc enobrivi sistema, Tanamedrove qarTuli ena saerToqarTveluri enis uSualo gagrZelebaa; saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxSi mis paralelurad funqcionirebs qarTvelTa saSinao idiomebi, romlebic qarTulTan (/qarTvelurTan) mimarTebiT meoreuli qvesistemebi arian; Sesabamisad, lingvisturi rukebis Sedgenisas qarTuli enis areali unda moicavdes im teritorias, sadac qarTveli eri avtoqToni mosaxleobaa

19

(da im adgilebsac, sadac deportirebuli Tu muhajiri qarTveloba cxovrobs). Sdr.: sabWoTa periodSi qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro 3-4 monaTesave enad kvalificirda da qarTuli enis gavrcelebis areali lixis qediT Tu cxeniswyliT Semoifargla; mag., aseTia cnobili rusi mecnieris iuri koriakovisa da germaniis moqalaqis, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universitetis sapatio profesoris i. gipertis rukebi; kerZod, i. koriakovis mixedviT (http://linguarium.ilingran.ru/maps/14-kartv.gif), erTiani qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro dayofilia xuT cocxal da erT mkvdar enad; Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove qarTveli eri (civilizebuli eTnosi) warmodgenilia 5 xalxad (kulturul da ukulturo eTnosebad); kerZod: moskoveli kolegis azriT, damoukidebeli enebia: megruli, lazuri, qarTuli, zemosvanuri (baluri ena) da qvemosvanuri, xolo damoukidebeli eTnikuri jgufebia (EG): megreli, lazi, qarTveli, baleli (zemo svani) da qvemo svani:

mag., boSuri kiloebis klasifikaciisaTvis ix.:

http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/files/12_dialect_intro.shtml: One must first select

the criteria on which a classification is to be based. Sometimes dialect classification is based strictly on geography, sometimes it is based strictly on the structural features – lexicon, phonology, morphology – of the dialects. In the latter case, it is necessary to select those features that are of global relevance and that can be used as a reference grid to compare the different dialects and to determine the relationships among them. Scholars often disagree on which features should be given greater attention as a basis for a classification. As a result, is not unusual to find different classification models. There is also an objective difficulty: Some dialects may share 'typical' features with two distinct dialect branches. Such transitional dialects are part of any linguistic landscape. It is therefore almost impossible to postulate clear-cut divisions between dialect groups or 'branches'...

18

Sdr., i. giperti: 19

http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/kauk/kaukasm.htm:

1993-2003 wlebSi Seqmnili am rukis mixedviT Turme qarTuli ena ar arsebobs samegreloSi, afxazeTSi, svaneTSi, cxinvalis mxareSi20, saingiloSi, lazeTsa da istoriul tao-klarjeTSi. amgvari politizebuli midgomebi realobas namdvilad ar asaxavs. sabWoTa skolaSi miRebuli codnis inerciiT, 1999 wlamde mec viyenebdi termins "qarTveluri enebi", Tumca garkveul uxerxulobas vgrZnobdi cnobili gamoTqmebis ("ena dedaa erisa", "ena - erovnebis ZiriTadi niSani"...) da bevri sxva upasuxo kiTxvis gamo. rogorc samecniero problema "qarTvelur idiomTa kvalifikacia" CvenTvis aqtualuri gaxda 1999 wlis aprilSi, rodesac saqarTvelo gaxda evrosabWos wevri da Cvenma qveyanam aiRo valdebuleba, erTi wlis vadaSi moexdina evrokonvenciebis

20

saintereso "damTxvevaa": 2008 wlis agvistos omiT, cxinvalis mxareSi rusebma ganaxorcieles qarTvelTa genocidi da am ZirZvel qarTul mxareSi marTlac "waSales" qarTuli ena (imedi gvaqvs, droebiT).

20

ratificireba, maT Soris, "regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartia". SegaxsenebT, rom am qartiis mizania mocemul saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi istoriuli (avtoqToni) eTnosis dedaenis dacva, rac pirvel rigSi gulisxmobs avtoqToni eTnikuri umciresobis enaze universitetisa Tu saSualo skolis gaxsnas da saqmiswarmoebis dawyebas. mas Semdeg 10 weli gavida, magram, aRebuli valdebulebis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi ver moxerxda am "qartiis" ratificireba erTi arsebiTi mizezis gamo: dRemde ver Camoyalibda is kriteriumebi, romelTa safuZvelze unda moxdes saqarTvelos enobrivi situaciis aRwera: qarTvelurenovani Tu sxvaenovani eTnosebis dedaenisa Tu kiloebis kvalifikacia. Sesabamisad, dResac metad aqtualuria kiTxva: ra aris is kriteriumebi, romliTac unda kvalificirdes qarTvelTa dedaenis, qarTveluri idiomebis da saqarTveloSi dasaxlebuli sxva eTnosebis dedaenebis statusi?

qarTvelur sinamdvileSic ramdenime kriteriumia SemoTavazebuli (bgeraTSesatyvisoba, gagebineba...), magram maTi gaziareba da ganzogadeba SeuZlebelia21. qarTvelTa dedaenisa da kiloebis Sesaxeb wina Taobebis qarTvel Tu ucxoel mecnierTa kvlevebis Sedegebis22 gaTvaliswinebiT, dasaxelebul wignSi Cveni mosazreba ase Camoyalibda: 21

msjelobisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 33-78. wina Taobis mecnierebma (anton kaTalikosma, m. brosem, dimitri yifianma, m. janaSvilma, n. marma. iv. javaxiSvilma. s. xundaZem, p. Waraiam, a. SaniZem, arn. Ciqobavam, g. axvledianma, v. Tofuriam, q. lomTaTiZem, m. qaldanma, g. ramiSvilma, g. maWavarianma, T. gamyreliZem, t. gudavam, b. foCxuam, T. SaraZeniZem, a. daviTianma, i. imnaiSvilma, b. jorbenaZem, k. daneliam, h. fenrixma, z. sarjvelaZem...) didi Rvawli gaswies. miuxedavad sabWoTa reJimis antiqarTuli arsisa da daundoblobisa, maT saocari moculobis samuSaoebi Caatares qarTuli samwignobro kulturisa da qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros kvlevis TvalsazrisiT. dRes CvenTvis rom gaiolebulia kvlevac da Tavisufali msjelobac, swored maTi didi Rvawlis Sedegia. 22

21

qarTvelTa erovnuli ena (istoriuli dedaena) qarTuli ena - saerToqarTvelurTan maqsimalurad axlos myofi enaa, romelic, rogorc enobrivi sistema, moicavs yvela qarTvelur nairsaxeobas. qarTvelTa dedaena realizebulia erTi samwignobro eniT da aTeulobiT kuTxuri saxesxvaobiT dialeqtiT (qvesistemiT). qarTvelTa dedaenis standartuli varianti - qarTuli samwignobro ena - aris saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena. iqve, qarTveluri kiloebi orgvarad davajgufeT: I. sisina da SiSina kiloebi: A jgufi: sisina kiloebi: qarTluri, kaxuri, imeruli, leCxumuri, raWuli, guruli, aWaruli, maWaxluri, livanuri, imerxeuli, taouri, guruli, mTiulur-gudamayruli, moxeuri, xevsuruli, fSauri, TuSuri, heruli, fereidnuli... B jgufi: SiSina kiloebi: zanuri (megruli, lazuri); svanuri (balszemouri, balsqvemouri, laSxuri, lentexuri, Coluruli).

II. centraluri, ganapira da saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT arsebuli kiloebi (ix. qvemoT)23. qarTvelur kiloTa gansxvavebuli klasifikaciebi. jer mokled mimovixilavT e.w. sisina kiloebis im saklasifikacio kriteriumebsa Tu izoglosebs, romlebic SemoTavazebulia cnobili specialistebis mier; Semdeg ki warmovadgenT qarTveluri kiloebis gandasebis kidev or 23

vrclad ix., t. futkaraZe, 2005. sakiTxisadmi Cveneuli midgoma da warmodgenili kvalifikaciebi miuRebeli aRmoCnda pirTa erTi jgufisaTvis (g.gogolaSvili, m.ZaZamia...), romelTac dro ar daiSures Cveneuli midgomis "kritikisaTvis"; mag., g. gogolaSvilma xuTi wlis manZilze xuTjer dabeWda erTi da igive teqsti; mas Tu marTla ainteresebs kiloTa gandasebis ukeTesi kriteriumis moZebna, vin uSlis xels? am "ucnauri", CaJinebuli gadakidebis sanacvlod dro dauTmos ukeTesi kriteriumis Ziebas. dainteresebul pirs SeuZlia, naxos am mcirericxovani jgufis uargumento, mecnieruli da akademiuri oponirebisgan Sors mdgari masala da Tavad gaakeTos daskvna, Tu vis ra aqvs dasaxuli miznad.

22

variants. winaswarve aRvniSnavT, rom dialeqturi jgufebis konfiguraciac da raodenobac icvleba SemoTavazebuli kriteriumis Tu izoglisis xasiaTis Sesabamisad. 1. 1920 wels akad. a. SaniZe saklasifikaciod iRebs meore subieqturi da mesame obieqturi piris prefiqsebis ganawilebis wess (1920, 144) da qarTuli enis kiloTa or ZiriTad jgufs gamohyofs: a. aRmosavluri: qarTluri, kaxuri, qiziyuri, fSauri, mTiulur-gudamayruli, xevsuruli, moxeuri, TuSuri; b. dasavluri: imeruli (zemo da qvemo), guruli, raWuli. sando masalis arqonis gamo 1920 wels sxva qarTuli kiloebi ver moxvda CamonaTvalSi. 2. 1935 wels, sxvadasxva enobrivi monacemebis mixedviT, akad. S. ZiZigurma qarTuli enis dialeqtTa xuTi jgufi gamohyo (1935): a. ingilouri, fereidnuli; b. TuSuri, fSauri, xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiuluri, mTaraWuli; g. kaxuri, qarTluri, mesxuri; d. zemoimeruli, qvemoraWuli, qvemoimeruli; e. guruli, aWaruli, imerxeuli. dasaxelebul naSromSi sustadaa argumentirebuli zemoimerulisa da qvemoimerulis or damoukidebel dialeqtad warmodgena. samagierod, akad. S. ZiZiguris SromebSi naTladaa dasabuTebuli mTaraWulis calke kilod gamoyofis aucilebloba. vfiqrob, terminologiurad garkveul uxerxulobas qmnis zemo raWis metyvelebis miCneva baris raWulad, Tumca garkveuli pirobiTobiT mainc gasaziarebelia amgvari kvalifikacia. 3. S. ZiZiguri 1975 (gv. 139) wels e.w. geografiuli (teritoriuli) kriteriumis mixedviT dialeqtTa sam jgufs gamoyofs:

23

a.

aRmosavluri

kiloebi

ingilouri, xevsuruli, gudamayruli, fereidnuli];

[qarTluri, kaxur-qiziyuri, fSauri, TuSuri, mTiulur-

b. dasavluri kiloebi [raWuli, leCxumuri, imeruli, guruli]; g. samxruli kiloebi [mesxur-javaxuri, aWaruli, imerxeuli]. 4. 1957 wels a. SaniZe saklasifikacio kriteriumad iRebs enobriv-teritoriul princips da dialeqtTa gansxvavebul klasifikacias gvTavazobs; kerZod, gamoyofs eqvs dialeqtur jgufs: a. fxouri: xevsuruli, moxeuri, TuSuri (maT Semonaxuli aqvT mravali arqauli movlena); b. mTiuluri, fSauri (orives bevri saerTo aqvs fxour dialeqtebTan: mTiulurs moxeurTan, fSaursxevsurulTan); am jgufis dialeqtebTan zogierT msgavsebas avlens zemoraWuli; g. qarTluri, mesxuri, javaxuri; kaxuri, qiziyuri; d. dasavluri jgufi: imeruli (zemo-, Sua- da qvemoimeruli), guruli da raWuli; e. samxreT-dasavluri jgufi: aWaruli da imerxeuli; v. ingilouri (a. SaniZe, 1957, gv. 828-832). am kvalifikaciaSi dausabuTebelia fSauris gatana fxouri kiloebis gareT (Sdr., fxovi fSavsac moiazrebs; mag., Suafxo fSavuri sofelia!). Tumca, sxva naSromSi a. SaniZes fxour kiloebSi Seaqvs fSauric (b. jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 34). 5. isev geografiuli kriteriumis, oRond mTisa da baris mixedviT ajgufebs qarTul kiloebs akad. arn. Ciqobava; dajgufebisas is iTvaliswinebs enobriv faqtorebsac da mis mier qarTulad miCneuli kiloebis Semdeg konfiguracias gvTavazobs: a. baris kiloebi: qarTluri (mesxur-javaxuriTurT), kaxuri (qiziyuriTa da ingilouriT), imeruli (leCxumuriT), guruli, aWaruli, imerxevuri, fereidnuli; 24

b. mTis kiloebi: xevsuruli, TuSuri, fSauri, mTiuluri (gudamayruliTurT), moxeuri, raWuli. mTisa da nawilobriv baris kiloebs ukavSirdeba mozdokisa da yizlaris qarTvelTa metyveleba (arn. Ciqobava, 1965, gv. 5-6). aq kiTxva isev raWulTan mimarTebiT Cndeba: ramdenad logikuria baris raWulis Setana mTis kiloebSi? Sdr., mTis aWaruli aq moiazreba baris kiloebSi. 6. e.w. eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT - saqarTvelos kuTxeebis mixedviT (oRond, samegrelos, lazeTisa da svaneTis gamotovebiT) warmoadgenen qarTvelTa kiloebs i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria da i. qavTaraZe; isini qarTuli enis Semdeg kiloebs asaxeleben: xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiuluri, gudamayruli, TuSuri, fSauri, Tianuri, yizlar-mozdokuri, kaxuri, ingilouri, fereidnuli, qarTluri, javaxuri, mesxuri, imerxeuli, aWaruli, guruli, imeruli, leCxumuri, raWuli (sul 20 dialeqturi erTeuli). "qarTuli dialeqtologiis" (1961) avtorebis (aseve, g. nebieriZis mier; ix. qvemoT) ramdenadaa argumentirebuli Tianurisa da fSauris CaTvla sxvadasxva dialeqtebad? 7. xmovanTkompleqsTa cvlilebis xasiaTis mixedviT g. nebieriZe qarTuli enis dialeqtTa 6 tips gamoyofs: a. Zveli qarTuli, gloluri, mTaraWuli; b. qarTuli saliteraturo ena, qarTluri, kaxuri, qiziyuri, Tianuri, zemoaWaruli; g. xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiuluri, gudamayruli, fSauri, ingilouri, fereidnuli; d. zemo da Suaimeruli, leCxumuri, qvemoraWuli da imerxeuli; e. qvemo imeruli da TuSuri; v. guruli da aWaruli (g. nebieriZe, 1965, gv. 21). xmovanTa transformaciis (xmovanTa regresuli asimilaciis) mixedviT o. kaxaZem (1981, gv. 38) qarTuli enis kiloTa 3 jgufi warmoadgina: 25

a. gloluri, TuSuri, Rebur-Wioruli, xevsuruli, fSauri, yizlar-mozdokuri, Tianuri, mTiulurgudamayruli, ingilouri, fereidnuli, mesxur-javaxuri, imerxeuli (am dialeqtebSi sistematuri xasiaTis xmovanTa regresuli asimilacia an ar gvxvdeba, an asimilacia moudis erT (a) an or (a, o) xmovans; b. raWuli da leCxumuri (romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia a, o, e xmovnebis asimilacia; g. aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis baris kiloebi: qarTluri, kaxuri, guruli, imeruli da aWaruli (am kiloebSi asimilacias ganicdis a, o, e, i)24. 8. 1989 wels gamoqveynebul fundamentur gamokvlevaSi: "qarTuli dialeqtologia" akad. b. jorbenaZe wers: "arsebuli tradiciis Sesabamisad, qarTuli enis dialeqtebs warmovadgenT eTnikuri niSnisa da geografiuli gavrcelebulobis mixedviT" (1989, gv. 216); iqve faqtobrivad srulyofs akad. a.SaniZis 1920 wlis klasifikacias (qarTul/qarTvelur dialeqtebs or ZiriTad jgufad warmoadgens): a. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kiloebi, sadac gamoiyofa sami qvejgufi: 1. mTis dialeqtebi: xevsuruli, fSauri, TuSuri, moxeuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli; 2. baris dialeqtebi: qarTluri, kaxuri; kaxuris ganayofia ingilouri, fereidnuli; 3. samxreT-dasavluri dialeqti - mesxurjavaxuri. b. dasavleT saqarTvelos kiloebi, sadac sami zona gamoiyofa: 1. zemo zonis dialeqti - raWuli (mTaraWuli bevri niSniT uaxlovdeba mTiulursa da moxeurs); 2. Sua zonis dialeqtebi: imeruli, leCxumuri; 3. qvemo zonis 24

Sdr., b. jorbenaZis azriT (1988, gv. 107-108), "gaukeTebia" formaSi au > ou > uu > u (grZeli) transformaciis mixedviT, dialeqtebi iyofa oTx jgufad: a. xevsuruli, fSavuri, mTiuluri, qarTluri, kaxuri... (gaukeTebs); b. mesxuri, zemoimeruli (goukeTebs); g. guruli (goukeTebs/guukeTebs); d. aWaruli, TuSuri (guukeTebs).

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dialeqtebi: guruli, aWaruli, imerxeuli (b. jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 216-218)25. mogvianebiT, am msjelobis safuZvelze dasaxelebul kiloebs g. gogolaSvili qarTuli enis eTnikur-teritoriuli dialeqtebs uwodebs (terminisaTvis ix., g. gogolaSvili, 2004, gv. 29). igive avtori dialeqtebis gandasebis a. SaniZis, arn. Ciqobavas, S. ZiZigurisa da b. jorbenaZis principebsac "eTnikur-teritoriuls" uwodebs (2005, 129; 2007, 102). ramdenad zustia, erTi eTnosis dedaenis dialeqtebis gandasebis safuZvels ewodos "eTnikur-teritoriuli principi"? ramdenad logikuria terminologiuri Sesityvebani: "eTnikuri dialeqtebi", "eTnikurteritoriuli dialeqtebi? Sdr., b. jorbenaZis mixedviT, eTnosis saxeebs: eri tomi - Temi Seesabameba ierarqia: erovnuli ena - kilo kilokavi (b. jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 41): "eTnosis sacxovrisis teritoriaze gavrcelebul metyvelebas, Cveulebriv, 25

b. jorbenaZis dasaxelebul naSromze miTiTebiT da b. jorbenaZis saxeliT gansxvavebul klasifikacias aqveynebs g. gogolaSvili (romelsac Tavisi saxeliT raime klasifikacia Tu damatebiTi argumentebi arsad gamouqveynebia); kerZod, 2005 wels gamoqveynebul "qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebSi (t. IX, gv. 129) da 2007 wels gamoqveynebul "krebulSi": "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi" (gv. 101) g. gogolaSvili erTsa da imaves wers: TiTqosda, b. jorbenaZis mier qarTuli enis kiloebi sam ZiriTad jgufadaa gandasebuli: I. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebi; II. samxreT-dasavluri dialeqti (mesxurjavaxuri) da III. dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebi. rTuli saTqmelia, g. gogolaSvilma sxvadasxva dros (orjer!) ra motivaciiT gamoacxada damoukidebel jgufad b. jorbenaZis pirveli jgufis mesame qvejgufi; Sdr.: b. jorbenaZes amgvari klasifikacia SemTxveviT ar warmoudgenia; is sagangebod msjelobs dialeqtTa gamoyofis principebis Sesaxeb (gv. 30) da gamoyofs sakuTriv enobriv, eTnikur da saxelmwifoebriv-politikur kriteriumebs; ix., agreTve, b. jorbenaZe, gv. 216: "qarTuli (qarTveluri) [xazgasma Cemia - t.f.] dialeqtebis gandaseba SesaZloa sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT moxdes; kerZod: a) arealogiuri TvalsazrisiT... b) lingvisturi geografiis principiT... g) eTnikurteritoriuli TvalsazrisiT. amjerad, arsebuli tradiciis Sesabamisad, qarTuli enis dialeqtebs warmovadgenT eTnikuri niSnisa da geografiuli gavrcelebulobis mixedviT".

27

teritoriul dialeqts uwodeben. saqarTvelos eTnikur kuTxeebSi (xevsureTSi, xevSi, qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, imereTSi, guriaSi...) gavrcelebuli metyveleba am gagebiT teritoriuli dialeqtebia, Tumca arsebiTad aq eTnikur dialeqtebTan gvaqvs saqme, kerZod, tomobriv metyvelebasTan" (gv. 42). jer erTi: qarTul sinamdvileSi "eri-tomi-Temi/ erovnuli ena-kilo-kilokavi" ierarqiebSi sad moiazreba megreli da megruli? mag., svanebi eria Tu tomi? Tu tomia, pativcemuli mkvlevari ratom ar uwodebs svanur metyvelebas kilos? Sdr., zogis azriT, svanuri tomobrivi ena.

meorec: ramdenadac ethnik(os) fuZe miemarTeba eTnoss, ers (erovnebis), ramdenad zustia, mag., imereTis mimarT gamoTqma: "eTnikuri kuTxe"? me did pativs vcem wina Taobebis Cvens didebul mkvlevrebs, vinc didZali masala moipoves, gaaanalizes da STambeWdavi saazrovno veli Segviqmnes, magram ver gaviziarebT debulebas, rom, mag., erT-erTi qarTuli (qarTveluri) teritoriuli dialeqti - Tanamedrove imeruli kilo - aris "tomobrivi eTnosis metyveleba". Tanamedrove samecniero velSi eris, rogorc awmyos kategoriis, Semadgenel nawilad namdvilad ar ganixileba tomi26. Sdr., eTnologTa kvalifikaciiT, tomi aris eTnosis27 arsebobis ukulturo periodis saxeoba, anu civilizebuli eris winare saxe. 26

msjelobisaTvis ix., r. TofCiSvili, 2008, gv. 48. Sdr., eTnosis cnebis Sesaxeb b. jorbenaZis msjeloba: eTnosi - enis, teritoriis, ekonomikisa da fsiqikuri (sulieri) wyobis saerTooba. eTnosis umaRlesi saxea eri. martivi saxeoba ki Temuri erTianobaa. maT Soris tomobrivi gaerTianebaa. swored es ukanasknelia, qarTvel erSi qarTlur, kaxur, xevsurul, TuSur, imerul, gurul, aWarul, mesxur, javaxur... eTnosad rom gamoiyofa". eris niSania ena, xolo tomobrivi eTnosis metyveleba aris am enis nairsaxeoba (1989, gv. 29); am msjelobidan gamomdinareobs dialeqtis erT-erTi miseuli kvalifikaciac: "dialeqti unda ganimartos, rogorc ama Tu im enis metyvelebrivi nairsaxeoba, gavrcelebuli garkveul teritoriaze an eTnikur, 27

28

Cemi azriT, aseve sakamaToa, rom eris (eTnosis) dedaenis teritoriul variantebs dRes vuwodoT tomobrivi nairsaxeobani an eTnikuri kiloebi, ramdenadac, mag., imereTis Tu samegrelos mkvidri mosaxleoba qarTuli eTnosis nawilia da ara damoukidebeli eTnosi. Sesabamisad, ufro zusti iqneba, Tuki terminologiuri Sesityvebebis: "eTnikurteritoriul principi", "eTnikur-teritoriuli dialeqtebi" nacvlad gamoviyenebT saerTaSoriso velSi damkvidrebul variantebs: dialeqtTa klasifikaciis "teritoriuli principi", "teritoriuli dialeqtebi". qarTveluri idiomebis gandasebisas CvenTvis amosavalia ierarqia: eri/erovneba/eTnosi - Temi (eTnosis nawili - teritoriuli Tu socialuri principiT gaerTianebuli Tamanedrove sazogadoeba) da dedaena - dialeqti (dedaenis saxesxvaoba/kilo). Cvens SemTxvevaSi: qarTveli eris erovnuli

enaa, dedaenaa qarTuli (anu qarTveluri ena), xolo qarTvelTa dedaenis teritoriuli saxesxvaobebia (kiloebia) qarTvelTa saSinao metyvelebani, romelTa saxeldeba da klasifikacia gansxvavebulad SeiZleba moxdes. rogorc Tavidanve aRiniSna, saklasifikacio erTeulis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxvagvarad dajgufdeba yvela enis kiloebi; SemogTavazebT qarTvelur dialeqtTa dajgufebis sam Cveneul variants: I. qarTvelur dialeqtTa dajgufeba e.w. centriperiferiis principiT. es principi, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs mocemuli idiomis fonematuri, socialur, profesiul, asakobriv jgufSi. amis mixedviT gvaqvs teritoriuli, eTnikuri, socialuri, profesiuli dialeqtebi" b. jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 8). Cveni azriT, ufro zusti iqneboda warmodgenili definicia, rom amogveRo erTi sityva - eTnikuri. Sdr., iqve: b. jorbenaZe , 1089, gv. 36: "enaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiT megrul-Wanuri da svanuri qarTulis moZme enebia, magram eTnikur-politikuri TvalsazrisiT maT igive statusi aqvT, rac dialeqtebs..."

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morfologiuri, sintaqsuri da semantikuri struqturebis siaxlove-siSores samwignobro enis monacemebTan. aq aseve mokled aRvniSnavT, rom xalxur metyvelebaze qveynis kulturul-politikuri centris enobrivi "wnexis" sidide arsebiTad gansazRvravs standartuli da dialeqturi kodebis urTierTzemoqmedebis xarisxs: samwignobro enas ufro Sordeba kulturul-politikur centrTan Sors mcxovrebi farTo sazogadoebis metyveleba (da ara kulturuli Tu politikuri elitisa)28. centriperiferiis principis mixedviT, qarTvelTa dedaenas standartuli variantis garda aqvs Semdegi kiloebi: a. centraluri kiloebi: kaxuri, qarTluri, imeruli, leCxumuri, guruli.

b.ganapira kiloebi: mesxuri kiloebi: aWaruli, livanuri, maWaxluri, imerxeuli, taouri29, samcxuri, javaxuri; heruli kiloebi: kakuri, aliabaTuri; fxovuri kiloebi: CaRmaTuSuri, fSavuri, xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli; aqve, "asocirebul" dialeqtad SeiZleba ganvixiloT wovaTuSuric, romelic Seicavs rogorc CeCnur-inguSuris, aseve, qarTulis msgavs fenebs; raWuli kiloebi: barisraWuli, mTaraWuli; svanuri kiloebi: laSxuri, lentexuri, Coluruli, balsqvemouri, balszemouri; zanuri kiloebi: megruli, lazuri (xofuri, viwur-arqabuli, aTinuri). g.saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT arsebuli qarTvelTa kiloebi: fereidnuli, "Cveneburebis qarTuli" (bursa-inegolSi, adafazar-izmiTSi, gonensa da mcxovreb muhajirTa metyveleba) da yizlar-mozdokur-plastunkuri qarTuli30. 28

ufro vrceli msjeloba gvaqvs wignSi: "qarTveluri dialeqtologia" (Tanaavtori - e. dadiani); wigni didi moculobisaa, amitom misi dabeWdva dagvianda usaxsrobis gamo. 29 Sdr., prof. i. koriakovi taours ratomRac mkvdar kilod Tvlis. 30 Sdr., g.gogolaSvilis azriT, yizlar-mozdokuri aRar arsebobs da amitom gaumarTlebelia misi Setana CamonaTvalSi (2007, gv. 105). Sdr., m. naWyebias klasifikacia: a) qarTveluri enis zanuri jgufi (dialeqtebi):

30

II. qarTvelur dialeqtTa dajgufeba au > ou > uu/u transformaciis mixedviT: a. pirveli safexuri (au): qarTluri kaxuri, fSauri, xevsuruli, mTiulur-gudamayruli, mTaraWuli; b. meore safexuri (ou): fereidnuli, ingilouri 31, moxeuri, mesxur-javaxuri 32; g. paralelurad meore da mesame safexuri (ou/uu): baris raWuli, imeruli, guruli; d. mesame safexuri (uu/u): aWaruli, imerxeuli, livanuri, maWaxluri, taouri, megruli, lazuri, svanuri 33. III. dialeqtTa dajgufeba e.w IV seriis mixedviT: qarTvelur qvesistemebSi damoukidebel uRvlilebis erTeulebad gamoyofilia e.w. IV seriis formebi - na-/noprefiqsiani zmnuri yalibebi34; kerZod, amgvari mwkrivebi

megruli, Wanuri. b) qarTveluri enis svanuri jgufi (dialeqtebi): balszemouri, balsqvemouri, lentexuri, laSxuri, Coluruli. g) qarTveluri enis dasavluri jgufi (dialeqtebi): raWul-leCxumuri, guruli, imeruli, aWaruli. d) qarTveluri enis aRmosavluri jgufi (dialeqtebi): qarTlur-kaxuri, qarTlurTan axlos dgas mesxur-javaxuri (samcxur-javaxuri), kaxurTan - qiziyuri. e) qarTveluri enis fxovuri jgufi (dialeqtebi): xevsuruli, moxeuri, TuSuri, fSauri, mTiuluri (gudamayruliTurT)" (m. naWyebia, 2004, gv. 68). danarCeni dialeqtebis Sesaxeb mkvlevari iqve SeniSnavs: "Tanamedrove saqarTvelos gareT arsebuli dialeqtebi - ingilouri (azerbaijanSi), imerxeuli (TurqeTSi) da fereidnuli (iranSi) enobrivi siaxlovisda mixedviT gadanawildeba Sesabamis jgufebSi, an "garkveuli" principiT SeiZleba calke jgufad iqnes gamoyofili". 31 v. kuzibabaSvili, 1997. 32 adreul gamokvlevebSi au > ou > uu/u procesi miCneuli iyo qarTuli enis dasavlur da aRmosavlur kiloTa gasamijn kriteriumad. 33 vrclad ix.: o.kaxaZe, 1981; b. jorbenaZe, 1995, gv. 317-333; t. futkaraZe, 1998. 34 aRniSnuli zmnuri formebis kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb ix.: i. yifSiZe, 1914, gv. 089; arn. Ciqobava, 1936, gv.146; v. Tofuria, 1967, gv. 130-136 (v. Tofuria maT I seriaSi aerTianebs; S. ZiZiguri, 1938, gv. 129-130; m. alaviZe, 1941, gv. 234; o. kaxaZe, 1954, gv. 173-174; g. rogava, 1953; q. ZoweniZe, 1973, gv. 91-92; z. WumburiZe, 1986; a. oniani, 1998.

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gvaqvs: megrulSi, imerulSi, leCxumurSi, raWulSi da svanuri kiloebSi. Cveni azriT, es zmnuri yalibebi saerToqarTveluri warmomavlobisaa (da ara sakuTriv megrulisa, romlis gavlenadac iyo miCneuli imeruli formebic); amosavalia na- prefiqsiani warmoeba. zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTveluri kiloebi or jgufad gandasdeba: a.. megruli, imeruli, leCxumuri, raWuli, svanuri (balszemouri, balsqvemouri, lentexuri, laSxuri...); b. lazuri, aWaruli, guruli, imerxeuli, taouri, samcxurjavaxuri, qarTluri, kaxuri, TuSuri, ingilouri, fereidnuli da sxv.

g. gogolaSvili, qarTuli enis dialeqturi danawevrebisa da dialeqtTa gandasebis sakiTxisaTvis: qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, IX, Tb., 2005.

gr. beriZe, qarTuli enis javaxuri kilo, Tb., 1988. T. beraZe, termini, Temi, saq. ssr mecn. akad. moambe, 81, #1, 1976. T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe, i.Saduri, n. Sengelaia, Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursi, Tb., 2003. i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1961. T. gvancelaZe, enaTa genealogiuri klasifikaciis ZiriTadi kriteriumebi da qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro: qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. VII, quTaisi, 2003 T. gvancelaZe, aris Tu ara gagebineba enis dialeqtisagan gamijvnis kriteriumi? enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #1, Tb., 2004. T. gvancelaZe, qarTveluri enebi Tu qarTveluri dialeqtebi? wignSi: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, I nawili, quTaisi, 2005. T. gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006. g. gogolaSvili, svanuri enis dialeqturi dayofisaTvis: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XVI, Tb., 2004. g. gogolaSvili, dialeqtTa gandasebisaTvis qarTulSi: arn. Ciqobavas sakiTxavebi, XV, Tb., 2004.

r. gujejiani, qarTvel mTielTa mentalobis istoriidan, Tb., 2008. l. ezugbaia, pirveli subieqturi piris alomorfebi lazurSi: qarTvelologiuri krebuli, #4, Tb., 2005. v. Tofuria, Sromebi, t .I, (zmna), Tb., 1967. v. Tofuria, gardamavali dialeqtis sakiTxisaTvis svanurSi kiloebis monacemTa mixedviT: Tsu Sromebi, t. 14, 1965; Sromebi, II, Tb., 2002. v. Tofuria, svanuri dialeqtebi da maTi Taviseburebani: Sromebi, II, Tb., 2000. r. TofCiSvili, saqarTvelos eTnologia, Tb., 2008. gr. imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis ingilouri dialeqtis Taviseburebani, Tb., 1966. o. kaxaZe, xmovanTa asimilaciis zogierTi sakiTxis Taobaze qarTvelur enebSi: ike-s weliwdeuli, t. XVIII, Tb., 1981. v. kuzibabaSvili, xmovanTa sistema ingilourSi: macne (enaliteraturis seria), #4, Tb., 1991. v. kuzibabaSvili, t. futkaraZe, mesxur da herul dialeqtTa adgilisaTvis qarTvelur sametyvelo kodTa sistemaSi: javaxeTi, istoria da Tanamedroveoba, I, axalcixe, 2002. a. martirosovi, javaxuris mesxurTan mimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis: a.puSkinis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo ped. institutis Sromebi, VIII, Tb., 1950. a. martirosovi, qarTuli enis javaxuri dialeqti, Tb., 1984. a. martirosovi, qarTuli dialeqtologiis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1972. m. naWyebia, megrulisa da lazuris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis: qarTvelologiuri krebuli, IV, 2005. a. oniani, ena da dialeqti (qarTveluri dialeqtebi Tu qarTveluri enebi?); enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #1, 2003. a. oniani, isev qarTveluri enebisa da dialeqtebis Sesaxeb; enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2003. g. ramiSvili, dedaenis Teoria, Tb., 2000. m. tabiZe, enobrivi variantebis kvlevis sakiTxisaTvis: qarTveluri memkvidreoba, VII, quTaisi, 2003.

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damowmebuli literatura

m. faRava, qarTuli enis samxruli kiloebis fonematuri struqtura, avtoreferati, 2004. t. futkaraZe, xmovanTkompleqsTa transformaciisaTvis qarTulSi: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, VIII, 1999. t. futkaraZe, qarTvelTa dialeqtebis dajgufebisaTvis: arn. Ciqobavas sakiTxavebi, XII, masalebi, Tb., 2001. t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, zogadqarTuli samwignobro ena da qarTvelTa dialeqtebi (istoriuli mimoxilva): qarTveluri memkvidreoba, VI, quTaisi, 2002. t. futkaraZe, monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa kvalifikaciis sakiTxisaTvis Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi (ena da kilo): qarTveluri memkvidreoba, VII, quTaisi, 2003. t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, qristianobamdeli epoqa, quTaisi, 2005. t. futkaraZe, saTave da perspeqtiva qarTuli samwignobro enisa, Tb., 2006. t. futkaraZe, evropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb" da saqarTveloSi enobrivi politikis dagegmvis sakiTxi, qarTvelologiuri seria, V, Tb., 2009. S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi, 1993. S. futkaraZe, qarTuli enis samxrul-dasavluri dialeqtebis Taviseburebani istoriuli tao-klarjeTisa da muhajiri qarTvelebis metyvelebis mixedviT, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1995. qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis instituti, "Volkswagen-Stiftung”-is proeqti "enobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi”, Tb., 2007. m. qurdiani, saerToqarTveluri ena da misi diferenciaciis Tanamimdevrobis problema: qarTveluri memkvidreoba, I, quTaisi, 1999. S. ZiZiguri, qarTuli enis mTaraWuli dialeqtis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani: enimkis moambe, II1, 1937. S. ZiZiguri, mesxuri dialeqtis aRweriTi analizi: enimki-s moambe, X, Tb., 1941. S. ZiZiguri, xmovanTa kompleqsebis fonetikur procesTa saerTo safuZveli qarTul kiloebsa da zanurSi: ike, I, Tb., 1946. S. ZiZiguri, qarTuli dialeqtologiuri Ziebani, Tb., 1970. S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, Tb., 1975.

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q. ZoweniZe, zemoimeuli kilokavi, Tb., 1973. a. SaniZe, umlauti svanurSi: kreb. "arili", tf., 1925: a. SaniZe, Txz., t. II, Tb., 1981. a. SaniZe, subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa da obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa qarTul zmnebSi (1920 w.): Txz., t. II, Tb., 1981. arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, tf., 1936. arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Seswavlis istoria, Tb., 1965. st. Cxenkeli, yizlar-mozdokuri qarTuli: tfilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, V, tf., 1936. p. Waraia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1997. b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli enis dialeqturi dayofis sakiTxisaTvis lingvisturi geografiis monacemebis mixedviT, ike-s weliwdeuli, Tb., 1988. b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1989. b. jorbenaZe, qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebi, Tb., 1995. Ш. Дзидзигури, Опыт классификации диалектов грузинского языка, Тезисы на степень кандидата наук). Академия наук Союза ССР, 1935. И.

Кипшидзе, Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) языка с хрестоматией и словарем, С.П., 1914: i. yifSiZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, Tb., 1994.

А. Кизириа, Занский язык, Языки народов СССР, VI, М., 1967. Г. Небиеридзе, фонологический анализ вокализма грузинского языка, Автореферат канд. диссертасии, Тб., 1965. А. Шанидзе, Принципы классификасии грузинских диалектов, Труды объeдиненной научной сессий Академии наук СССР и Академии наук закавказских республик по обшественным наукам (29 марта – 2 апреля 1954 г.). G. Rosen, Ossetishe Sprachehre nebst einer Abhandlung Uber das Mingrelishe, Suanishe und Abchasishe, Berlin, 1846. M. brosse, De la langue georgienne,1834. R. Erckert, Die Scprachen des Kaukasischen Stammes, Wien, 1895.

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tariel futkaraZe qarTveluri dialeqtebis klasifikaciis kriteriumebisaTvis35 qarTvelebs erTi dedaena da or aTeulze meti dialeqti gvaqvs. kvlevis procesSi dialeqtologebi sxvadasxva kriteriumis mixedviT axdenen idiomTa kvalifikaciasa da klasifikacias. saklasifikacio kriteriumebis Tu izoglosebis Sesabamisad, SeiZleba Seicvalos dialeqturi jgufebis konfiguraciac da raodenobac; mag., akad. a. SaniZe saklasifikaciod iRebs meore subieqturi da mesame obieqturi piris prefiqsebis ganawilebis wess (1920, 144) da qarTuli enis kiloTa 2 ZiriTad jgufs gamohyofs: I. aRmosavluri: qarTluri, kaxuri, qiziyuri, fSauri, mTiulur-gudamayruli, xevsuruli, moxeuri, TuSuri; II. dasavluri: imeruli (zemo da qvemo), guruli, raWuli. sando masalis arqonis gamo 1920 wels sxva qarTuli kiloebi ver moxvda CamonaTvalSi. mogvianebiT (1954), "ZiriTad lingvistur maxasiTebelTa" mixedviT, a. SaniZe dialeqtTa gansxvavebul klasifikacias gvTavazobs; kerZod, gamoyofs eqvs dialeqtur jgufs: 1. fxouri: xevsuruli, moxeuri, TuSuri (maT Semonaxuli aqvT mravali arqauli sityva da forma); Sdr., a.SaniZe, 1915: "xevsuruli, moxeuri, TuSuri da fSauri erT viwro jgufs Seadgens, romelsac, istoriul-eTnografiuli mosazrebis gamo, me fxours vuwodeb"). 2. mTiuluri, fSauri (orives bevri saerTo aqvs fxour dialeqtebTan: mTiulurs - moxeurTan, fSaurs-xevsurulTan, magram ganviTarebis axlandel etapze SesamCnevad gansxvavdebian maTgan); am jgufis dialeqtebTan zogierT msgavsebas avlens zemoraWuli; 3. qarTluri, mesxuri, javaxuri; kaxuri, qiziyuri; 35

maia manjgalaZisadmi gagzavnili moxsenebis mokle Sinaarsi (vrceli Tezisebi).

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4. dasavluri jgufi: zemo-, Sua- da qvemoimeruli, guruli da raWuli; 5. samxreT-dasavluri jgufi: aWaruli da imerxeuli; 6. ingilouri... Sdr.: ufro adre, 1935 wels, sxvadasxva enobrivi monacemebis mixedviT akad. S. ZiZigurma qarTuli enis dialeqtTa 5 jgufi gamohyo: 1. ingilouri, fereidnuli; 2. TuSuri, fSauri, xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiuluri, mTaraWuli; 3. kaxuri, qarTluri, mesxuri; 4. zemoimeruli, qvemoraWuli, qvemoimeruli; 5. guruli, aWaruli, imerxeuli (S. ZiZiguri, 1935). igive S. ZiZiguri 1975 wels e.w. geografiuli (teritoriuli) kriteriumis mixedviT dialeqtTa sam jgufs gamoyofs: 1. aRmosavluri kiloebi [qarTluri, kaxur-qiziyuri, ingilouri, xevsuruli, fSauri, TuSuri, mTiulurgudamayruli, fereidnuli]; 2. dasavluri kiloebi [raWuli, leCxumuri, imeruli, guruli]; 3. samxruli kiloebi [mesxurjavaxuri, aWaruli, imerxeuli] (S. ZiZiguri, 1975, (gv. 139). isev geografiul kriteriumis, oRond mTisa da baris mixedviT ajgufebs qarTul kiloebs akad. arn. Ciqobava; dajgufebisas is iTvaliswinebs enobriv faqtorebsac da mis mier qarTulad miCneuli kiloebis Semdeg konfiguracias gvTavazobs: I. baris kiloebi: saliteraturo qarTuli enis sayrdeni dialeqti - qarTluri (mesxur-javaxuriTurT), kaxuri (qiziyuriTa da ingilouriT), imeruli (leCxumuriT), guruli, aWaruli, imerxevuri, fereidnuli; II. mTis kiloebi: xevsuruli, TuSuri, fSauri, mTiuluri (gudamayruliTurT), moxeuri, raWuli. mTisa da nawilobriv baris kiloebs ukavSirdeba mozdokisa da yizlaris qarTvelTa metyveleba (arn. Ciqobava, 1965, gv. 5-6). e.w. eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT - saqarTvelos kuTxeebis mixedviT (oRond, samegrelos, lazeTisa da svaneTis gamotovebiT) warmoadgenen qarTvelTa kiloebs i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria da i. qavTaraZe; isini qarTuli enis Semdeg kiloebs asaxeleben: xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiuluri, gudamayruli, TuSuri, fSauri, Tianuri, yizlar-mozdokuri, kaxuri, ingilouri, fereidnuli,

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qarTluri, javaxuri, mesxuri, imerxeuli, aWaruli, guruli, imeruli, leCxumuri, raWuli (sul 20 dialeqturi erTeuli). xmovanTkompleqsTa cvlilebis xasiaTis mixedviT g. nebieriZe qarTuli enis dialeqtTa 6 tips gamoyofs: 1. Zveli qarTuli, gloluri, mTaraWuli; 2. qarTuli saliteraturo ena, qarTluri, kaxuri, qiziyuri, Tianuri, zemoaWaruli; 3. xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiuluri, gudamayruli, fSauri, ingilouri, fereidnuli; 4. zemo da Suaimeruli, leCxumuri, qvemoraWuli da imerxeuli; 5. qvemo imeruli da TuSuri; 6. guruli da aWaruli (g. nebieriZe, 1965, gv. 21). imave xmovanTa transformaciis (xmovanTa regresuli asimilaciis) mixedviT o. kaxaZem (1981, gv. 38) qarTuli enis kiloTa 3 jgufi warmoadgina: 1. jgufi: gloluri, TuSuri, Rebur-Wioruli, xevsuruli, fSauri, yizlar-mozdokuri, Tianuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli, ingilouri, fereidnuli, mesxur-javaxuri, imerxeuli (am dialeqtebSi sistematuri xasiaTis xmovanTa regresuli asimilacia an ar gvxvdeba, an asimilacia moudis erT (a) an or (a, o) xmovans; 2. jgufi: raWuli da leCxumuri (romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia a, o, e xmovnebis asimilacia; 3. jgufi: aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis baris kiloebi: qarTluri, kaxuri, guruli, imeruli da aWaruli (am kiloebSi asimilacias ganicdis a, o, e, i). 1989 wels gamoqveynebul fundamentur gamokvlevaSi: "qarTuli dialeqtologia" akad. b. jorbenaZe "eTnikuri niSnisa da geografiuli gavrcelebulobis mixedviT" qarTuli enis dialeqtebs or jgufad warmoadgens (1989, gv. 216-218): I. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kiloebi, sadac gamoiyofa sami qvejgufi: a) mTis dialeqtebi: xevsuruli, fSauri, TuSuri, moxeuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli; b) baris dialeqtebi: qarTluri, kaxuri; kaxuris ganayofia ingilouri, fereidnuli; g) samxreT-dasavluri dialeqti - mesxur-javaxuri. II. dasavleT saqarTvelos kiloebi, sadac sami zona gamoiyofa: a) zemo zonis dialeqti - raWuli (mTaraWuli bevri niSniT uaxlovdeba mTiulursa da moxeurs); b) Sua zonis dialeqtebi: imeruli, leCxumuri; g) qvemo zonis dialeqtebi: guruli, aWaruli, imerxeuli.

b. jorbenaZis dasaxelebul naSromze miTiTebiT da b. jorbenaZis saxeliT gansxvavebul klasifikacias aqveynebs g. gogolaSvili (romelsac Tavisi saxeliT raime klasifikacia Tu damatebiTi argumentebi arsad gamouqveynebia); kerZod, 2005 wels gamoqveynebul "qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebSi (t. IX, gv. 129) da 2007 wels gamoqveynebul "krebulSi": "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi" (gv. 101) g. gogolaSvili erTsa da imaves wers: TiTqosda, b. jorbenaZis mier qarTuli enis kiloebi sam ZiriTad jgufadaa gandasebuli: I. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebi; II. samxreT-dasavluri dialeqti (mesxur-javaxuri) da III. dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebi. rTuli saTqmelia, g. gogolaSvilma sxvadasxva dros (orjer!) ra motivaciiT gamoacxada damoukidebel jgufad b. jorbenaZis pirveli jgufis mesame qvejgufi. g. gogolaSvilisve azriT, a. SaniZis, arn. Ciqobavas, S. ZiZigurisa da b. jorbenaZis mier qarTuli enis eTnikur-teritoriuli dialeqtebis (terminisaTvis ix., b. jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 29, 40; g. gogolaSvili, 2004, gv. 29) "gandaseba" xdeba "eTnikur-teritoriuli principiT" (2005, gv. 129; 2007, 102); arc es azria sinamdvilis adekvaturi. mocemuli yvela klasifikacia garkveulwilad pirobiTi da metnaklebad sakamaToa; mag., daismeba kiTxvebi: - a. SaniZes fSauri kilo zogjer ratom (ar) Seaqvs fxour kiloebSi? - mkvlevarTa mier ramdenadaa argumentirebuli zemoimerulisa da qvemoimerulis warmodgena or damoukidebel dialeqtad? - arn. Ciqobavam ratom miiCnia javaxuri metyveleba qarTluri kilos nawilad? - S. ZiZiguris mier zemo raWis metyveleba ratom iTvleba baris raWulad? - "qarTuli dialeqtologiis" (1961) avtorebisa Tu g. nebieriZis mier ramdenadaa argumentirebuli Tianurisa da fSauris CaTvla sxvadasxva dialeqtebad? - ramdenad adekvaturia: e.w. "eTnikur-teritoriuli principi" da terminebi: "eTnikuri dialeqti"? "eTnikur-teritoriuli dialeqti? da sxv.

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problemuri kiTxvebis analizis Semdeg moxsenebaSi qarTveluri qvesistemebi dajgufdeba: 1. e.w. centri-periferiis principiT, romelic, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs mocemuli idiomis fonematuri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri da semantikuri struqturebis siaxlove-siSores samwignobro enis monacemebTan: erovnuli enis standartul saxesxvaobas miT ufro Sordeba mocemuli kuTxuri (/saSinao) metyveleba, rac ufro Sorsaa am kiloze metyveli farTo sazogadoeba kulturul-politikuri centrisgan. 2. erovnuli enis qvesistemebSi warmodgenili sametyvelo bgerebis refleqsebis mixedviT. 3. erovnuli enis qvesistemebSi warmodgenili e.w. IV seriis mwkrivebis mixedviT.

eka dadiani kidev erTxel qarTvelur ena-kiloTa dajgufebis Sesaxeb qarTvelTa enobrivi samyaros Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi arsebuli mosazrebebi or ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba davyoT: a) erTi ena, aTeulobiT dialeqti: qarTuli (qarTveluri) enobrivi samyaro, iseve rogorc qarTveli eri, erTiania; qarTvelTa erovnuli ena - qarTuli ena warmoadgens erTian sistemas, romelic qvesistemebis saxiT moicavs qarTul saliteraturo enasa da calkeul kuTxeTa metyvelebebs/dialeqtebs, maT Soris megrul-lazur da svanur kiloebs. qarTvelTa erTi enis Teoria safuZvels iRebs saistorio qarTuli mwerlobidan ("qarTlis cxovreba"); qarTvelTa erT enas asaxeleben Zveli Tu axali Taobis mkvlevrebi: i. giuldenStedti, fr. alteri, m. brose, r. erkerti... p. Waraia, s. xundaZe... t. futkaraZe, T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, m. naWyebia...).

b) ramdenime ena, aTeulobiT dialeqti: qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro Sedgeba sami/oTxi enisgan: qarTuli, megruli/lazuri, svanuri. TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens calke enobriv sistemas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Sedgeba qvesistemebisagan/dialeqtebisagan. maTgan damwerloba sakuTriv "qarTuls" aqvs, megrul-lazursvanuri ki "umwerlobo qarTveluri enebia". es mosazreba saTaves iRebs XIX saukunis meore naxevridan, gabatonebuli iyo sabWoTa periodSi da dRes mas iziarebs enaTmecnierTa arcTu mcire nawili. monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa dajgufeba sxvadasxva kriteriumis mixedviT xdeba (istoriul-eTnografiuli, geografiuli, lingvisturi, centri-periferiis principiT da sxv.). zogadad, ena-dialeqtis mimarTebis sakiTxi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvarad aris gadawyvetili, kerZod, ama Tu im saxelmwifos interesebidan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva 40

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kriteriumis (eTnokulturuli, saxelmwifoebrivpolitikuri, lingvisturi, religiuri...) gaTvaliswinebiT. qarTvel mkvlevarTa nawili qarTvelur ena-kiloTa kvalifikaciisas ZiriTadad lingvistur princips aniWebs upiratesobas. maTi azriT, megrul-Wanur-svanuri metyvelebebi lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT aris enebi, sociolingvisturad anu socialuri statusis mixedviT ki dialeqtebia36. lingvistur kriteriumebad asaxeleben bgeraTSesatyvisobas37 da gagebinebas38. lingvistur kriteriumad samarTlianad ganixileba "sistemurobis principi". sakiTxisadmi midgoma aqac gansxvavebulia: mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, qarTvelur enakiloTa enobrivi sistema ZiriTadad msgavsia/erTiania (t.futkaraZe, 2003, gv.206; 2005, gv. 66-67; r.Serozia, 2007, gv.390-392); meore nawili ki amtkicebs, qarTuli, megrulilazuri da svanuri, rogorc enobrivi sistemebi, principul sxvaobebs warmoaCenen (k.gabunia, 2004). Tavidanve aRvniSnavT: iseve rogorc sxva kriteriumebi, sistemurobis principic ar aris universaluri, vinaidan "enis" statusis mqone yvela kontinuums erTnairad ver miesadageba (mag., sistemuri erTgvaroba aqvs moldavursa da ruminuls, magram dRemde enebad iwodeba). amdenad, dRemde cnobili arc erTi e.w. "lingvisturi kriteriumi" ar aris universaluri39, magram, Cveni azriT, yvelaze ufro sainteresoa da, Sesabamisad, met msjelobas moiTxovs e.w. "sistemurobis kriteriumi", vinaidan qarTul

saenaTmecniero literaturaSi zogadadaa aRniSnuli qarTvelur ena-kiloTa Soris arsebuli msgavsebagansxvavebani. qarTvelur ena-kiloebis erTgvarovani enobrivi movlenebi adridanve iqcevda qarTvelolologTa yuradRebas; bevri enobrivi faqti gaanalizebulia p.Waraias, arn.Ciqobavas, v.Tofurias, S.ZiZiguris, g.rogavas, a.kizirias, o.kaxaZis, b.jorbenaZis da sxvaTa naSromebSi. warmodgenil naSromSi SevecdebiT konkretuli masalis analizis safuZvelze (samecniero gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT) SedarebiT vrclad ganvixiloT qarTveluri ena-kiloebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi enobrivi niSnebi da vaCvenoT, Tu ra donis msgavseba-gansxvavebTan gvaqvs saqme; kerZod: qarTveluri idiomebi ufro damoukidebeli enobrivi sistemebia Tu saerTo erTi enobrivi sistemis qvesistemebi/variantebi?40.

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ZiriTadi fonemebis gverdiT qarTvelur dialeqtebSi dasturdeba saliteraturo enisagan gansxvavebuli bgerebi; xmovanTagan: grZeli xmovnebi, neitraluri H xmovani, palatalizebuli (umlautiani) xmovnebi, mokle xmovnebi, SemarTva-damarTvis xmovnebi (mkveTri, fSvinvieri,

n.mari, 1905; b.jorbenaZe, 1989; a.oniani, 2003; k.gabunia, 2004... samecniero literaturaSi naTladaa dasabuTebuli, rom "bgeraTSesatyvisobis kriteriumi" ver gamodgeba ena-kiloTa gansasxvaveblad: bevr monaTesave enas Soris regularuli bgeraTsesatyvisoba ar dasturdeba (rusuli, belorusuli...); garda amisa, igi dasturdeba dialeqtebad (kilokavebad, Tqmebad, qcevebad...) miCneul erTeulebs Sorisac ki (dawvrilebiT ix. T. gvancelaZe, 2003, gv. 103-105). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom garkveuli bgeraTmimarTeba dasturdeba lazurisa da megrulis kilokavebs Soris, mag.: xof. i - viw-arq., aTin. u, an senak. i, u - zugd.-samurz. H (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.11, 20; s.JRenti, 1953, gv. 45-46...). 38 gagebineba lingvisturi kriteriumi araa (dawvr. ix.: t.futkaraZe, 2005; T.gvancelaZe, 2006...) 39 msoflio praqtika ufro eqstralingvistur kriteriumebs aniWebs upiratesobas. 37

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I. qarTvelur ena-kiloTa fonematuri struqtura Tanamedrove qarTveluri idiomebi fonemaTa raodenobisa da maTi paradigmatuli mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba saerToqarTvelurisa da samwignobro qarTulisagan. warmodgenilia yvela is fonema (xmovani, Tanxmovani), romelic istoriulad saliteraturo qarTul enas axasiaTebda41: xmovnebi: a e o i u (i da u sonanturi bunebis bgerebia). Tanxmovnebi: xSulebi: b, f, p; d, T, t; g, q, k; B, y. afrikatebi: Z, c, w; j, C, W. napralovnebi: z, s; J, S; R, x; h. sonorebi: v, m, n, r, l.

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sastatie variantSi vrcel masalas warmovadgenT. XXIX respublikuri dialeqtologiuri sesiisTvis gankuTvnil moxsenebaSi, reglamentis gamo, vapirebdiT warmogvedgina mxolod ZiriTadi debulebebi. 41 sayovelTaod cnobili faqtebis warmodgenisas aRar vuTiTebT saTanado samecniero literaturas (sruli masala warmodgenili iqneba monografiaSi).

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iotiani)... TanxmovanTagan: B (romelic Zvel qarTulSi gamoiyeneboda), G, F. grZeli xmovnebis miRebis wesi qarTvelur kiloebSi saerToa; miiReba: a) identur xmovanTa SerwymiT, b) dakarguli bgeris sakompensaciod, g) tonuri maxvilis Sedegad... gvxvdeba: svanur kiloebSi, TuSurSi, mTiulurSi, aWarulSi, samcxurSi, fereidnulSi, nawilobriv 42 megrulSi. neitraluri H bgera met-naklebad yvela qarTvelur kiloSi dasturdeba. niSandoblivia svanuri da megruli metyvelebisaTvis. svanur kiloebSi H xmovani ZiriTad xmovanTa rigSi ganixileba. H bgera zogadad warmoadgens: a) xmovani fonemis poziciur (reducirebul) variants, b) mavrcob xmovans, g) TanxmovanTgamyars.43 palatalizebuli (umlautiani) xmovnebi (O, è, @) dasturdeba: moxeurSi, samcxurSi, javaxurSi, imerxeulSi, livanurSi, taourSi, herul da svanur kiloebSi (garda laSxurisa). moxeurSi, samcxurSi, javaxurSi, mTiulurSi ve, vi kompleqsis Semcvel sityvebSi vlindeba, isini fonemebis doneze ar gamoiyofa. imerxeulSi, livanurSi, taourSi palatalizebuli xmovnebi ZiriTadad Turqul sityvebSi vlindeba, sakuTriv qarTuli warmomavlobis sityvebSi ar Cans. svanur kiloebSi palatalizebuli xmovnebi fonemebs warmoadgens, xolo herul kiloebSi fonemizaciis procesi srulyofisaken midis.44 mokle xmovnebi gvxvdeba xevsurulsa da TuSurSi. rogorc wesi, warmodgenilia sityvis absolutur boloSi. warmoadgens srul xmovanTa poziciuri variants.45 42

ix. ZiriTadi literatura: arn.Ciqobava,1924; q.lomTaTiZe, 1946; s.JRenti,1953; a.oniani, 1962; g.maWavariani, 1963; T.uTurgaiZe,1969; b.jorbenaZe, 1989; b.jorbenaZe, 1998. v.Tofuria, 2002... 43 H bgeris warmomavlobisa da distribuciisaTvis dawvr. ix.: s.JRenti, 1953; n.imnaZe, 1981; b.jorbenaZe, qarTuli 1998; t.futkaraZe, 1998; m.faRava, 2004; e.dadiani, 2007... 44 ZiriTadi literatura: v.Tofuria, 1928; s.JRenti, 1949; gr.imnaiSvili, 1953; g.maWavariani,1963; m.qaldani, 1969; a.oniani, 1969; g.maWavariani, 1970; T.uTurgaiZe, 1979; a.SaniZe, 1981; v.kuzibabaSvili,, 1991; b.jorbenaZe, 1998; t.futkaraZe, 1997; t.futkaraZe, 1998. 45 dawvr. ix.: T.uTurgaiZe, 1960; T.uTurgaiZe, 1969; a.WinWarauli, 1960; b.jorbenaZe., 1998.

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xmovanTa SemarTvisa da damarTvis samive saxeoba (mkveTri, fSvinvieri da rbili) met-naklebad yvela kiloSi gvxvdeba. mkveTri SemarTva-damarTva ZiriTadad dasturdeba eqspresiul sityvebSi (Sorisdebulebi, nawilakebi), grafikulad G an & niSniT gadmoicema. mkveTri SemarTva: TuS.: GuambE `uambo"... mox.: Gis `is", Gara `ara"... her..: GuTqom `uTqvams"... Wan.: Gar (aTin.) `erTi", Gides < ides (aTin.) `wavidnen", GikiTxu `ikiTxa"... megr.: Gex `ex", Gau `auh"... svan.: G@x, Gox, Go~t (v.Tofuria, 1979, gv. 159). mkveTri damarTva: TuS.: gK GkeT `gaakeTa", gU GkeT `gaukeTa"... xevs.: dasturebi G`dasturebi", ho G, ara G, ha G...

fSvinvieri SemarTva-damarTva h niSniT gamoixateba. dasturdeba: svan., Wan., megr., TuS., ing., mesx., qv.qarTl... fSvinvieri SemarTvis nimuSebi: svan.: bz. har@y "arayi", havej "aveji", hal@g "alagi", bqv. heWE "eWvi"... lxm., Cbx. har@k `araki", hariqa `ariqa”... Wan.: viw.-arq. ha~a `es", hea `is", hamuq `aman", haSo `ase", hasTeri/asTeri `aseTi"... TuS.: haba `aba", hariq `ariqa"... her.: hegi `egi", hes `es", homobs `omobs", halal `alali"... samcx.: hamas `amas", hakvani `akvani", hekali `ekali"... javax.: hamas `amas", heWvi `eWvi", hegre `egre"... megr.: hai, hat, ha...

rbili SemarTva ~ niSniT aRiniSneba. dasturdeba: herulSi, TuSurSi, moxeurSi, megrulSi, WanurSi, svanurSi... mag.: her.: ~-emag(/hemag), ~-exla `axla", ~-eriT(/heriT)... TuS.: ~-am, ~-axl, ~-agr... mox.: ~-es, ~-eg, ~-ena, ~-erTi... Wan.: h~ati `cudi", ~ofSa `savse", W~urWa (/WurWa) `WinWala"... (s.JRenti,1953,gv.2930). megr.: Za~ami `Zalian", ma~aRuri `molaRuri"... (s.JRenti, 1953, gv.31). svan.: ~ori ”ori”, ~eSd ”aTi”...

B Tanxmovani daculia svanur da fxour kiloebSi. SedarebiT iSviaTia kaxuri dialeqtis qiziyur kilokavSi, fereidnulSi, mesxur kiloebSi (imerxeulSi, livanurSi, taourSi), herulSi, qarTlurSi (aragvisa da qsnis xeobaTa metyvelebaSi). mag.: svan.: liBSde (*li BeSde `yefa"), liBCe (*li BiCe)... (v.Tofuria, 1979, gv.45); fxouri: Beli, feBi, Borci, Bevi, Bma, Bevisberi... her: Bari, saBnavi... imerx.: baBala, BerBi, Beli, Bari, Bevi, Beli, Bidi... (S.futkaraZe,1995, gv.6; m.faRava, 2005, gv.47); maWaxl.: BerTvisi, BevBidi, Bma, Bari... (S.futkaraZe, 1995, gv. 24); taouri: ToBi, Bma, ferBuli... (S.futkaraZe, 1995, gv. 30).

F kbilbagismieri yru fSvinvieri bgera, rogorc v fonemis poziciuri varianti, kiloebSi Tavs iCens yru fSvinvieri da yru mkveTri bgerebis win: F-kiTxulob, F-Tqvi, 45

F-furclav, F-sinjav, ambaF-s, klaF-s... megr.: F-Tasunq `vTesav", Fqununq `vfuTav"... Wan.: mo-F-Ti "movedi"... WanurSi F umTavresad ucxo sityvebSi dasturdeba: Fukara (Turq.) `Raribi", eFendi (Turq.) `batoni", oFridi (berZn.) `warbi", karaFi (berZn.) `lursmani"... herulSi (aliabaTurSi) F

Cveulebriv, Cndeba garkveul poziciebSi fonetikur niadagze: F-Wam, F-Wri, F-Tli (gr.imnaiaSvili, 1963, gv. 82). Gbgera Sorisdebulebisa da CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis dasawyisSi (xmovnis win) SeiZleba yvela dialeqtSi Segvxvdes. igi fonemad ar CaiTvleba da ZiriTadad xmovnis magari SemarTvis Sedegad viTardeba. megrul-WanurSi Gbgera ZiriTadad warmoadgens y-s poziciur variants: Guji "yuri", Gvali "yveli"... G bgera damaxasiaTebelia TuSuri kilosaTvis. T. uTurgaiZis azriT, TuSurSi G bgera damoukidebel fonemad unda gamoiyos, vinaidan Gzogjer mniSvnelobaTganmasxvaveblis funqciiT dasturdeba, mag.: da Go~ (mamakacis saxeli) da dao~ (naTesavi qali), x i Go~ (mamakacis saxeli) da xio (xeva 46 zmnis II kavSirebiTis forma).

CamoTvlili bgerebi (garda B-isa) meoreuli, poziciurad miRebuli bgerebia. am TvalsazrisiT megrullazuri da svanuri metyvelebebi qarTuli enis dialeqtebisagan faqtobrivad arafriT gansxvavdebian. saerToqarTveluri enis xmovanTa istoriuli dialeqturi variantebi (xmovanTSesatyvisobani). saerToqarTveluri xmovnebi dialeqtebSi nairgvar cvlilebebs ganicdis. ama Tu im xmovans megrul-WanursvanurSi sxva varianti Seesabameba. samecniero literaturaSi xmovanTa Seupirobebeli monacvleoba, romelsac morfologiur-semantikuri datvirTva ara aqvs, xmovanTmonacvleobad, alternaciad an substituciadaa saxeldebuli. ZiriTadad samwignobro qarTulsa da megrul-Wanurs Soris dadgenili amgvari xmovanTmonacvleobis SemTxvevebi bgeraTSesatyvisobis

46

dawvr. ix.: i.yifSiZe, 1914; arn. Ciqobava,1936; s.JRenti,1953; T.uTurgaiZe, 1960; gr. imnaiSvili, 1963; n.kiziria, 1980; n. imnaZe,1981; b.jorbenaZe, 1998; n.quTelia, 2005...

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saxeliTaa cnobili (saliteraturo qarTulsa da svanur kiloebs Soris xmovanTa mimarTeba ZiriTadad identuria). saerToqarTvelursa da megrul-Wanur-svanurs Soris cnobilia xmovanTSesatyvisobis Semdegi SemTxvevebi: s.qarTv. a > megr.-Wan. o: koCi `kaci", oSi `asi", do ”da"... s.qarTv. e > megr.-Wan. a: ma `me", dRa `dRe", mafa `mefe"... s.qarTv. i > megr.-Wan. e: mayare (megr.) `mayari", qoTume (Wan.) `qaTa47 mi"...

msgavsi SemTxvevebi sporadulad sxva dialeqtebSic gvxvdeba, kerZod: a>o: taniani>toniani (kak.), deda>dedo (aWar.), Wapani>Wopani (mox.), mzareuli>mzoreuli (qarTl.)... e>a: jebiri>jabiri, qeifi>qaifi/qaibi (xevs.), zeiT>zaiT, kidev>kidav, mere>mamre (mox.)...

i>e: iyo>eyo (her.), mandili>mandeli (xevs.), xesaviT>xesaveT (imer.), unagiri>unageri (raW.)...

rogorc vnaxeT, megrul-Wanuris msgavsi mimarTeba xmovnebs Soris raodenobriv doneze sxva qvesistemebSic gamovlindeba. megrulsa da WanurSi, sxva dialeqtebTan SedarebiT, xmovanTmonacvleobas regularuli da kanonzomieri xasiaTi aqvs. qarTul-zanuri Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb arn.Ciqobava aRniSnavs, rom sxvaobas iwvevs artikulaciis cvla, kerZod, zanurSi moxda bgeraTa warmoTqmis (warmoebis) ukan gadaweva. mkvlevris azriT, aRniSnuli procesi erTbaSad ar 47

e:i monacvleobis Sesaxeb g.rogava aRniSnavs, rom zanurSi e xmovnis gadasvla i xmovanSi poziciuri xasiaTisaa. am SemTxvevaSi unda moqmedebdes zogi kilosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ea xmovanTa kompleqsis gadasvla ia-Si: mware>mwaria, eama>iama (fS.)... aq saqme gvaqvs xmovanTa disimilaciasTan, ukeT, garkveul xmovanTa kompleqsis difTongizaciasTan: ea>ia/~a. megrulSi disimilacias adgili aqvs maSinac, roca e da a xmovnebi TanxmovniTaa gaTiSuli: deda>dida, venaxi>binexi, ena>nina, netavi>nite, mtevani>tiani, mwevari>wiari... (ix. g.rogava,1975. xmovanTa monacvleobis msgavsi faqtebi dasturdeba megrulsa da Wanurs Soris: a>e: JaSxa/JeSxa (megr.) `kvira", WaWa/WeWa (Wan.)... (Sdr.: rabe (kak.)/rebe (aliabaT.), fayi (aliabaT.) /feyi (kak.) `fexi")... i>e: dixa(megr.), dexa(Wan.) `miwa"; qoTomi (megr.), qoTume (Wan.) `qaTami". u>i: Wan. quri/megr. qiri, Wan. Juri/megr. Jiri, Wan. juma/megr. jima, Wan. guruni/megr. girini... viw.-arq. lumji/xof. limji, viw.-arq. nusa/xof. nisa, viw.arq. fuquri/xof. fiqiri `yvavili"... (Sdr.: SaaJdina (aliabaT.)/SaaJdOna (kak.)...

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momxdara, igi TandaTan viTardeboda da sabolood Camoyalibda rogorc garkveuli bgeraTSesatyvisoba (arn.Ciqobava, 1938, gv. 6-9, 441-442). aqve ismis kiTxva: Tuki artikulaciis ukan gadaweva moxda, ratom ganicada es mxolod fonemaTa mcire nawilma (mag., d, T, t ratom ar gadaiwia Z, c, w-d)? garda amisa, a > o procesis gansaxorcieleblad sakmarisi ar aris enis ukan gadaweva; a > o labializaciaa, Sesabamisad, artikulaciis win gadmoweva ufroa (Sdr., agreTve: da - da, da - do (kavSiri), Sen - si tipis mimarTebebi)... aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom megrul-WanurSi s.qarTv. a xmovani yvela SemTxvevaSi ki ar gadadis o-Si, aramed zogjer a ucvleli rCeba. aseve gamonaklisebi aqvs s.qarTv. e : zan. a Sesatyvisobasac.48 saerToqarTveluri enis TanxmovanTa dialeqturi variantebi (TanxmovanTSesatyvisobani). saerToqarTveluri enis Tanxmovnebi qarTvelur qvesistemebSi ZiriTadad ucvlelia. gansxvavebul suraTs qmnian sibilantebi. zanursa da svanurSi sibilantTa cvlileba kanonzomier da regularul xasiaTs atarebs da TanxmovanTSesatyvisobis saxeliT aris cnobili. a) sisina TanxmovanTa refleqsebi specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom megrulWanur-svanuri SiSina Tanxmovnebi s.qarTveluri sisina Tanxmovnebis Sesatyvisad aris Sedegi artikulaciis ukan gadawevisa (arn.Ciqobava, 1938, gv.6-9, 441-442; s.JRenti, 1949, gv.130-133; g.rogava, 1953, gv.42-43; v.Tofuria, 1960, gv.150). garkveul SemTxvevebSi saerToqarTveluri sisina Tanxmovani megrul-Wanur-svanurSi imave sisina TanxmovniT aris warmodgenili, mag.: s.qarTv. mZaRe, megr. ZuRe, svan. mH-ZiR; s.qarTv. cxemla, megr. cxemuri/cximuri, svan. cxum/cxHm/cxEim.... kanonzomier SesatyvisobaTagan gadaxvevebi specialur literaturaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa axsnili:

mkvlevarTa nawili (g. maWavariani, k. Smidti, g. wereTeli, m. qurdiani...) varaudobs saerToqarTvelurSi spirantebisa

da afrikatebis sami rigis (wina, Sua da ukana) arsebobas. nawili mecnierebisa (g. rogava, m. Cuxua...) sisina Tanxmovnebis Semcvel sityvaformaTa arsebobas megrul-WanursvanurSi qarTulis gavleniT xsnis: an SeTvisebulia qarTulidan an kidev qarTulis gavleniTaa saxecvlili. ufro logikuria imis aRniSvna, rom saerToqarTvelur sityvaTa erTi nawili ucvlelad aris Semonaxuli qarTvelur dialeqtebSi, xolo meore nawili fonetikurad Tu semantikurad aris saxecvlili. bgeraTcvlilebis gamomwvevi fonetikuri faqtorebi dRes ucnobia. b) SiSina TanxmovanTa refleqsebi s.qarTvelur SiSina Tanxmovnebs megrul-Wanursa da svanurSi, rogorc wesi, bgeraTkompleqsi Seesatyviseba: SiSina Tanxmovani + ukanaenismieri xSuli: s.qarTv. (na)biji, megr. ge-bijg-afa ”dabijeba”, svan. bijg ”nabiji”; s.qarTv. Suidi, megr. SqviTi, laz. SqviTi/SqiTi, svan. iSgEid...

s.qarTv. *J fonemis arseboba saeWvod miiCneva. a.SaniZis azriT, J meoreuli bgeraa. Sesabamisad, Sesatyvisoba J:Jg/zg ar aris dadasturebuli. bolodroindeli gamokvlevebis mixedviT, s.qarTvelurSi gamovlenilia iseTi fuZeebi, romlebic adastureben bgeraTSesatyvisobas: qarT. J - zan. JR/Jg, rac utyuars xdis s.qarTv. *J fonemis rekonstruqcias.49 aRniSnuli bgeraTfardobani megrul-Wanur-svanurSi xSirad darRveulia: a) s.qarTv. S-s Sesatyvisad s gvaqvs: s.qarTv. Sen - megr.-Wan. si - svan. si...

b) s.qarTv. SiSina Tanxmovnebis Sesatyvisad warmodgenilia sisina Tanxmovniani kompleqsi (Zg, cq, wk, sq/sg): s.qarTv. Suenis, Svenieri - megr. sqvami - svan. musgEan `mSvenieri"... 49

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saerToqarTvelur xmovanTa refleqsebi literaturaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa gaanalizebuli; ix.: i.yifSiZe,1914; arn.Ciqobava,1938; g.maWavariani, 1958; T.gayreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965; t.futkaraZe, 1989; t. futkaraZe,1990; t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani, 2005...

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mag.: s.qarTv. Jlet, zan. JgarT/Jgart ”daxeTqeba, magrad cema, dabegva” (v.Sengelia, 1996, gv. 28). s.qarTv. Jroba (gur.) ”neli xarSva”, damJRnari ”xili damWknari” (saba), zan. JRirafa/bJRirafa ”Wknoba”; s.qarTv. Juvili ”dabuJebuli xorcis Cxvleta” (saba), zan. JRirini, uJRiruans ”uxurs, sCxvlets, ubJuis” (r.abaSia, 2003, gv. 5-9).

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g) SiSina Tanxmovani ucvlelia, ar ganiviTarebs ukanenismier Tanxmovnebs. mag.: s.qarTv. Rreja - megr. Rranjua ”daReja” svan. mH-Rlij/mH-Rij ”dakreWili (kbili)”...

d) svanurs ori yru Tanxmovnisagan Sedgenili bgeraTkompleqsi ar axasiaTebs: disimilaciis safuZvelze meore yru Tanxmovani mJRerdeba. amave dros xdeba afrikatTa spirantizacia, mag.: W>Wk>Sk: qarT. Wedva - megr.-laz. Wkadua - svan. li50

Sk@d-i ”Wedva”...

sibilant TanxmovanTa megrul-Wanur-svanuris msgavsi refleqsebi iSviaTad sxva dialeqtebSic dasturdeba, mag.: sisina>SiSina: Skami<skami, qiStiTanxmovanTkompleqsi: Wkde<Wde (xevs., mT., TuS.), Wknavi< Wnavi (aWar.), Wkortl<mWvartli (her.), Wkriali<Wriali (leCx.)... (ix. b.jorbenaZe, 1995, gv.51-57).

rogorc vxedavT, qarTvelur qvesistemebs Soris gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom dialeqtTa nawilSi TanxmovanTmonacvleobas intensiuri da kanonzomieri xasiaTi aqvs, nawilSi ki sporadulad vlindeba. am SemTxvevaSi 50

SiSina Tanxmovnebis nairgvari refleqsi samecniero literaturaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa axsnili, kerZod, mkvlevarTa nawili (arn.Ciqobava, 1938; g.rogava, 1960) miiCnevs, rom bgeraTfardobaSi S - sq/sg amosavalia sisina varianti. qarTulSi Tavdapirveli s>S, megrul-Wanur-svanurSi ki s ar Secvlila, oRond mis Semdeg dairTo ukanaenismieri Tanxmovani; m.Cuxuas azriT, sisina rigis sibilantebSi artikulaciis ukan gadaweva sisina>SiSina gardaqmnis garda miiRweoda sisina sibilantis momdevnod ukanaenismier xSulTa ganviTarebiT (m.Cuxua, 2003). T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani varaudoben, rom Sq/Sg da sq/sg kompleqsebi erTi da imave S fonemis refleqsebia, romelic Sepirobebulia poziciiT, kerZod: S-Sq/ Sg>sq/sg procesi megrul-Wanur-svanurSi SeiZleba aixsnas v/E bgeris arsebobiT, agreTve, S bgeris palataluri bunebiT. S s-sTan SedarebiT ufro palataluria. palataluri da labialuri bgerebi erTmaneTis mezoblad ver Zlebs, amdenad, enaSi kanonzomieri procesi ganviTarda:S>s (T.gamyreliZe,1959; g.maWavariani, 1965). SiSina Tanxmovnebs mudmivad axasiaTebs TavisTavadi labializacia. Tu aseT Tanxmovans mosdevs labialuri xmovani, Tanxmovani, maSin xdeba delabializacia, SiSina TanxmovanTa gasisineba (t.futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 272).

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mniSvnelovania ara raodenobrivi xasiaTis gansxvaveba, aramed is, rom am movlenas erTi saerToqarTveluri safuZveli warmarTavs. movlenaTa araerTgvarovani xasiaTi sxvadasxva mizeziT SeiZleba aixsnas. `sakuTriv romelime dialeqtisaTvis arakanonzomieri procesi saerToqarTuli potenciis gamovlinebaa... is, rac amJamad calkeuli faqtebis saxiT daCndeba mavan dialeqtSi, SesaZloa istoriulad yofiliyo misTvis damaxasiaTebeli an Semdgom gaxdes misi fonetikuri ier-saxis ganmsazRvreli" (b. jorbenaZe,1998, gv. 150). ”is, rac amJamad qarTvelur enaTa bgeraTSesatyvisobad ganixileba, istoriulad am enaTa dialeqtebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlena iyo” (b.jorbenaZe, 1995, gv. 56). ”monaTesave enebsa da imavdroulad maTsave dialeqtebSi sakmaod mravladaa saerTo safuZvlis mqone movlenebi’” (b. jorbenaZe). e. i. Tvisebrivi sxvaoba ar arsebobs fuZeenasa da Tanamedrove variants Soris. saerToqarTvelurSic bunebrivad unda davuSvaT sityvaformaTa paraleluroba Tanamedrove viTarebis analogiurad (t.futkaraZe, 1996, gv.23-24).

vfiqrobT, dasadgenia mizezebi, ra SemTxvevebSi miviReT sayovelTaod cnobili bgeraTSesatyvisobani. sainteresoa is faqti, rom g. eliavas leqsikonSi W bgeriT dawyebuli identuri sityvebi Seadgens 40%-s, Sesatyvisoba gvaqvs 29%-Si, xolo 31% sakvlevia. bevri identuri sityva mkvlevrebs leqsikonSi ar SeaqvT. amdenad, gaumarTleblad gveCveneba saerToqarTvelurSi ori W-s (an ori w-s, Z-s, c-s) rekonstruireba, aseve, identuri formebis sesxebiT axsna. savaraudoa, rom kanonzomieri da regularuli bgeraTSesatyvisobis saxeliT cnobili mimarTebani saTaves iRebs saerToqarTvelurSive arsebuli fonetikuri variantebidan. amas gvafiqrebinebs msgavsi faqtebis arseboba qarTvelur qvesistemebSi. amdenad, ufro logikuri Cans e.w. qarTveluri Sesatyvisobebis mizezi fonetikur garemocvaSi, an sxva faqtorebSi veZioT da ara "artikulaciis ukan gadawevaSi".

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fonetikur cvlilebaTa tendenciebi51 qarTvelur qvesistemebSi ZiriTadad saerToa. mravalferovan fonetikur procesTagan ramdenimes SevexebiT: metaTezisis SemTxvevebi qarTvelur qvesistemebSi sakmaod xSiria. aq nimuSad I piris v- niSnis metaTeziss ganvixilavT52. v- prefiqsis metaTezisi gvxvdeba: TuSurSi, herulSi, megrulSi, svanur kiloebSi. iSviaTad: imerulSi, aWarulSi, javaxurSi... fonetikuri procesi aixsneba Tavkidur poziciaSi warmoqmnili arabunebrivi kompleqsis gamartivebis Zlieri tendenciis arsebobiT. -v prefiqsis gainfiqseba dasturdeba rogorc TanxmovniT dawyebul fuZeebTan, ise xmovanprefiqsebTan Sexvedrisas. I. sityvis Tavkidurad morfemaTa zRvarze v- prefiqsisa da fuZiseuli Tanxmovnisagan Sedgenili bgeraTkompleqsis v/E+C cvlileba kiloebSi SeiZleba orgvarad warimarTos, kerZod: a) erT SemTxvevaSi v-/E- prefiqsi gadainacvlebs fuZiseuli Tanxmovnis momdevnod da warmoiqmneba qarTvelurisTvis ufro bunebrivi kompleqsi (C+v-/E-), mag.: TuS.: vdaob>d-v-aob, v-tiri>t-v-iri, v-CeC>C-v-eC, v-Wam>W-v-am... imer., aWar.: v-xnav>x-v-nav... (msgavsi faqtebi samecniero literatu-

raSi axsnilia enis miswrafebiT, Seqmnas mzardi napralovnobis kompleqsebi) (T.uTurgaiZe, 1976). svanur kiloebSi I piris niSani TanxmovniT dawyebul fuZeebTan, Cveulebriv, infiqsad iqceva, mag.: z.sv., lnt. t-Eixe `vabruneb` miRebulia *u-tix-e formisagan, bqv. r-E-agdi `vlaparakob` formisTvis amosavalia *E-ragdi forma 51

xmovanTa reduqciis Sesaxeb qarTvelur qvesistemebSi mravalricxovani literatura arsebobs: i.yifSiZe, 1914; m.nikolaiSvili, 1984; s.JRenti, 1953; T.uTurgaiZe,1976; a.SaniZe, 1981; m.cikolia, 1950; m.cikolia, 1954; b.jorbenaZe, 1998... xmovanTkompleqsTa transformaciisaTvis qarTvelur qvesistemebSi ix.: i.yifSiZe, 1914; arn.Ciqobava, 1936; a.Rlonti,1936; v.Tofuria, 1954; m.cikolia,1954; k.kublaSvili, 1959; b. jorbenaZe, 1995; S. ZiZiguri, 1998; o.kaxaZe, 1981; o.kaxaZe, 1999; g.kartozia, 2005; n. quTelia, 2005... 52 dawvrilebiT ix.: t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani, 2004.

52

(v.Tofuria, 1967, gv.10). Sdr. laSxuris viTareba, sadac I seriaSi zmnebs E prefiqsi ar gaaCniaT, mag.: tHxe "vabruneb", texni "vbrundebi", gargli "vlaparakob"...

Tuki fuZe iwyeba labialuri TanxmovniT da mas mosdevs e, i xmovnebi, palatalizebuli xmovnebis mqone svanur dialeqtebSi (bz., bqv., lnt.) E niSani metaTezisis Semdeg e, i xmovnebs erwymis da viRebT palatalizebul (umlautian) è, O bgerebs, mag.: bz. pèrni, lnt. pèreni `vfren` miRebulia ase: pèrni
analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs herulSi, oRond, svanurisagan gansxvavebiT, herulSi palatalizebuli xmovnebi miiReba nebismieri Tanxmovnis mezoblad, mag.: v-f-iqrob>f-viqrob>f-O-qrob, v-r-ecxav>r-v-ecxav>r-è-cxav...

b) meore SemTxvevaSi Tavkidur poziciaSi arsebuli TanxmovanT-kompleqsi (v+C) martivdeba v-s gadasmiT momdevno marcvlis Semdeg, mag.: imer., javax.: v-naxe>na-v-xe (Sdr. ing. noxefeSgEni "vixsnebi", Enecxni>necx-E-ni "viRviZeb"...

megrulSi v- prefiqsi fuZiseuli marcvlis momdevnod gadajdeba garkveul SemTxvevaSi, kerZod, bagismieri (b f p m) TanxmovnebiT dawyebul fuZeebTan (amasTanave, v- niSani icvleba momdevno Tanxmovnis gavleniT): v-barunq > ba-v-runq > ba-b-runq "vbarav" v-forunq > fo-v-runq > fo-b-runq "vfarav" v-putorunq > pu-v-torunq > pu-p-torunq "vputav"

aRniSnuli fonetikuri movlena gamoxatulebaa garkveuli enobrivi kanonzomierebisa. cnobilia, rom qarTulSi (Sesabamisad, qarTvelur qvesistemebSic) identuri an erTi lokaluri rigis bgerebi (fonemebi) erTimeoris momdevnod ar gvxvdeba erTi morfemis farglebSi sityvis Tavkidurad (T. uTurgaiZe, 1976, gv. 78). aseve, arabunebrivi Cans qarTveluri kiloebisaTvis v/E+i bgeraTmimdevroba da misi superacia sxvadasxva gziT xdeba. megrulSi v- prefiqsi i xmovanprefiqsis mezoblad ver Zlebs da, rogorc wesi, infiqsad iqceva. procesi garkveuli wesis dacviT mimdinareobs: 53

1. Tu fuZe arabagismieri TanxmovniT iwyeba, metaTezisi kontaqturia, v- niSani gadaismis zmnuri xmovanprefiqsis momdevnod fuZis win, mag.: v-i-rduq>i-v-rduq>i-b-rduq "vizrdebi", v-i-Wyanq>i-v-Wyanq>i-p-Wyanq "viwyeb"...

2. xolo Tuki fuZis Tavkidurad bagismieri Tanxmovania warmodgenili, maSin adgili aqvs distanciur metaTeziss, v- morfema fuZis pirvelive marcvlis momdevnod gadajdeba (c.janjRava, 1989, gv.44), mag.: v-i-birq>i-b-i-v-rq>i-bi-brq "vmReri", v-i-fiqrenq>i-fi-v-qrenq>i-fi-f-qrenq "vifiqreb"...

process ver abrkolebs zmniswinisa Tu nawilakis darTva, mag.: qi-bi-b-rq "vimRereb", mi-fi-f-qrenq "movifiqreb"... v- niSnis metaTezisi ucxoa WanurisaTvis. Tumca WanurSi (ZiriTadad viwur-arqabulsa da xofur kilokavebSi, iSviaTad aTinurSi) aris tendencia, Tavkidur poziciaSi xmovanTa win v- prefiqsi b-Ti Seicvalos da amiT Tavidan iqnas acilebuli v+i mimdevroba, mag.: b-i-di "wavedi", Sdr. megr. i-b-di, b-i-mgar "vtiri" Sdr. megr. i-m-garq, b-i-Sqvider "vixrCobi" Sdr. megr. i-f-Sqviduq, b-o-re "var" Sdr.megr. v-oreq...

v+i bgeraTmimdevroba herulSi SeiZleba palatalizebuli O xmovniT Seicvalos: vici>Oc, viq>Oq "vSvrebi"... v+i bgeraTmimdevroba Tavkidur poziciaSi arabunebrivi Cans rogorc dialeqtebisaTvis, aseve saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis. amaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulSic, o.qajaias megrul-qarTul leqsikonsa da v.Tofuriasa da m.qaldanis svanur leqsikonSic Zalze iSviaTia iseTi fuZeebi, romelTac Tavkidurad v+i mimdevroba udasturdebaT. arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom saerToqarTvelurisaTvis mxolod erTaderT formaSi, isic dupletur vin/min nacvalsaxelSi aRdgeba v+i bgeraTmimdevroba. v- prefiqsis metaTezisis SemTxvevebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT: morfemaTa zRvarze morfonologiuri cvlilebebi qarTvelur qvesistemebSi saerTo fonematuri kanonzomierebis safuZvelze mimdinareobs da igi Sepirobebulia arabunebrivi bgeraTkompleqsis moSlis tendenciiT. labialur kompleqsTa cvlilebani qarTvelur qvesistemebSi va, ve, vi kompleqsebi Semdegi fonetikuri nairsaxeobebiT realizdeba, kerZod:

va(Ea)>o gavrcelebulia: fxour kiloebSi, qarTlurSi, ingilourSi, fereidnulSi, raWulSi, imerulSi, leCxumurSi, gurulSi, aWarulSi, samcxurSi, taourSi, megrulSi... mag.: oJi
2. ve(Ee)>o procesic met-naklebad yvela dialeqtSi gamovlindeba: qood
ve (Ee)>è dasturdeba ing., mox., nawilobriv samxr. qarTlursa da samcxur kiloebSi: kvercxi>kèrcxi (ing.), gverdi>gèrdi (mox.), qvevri>qèvri (samcx.), Tve>Tè ( qarTl)... 3) vi (Ei)>u SedarebiT iSviaTia: mSudoba ”mSvidoba”, akurdebis ”akvirdebis” (mox.), sakurveli ”sakvirveli” (mT.-gud.), wuvi ”wvivi”, yiuli ”yivili” (qv.qarTl.), guTxres ”gviTxres”, gudga ”gvidga” (fer.), rasakurvelia ”rasakvirvelia”, wuma ”wvima” (raW.-gloluri, rivnisTauri), gaTxouli ”gaTxovili”, wums ”wvims” (imer.), Runo ”Rvino, alus xe ”alvis xe” (leCx.)...

vi (Ei)>O gvxvdeba: ingilourSi, moxeurSi, nawilobriv samcxur-javaxursa da qv. qarTlurSi: wOma~ ”wvima”, gOan

a) va (Ea) > o, b) ve (Ee) > o / è, g) vi (Ei) > u / O.

54

55

”gvian” (ing.), SOdi ”Svidi”, gOTxra“”gviTxra” (mox.), kOci ”kvici”, 53 ZmisTOn ”ZmisTvin” (samcx.-javax.), wyOli ”wyvili” (qv. qarTl.).

II. brunvaTa sistema megrul-Wanur-svanurSi Tvisobrivad erTgvaria brunvaTa sistema (rogorc brunvis niSnebi, ise brunebis procesi). calkeul brunvebs ganvixilavT saliteraturo enasTan da sxva dialeqtebTan mimarTebiT. saxelobiTi brunvis niSnis alomorfebi qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi aris: i/~/0, romlebic dialeqtebis mixedviT ase nawildeba: -i/-~ alomorfi xmovanfuZian saxelebTan gamovlinde54 ba : qarTlurSi, kaxurSi, fSaurSi, moxeurSi, TuSurSi, xevsurulSi, mTiulur-gudamayrulSi, imerulSi, aWarulSi, gurulSi, samcxurSi, javaxurSi, kakurSi... qvemoimerulSi, zemogurulSi, leCxumurSi, megrulSi, svanurSi a xmovanze daboloebul saxelebTan (garda erTmarcvliani fuZeebisa) sax.brunvis niSani erwymis fuZiseul a-s da bolokidurad -e gvaqvs: ai>ei>e~>e: z.gur.: baRane, babue, Zamie (s. JRenti); leCx.: iasone, vasile, tariele... (m.alaviZe, 1941, gv.232); qv.imer.: bebie, kalaTe, bicole (k.kublaSvili, 1985, gv.98); marTaie, yvele, nucaie... (q.ZoweniZe, 1973,gv.233);deide...(o.kaxaZe,1981,gv.183-192);svan.:mKra+i(e?)>mKre kaci" (v.Tofuria, 1954,gv.450); megr.: bambe, Winke, tomare, karTe...

megrulSi e-s Sexorceba fuZesTan damTavrebulia: igi yvela brunvaSi gadahyveba saxels (moTxr. bambe-q, mic. bambes... (v. Tofuria, 1954, gv. 450).

53

dasturdeba piruku procesic: o>va, o>ve, u>vi. mag.: sabanava<sabanaod (kax.), xorbali> xvarbali, durbindi>dvirbindi (mox.), xoragi>xvaragi (imer.)... oraguli>veraguli (xevs.), osi gatyvarcna... tot(lSx.)>tvet(Col.) ”xeli”, Txum (lSx.)>Txvim (Col.)”Tavi”... megr.: Wvitua<Wutua ”moWutva”... 54 xmovanfuZian saxelebTan sax. brunvaSi ~/0 alomorfTa gamovlena ukavSirdeba qarTuli enis fonematuri sistemis dawolas morfologiur sistemaze. fonematuri kanonzomierebiT erTi morfemis farglebSi ikrZaleba xmovanTa uSualo Tanmimdevroba (T.uTurgaiZe, 1976,gv.26). ena miiswrafvis, xmo-vanTkompleqsi aqcios erTmarcvlovan segmentad:ai>a~, ae>ai>a~, ou>oE, oa>ua>Ea (t.futkaraZe, 1998).

56

imerul-gurul-leCumurSi -e xmovani ZiriTadad daculia saxelobiT, naTesaobiT da moqmedebiT brunvebSi dasturdeba, Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac e daboloebiani forma fuZed gaiazreba da e sxva brunvebSic gayveba: bicolei, bicolem, bicoles... (b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.459). aRniSnuli erTgvarovani movlenebi literaturaSi erTian konteqstSia ganxiluli. v.Tofurias azriT, am saerTo movlenas saerTo safuZveli aqvs: warmoiSva wminda fonetikur niadagze asimilaciis gziT uTuod sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva gavrcelebulobiT da intensivobiT (v.Tofuria, 1954).55 saxelobiTis i niSani boloTanxmovnian saxelebTan xSirad ikargeba da saxeli fuZis saxiTaa warmodgenili. es movlena gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia svanuri da fxouri dialeqtebisaTvis; gvxvdeba, agreTve, megrulSi, fereidnulSi, kakurSi, qarTlurSi... mag.: did Tovli (fS.); aq val aRar gvaqv... (xevs.); kaxeleb mTaSi midiodnen (qarTl.); Bar waEyoni (kakuri)... koC meurs ”kaci midis”, boS Waruns ”biWi wers” (megr.)... W@S @Wme“”qmari Tibavs”, B@n aBni ”xari xnavs” (svan.).

specialur literaturaSi aRniSnuli movlena daxuruli marcvlisken qarTuli enis midrekilebiT aris axsnili (T. uTurgaiZe, 1976, gv. 132). amgvarad, saxelobiTi brunvis niSani (i/~/0) saerToa yvela qarTveluri qvesistemisaTvis. moTxrobiTi brunva saliteraturo qarTulSi -ma/-m alomorfebiT aRiniSneba. qarTvelur dialeqtebSi moTxrobiTi brunva gaformebulia gansxvavebuli niSnebiT: q (megr.-Wan), -em/-d... (svan). specialur literaturaSi arqauli samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri kiloebis monacemebi erT konteqstSi ganixileba. qarTveluri ergativis niSnis ZiriTadi alomorfi ukavSirdeba CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare determinaciul "man" morfemoids. sayovelTaod gaziarebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, ma/-m sufiqsi momdinareobs man III piris nacvalsaxelisagan 55

amave azrs aviTareben m.qaldani (1974) da b.jorbenaZe (1995).

57

(arn.Ciqobava, 1939, gv.168,173; g.klimovi, 1962, gv.55; g.deetersi, 1930, gv.95). b.kikviZisa da g.maWavarianis azriT, svanurSic gvaqvs man/aman ganmsazRvreli nawevari, romlisganac miRebulia ergativis -em/-m niSani. Zveli qarTulis moTxrobiTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli aman nacvalsaxeli unda aRdges svanur-i em/n niSnisTvisac da amnem "aman" formis fuZisTvisac: *aman>*aman-em>amn-Lm; sadac -Lm meoreuli danarTia (b.kikviZe, 1958, gv. 91). g.maWavarianis azriT, qarTvelur enaTa diferenciaciis periodSi moTxrobiTi brunva gaformebuli ar iyo. qarTvelur enebSi es brunva saerTo principis mixedviT nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobis elementebis gamoyenebiT gaformda. mkvlevris azriT, svanuri -m uSualod ar momdinareobs qarTuli -man nawevarisgan; svanurSic arsebobda Zveli qarTulis tipis "gansazRvruli bruneba" (msazRvreli iyo *-aman CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare nawevari); substantivisa da postpoziciuri nawevaris erTad brunebis gamo, enklitikurad darTuli nawilaki Seerwya substantivs: *mKr-ad a-ma-n(a)/e-ma-n(a) > *mKrKman/*mKrLman > *mKrKm/mKrLm (g.maWavariani, 1960, gv. 102-103). sarwmunoa svanur kiloebSi gamovlenili man-iani ergativis -m niSnis qarTveluroba (vidre misi adiRuri warmomavloba): svanuri ergativis -m/-em warmoiqmna saerToqarTveluri *man/-iman nawevaris cveTis gziT (rogorc samwignobro qarTulsa da qarTvelur e.w. sisina kiloebSi): mara-iman>mareiman>marLman>marLm. megr.-Wan. ergativis -q sxvadasxvagvaradaa axsnili: q- sufiqsi i-g-i, e-g-e nacvalsaxelis Zireul g-s ukavSirdeba: g>q (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 173-174). -q (<*g<*go) zanurSi imave funqciis mqone elementia warmomavlobiT, rac -n sufiqsi qarTulSi (Sdr., ma-n, zan. mu-q) (k. gabunia, 1998, gv. 38). -q momdinareobs mtkicebiTi qo nawilakisagan: saxelis bolokidur poziciaSi -qo gamartivda (gacvda): -qo>-q; Sedegad -q-m dakarga dadasturebiTobis funqcia, ris gamoc frazaSi xelaxla gaCnda qo nawilaki; Sdr., frazis dinamika: koC qo morTu>koCq qo morTu>koCq qomorTu "kac movida" 58

(nawilakisgan afiqsis warmoqmna sxva enebisTvisac ar aris ucxo; t.futkaraZe, 2008, gv. 122).

literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom qarTveluri ergativis formireba dakavSirebulia gansazRvrulobis kategoriasTan. determinireba esaWiroeba mxolod III pirs. saxeluri fuZis gansazRvra SesaZlebeli iyo rogorc CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare -man nawevariT, aseve, dadasturebiTi -qo morfemoidiT: dadasaturebiToba da gansazRvruloba garkveulwilad gulisxmobs erTmaneTs (t.futkaraZe, 2008, gv.123). micemiTi brunvis mawarmoebeli ZiriTadi formanti qarTvelur qvesistemebSi aris -s: wyal-s, wign-s, mze-s, ca-s.... wyar-s `wyals", osur-s `qals", boSi-s `biWs", bJa-s `mzes", TuTa-s `mTvares" (megr.); koCi-s `kacs", osure-s `qals", bere-s `Svils", kuCxe-s `fexs" (Wan.); mKra-s `kacs", zurKl-s `qals", JeR-s `ZaRls", xoCa-s `kargs" (svan.)...

micemiTis -s morfema Semdegi alomorfebiT dasturdeba: -s, -sa, -h, ~, (//-~s, -~h, -~hs), c, 0). isini fonetikuri cvlilebiT aris miRebuli. h<s:ra h
~<s: qarTlurSi, kaxurSi, herul kiloebSi: bze-~ raRa~ uzam? (qarTl.); ima-~ uTxra(kax.); ena~ nu ugdev `enas nu iCleq, fenavs sufra~, iwyoven saxelev dadma~ (her.). -s>-h>~//-~s//-~h//-~hs: qarTl., mTiul.: dedas>dedah>deda~/deda~s/deda~h/ deda~hs (qarTl.), sizmaras>sizmara~s (mTiul.). am SemTxvevaSi -~s, -~h, -~hs rTuli bgeebia, romelsac SemarTva ~-si aqvs, xolo damarTva s-s an h-si. -c<s: megrulSi (i.yifSiZe, 1914, gv.024; g.klimovi, 1962, gv.69-70; a.lomTaZe, 1987, gv.10); agreTve gurulsa da aWarulSi (s.JRenti, 1936; i.megreliZe, 1938; S.niJaraZe, 1975). mag.: megr.: uwå muSi cxen-c &&uTxra Tavis cxens" (xub. 218,33), koCi qHmeTxozH irem-c kaci misdevs irems", paRur-c quCanTuanc `panRurs urtyams" (xub. 185,36). gur.: wal-c<wald-s, var-c
iWerda (qarTl.). pol-0 recxen, Cedian qorwil-0 (kak.). cxen-0 saZovari misca, TaTreb-0 dauZaxa, xurjin-0 piri moxsna (javax.). ma-

59

tyuara xalx-0 ver iponi iqa. veqsil-0 douwerden (z.imer.). mezoblef-0 duriges. kardlef-0 mEakalief (z.aWar.), ima-0 moyvebian (raW.)...

Tvin, ami-Tana.. pur Wama~, patra zma~ Tav daaZebnela miv (ing.)... babu Gude (megr.) "babuis saxli"... zuRa-piji“(
micemiTis brunva qarTvelur qvesistemebSi ZiriTadad erTnairad aris gaformebuli. naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis alomorfebia: -is/-isa/-

-iS, -S (<-is,-s) warmodgenilia zanur da svanur dialeqtebSi. zanur-svanuri -iS/-S kanonzomieri Sesatyvisia -is-/s sufiqsisa. -iS _ TanxmovanfuZian saxelebTan, -S _ xmovanfuZianebTan56: megr.: koC-iS saxeli

isi, -s/-sa/-si, -iS-i,/-S-i, -i~ (/-i~s, -i~h), -~s, -~h, -iz, iw, -i, 0.

amaTgan samwignobro qarTulSi warmodgenilia -is/-s/si/-~s/0, dasturdeba dialeqtebSic. naT. brunvis niSnis alomorfebi ase nawildeba: -~s (Zv. qarTulis msgavsad) dasturdeba xmovanfuZian saxelebTan qarTlurSi, leCxumurSi, aWarulSi: miartya ZuZu-~s Tavzeda (qarTl.), uro-~s (leCx.), agvisto-~s TveSi (aWar.)... -is>-ih (samcx.-javax.): x-is Ziri>x-ih Ziri, Tav-is(i) qali>Tav-ih qali (b. jorbenaZe, 1998).

-i~s, -i~h, -ih gvxvdeba algeTis xeobis qarTlurSi:

qal-i~s-Tvina/qal-i~h-Tvina (T.saraliZe, 1978, gv. 55).

-i~ (
-iw varianti gvaqvs megrulSi -kala/-kuma `Tan" Tandebulis mezoblad. brunvis niSniseuli S Tanxmovani Tandebuliseuli k bgeris gavleniT icvleba da, nacvlad Sk kompleqsisa, viRebT wk kompleqss, sadac w aris naT.brunvis niSnis fonetikuri varianti: koC-iS-kela>koC-iw-kela "kacTan". -i (<-is/-iS) alomorfi TiTqmis yvela qarTvelur dialeqtSi gvxvdeba. naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis TanxmovniTi elementi xSirad ikargeba sazRvrulis winamaval TanxmovanfuZian da fuZeukvecel msazRvrel saxelebTan, mag.: isxams wifl-i xeSi, dajda sufr-i Tavsao, mawvn-i qila (qarTl.); maml-i nayiv TarafSi "mamlis danayivleb mxareSi" (kak.); pur-i Wama, saxl-i patroni, gz-i piras (javax.); ru-i pirze (kax.)... beb-i GuCa "bebiis saxlSi"... svan.: B@n-i muW `xaris rqa"...

0 dasturdeba prepoziciur msazRvrelTan, agreTve -Tan, -Tvis Tandebulebis win (imer., qarTl., megr.): qali60

`kacis saxeli", ja-S Gude `xis saxli"... Wan.: kuCxe-S(i) `fexis", orZo-S(i) `skamis", katu-S-i `katis"... svan.: B@n-iS `xaris", JeR-iS "ZaRlis"...

herulSi, fSaurSi, moxeurSi, kaxurSi, megrulSi, WanurSi naT. brunvis -is niSans emfatikuri daniSnulebiT SeiZleba i xmovani daerTos57: kar gaaRes kidobn-is-i, Cama~Res qobi wyl-is-i (aliabaT.). RmerT-is-i-c saxelis Wirimen, im qal-isi-c mal dovlaT a~Res. Ge qal Cem zm-is-i (
qarTvelur qvesistemebSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis alomorfebi saerTo fonetikuri kanonzomierebis safuZvelzea miRebuli. moqmedebiTi brunvis niSnebi qarTvelur dialeqtebSi (garda svanuri kiloebisa)58 ZiriTadad samwignobro qarTulis msgavsia. Taviseburebebidan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: a) dialeqtTa nawilSi (mTaraW., aWar., gur., her.) xmovanfuZian saxelebTan (TanxmovanfuZianebis msgavsad), gvaqvs -iT (>-~T): rZe-~T, erbo-~T, dila-~T (mTaraW. _ S. ZiZi56

lazurSi naTesaobiTis niSnad -s alomorfic dasturdeba (r.erkerti, 1895, gv.347; h.aWariani, 1899, gv.69; n.mari, 1910, gv.12; g.kartozia, 2005, gv.78). g.kartozias azriT, -s niSniani formebi -S formantiani naTesaobiTis fonetikur variants unda warmoadgendes; bolokidur poziciaSi S>s (g.kartozia, 2005, gv.78-80).“ 57 megr.-laz. naTesaobiTis -i daboloebis Sesaxeb arsebobs sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi: 1) naTesaobiTis -i emfatikur xmovania (arn.Ciqobava, 1942, gv.71). 2) i nanaTesaobiTari saxelobiTia (g.kartozia, 2005,gv. 63-83). 58 svanur kiloebSi moqm. brunva gaformebulia -ES/-SE alomorfebiT: -ES - xmovnis momdevno poziciaSia: dMna-ES `qaliSviliT"... -SE - Tanxmovnis momdevno poziciaSi (am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia SE/ES monacvleoba): Ban-SE (/Ban-ES) "xariT"... g.Tofurias azriT, svanuri moqmedebiTi brunvis niSnisaTvis amosavalia saerToqarTv. -T sufiqsi, kerZod: T>Sd>S (g.Tofuria, 1997, gv.113).

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guri, 1970, gv. 199); tungo-~T, baRana-~T (aWar. _ j.noRaideli, 1972, gv.69); Zma-iT, da-iT mdidaria, gaTfa mze-iT (gur. _ s.JRenti, 1936). Sdr. Zv. qarT.: wyaro-~T/wyaro-~Ta, ZuZu-~T/ZuZu~Ta (a.SaniZe, 1976, gv.38-39; i.imnaiSvili, 1957, gv.145-146).

b) qarTl., kax., her., z.imer., megr. dialeqtebSi moqmedebiTi brunvis -iT alomorfi SeiZleba gavrcobil iqnes i emfatikuri xmovniT: kib-iT-i adian, modis Toxis Zal-iT-i, Caiara ferx-iT-i (qarTl.). herulSi xmovanfuZianebTan gvaqvs ~T-i: daambes cxeni zua-~T-i ”daabes cxeni ZuiT”, wasul Sina-~Ti“"wasula Sinidan"... WanurSi i-s nacvlad e xmovania: koCi-T-e(n) `kaciT", kuCxe-T-e(n) `fexiT", arguni-T-e(n) `najaxiT"... WanurSi -T gvaqvs yvela saxelTan: injili qvaT ifSu "margalitis TvliT aivso"; xoji do safaniT xonumtes“"xariTa da saxnisiT xnavdnen" (g.kartozia, 2005, gv.84). g) herulSi -iT/-~T > -i/-~: urmi vzidavT `urmiT vzidavT"... kri zeda~ `karis zedaiT, zemodan"...

viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebad dialeqtebSi ZiriTadad is alomorfebia warmodgenili, rac saliteraturo enaSi. -ad/-d alomorfebi TiTqmis yvela kiloSi ixmareba. viTarebiTi brunvis niSnad svanur dialeqtebSi yovelgvar saxelTan erTaderTi sufiqsi -d gamoiyeneba: b@C-d `qvad", dMna-d `qaliSvilad", mKra-d `kacad" (v.Tofuria, 1944, gv.342-343; g.klimovi, 1962, gv.80-84). a
megrulSi kanonzomieri fonemuri Sesatyvisoba gvaqvs: -oT/-T (<-ad/-d): TanxmovanfuZianebTan -o, xmovanfuZianebTan _ -T: did-o "didad", cxen-o "cxenad"; baRana-T "bavSvad", WiTa-T "wiTlad"....59 viTarebiTis niSnis dayruebis procesi d rel="nofollow">T TiTqmis yvela kiloSi dasturdeba: kac-aT ar varga, glax-aT meiqca (gur.); gagzana saomr-aT, sanadiro-T gamovida (qarTl.); saxel-aT, mindvr-aT (javax.), sofl-aT, cixe-T (kax.); sanadiro-d/T (her.)... 59

Tanamedrove WanurSi viTarebiTi brunva ara gvaqvs, Tumca dasturdeba viTarebiTi brunvis formebi, rogoricaa: dido kai `Zalian kargi", moT ”ratom, rad”, mjveSoT ”Zvelad”, arToT ”erTad”, lazuroT ”lazurad”; a.lomTaZe, 1986, gv.112; g.klimovi, 1962, gv.82-84; g.kartozia, 2005, gv.85). amdenad, es brunva `WanurisaTvis principulad ucxo ar aris" (arn. Ciqobava, 1936, gv 17). sainteresoa Wanuri mimarTulebiTi brunvis formebi: Cqim-da, koCi-Sa (<*koC-iS-da)... -da
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aseve, viTarebiTi brunvis niSnad -a (
amgvarad, viTarebiTi brunvis niSnis mixedviT qarTveluri qvesistemebi TiTqmis ar sxvaoben. daniSnulebiTi brunva miRebulia naTesaobiTi brunvis formisagan viTarebiTi brunvis niSnis darTviT (iS+oT) (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.54; v.Tofuria, 1937, gv.182). megrulis daniSnulebiTi brunvis (koC-iS-o(T) `kacisTvis", jimaS-o(T) `ZmisTvis") fuZe (koC-iS, jima-S) kanonzomieri Sesatyvisia salit. qarTulis naTesaobiTi brunvis formebisa (kac-is, Zm-is), xolo -oT sufiqsi geneturad igive niSania, rac salit. qarTulis viTarebiTi brunvis -ad: kac-ad (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.54). megrulis daniSnulebiTis forma zusti fonetikurmorfologiuri ekvivalentia xevsuruli dialeqtis daniSnulebiTi brunvis formebisa: kac-is-ad, Zm-is-ad, amxanag-isad (arn. Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 52). v.Tofuriac daniSnulebiTs nanaTesaobiTar vnebiTad (viTarebiTad) miiCnevs. nimuSad mohyavs xevs., fS., gur., svan. msgavsi warmoebis formebi: xevs.: erT dRisad daamzadebs (=erTi dRisTvis). fS.: qmr-is-ad saxelis mZebneli (=qmr-is-Tvis). gur.: im-iz-a ar gaq xeiri (im-iz-a < im-is-da `im-is-Tvis". svan.: mLrma ladR-iS-d asdenix `meore dRisTvis darCebian" (ladR-iS-d = dR-is-ad).

svanurSi -iS-d daboloebiani nanaTesaobiTari viTarebiTi, Cveulebriv, gadmoscems daniSnulebiTis mniSvnelobas (mu-eS-d `mamisTvis", ladR-iS-d `dRisTvis", qalaqiS-d `qalaqisTvis", gum-iS-d `gulisTvis" (v.Tofuria, 1937, gv. 180-181; g.klimovi, 1962, gv. 96).

i-za daboloebiani formebi gvxvdeba leCxumurSic: madl-iz-a, momavl-iz-a, gil-iz-a... (b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.503).

amgvarad, formobriv-semantikuri TvalsazrisiT megrulis daniSnulebiTi forma identuria svanuri da fxouri kiloebis, gurulis, imerulis, leCxumuris Sesabamisi formebisa (Sdr. nanaTesaobiTari viTarebiTi kuTvnilebiTi daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba Zvel qarTulSic: 63

da vqmneT sami talavari: erTi Sendad, erT mosYsad, erTi elia~sad, mrk. 9).

mimarTulebiTi brunva iwarmoeba naTesaobiTis formisagan a (a), Tanxmovani dakarguli Cans (-da nacvalsaxelTan Semonaxulia). megrulSi -da sufiqsiani formebi mimarTulebas gadmoscemen: sqan-da `Sensken, SenTan", Cqin-da `Cvensken, CvenTan"... Tanamedrove salit. qarTulsa rig dialeqtebSi daniSnulebas gamoxatavs: Sen-da `SenTvis"... imiza `imisTvis"... arqaul qarTulSi da>a sufiqsiani formebi (Cem-da, maT-da/maT-a, mis-a...) gadmoscems rogorc kuTvnilebiT daniSnulebas, ise mimarTulebas (T.SaraZeniZe, 1956, gv. 425-426; i.imnaiSvili, 1957, gv. 493-495; a.martirosovi, 1968, gv. 114-119).

mimarTulebiTobis funqcia dakarga, Semoinaxa kuTvnilebiTi daniSnulebisa, megrulSi ki da>a sufiqsian formebs mimarTulebiTobis funqcia SemorCaT. kuTvnilebiTi daniSnulebis funqcia ki o(T)(<*-ad) sufiqsianma formam Semoinaxa. arqaul qarTulSi -isa/-~sa/-Ta daboloebiani saxeluri formebi mimarTulebiTi brunvis (lativ-is) funqciiT gvxvdeba: mivediT esavisa, Zmisa Senisa... sukudili miavlina ufalman iakobisa.60 amgvarad, mimarTulebiTi brunva megrulisTvis specifikur movlenas ar warmoadgens, aramed igi saerToqarTveluri movlenaa. nanaTesaobiTari viTarebiTis forma Tavidan mimarTulebiTobisa da kuTvnilebiTi daniSnulebiTobisTvis saerTo (saziaro) forma iyo. misi diferenciaciis

Sedegadaa Camoyalibebuli kuTvnilebiTi daniSnulebisa da mimarTulebis gadmomcemi brunvebi Zvel qarTulSi (kac-isad/kac-is-ad-a... Cem-da, ufl-is-a), dialeqtebSi (kac-is-ad, Cem-da, kac-iz-da > kac-iz-a), svanursa (ladR-iS-d `dRisTvis") da megrul-WanurSi (koC-iS-o(T) `kacisTvis", Cqimda `CemTan", koC-iS-a `kacTan"). III. mwkrivTa warmoeba qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi Tvisobrivad erTgvaria zmnuri sistema (pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi; ZiriTad mwkrivTa warmoeba, zmnuri yalibebi...). yvela is mwkrivi, romelic Tanamedrove qarTul samwignobro enaSia, gvaqvs qarTvelur dialeqtebSic. I seriis mwkrivTa warmoebis principi qarTvelur kiloebSi ZiriTadad saliteraturo qarTulis msgavsia: sayrdenad gamoyenebulia awmyos fuZe. yoveli momdevno formisTvis amosavalia winamavali formis struqtura, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, daerTvis axali formanti: salit. qarT. ag-eb-s _ ag-eb-d-a _ ag-eb-d-e-s megr. og-an-s _ og-an-d-u _ og-an-d-a-s svan. ag-em _ ag-@m-d-a _ ag-@m-dLd-s

mkvlevarTa nawili (a.SaniZe, 1976, gv.213; c.qurcikiZe, 1960, gv.31-42; a.WinWarauli, 1960, gv.14-15) amgvar formebs naTesaobiT brunvad miiCnevs, nawili (v.Tofuria, 1956; i.imnaiSvili, 1957, gv.379-80; a.martirosovi, 1968, gv.169-178) nanaTesaobiTar viTarebiTad Tvlis. T.uTurgaiZe maT brunvis formebad ar miiCnevs, radgan funqciiT zmnizedebia da araferi aqvT saerTo brunebis paradigmasTan (T.uTurgaiZe, 1986). v.Tofurias azriT, mimarTulebiTi brunva nagenetivari nawilakiani brunvaa: a (
awmyos fuZis warmoeba gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva tipis (gardamaval, gardauval) zmnebSi; am mxrivac qarTveluri kiloebi arsebiTad erTnair tendencias amJRavneben. a) gardamaval zmnaTagan TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba TemisniSniani formebi. Temis niSnis darTva-daurTvelobis TvalsazrisiT qarTveluri qvesistemebi 2 jgufad daiyofa: a) dialeqtebi, romelTac martivfuZiani, uTemisniSno warmoeba axasiaTebs (igulisxmeba im rigis zmnebi, romlebmac Semdgom -av Temis niSani dairTes II seriis fuZisgan gansasxvaveblad); b) kiloebi, romelTa fuZe Temis niSniT aris garTulebuli. awmyos fuZe gansazRvravs I seriis danarCen formaTa struqturas; Tu awmyos fuZe uTemisniSnod iwarmoeba, aseve Temis niSnis gareSe iqneba uwyvetelsa da kavSirebiTSic. da piriqiT, Tu zmna awmyoSi Temis niSans dairTavs, Temis niSniT iqneba warmodgenili misgan nawarmoebi sxva mwkrivis formebic.

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65

60

arqauli (uTemisniSno) warmoeba umTavresad fxour da svanur kiloebSia daculi: xevs.: x-Boc-s ”xocavs”, s-Tib-s ”Tibavs”, R-recx-s ”recxavs”... svan.: lnt. a-Bn-i, a-B@n-i ”xnavs”... SedarebiT iSviaTia sxva kiloebSi: Tes-s, recx-s (imer.); xvet-s, Cex-s, ket-s (gur.); Tib-s, nay-s (aWar.); recx-s, kep-s (raW.)...

TemisniSniani warmoeba damaxasiaTebelia qarTl., kax., ing., samcx., javax., imer., leCx., gur., aWar., megr., Wan. kiloebisaTvis, mag.: v-wer-av (qarTl., kax...), v-wer-am (javax.), p-War-un-q (megr.), v-Waruf/um (Wan.) `vwer".

megrulsa da WanurSi unifikacia damTavrebulia: yvela gardamavali zmna TemisniSniania. sxva dialeqtebTan SedarebiT, megrul-WanurSi procesi Sors aris wasuli da awmyo-wyvetilis fuZeTa gansxvavebas mTlianad Temis niSnis darTva-daurTveloba gansazRvravs: War-un-s `wers" (awmyo)>do-War-u `dawera"(wyvetili), xant-un-s `xatavs"(awmyo)>doxant-u `daxata" (wyvetili).

saliteraturo enaSi gardamavali zmnebi awmyos mwkrivSi specialur niSans ar dairTaven. asea dialeqtTa did nawilSi. svanur kiloebSi awmyos fuZe dasrulebulia i, e, a niSnebiT, an kidev uniSnodaa warmodgenili: axt-@E-i `xatavs", amKr-e `amzadebs", xay-a `hyavs", agem `agebs", iked `iRebs"...

megrulSi awmyoSi zmnas (rogorc gardamavals, ise gardauvals) mx. ricxvis I da II pirSi daerTvis daerTvis qsufiqsi. WanurSi gardamavali zmnebi raime mawarmoebels ar dairTavs. uRlebis nimuSi: megruli mx ricxvi mr. ricxvi v/p-War-un-q ”vwer” v/p-War-un-T“”vwerT” War-un-q “”wer” War-un-T “ ”werT” War-un-s ”wers” War-un-a(n)“ ”weren” Wanuri p-War-uf/um ”vwer” p-War-uf/um-T“”vwerT” War-uf/um “ ”wer” War-un-uf/um-T“ ”werT” War-uf/um-s ”wers” War-uf/um-a(n)“ ”weren”

b) gardauval zmnebs awmyos mwkrivSi saliteraturo qarTulSi specialuri mawarmoebeli aqvs: I-II pirSi daerTvis -i sufiqsi, mesameSi dakargulia (a-s gamo): v-Tbeb-i (Ip.), Tbeb-i (IIp.), Tbeb-a (IIIp.)... Sdr. Zvel qarTuli: gan-tf-eb-i-s... arqauli viTareba daculia fxour kiloebSi: dg-eb-i-s ”dgeba”, e-xvev-i-s ”exveva”, keTd-eb-i-s ”keTdeba”... sxva dialeqtebi:

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imal-v-i-s ”imaleba”, enatr-eb-i-s ”enatreba” (raW.); ixarS-v-is ”ixarSeba”, ib-m-i-s ”ibmeba” (aWar.)... izil-i-s ”izileba”, ikiTxvis ”ikiTxeba=iswavleba” (imerx.), iyid-v-is ”iyideba”, iW-m-i-s”iWmeba” (maWaxl.) (S.futkaraZe, 1995, gv.13, 27).

megrulSi gardauvali zmnebi, gardamavalTa msgavsad, awmyos I-II pirSi dairTavs -q sufiqss: mx. ricxvi v/p-tibu-q “”vTbebi” tibu-q “ ”Tbebi” tibu-(n) “ ”Tbeba”

mr. ricxvi v/p-tibu-T “ ”vTbebiT” tibu-T “ ”TbebiT” tibu-n-a(n) ”Tbebian”

WanurSi -q sufiqsis nacvlad warmodgenilia -r: p-tubu-r “”vTbebi” tubu-r “ ”Tbebi” tubu-n “ ”Tbeba”

p-tubu-T “”vTbebiT” tubu-T “ ”TbebiT” tubu-n-an ”Tbebian”

megrulSi q- sufiqsi yovelgvar zmnas moudis, WanurSi ki r- mxolod gardauval zmnaTa garkveuli jgufisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. megrul-Wanuri q-, r- sufiqsebis warmoSobisa da funqciis Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisia gamoTqmuli: Wanuri r- da megruli q- sufiqsebi erTmaneTs SeiZleba daukavSirdes morfologiuri funqciis mixedviT (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 112, 115, 135). megr. q- da Wan. r- erTi da imave warmoSobis sufiqsebia. maT, iseve rogorc meSvel zmnebs afxazursa da yabardoulSi, ekisrebodaT statikurobis, mdgomareobis, arsebobis aRniSvna. q- da r- sufiqsebi ore(n) `aris" meSveli zmnis naSTs warmoadgens (qoren>qo nawilakdarTuls megrulSi da uamnawilakod WanurSi), romelic megrulSi zmnas, qarTuli zmnis msgavsad, I TurmeobiTSi unda darToda. aqedan unda iyos is gadasuli awmyoSi _ jer statikur vnebiTSi da Semdeg saSuali gvaris garkveul zmnebSi (q.lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv.134). megr. q- miRebuli unda iyos mtkicebiTi qo nawilakisagan xmovnis dakargviT, ris Sedegadac enklitikurad SeuerTda zmnur formas: qo-v-Warun-q
Toa yvela qarTveluri kilosaTvis. mwkrivis niSnebis mxriv garkveuli Taviseburebebi SeimCneva (gansakuTrebiT svanur kiloebSi). saliteraturo qarTulSi rogorc gardamaval, ise gardauval zmnebs uwyvetlis I-II pirSi mwkrivis niSnad daerTvis -i sufiqsi (III pirSi ikargeba). mwkrivis savrcobad gardamaval zmnebTan -d sufiqsi gvaqvs: v-wer-d-i, wer-d-i, werd-a...

aseve iuRleba -av, -am TemisniSniani zmnebi Tanamedrove saliteraturo enaSi: v-kl-av-d-i, kl-av-d-i, kl-av-d-a... Sdr. Zv. qarT.: v-kl-ev-d(i), kl-ev-d(i), kl-v-i-d-a...

dialeqtebSi -av, -am TemisniSniani zmnebi gansxvavebulad iwarmoeba: a) qarTl., kax., her., mox., mT.-gud., fS., imer. dialeqtebSi -av, -am ucvlelia: kl-av-s>kl-av-d-a, ab-am-s>ab-am-d-a... b) xevs., TuS., mox., qarTl., fer., imer., raW., aWar., samcx., javax., imerx., livan., maWaxl. kiloebSi -av, -am > -ev, em: kl-av-d-a>kl-ev-d-a, ab-am-d-a>ab-em-d-a... rwy-ev-d-a, Tib-ev-di (imerx.), ker-ev-d-i-T, xarS-ev-d-en(maWaxl.), vxn-ev-d-i-T, ab-em-da(livan.) (S.futkaraZe, 1995). g) gur., aWar., maWaxl., z.raW. kiloebSi -av>-v: kl-avs>kl-v-i-d-a, xat-av-s>xat-v-i-d-a... gurulsa da maWaxlurSi -ev-d, em-d>v-i-d, m-i-d samive pirSi dasturdeba: vasx-m-i-d-i-T, ic-m-i-da (maWaxl.) (S.futkaraZe, 1995, gv.27); v-mal-v-i-d-i (gur.)...

Temis niSanTa gadabgereba gavrcelebulia svanur kiloebSic, dasturdeba e>@: agem`agebs">ag@m-d-a`agebda", abem`abams">ab@m-d-a`abamda"... (b.jorbenaZe, 1995, gv.379-382).

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megrul-WanurSic, gardamaval zmnebs I-II pirSi mx. da mr.-Si i daerTvis, savrcobad ki megrulSi -d sufiqsi gamoiyeneba, WanurSi d>t: megruli v/p-War-un-d-i“”vwerdi" v/p-War-un-d-i-T ”vwerdiT" War-un-d-i ”vwerdi" War-un-d-i-T ”werdiT" War-un-d-u ”werda" War-un-d-es ”werdnen” Wanuri p-War-um-t-i“”vwerdi" p-War-um-t-i-T ”vwerdiT" War-um-t-i ”vwerdi" War-um-t-i-T ”werdiT" War-um-t-u ”werda" War-um-t-es ”werdnen”

-d uwyvetlis mawarmoebeli ZiriTadi sufiqsia svanur kiloebSi; igi umTavresad i-ze daboloebul zmnebTan aris warmodgenili: a-Bn-i-d-a `xnavda"... I-II pirSi d-s emateba -@s (bz., lnt. xE-a-Ban-d-@s `vxnavdi"), -@sgE (beC.: xE-a-Bn-id@sgE) elementebi. xE-a-xt-@E-d-@s (*xEaxat-@E-i+d@s) `vxatavdi" l-a-xt-@E-da-d `vxatavdiT" xE-a-xt@E-da-d `vxatavdiT" (eqskl.) x-a-xt-@E-d-@s `xatavdi" x-a-xt-@E-da-d `xatavdiT" a-xt-@E-d-a `xatavda" a-xt-@E-da-x `xatavdnen".

b) gardauval zmnebs uwyvetlis mwkrivis niSnad igive -i sufiqsi moudis, xolo savrcobad _ -od/-d. -d gvxvdeba uyvars tipis zmnebTan: uyvar-d-a, sZul-d-a... -od _ vnebiTis formebTan: Tbeb-od-a, jdeb-od-a... Sdr. Zvel qarTulSi -odian zmnebs uwyvetlis I-II pirSi (mx. da mr. ricxvSi) mwkrivis niSnad -e sufiqsi moudiT: vtir-od-e, s-tir-od-e...

arqauli viTareba Semonaxulia TuSurSi: vapireb-d-e `vapirebdi", apireb-d-e `apirebdi".

megrulSi gardauval zmnebTanac -d savrcobi gvaqvs. tib-u-d-u ”Tbeboda” War-u-d-u ”ewera”... (i.yifSiZe, 1914, 61

mkvlevarTa nawili fiqrobs, rom -ev da -em aris Temis niSnebi, romlebic enacvleba -av, -am niSnebs, e.i, Temis niSanTa monacvleobasTan gvaqvs saqme (arn. Ciqobava, 1948, gv. 98-100); nawili ki -ev, -em niSnebs fonetikur niadagze xsnis: d-s momdevno i imsgavsebs a-s nawilobriv da e-d aqcevs: vkl-av-d-i-T>vkl-ev-d-i-T. procesi jer mr.-is formaSi ganxorcielda, Semdeg ki analogiiT mxolobiTSi gadavida (l.kiknaZe, 1957, gv.317-344). kl-v-i-d-a tipis formebSi i TanxmovnaTgasayari xmovani unda iyos, romelic mas Semdeg gaCnda, rac III sub. piris niSnebma SekumSes Temis niSnebi. a xmovnis amogdebis Semdeg Tavi moiyara ramdenime Tanxmovanma, romelTa gasaTiSad ganviTarda i (i.imnaiSvili, v.imnaiSvili,1996, gv.128).

68

gv.071-072; arn.Ciqobava, 1937, gv. 112; 1948, gv.107; g.rogava, 1954, gv.82; g.maWavariani, 1959; k.danelia, 1976, gv.169-170; r.Serozia, 1981, gv. 203).

-d savrcobi uwyvetlis formaSi gvxvdeba svanur kiloebSic: xE-a-yur-d”viweqi”, x-a-yur-d ”iweqi”, a-yur-d-a”iwva”... awmyos kavSirebiTi iwarmoeba uwyvetlis fuZisagan Sesabamisi sufiqsis darTviT. erTnairad awarmoebs yvela tipis zmna. saliteraturo qarTulSi awmyos kavSirebiTs erTaderTi -e sufiqsi daerTvis: v-wer-d-e, v-mal-av-d-e, v-Tb69

v-i-jd-e... Sdr. Zvel qarTuli: -d savrcobianebTan yovelTvis -e ixmareba, xolo -od sufiqsianebTan i sufiqsi eb-od-e,

(a.SaniZe, 1927, gv.117-118; a.SaniZe, 1945, gv.835-844).

dialeqtebSi kavSirebiTis mwkrivTa warmoebis TvalsazrisiT met-naklebad gansxvavebuli viTarebaa: xevsurulSi kavSirebiTis nakvTTa mawarmoeblad erTaderTi -a sufiqsi gamoiyeneba: CeC-d-a-s "CeCdes", wer-d-a-s ”werdes”... mx.r. I-II pirSi a>ĭ/H: v-CeC-d-a/H/ĭ “”vCeCde” v-CeC-d-a-T “”vCeCdeT” CeC-d-a/H/ĭ “ ”CeCde” CeC-d-a-T “”CeCdeT” CeC-d-a-s “ ”CeCdes” CeC-d-a-n “”CeCdnen” (a.WinWarauli, 1960).

xevsurulis identuri viTareba gvaqvs WanurSi, sadac aseve kavSirebiTis -a sufiqsi erTaderTia. p-War-um-t-a“”vwerde" p-War-um-t-a-T ”vwerdeT" War-um-t-a ”werde" War-um-t-a-T ”werdeT" War-um-t-a-s ”werdes" War-um-t-a-n ”werdnen”

megrulSi I kavSirebiTis mawarmoeblad -a, -e niSnebi gamoiyeneba. mx. ricxvis I-II pirSi paralelurad warmodgenilia -a/-e niSnebi. mx. ricxvis III pirsa da mr. ricxvis samive pirSi -a sufiqsi ixmareba (i.yifSiZe, 1914, gv.065-067; arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.140): v/p-War-un-d-a/e“”vwerde" v/p-War-un-d-a-T ”vwerdeT" War-un-d-a ”werde" War-un-d-a-T ”werdeT" War-un-d-a-s ”werdes" War-un-d-an ”werdnen”

arn.Ciqobavas azriT, kavSirebiTis ”-a unda iyos qarTulSi kavSirebiTis mawarmoebeli ZiriTadi sufiqsis -e-s kanonzomieri Sesatyvisi... -ee unda iyos fonetikurad gamartivebuli damxmare sityva ere rom (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.139-140). arn.Ciqobavas mosazrebas iziarebs g. rogava (1945, gv.647). g.kartozias mtkicebiT, e-niani formebi miRebulia a-nian formebze ini kavSiris darTviT. am SemTxvevaSi Semdegi fonetikuri procesi igulisxmeba: bWarundaini>bWarundeini>bWarundeeni>bWarundLni(g.kartozia,1958, 231).

svanur kiloebSi I kavSirebiTis mawarmoeblebad dasturdeba -Ld, -dLd (bz.), -ade, -ide (bqv.), -de, -Hde (bqv., qv.svan.) sufiqsebi. I kavSirebiTis yalibia: namyo usrulis fuZe + e. d-s Semcveli niSnebi daiSleba ase: -d (namyo usrulis formanti) + -e (kavSirebiTis niSani). -e sufiqsi dasturdeba 70

(balszemourSi xSirad mokvecilia): uSg. a-mKr-Ld-e-s, bqv. amKr-a-d-e-s, lSx. a-mKr-d-e-s `amzadebdes" bz. a-mKr-Ld-s... bz. -Ld/-dLd formantebis Sesaxeb v.Tofuria aRniSnavs: e sufiqsian zmnebze darTuli -Ld miRebulia bolokiduri e-s mokveciT, ramac gamoiwvia wina e-s dagrZeleba: *@mCe-de-s `aberebdes > @mCL-s. am formaTa analogiiT unda iyos miRebuli akl@E-dLd-s tipis formebi, sadac -dLd calke formantad iqna miCneuli (v. Tofuria, 1967, gv. 112). myofadis mwkrivis warmoebis principi qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi identuria; gamoiyeneba: 1. zmniswini + awmyo, romelic myofadis mwkrivis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxea: qarTl., kax..: weravs - daweravs... TuS.: keTdeb(is) - gakeTdeb(is)... xevs.: recxs - gaRrecxs, SWri - daSWri; ing.: do~Wer `daviWer", Ca~coms `Caicvams", gaFclO `gavcvli"... fer.: Caicmen, daixoven; Wan.: faTxumT - dofaTxumT `gavferTxavT", ptkamumT - doptkamumT `davtkepniT"... megr.: Waruns - doWaruns `dawers", xantuns - doxantuns `daxatavs"... svan.: aBni - adB@ni `daxnavs", axt@Ei - adxatEi `daxatavs", axz@Ei - anxa62 zEi `daxazavs"...

2. formaTa Senacvlebac saerToqarTveluri movlenaa. mag.: muSaobs - imuSavebs, mReris - imRerebs; ing.: énadirev ”vinadireb", écxovrev ”vicxovreb"... megr.: muSens ”muSaobs" - imuSens `imuSavebs", Ralatens ”Ralatobs" - uRalatens `uRalatebs", ore `aris" - iGuafu/iGii - ”iqneba", arZens ”aZlevs" - meCans ”miscems"... svan.: li ”aris" - Mri/Mra ”iqneba", esREa/esREe ”miaqvs" - @~Lsgi ”waiRebs"...

3. WanurSi myofadis warmoebis ZiriTad tips warmoadgens kavSirebiTis formaze meSveli zmnis darTva, rac kilokavebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia. xofurSi II kavSirebiTis formas daerTvis unon `unda" meSveli zmna: mx. ricxvi: b-kiTxa-minon `vkiTxav", kiTxa-ginon, kiTxas-unon... Sdr.: Cxalur TqmaSi zmna icvleba rogorc piris, ise ricxvis mixedviT, meSveli zmna ki mas erTvis ucvlelad, mx. ricxvis III p. formiT: mx.: b-kiTxa-unon, kiTxa-unon, kiTxas-unon...

62

zmniswinis darTva svanurSi nairgvar cvlilebebs iwvevs formaSi, ris gamoc awmyo-myofadis formebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.

71

viwur-arqabulsa da aTinurSi unon meSveli zmnis nacvlad daerTvis ere63, romelic sxvadasxva fonetikuri variantiT (re, e, r) ixmareba. mag., mx.: b-kiTxa-re, kiTxa-re, kiTxas-ere/kiTxas-e. mr.: b-kiTxa-T-ere/b-kiTxaT-e, kiTxaT-ere/ kiTxa-T-e, kiTxa-n-e/kiTxa-n-e-n.

II kavSirebiTis myofadis mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba WanurSi arqauli faqtia, meSveli zmnis darTva ki dialeqturi movlenaa.64 wyvetilis mwkrivis mawarmoebel sufiqsebad saliteraturo qarTulsa da dialeqtebSi -i, -e, 0 niSnebi gvxvdeba. arqauli qarTulis nulsufiqsiani zmnebi gaformebulia -i sufiqsiT: movxan(i), movkal(i)... daculia fxour kiloebSi (xevs., TuS.). -i, -e, 0 alomorfebis ganawilebis wesi qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi met-naklebad gansxvavebulia: -e sufiqsi mwkrivis niSnad TiTqmis yvela kiloSia: qarTl.-kax.: davxat-e, gavaR-e, daviwy-e... megr.: do-v/p-W-e `Sevkere", guaT-e `gavaTave", do-v/p-kil-e `davkete"... svan.: ad-xatE-e `daxata", ad-kar-e `gaaRo"...

megrulSi wyvetilis niSnebad -i da -e sufiqsebi gamoiyeneba. mag.: fxant-i ”vxate", pkvaT-i ”vWeri"... ptyabar-e ”vatyave"... git-e ”gagiSvi", pWy-e ”vwyevle"...

63

ere-s warmomavlobasTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva azria gamoTqmuli; ere
72

WanurSi unifikaciis Sedegad erTi niSani (i) aris gabatonebuli, romelic I-II p. formas daerTvis: b-zum-i, zum-i, zum-u... (i.qavTaraZe, 1973, gv.33).

Wanuris identuri viTarebaa xevsurulsa da ingilourSi (III pirSi -a gamovlindeba): a-v-i-R-i, a-i-R-i, a-i-R-a; ga-v-i-g-i, ga-i-g-i, ga-i-g-a... (Sdr., aliabaTurSi wyvetilis mwkrivs -e sufiqsi awarmoebs: vican-e, mamec-e, wevel-e...). svanuri kiloebi wyvetils awarmoeben: a) -e sufiqsiT, b) fuZis saxiT. -e sufiqsi mx. ricxvis I-II pirSi ar gvaqvs. Tumca istoriulad unda yofiliyo yvela pirsa da ricxvSi. e-s dakargva fonetikuri faqtoriT ixsneba: 1. zsv. oT-z@E < *aTE-a-zaE-e *da-v-a-zave-e" 2 aT-z@E < *aT-a-zaE-e *da-h-a-zave-e" 3.ad-zaE
Sdr. Zv. qarT. IIIp. formebi: mx.: wer-a (*wer-e-a), mr.: wer-es (*wer-e-es). nulsufiqsian zmnebs III piris formebSi mokvecili aqvT niSani. preverbad iyeneben a-s. I-II pirSi maxvils atarebs windebuli an maqcevari (sufiqsi), III pirSi ki _ Sida xmovani fuZeSi: @/@, o/N, O/U. preverbiseuli a-s dagrZeleba la-Si, sigrZis ugulebelyofa I da II pirSi... gamowveulia es mokveciT da maxvilis ”moqmedebiT” (v.Tofuria, 1967, gv. 152-153). svanurSi wyvetilis formas Seadgens: preverbi + piris prefiqsi + maqcevari + -e an 0 (nuli) sufiqsi. bz. mx. ricxvi o-xE-m@r `movamzade"

a-x-m@r an-mKr-e

`moamzade" `moamzada"

mr. ricxvi inkl. al-mKr-e-d `movamzadeT" eqskl. O-xE-mKr-e-d `movamzadeT" a-x-mKr-e-d `moamzadeT" an-mKr-e-x `moamzades"

arcTu iSviaTad wyvetilis I-II pirSi (mxolobiTSi) i daboloeba ikargeba: megr.: gegnaGoT(i) `gadaagde", qomiR(i) `moitane", doWar(i) `dawere"... xevs., TuS.: gavig ”gavige”, gaig ”gaige; gadavugd ”gadavugde”, gadaugd ”gadaugde”...

zogjer wyvetilis daboloebaSi mTeli marcvali ikargeba: megr.: moica(de), qomu(Ci) `momeci" (Sdr.: moica(de), mome(ci), daxe(de), momye(vi), gaswi(e)...).

-e sufiqsis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva azria gamoTqmuli: 73

-e sufiqsi momdinareobs ev-sgan (arn.Ciqobava, 1938, gv.405; 1936, gv.135-38; g.rogava, 1945, gv.651-653); -e namyos saxeobaTa saerTo niSania (v.Tofuria, 1955, gv.459). g.rogavas azriT, wyvetilis III piris formaSi ev gadasulia u-Si (o safexuris gavliT): ogur-u-u
II kavSirebiTis warmoebis principi qarTul saliteraturo enasa da dialeqtebSi identuria: sayrdenad iRebs wyvetilis fuZes, romelsac urTavs Sesabamis mawarmoebels. saliteraturo qarTulSi II kavSirebiTs awarmoebs -e, -a, -o sufiqsebi. maT ganawilebas ZiriTadad wyvetilis fuZe ganapirobebs, kerZod: a) -a niSani II kavSirebiTSi gvxvdeba maSin, roca wyvetilSi zmna -i sufiqsiT an uniSnodaa warmodgenili: vTqv-i vTqv-a, davwv-i - davwv-a... b) -e niSani gvaqvs im zmnebTan, romlebic wyvetils -i sufiqsiT awarmoeben:davec-i/ davec-e, waved-i/ wavid-e... g) -o sufiqsi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca wyvetilSi -e gvaqvs: vwer-e - vwer-o, vtex-e - vtex-o... svanur kiloebSic II kavSirebiTis niSanTa (-a, -e, -i) ganawilebas wyvetilis daboloeba gansazRvravs, kerZod: a) -a sufiqsi II kavSirebiTSi gvaqvs im SemTxvevaSi, roca wyvetilis III piris formaSi zmnas -e gaaCnia: ad-kalE-e "galewa" - ad-kalE-a-s "galewos"...

b) -e sufiqsi gvaqvs fuZedrekad zmnebTan: adig "gaaqro" -

adHg-e-s "gaaqros"...

g) -i daboloeba II kavSirebiTSi gvaqvs maSin, roca wyvetilis III piris formebSi -e mokvecilia (nulsufiqsiani 74

wyvetilis zmnebTan): anq@C ”moWra" - anqC-i-s ”moWras”... (v.Tofuria, 1967, gv.164-167). WanurSi II kavSirebiTs (iseve rogorc I kavSirebiTs) erTaderTi -a sufiqsi awarmoebs (piris, ricxvis ganurCevlad): (do)-p-War-a "davwero" (do)-p-War-a-T "davweroT" (do)-War-a `dawero" (do)-War-a-T "daweroT" (do)-War-a-s `daweros"

(do)-War-a-n "daweron”

Wanuris msgavsi viTarebaa xevsurulSi: da-v-wer-a da-wer-a da-wer-a-s

da-v-wer-a-T da-wer-a-T da-wer-a-n

megrulSi II kavSirebiTi mx. ricxvis I-II pirSi paraleluri -a/-e niSniTaa warmodgenili: (do)-v/p-War-a/e "davwero" (do)-v/p-War-a-T "davweroT" (do)-War-a/e "dawero" (do)-War-a-T "daweroT" (do)-War-a-s "daweros" (do)-War-a-n "daweron” 65 III seria rigi morfologiuri da sintaqsuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. megrul-Wanur-svanurSi, saliteraturo qarTulTan SedarebiT, dro-kiloTa III jgufis mwkrivTa warmoebis principi gansxvavebulia: I da II seriis formebis msgavsad, aqac mwkrivebi sawarmoebeli fuZis mixedviT aris dalagebuli: III seriis formebisaTvis amosavalia I TurmeobiTis fuZe: domixantu - domixantudu - domixantudas“”damixatavs - damexata - damexatos”. svanur kiloebSic namyosrulis (Turm. I) fuZe aris amosavali namyo winarewarsulisaTvis (Turm. II). am ukanasknels ki koniunqtivi III (kavS. III) eyrdnoba: bz.: xoxtaE-a xoxtaE-Pn - xoxtaE-Ln-s (uxatavs - exata - exatos) (v. Tofu65

i.yifSiZes SeniSnuli aqvs II kavSirebiTis warmoebaSi garkveuli kanonzomierebani, kerZod: zmnebi, romlebic namyo srulSi -ee niSniTaa warmodgenili, II kavSirebiTSi miiReben -ua/-ue daboloebas: govTiree _ govTirua/govTirue "gavcvalo"... (i.yifSiZe, 1914, 060). II kavSirebiTSi -ua/-ue sufiqsebs dairTavs, agreTve -i/-ii niSniani formebi: `vuwii - vuwua/vuwue `vuTxra", fTqvii - fTqua/fTque `vTqva" (i.yifSiZe, iqve). ganxiluli rigis zmnebSi kavSirebiTis niSnad igive -a/-e sufiqsebi gamoiyofa, romlebic kavSirebiTTa paraleluri warmoebisas gvaqvs. rac Seexeba u xmovans, igi, g.rogavas azriT, -ev sufiqsis Serwymuli saxeoba unda iyos: vogurua
75

ria, 1967, gv.177). I TurmeobiTs sxvadasxva tipis zmna sxvadasxvanairad awarmoebs. Tanamedrove salit. qarTulSi gardamavali zmnis I TurmeobiTis fuZed gamoyenebulia I da II seriis fuZe. a) gardamavali zmnebidan rig Taviseburebebs warmoaCens -av, -am TemisniSniani formebi. am tipis zmnebisaTvis I TurmeobiTSi amosavalia awmyo-myofadis fuZe. Tu zmna awmyo-myofadSi TemisniSniania, mas Temis niSani eqneba I TurmeobiTSic. daerTvis -i, -u prefiqsebi. wesi ugamonaklisoa Zveli qarTulisaTvis: gauZarcvavs (awmyo: Zarcvavs), mouqargavs (awmyo: qargavs), daudgams (awmyo: dgams). roca sax.-Si dasmuli obieqti III pirSia, uRleba martivia: momiklavs me igi, mogiklavs Sen igi mouklavs mas igi... gansxvavebuli viTarebaa maSin, roca obieqtad I-II piria warmodgenili. am SemTxvevaSi Zvel qarTulSi meSveli zmna ar Cans: mouklav mas me, mouklav mas Sen, mouklavs mas igi... aRniSnuli tipis zmnebs Tanamedrove qarTulSi daerTo meSveli zmnebi: movuklav-var, mouklav-xar. sxva tipis gardamaval zmnebTan I TurmeobiTSi Zveli qarTulis i-e-s daboloeba -i-a daboloebiTaa Secvlili. arqauli uTemisniSno zmnaTa nawili dRes TemisniSniani gaxda: rekavs, Tibavs, Tesavs, kenkavs, ketavs, kecavs, recxavs, wewavs, Wedavs, xexavs, xocavs... amgvar zmnaTa nawili -av Temis niSans I TurmeobiTSic gamoavlens: dauxocavs, gaurecxavs, daurekavs... Tumca ufro xSiria uTemisniSno formebi: dauxocia, gaurecxia, daurekia... am SemTxvevaSi amosavali Cans II seriis fuZe. fxour kiloebSi (xevs., fS., TuS.) gardamaval zmnaTa I TurmeobiTi. (roca realuri obieqti III piria) -av (
megrul-WanurSi I TurmeobiTSi yvelgan -u daboloeba gvaqvs: (miZiru(n) "minaxavs", mixantu(n) "mixatavs"... fuZe wyvetilisaa, magram -u awmyos sufiqsia. gamoyenebulia awmyos fuZis saobieqto qcevis forma, romelic warmoSobiT statikuri awmyo unda iyos (Warun `sweria", miWarun `miweria".

76

77

mx. ricxvi (do)m-i-War-u (do)i-War-u (do)u-War-u

mr. ricxvi (do)m-i-War-u-n-a(n) (do)i-War-u-n-a(n) (do)u-War-u-n-a(n)

b. jorbenaZe: megrulSi gardamavali zmnis III seriaSi gamoyenebulia aoristis fuZe, romelic formdeba I seriaSi dadasturebuli sufiqsebiT (Sdr. qarT. orpiriani gardauvali zmnebi, romlebic gaformebulia meSveli zmniT (erTpiriani zmnebis analogiiT), awmyo: ewereba - dasweria - dasweriyo - dasweriyos (Sdr. iwereba - dawerila - daweriliyo - daweriliyos). WanurSi inversiuli TurmeobiTebi masdaris mqone yvela gardamavali zmnisagan iwarmoeba; im zmnebs, romelTac masdari ar ewarmoebaT, TurmeobiTebic ara aqvT: mag.: mignafun ”gamigia”, miTqun ”miTqvams”, uSumunan ”usvamT”, miWkomun ”miWamia””... (g. kartozia, 2005, gv. 99)66. fuZis Cvenebis mixedviT megrul-Wanuris gardamavali zmnis III seria realurad II seriis paradigmas warmoadgens. svanur kiloebSi I TurmeobiTis erTaderTi daboloeba aris a: miSTxr-a ”miTxria”, mimKr-a `mimzadebia", misy-a `mikeTebia"... -a warmoSobiT awmyos sufiqsia, qarT. -av da zan. -u sufiqsebis kanonzomieri Sesatyvisi (g. maWavariani). b) Zvel qarTulSi orpirian gardauval zmnaTa I TurmeobiTSi (saerTod III seriaSi) ar gvxvdeba meSvelzmniani formebi: da-v-h-viwy-eb-i-e, da-h-viwy-eb-i-e, da-h-viwyeb-i-e-s... da-m-viwy-eb-i-e-s, da-g-viwy-eb-i-e-s, da-h-viwy-eb-i-e-s... 66

lazuris TurmeobiTebTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisia gamoTqmuli: 1. lazurSi inversiuli TurmeobiTebis warmoeba iSviaTia (n.mari, 1910, gv.46; arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.153; a.kiziria, 1967, gv.70-71); 2. inversiuli TurmeobiTebi WanurSi xSirad gamoiyeneba (i.yifSiZe, 1911, gv. 3-4; J.diumezili, 1967, gv.7, 11; g.kartozia, 2005, gv. 97-102). literaturaSi gabatonebulia n.marisa da arn.Ciqobavas mosazreba lazurSi inversiuli TurmeobiTebis SezRuduli gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.

amgvari warmoebis gverdiT gvaqvs I TurmeobiTis -ia daboloebiani formebic: damitevebia, dahviwyebia, mqonebia... statikuri zmnebi III seriaSi ZiriTadad iseve iwarmoeba, rogorc Sesabamisi dinamikuri formebi: aRweriTad an organulad. orpirian statikur zmnaTaTvis sayrden fuZed gamoyenebulia moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis awmyo-myofadis Temaze damyarebuli masdari, romelsac I TurmeobiTSi emateba meSveli zmna, II TurmeobiTsa da III kavSirebiTSi ki -od-i, -ode sufiqsebi: vbmi-var, vbm-od-i, vbm-od-e. orpiriani statikuri zmnebis warmoeba yovelTvis ar emTxveva Sesabamisi dinamikuri vnebiTis warmoebas: uweria swerebia... xureboda. dialeqtebSic saliteraturo qarTulis msgavsi warmoeba gvaqvs. gardauvali relatiuri zmnebi III serias sinTezurad awarmoeben. I TurmeobiTSi meSvel zmnas dairTaven, xolo II TurmeobiTsa da III kavSirebiTSi gamoavlenen -od sufiqss. analizuri warmoeba dialeqtebisaTvisac ar aris ucxo. imerulSi zogi orpiriani gardauvali zmna I TurmeobiTs aRweriTad awarmoebs: mofereb-larien (k. kublaSvili, 1985, gv. 165). megrulSi orpiriani gardauvali zmnebi I TurmeobiTSi sxvadasxva fuZes iyeneben. warmoeba meSvelzmniania: a) amosavalia I seriis fuZe, romelsac daerTvis meSveli zmna. awmyoseuli -u sufiqsi gvaqvs I TurmeobiTSic: qodavbadebuq ”davbadebivar”, mordu(u) ”gazrdia”, doSqvidu(u) ”daxrCobia”... b) amosavalia sauRlebeli zmnis sawyisi, romelsac daerTvis meSveli zmna: goWyoladu ”daviwyebia”, qogoTanafu ”gasTenebia”, qaxvalamu ”Sexvedria”... g) erTpiriani zmnebis dro-kiloTa III jgufis formebi qarTulSi Camoyalibda analizuri warmoebis safuZvelze: namyo drois saobieqto mimReoba + meSveli zmna (I TurmeobiTSi awmyos - ”ars”, II TurmeobiTSi namyos - “”iyo” da III kavSirebiTSi II kavSirebiTis -“”iyos” formiT): daxatula(rs), daxatul-iyo, daxatul-iyos. Zvel qarTulSi erTpirian zmnaTa aRweriT formaSi mxolod meSveli zmna iuRleboda, mimReobas piris niSani ar

moudioda. Tanamedrove qarTulSi III pirSi orive sityva gaerTianda, amas mohyva piris niSnebis gadmotana TavSi. I-II piri ormagi prefiqsiT gamoixata: v-Cveul-var, h-yofil-xar... III pirSi meSveli zmna gamartivebulia: mosul-a, wasul-a... erTpiriani zmnebi yvela qarTvelur qvesistemaSi aRweriTad iwarmoeba. calkeul dialeqtebSi (imer. gur., leCx.) meSveli zmna srulad Cans III pirSic: mosul-arien, yofil-arien, damalul-arien... xevsurulSi meSveli zmna zogjer“”as” saxiT gvxvdeba: mamkvdaras... SesaZlebelia a-c gauCinardes da mxolod mimReobiT gadmoices I TurmeobiTi: amabrunvil (a.WinWarauli, 1960, gv. 136). asea Wanursa da megrulSic. megr.: dopWveleq

78

79

"davmwvarvar", "davmwvariyo":

dopWveledi

"davmwvariyavi",

dopWveleda

-ere sufiqsiani warmoeba megrulSi mxolod erTpirian gardauval zmnebs axasiaTebs67, Wanuri ki TurmeobiTis warmoebaSi ar ganasxvavebs gardamaval da gardauval zmnebs. megrul-WanurSi erTpirian zmnaTa nawili I TurmeobiTs organulad awarmoebs (iyenebs inversiul formebs): megr.: midamirTumu, mingaru... Wan.: mixTimun ”wavsulvar”, unjirun ”uZinia”... (g.kartozia, 2005, gv. 98). svanur kiloebSi I TurmeobiTi yovelgvar zmnasTan gaformebulia -a sufiqsiT. qvemosvanur dialeqtebSi subieqturi wyobis paradigmis I-II piris formebSi xE-i `var", x-i `xar" meSveli zmnaa warmodgenili (v. Tofuria, 1967, gv.169171). II TurmeobiTi a) gardamaval zmnaTa II TurmeobiTis warmoebisas samwignobro qarTuli iyenebs dinamikuri zmnis II seriis fuZes. warmoebis yalibi yvela zmnisaTvis erTia: forma eyrdnoba saTanado zmnis wyvetilis fuZes da formobrivad warmoadgens Sesabamisi eniani vnebiTis wyvetils. mwkrivis niSnebia: -i, -e sufiqsebi da nuli. 67

megrulSi -ele(<ere)-iani warmoebis gverdiT gamoiyeneba gamartivebuli, -e elementiani formebic: Goferedas/Gofedas "yofiliyos", doRureledas/ doRuredas `momkvdariyos", doWveledas/doWvedas `damwvariyos"... miuTiTeben, rom e<ere (m.margvelaSvili, 1982, gv.97).

Zvel qarTulSi gvxvdeba II TurmeobiTis mokle formebi: aRmeSYna, dameteva, ganmeaxla, momemzada, medida... Tanamedrove saliteraturo enaSi isini -eb-in-a daboloebiTaa warmodgenili: ameSenebina, dametovebina, medidebina... arqauli warmoeba SemorCenilia fxour kiloebSi. megrulsa da WanurSi II TurmeobiTi imave fuZes iyenebs, rasac I TurmeobiTi, oRond mas uwyvetlis -d sufiqss urTavs: mizim-u(n) rel="nofollow">mizim-u-d-u... (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.145147; i.yifSiZe, 1914, gv.086-088) (Sdr. salit. qarTulis orpiriani gardauvali zmnebi: momsvlia>momsvloda, mqonia>mqonoda). Wanuris nimuSebi: miTqvafutu ”meTqva”, dukidafutes ”aegoT”, gunwkimutu ”gaexsna”, ubirafutu ”emRera” (g.kartozia, 2005, gv.100-101).

viwur-arqabulSi II TurmeobiTi zogjer doren/ren ”aris” meSveli zmniT aris garTulebuli: muxtimutu-doren ”mosuliyo”, ugnafutes-ren ”gaegonaT, gaegoT”... (g. kartozia, 2005, gv. 101). svanurSic II TurmeobiTis forma I TurmeobiTisagan ZiriTadad mxolod mwkrivis niSniT gansxvavdeba. II TurmeobiTis mawarmoeblad gvxvdeba: bz.: Pn, bqv.(ecer.) @n, lnt. an, lSx. Kn/Ln. bz.: mimKr-Pn `memzadebina", jimKr-Pn, xomKr-Pn; mixtau-Pn "mexata", jixtaE-Pn, xoxtaE-Pn... b) orpirian gardauval zmnaTa II TurmeobiTi istoriulad warmoadgens I TurmeobiTis namyo usruls; garTulebulia -od sufiqsiT. II TurmeobiTis formaTa zogadi struqtura aseTia: zmniswini + piris niSani + Ziri + Temis niSani + od savrcobi + mwkrivis niSani: da-v-h-viwy-eb-od-e, da-h-viwy-eb-od-e, da-h-viwyeb-od-a...

Tanamedrove salit. qarTulSi mwkrivis niSnad, -e-s nacvlad, gvaqvs -i: da-v-viwy-eb-od-i, da-viwy-eb-od-i, da-viwy-eb-od-a...

orpiriani gardauvali zmnebis organuli warmoebis gverdiT meSvelzmniani formebic Cndeba. gamoiyofa 2 tipi: 1.amosavalia masdari, -od sufiqsis nacvlad warmodgenilia meSveli zmna: viyav, iyav, iyo: hyol-iyo, sjobnebiyo, damkarg-viyo, SesZleb-iyos... 80

2. sayrdenia vnebiTi gvaris mimReoba, romelsac igive meSveli zmna emateba: CamovrCenil-iyav, miaxloebuliyvnen... msgavsi formebi xSiria aRmosavlur dialeqtebSi. orpirian gardauval zmnaTa II TurmeobiTSi paraleluri warmoebidan Tanamedrove saliteraturo enaSi gabatonebulia -odiani formebi. aRweriTi warmoebis nimuSebi dialeqtur warmoebad miiCneva. xevsurulSi, moxeurSi yvela zmna meSvelzmniania: xevs.: xyvan-iyva, hqon-iyo, SamasCvev-iyo... mox.: gasTeTreb-iyo, gaxfuWebiyo, maswoneb-iyo...

megrulSi orpiriani gardauvali zmnebis warmoeba organulia: II TurmeobiTi imeorebs vnebiTi gvaris zmnis uwyvetels: dabadebu-d-u ”dahbadebia”, Sexvalamu-d-u ”Sexvedroda”, goWyoladu-d-u "daviwyeboda"...

svanurSic relatiur gardauval zmnaTa formebi gardamaval zmnebs misdevs, ZiriTadi gansxvavebas qmnis mxolod pirTa mimarTebis xmovnebis kleba (v.Tofuria, 1967, gv. 169170).

g) erTpiriani zmnebi Zvel qarTulSi mxolod aRweriTad iwarmoeba: sauRlebeli zmnis vnebiTi gvaris mimReobis fuZe + yofa zmnis wyvetilis fuZe: iuRleba meSveli zmna, mimReoba piris niSans ar dairTavs: warsrul viyav, warsrul iyav, warsrul iyo...

Tanamedrove qarTulSic warmoebis principi ucvlelia. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom v- prefiqsi meSvel zmnas CamoSorda da zmniswinis momdevnod hpova adgili, meSveli zmna ki mimReobis fuZes Seuxorcda: wa-v-sul-iyavi, wasul-iyavi, wa-sul-iyo...

xevsurulSic yvela erTpiriani zmna II TurmeobiTs ”iyo” meSveli zmniT awarmoebs: werebul-iyva, Camasul-iyo, sZineb-iyva, zdeb-iyva, Samamdgar-iyva... megrul-WanurSi erTpiriani zmnebi eyrdnoba I TurmeobiTis formas da dairTavs -d savrcobs: doWvele-d-u "damwvariyo"... Wanuris nimuSebi: gamuxTimutu ”gamosuliyo”, muxTimutu ”mosuliyo” (g.kartozia, 2005, gv. 101).

III kavSirebiTis warmoebas saliteraturo qarTulSi gansazRvravs II TurmeobiTis warmoeba: III kavSirebiTi iseve iwarmoeba II TurmeobiTisagan, rogorc awmyosa da myofadis kavSirebiTi uwyvetlisa da xolmeobiTisagan. moq81

medebiTi gvaris zmnaTa III kavSirebiTi statikuri vnebiTis awmyos kavSirebiTs emTxveva. a) gardamaval zmnebs III kavSirebiTSi daerTvis -a, e, -o sufiqsebi. megrul-WanurSic III kavSirebiTi II TurmeobiTs eyrdnoba. mawarmoeblad ZiriTadad -a sufiqsia gabatonebuli. -e SedarebiT iSviaTia. do)m-i-xant-u-d-a-s `mexatos" (do)m-i-xant-u-d-a-n `gvexatos" (do)g-i-xant-u-d-a-s `gexatos" (do)g-i-xant-u-d-a-n `gexatoT" (do)u-xant-u-d-a-s `exatos" (do)u-xant-u-d-a-n `exatoT" Wanuris nimuSebi: dogirCafutas ”dagefinos”, gikvandafutas ”gemaTxovros” (g. kartozia, 205, gv. 102).

megrul-Wanuris identuria III kavSirebiTis warmoeba xevsurulSi, sadac erTaderTi -a sufiqsi gamoiyeneba: da-me-xat-a-s, da-g-e-xat-a-s, da-e-xat-a-s...

III kavSirebiTis warmoebis principi analogiuria svanur kiloebSic. m-i-mKr-Ln-s<*m-i-mKr-Ln-e-s "memzadebinos". aq kavSirebiTis -e sufiqsi mokvecilia. svan. sufiqsebi: bz., lSx. -Ln, bqv., lnt. -en, bqv. en-e. b) orpiriani gardauvali zmnebs Zvel qarTulSi III kavSirebiTSic aqvs organuli warmoebis formebi: da-v-hviwy-eb-od-i, da-h-viwy-eb-od-i, da-h-viwy-eb-od-i-s...

Tanamedrove qarTulSi mwkrivis niSnad, -i sufiqsis nacvlad, gvaqvs -e: da-v-viwy-eb-od-e, da-viwy-eb-od-e-s... megrul-WanurSi III kavSirebiTis niSnad ZiriTadad -a sufiqsi gvxvdeba: do-p-Wv-ele-d-a "davmwvariyavi", do-Wv-ele-d-a, do-Wv-ele-d-a-s...

g) erTpiriani zmnebi Zvel qarTulSi aRweriTad iwarmoeba: meSveli zmna warmodgenilia II kavSirebiTis formiT: warsrul viyo, warsrul iyo, warsrul iyos... Sdr. Tanamedrove qarTuli: wav-sul-iyavi, wa-sul-iyavi, wa-sul-iyos megrulSi erTpiriani vnebiTi (dinamikuri) gvaris zmnaTa erT jgufs dro-kiloTa III jgufSi (aqedan gamomdinare, III kavSirebiTSic) aRweriTi warmoeba axasiaTebs, Tavs iCens -ele (<ere) mawarmoebeli: mo-v/b-rd-ele-d-a `gavzrdiliyavi", mo-rd-ele-d-a, mo-rd-ele-d-a-s...

megrulSi erTpiriani zmnebis nawili organulad awarmoeben III kavSirebiTs: ucxovrebudas `ecxovros", miZicinudas `mecinos", mingarudas `mitiros"... Wanuri: uxtimudas ”evlos”.

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IV seriis formebi. qarTvelur qvesistemebSi (megr., imer., leCx., raW., svan.) damoukidebel uRvlilebis erTeulebad gamoyofilia na-/no- prefiqsiani zmnuri formebi. dro-kiloTa sxva jgufis formebisagan maT ganasxvavebs yalibi da funqcia. aRniSnuli zmnuri formebi adreul gramatikul literaturaSi dro-kiloTa III jgufis formaTa paralelur warmoebad (variantebad) aris miCneuli (i.yifSiZe, 1914, 089; arn.Ciqobava, 1936, 146; v.Tofuria svanurSi maT I seriaSi aerTianebs _ v.Tofuria, 1967, gv. 130-136). megrulSi no- prefiqsian zmnur formaTa calke seriad gamoyofa g.rogavas saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. mkvlevarma aRniSnuli formebi dro-kiloTa IV jgufSi gaaerTiana da awmyos TurmeobiTis mwkrivebi uwoda, gansxvavebiT aoristis TurmeobiTis mwkrivebisagan. IV jgufSi Semdegi mwkrivebi Sevida: III TurmeobiTi, IV TurmeobiTi, IV kavSirebiTi, IV pirobiTi. megrulSi IV seriaSi daculia sawarmoebeli fuZis principi: III TurmeobiTi aris sayrdeni danarCeni mwkrivebisaTvis. III TurmeobiTis forma miiReba no- prefiqsiTa da u sufiqsiT nawarmoebi mimReobis formaze ore(n) meSveli zmnis darTviT: no-Wkir-u-e-(n) < *no-Wkir-u-(o)re(n) `Wris/Wrida Turme” (g.rogava, 1953, gv.23). uRlebis nimuSi: viniani wyoba maniani wyoba I no-v/p-War-u-e-q `vwerdi Turme” no-m/p-War-u-e `mwerda Turme” II no-War-u-e-q `werdi Turme” no-r-War-u-e `gwerda Turme” III no-War-u-e `werda Turme” no-War-u-e `werda Turme”

awmyos TurmeobiTisa da aoristis TurmeobiTis formebi gansxvavebul konstruqcias qmnian: awmyos TurmeobiTis mwkrivebSi gardamavali zmna nominatiuri konstruqciisaa (Tina noWarue Tis `is werda Turme mas”), xolo aoristis TurmeobiTis mwkrivebSi _ datiuri konstruqciisa (Tis duWaru Tina `mas dauweria Turme”). amasTanave, drokiloTa IV jgufSi gardamavali zmna sampirianobas inarCunebs, III jgufSi - ara (g.rogava, 1953, gv.18). megr. no- prefiqsiani awmyos TurmeobiTis analogiuri warmoeba gvaqvs imerulSi, leCxumurSi, raWulSi (S.ZiZiguri, 1938, 129-130; m.alaviZe, 1941, 234; q.ZoweniZe, 1973, 91-92; o.kaxaZe, 1954, 173-174), sadac na- prefiqsiT nawarmoebi sami mwkrivi gamoiyofa: III TurmeobiTi, IV Tur83

meobiTi, IV kavSirebiTi. imer., leCx. da raW. na- prefiqsiani yalibi megr. no- prefiqsiani yalibis identuria rogorc warmoebis, ise mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT. warmoebis principi: na- prefiqsiani warsuli drois mimReoba + meSveli zmna (a<ars): viniani wyoba I v-na-wera-var II na-werav-xar III na-werav-a

maniani wyoba m-na-werav-a g-nawerav-a nawerav-a (o.kaxaZe, 1954, gv. 174-175).

na- prefiqsiani yalibi aRniSnavs zogadad unaxav moqmedebas. drois mixedviT gamoxatavs: a. namyo usruls: kowia leqss ro nawerava, maSvin mosula i biWi da... (=Turme werda); b. konkretul awmyos: gedeons i gogo nayvareba (=uyvars Turme); g. Sdr. zogadi awmyo: i gogo leqsebs nawerava (=wers Turme saerTod) (o.kaxaZe, 1954, gv. 174). e.w. IV seria gamoiyofa svanur kiloebSic. warmodgenilia ori mwkriviT: III TurmeobiTi, IV TurmeobiTi (g.rogava, 1953; z.WumburiZe, 1986; a.oniani, 1998) (Sdr. v.Tofuria, 1967, 130-136). svanur kiloebSi III TurmeobiTis yalibia: awmyos fuZe + un-a (bqv.), in-a (bz., qv.sv.). qvemo svanurSi mx. ricxvis I-II pirSi meSveli zmna (xEi `var”, xi `xar”) daerTvis: bz. xEagm-in-a lnt. xE@gem-na(xEi) `vuSenebdi Turme” x@gm-in-a x@gem-na(xi) `uSenebdi Turme” x@gm-in-a x@gem-na `uSenebda Turme”

muli”, lH-b-e `dabmuli”... (v.Tofuria, 1979, gv.218-219). naprefiqsi warsuli drois formebSi SedarebiT iSviaTia. amiT unda aixsnas na-s nacvlad lH- prefiqsis gamoyeneba IV TurmeobiTSi. svanuri kiloebis IV TurmeobiTi struqturuli TvalsazrisiT megrul-imerul-leCxumur-raWul na- prefiqsian formaTa gverdiT dadgeba. svan. III TurmeobiTi da IV TurmeobiTi konstruqciiTac gansxvavdeba: pirveli relatiuria, meore - absoluturi. IV seriis formebi ar gvaqvs WanurSi (Tumca winaviTarebis no- prefiqsi gamoiyeneba). specialuri literaturidan cnobilia Wanuris TurmeobiTis ori forma: nanamyousrulari TurmeobiTi da naaoristali TurmeobiTi. awmyos TurmeobiTis Sinaarsi gadmoicema nanamyousrulari TurmeobiTiT, romelic analizuri warmoebisaa: namyo usrulis forma + doren (viw.-arq.)//ere(aTin., xof.) meSveli zmna: viwur-arqabuli xofuri Ip. ma b-zum-um-t-i-doren b-zim-uf-t-er-e `Turme vzomavdi” IIp. si zum-um-t-i-doren zim-uf-t-er-e `Turme zomavdi” IIIp. zum-um-t-u-doren zim-uf-t-er-e-n `Turme zomavda” (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.141). Sdr. naaoristali TurmeobiTi: b-zum-i-doren/b-zim-ere `Turme mizomavs”.

v.Tofuria: lH- prefiqsi SeiZleba namyos mimReobis lH- iyos. sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom svanur kiloebSi namyo drois mimReobis ZiriTad mawarmoeblad swored lH prefiqsia, mag.: lH-g-e `agebuli”, lu-qEiT `moparuli”, lH-m-e `SeW-

Wanuri nanamyousrulari TurmeobiTi funqciuri TvalsazrisiT igivea, rac megrul-imerul-svanuri TurmeobiTebi, xolo SedgenilobiT msgavsia svan. III TurmeobiTisa. maSasadame, awmyos TurmeobiTis specifikuri warmoeba damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod megrul-imeruli... kiloebisaTvis, aramed Wanuri da svanuri kiloebisTvisac; e.w. IV seriis formebi saerToqarTveluri movlena Cans da ara romelime dialeqtis an dialeqturi jgufis kuTvnileba; Sdr.: varaudoben, rom na- prefiqsiani formebi qarTuli enis dasavlur dialeqtebSi megrulis gavleniT aris damkvidrebuli (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 146). amgvari azris gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi Zneli asaxsnelia no>na procesi. bgeraTSesatyvisobis cnobili kanonzomierebis safuZvelze ufro logikuria vivaraudoT piruku procesi: na>no; Sdr., agreTve, r.Serozias Tvalsazrisi: megr. no- prefiqsiani formebi mas Semdeg gaCnda, rac megruli da Wanuri erTmaneTs daSorda (r.Serozia, 2004, gv. 86).

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v.Tofurias azriT, sufiqsi `a egeb n. usrulis mawarmoebeli iyos” (v.Tofuria, 1967, gv.130). -in/-un sufiqsTa warmomavloba sakvlevia. specialistTa mier IV TurmeobiTad miCneuli formis yalibia: lH-ma + awmyos fuZe + un-e, an: lH-+ma + (awmyos fuZe) e + meSveli zmna. prefiqsebi yovelTvis saxezea, sufiqsebi ki _ ara. bz. lHmg@mUn xEi lHmg@mUn xi lHmg@mUn li

lnt. lHm@gem xEi `naSenebvar” lHm@gem xi `naSenebxar” lHm@gem li `naSeneba” (v.Tofuria, 1967, gv.134).

Teoriulad marTlac arsebobs albaToba imisa, rom megr. no- prefiqsiani yalibi iyos amosavali imer.-leCx.-raW. na- prefiqsiani formebisaTvis (am SemTxvevaSi na- prefiqsiani warmoeba megr. no- prefiqsiani formebis semantikuri kalkirebis Sedegad unda miviCnioT), magram aqve daismis svan. IV TurmeobiTisa da megr. III TurmeobiTis mimarTebis sakiTxic; megrulis uwinaresobis daSvebiT svan. lH- megr. no- prefiqsis fonetikuri varianti gamodis... vfiqrobT, svan. lH- momdinareobs la- prefiqsisgan, romelic saerToqarTveluri na-/sa-s ekvivalenti Cans (problema damatebiT kvlevas iTxovs). e.w. IV seriis formebis saerToqarTvelurad aRiarebas ar ewinaaRmdegeba is faqti, rom saliteraturo qarTulsa da aRm. dialeqtebSi msgavsi warmoebis formebi ar gvxvdeba. Sesabamis Sinaarss gadmoscems I TurmeobiTis mwkrivi, romelic konteqstis mixedviT imave mniSvnelobas aRniSnavs, rasac megr.-Wan.-imer.-svan. awmyos TurmeobiTebi. awmyos TurmeobiTis formaTa mixedviT Tanamedrove qarTveluri qvesistemebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: a) dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebuli qarTveluri kiloebi (megr., imer., leCx., raW., Wan., svan.), romlebic awmyos TurmeobiTis Sinaarss gansxvavebuli yalibiT aRniSnaven, b) samwignobro qarTuli da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebi, romlebsac awmyos TurmeobiTis specialuri forma ar gaaCniaT da saimisod I TurmeobiTs iyeneben. IV. sintaqsi msazRvrel-sazRvrulis urTierToba qarTvelur qvesistemebSi Tvisobrivad erTgvaria. Zvel qarTulSi atributuli msazRvreli sazRvruls eTanxmeboda brunvasa da ricxvSi. Tanamedrove saliteraturo enaSi sazRvruli brunvaSi iTanxmebs masTan dakavSirebul atributul msazRvrels, mgaram ricxvSi ver iTanxmebs. amasTan, gansxvavebulia xmovanfuZiani da TanxmovanfuZiani msazRvrelebis urTierToba sazRvrulTan: boloxmovniani msazRvreli fuZis saxiTaa warmodgenili (patara saxli, patara saxl-ma...), boloTanxmovniani msazRvreli ki brunvis niSans dairTavs (did-i saxl-i, did-ma saxl-ma...). 86

Zvel qarTulSi arcTu iSviaTad marTuli msazRvrelic eTanxmeboda sazRvruls brunvasa da ricxvSi: rebeka~si Zma~, kacisas grZnobas.. msazRvrel-sazRvrulis sintaqsuri damokidebuleba megrul-Wanur-svanurSi ZiriTadad erTnairia: atributuli msazRvreli (rogorc xmovanfuZiani, ise TanxmovanfuZiani) sazRvrulTan urTierTobisas ar icvleba brunvisa da ricxvis mixedviT, mag.: megr.: WiWe ZRabi, WiWe ZRabiq, WiWe ZRabis, WiWe ZRabiS(i), WiWe 68 ZRabiT(i), WiWe ZRabiT... Wan.: morderi WukaniTe "mozrdili qvabiT" (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 68-69; el. lomTaZe, 1954, gv. 210-211). svan.: fHri bale "wiTeli foToli", fHri bale-d, fHri bale-s, fHri balLmiS, fHri bale-ES, fHri bale-d... (a.oniani, 1998, gv.96)

msgavsi viTarebaa imer., leCx., gur., aWar., qarTl., kax., fer., livan... dialeqtebSic: imer.: didi ketis, bevri afxanikebs (q.ZoweniZe, 1973, gv.296); leCx.: sami baTmanma, sami baTmans (S.ZiZiguri, 1974, gv.174); aWar.: Teli sofelma, uncrosi Zmam (S.niJaraZe, 1961, gv.114); gur.: didi kacma, didi kacs (b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.536); qarTl.: beberi qalma, koWli gogom (gr.imnaiSvili, 1974, gv.234); kax.: mdidari kacsa, axali raions (a.martirosovi, gr.imnaiSvili, 1956, gv.124; fer.: Cemi amxanagebmac, kargi sauzmes (arn.Ciqobava, 1927, gv.215)...

marTuli msazRvreli megrul-Wanur-svanurSic naTesaobiT brunvaSi dgas: megr.: koCiS(i) Gude, koCiS(i) Gudeq... Wan.: bereS(i) nana, bereS(i) nanaq... svan.: B@ni(S) muW "xaris rqa", B@ni(S) muW-d, B@ni(S) muW-s, B@ni(S) muW-iS, B@ni(S) muWES, B@ni(S) muW-d (a.oniani, 1998, gv. 98). naT. brunvis niSani fonetikurad icvleba: oqro~ burTi (qarTl.), rkini~ kari (kax.), Toxi piri (imer.), koCi Gude (megr.) "kacis saxli", JeRi gezal (svan.) "ZaRlis Svili"... maWaxl.: Tofi xmaze (S.futkaraZe, 1993, gv.29). taouri: parxli qilisa (S.futkaraZe, 1993, gv.35).

postpoziciuri msazRvreli, Cveulebisamebr, dairTavs brunvis niSans: megr.: Gude koCiSi, Gudeq koCiSiq... Wan.: oxoriq jaSiq, oxoris jaSis... svan.: lusdgv@rs voqvr@S "nawnavebs oqrosas"...

v.Tofurias azriT, msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebisas arsebul erTgvarovan movlenebs erTnairi safuZveli aqvs, 68

megrul-WanurSi saxelobiTSi msazRvreli xSirad kargavs -i sufiqss da fuZis saxiTaa warmodgenili: did koC-i, did koCiq... Jur koCi "ori kaci", sum bee "sami bavSvi"...

87

kerZod: a) axalwarmoSobili erTnairi funqciis erTnairad gamoxatva enaSi arsebuli saSualebebiT; b) enis tendencia rTuli formebis gamartivebisaken da g) enis tendencia sxvadasxva formis gaerTformianebisaken, unifikaciisaken (v.Tofuria, 1954, gv.455). martivi winadadebis struqtura qarTul saliteraturo enaSi qvemdebare-Semasmenlis urTierTobas gansazRvravs gardamavloba-gardauvaloba (pirdapiri obieqtis arseboba): Tu Semasmenlad gardauvali zmnaa, masTan Sewyobili qvemdebare saxelobiT brunvaSia; gardamaval zmna-SemsmenelTan dakavSirebuli qvemdebare ki brunvacvalebadia: I seriaSi saxelobiTSia, II seriaSi moTxrobiTSi, mesameSi - micemiTSi. aRniSnuli sintaqsuri wesi qarTvelur kiloebSi, garda megrul-Wanurisa, ZiriTadad daculia. megrulSi qvemdebare yovelTvis moTxrobiTSi dgas II seriis formebTan (zmnis gardamavloba-gardauvalobis miuxedavad). WanurSi ki mniSvneloba aqvs gardamavlobas: Tu zmna gardamavalia, masTan dakavSirebuli qvemdebare yvela seriaSi moTxrobiTSi iqneba. Wanuris msgavsi SemTxvevebi SeniSnulia aWarulSi: xelmwifem klavs; qajebma saCeCeliT deeCxliten... (a.kiziria, 1982, gv.105). agreTve livanurSi: ise ityvian Zvelebma (S.futkaraZe, 1993, gv.21). moTxrobiTSi dasmuli qvemdebare saxelobiTis nacvlad gardauvali zmnis II seriis formebTan, garda megrulisa, gvxvdeba imer., leCx., raW., gur., aWar., imerx., maWaxl., qarTl., kax., fer. dialeqtebSi: qv.imer.: xpom geekida jors; leCx.: am qalma dafiqrda; gur.: mevida saRamos devma; aWar.: adga am dedaberma; qarTl.: diliT colma adga; kax.: im biWebma gavidnen kaloze; fer.: mo~da qerimxanma; imerx.: bebrma mivida faSasTan... (a.kiziria, 1982, gv.103-105); daTvma gamomesxrika (S.futkaraZe, 1993, gv.29).

msgavsi faqtebi iSviaTad dadasturebulia Zvel qarTulSi: gardamoBdes mRdelman aRsavalsa sakurTxevelisasa; madlman Senman Semewios; mamaman maTman qsenefore warvida... (a.SaniZe, iv.imnaiSvili, z.sarjvelaZe, a.kiziria). ganxilul sintaqsur movlenasac "saerTo safuZveli uZevs" (v.Tofuria, 1954, gv.455). 88

kiTxviTi winadadebis struqtura Zveli qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kiTxviTi -a nawilakiani konstruqcia (gnebavsa?) met-naklebad daculia qarTvelur dialeqtebSi: arqauli -a nawilaki Tanamedrove saliteraturo enaSi daikarga, daculia dialeqtebSi: xevsurulSi, fSaurSi, mTiulurSi, TuSurSi, herulSi, raWulSi, megrulSi, svanurSi... iSviaTad dasturdeba: imerxeulSi, livanurSi, taourSi, mag.: imerx.: inegols Sigan xara? aqevrobas cnobilobsa? (S.futkaraZe, 1993, gv.11); livan.: tanze rasa vicvamTa? (S.futkaraZe, 1993, gv.18)... svan.: anRria? "modis?"; aSid xaria? "cocxali xar?" (a.kiziria, 1982, gv.65). -a nawilakis fonetikuri Sesatyvisia megruli -o69: Tena va(g)iCquno? "es ar ici?", Teure meurqo? "iqiT midixar?"

V. leqsika qarTveluri kiloebis leqsikuri fondis ZiriTadi nawili saerToqarTveluria. megruli dialeqtis leqsikis umTavres nawils qmnis saerToqarTveluri sityvebi (saliteraturo qarTulis formaTa identuri, an kidev fonetikurad saxecvlili variantebi). sakuTriv dialeqturi leqsikuri erTeulebis xvedriTi wili SedarebiT naklebia. identur formaTa raodenoba Zalze bevria, magaliTad: adre, zRva, ca, cxeni, kari, dro, xani, wami, wamali, Zala, Rone, wesi, wirva, xareba, mdidari, Raribi, qoneba, Sara, SeZena, Secodeba, Sewuxeba, dabadeba, xeloba, wadili, ZRveni, SiSi, Sori, wynari, swori, didi, mware, ezo, Wiri, Wkua, tvini, kvali, mxare, kari, ezo, didi, kiseri... udavoa, CamoTvlili sityvebi saerToqarTveluri warmomavlobisaa da uZveles leqsikur fonds ganekuTvneba. aRniSnulma leqsemebma dRemde SeinarCunes Tavdapirveli saxe (rogorc forma, ise semantika). mkvlevarTa nawili samwignobro enis identuri leqsikuri erTeulebis arsebobas megrulSi saliteraturo enis gavleniT xsnis: isini an nasesxebia samwignobro enidan, an 69

WanurSi am funqciiT -i nawilaki gamoiyeneba: si va ganjieni? "Sen ar geZineba?"; xatije moxTui? "xatije movida?" (Sdr. afxazuri -i nawilaki).

89

kidev saxecvlilia saliteraturo qarTulis saTanado masalasTan Seguebis (adaptaciis) procesSi (g.rogava, 1960, gv.161-168). vfiqrobT, arasworia maTi nasesxeb (qarTuli saliteraturo enidan) sityvebad miCneva (sesxeba, rogorc wesi, ucxo enobriv sistemebs Soris xdeba). megrul-Wanursvanuri saerToerovnul enasTan iseTsave mimarTebaSia, rogorc qarTluri, kaxuri, imeruli... dialeqtebi. amave dros megruls Semonaxuli aqvs uamravi iseTi sityvaforma, romelic Tanamedrove samwignobro enas daukargavs, magram gvxvdeba Zvel werilobiT ZeglebSi; mag.: megr. wilua ”mokrefa, mowyveta” (Sdr. Zv. qarT. mowilva ”xilis krefa”); megr. winda ”WuWyi” (Sdr. Zv. qarT. wida ”WuWyi”); megr.-Wan. gubua/gibua ”xarSva” (Sdr. Zv. qarT. gboba ”xarSva”)... megr. wikua ”dasvra, gaWuWyianeba” (Sdr. Zv.qarT. mwik ”WuWyi”); megr. kurTa ”qveda sacvali” (Sdr. kvarTi ”zeda tansacmeli, grZeli perangi”)... saerToqarTvelur leqsikur erTeulTa mniSvnelovani nawili saxecvlilia formobrivad da semantikurad. fonetikuri cvlileba SeiZleba iyos poziciuri (kombinatoruli) da istoriuli (bgeraTSesatyvisobani). Zireul, arqaul masalas umTavresad ganekuTvneba naTesauri urTierTobis, sxeulis nawilebis, cxovelebis, frinvelebis, mcenareebis, bunebrivi movlenebis, dro-Jamis aRmniSvneli leqsika. agreTve, ricxviTi saxelebi, nacvalsaxelebi, zedsarTavi saxelebi, zmnebi. saerToqarTvelur Zir-fuZeTa analizi warmodgenilia arn.Ciqobavas, v.Tofurias, h.fenrixis, z.sarjvelaZis, r.abaSias, m.Cuxuas da sxvaTa naSromebSi. warmodgenili masala naTlad warmoaCens qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa sistemur erTgarobas. am donis enobrivi msgavseba mxolod erTi enis dialeqtebs Soris, anu erT sistemaSi Semaval qvesistemebs Soris SeiZleba iyos. qarTvelur dialeqtebSi ar gvaqvs iseTi fonetikurmorfologiur-sintaqsuri movlena, romelsac analogi saliteraturo enasa da sxva dialeqtebSi ar hqondes. amdenad, megrul-lazur-svanuri wminda lingvisturi (fonetikur-morfologiur-sintaqsur-leqsikuri...) niSnebiTac warmoadgens dialeqtebs da ara enebs. 90

qarTvelur kiloTa Soris arsebuli enobrivi msgavseba-igiveobis fonze ramdenad mizanSewonilia megrullazur-svanuri metyvelebebis danarCeni qarTuli qvesistemebisagan gamoTiSva/gancalkeveba "qarTveluri enebis" saxeliT. monaTesave enebs Soris, rogorc wesi, sxva donis mimarTebebia (Sdr. qarTuli da afxazuri enebi...). qarTveluri qvesistemebi, ra Tqma unda, garkveuli TaviseburebebiTac xasiaTdeba (gansakuTrebiT svanuri kiloebi); magram arsebuli gansxvavebebi/ cvlilebebi ar aris im rangisa, rom axali enobrivi sistemis warmoqmnis safuZvlad miviCnioT. qarTvelur dialeqtTa Taviseburebani unda ganvixiloT qarTuli enis saerTo sistemasTan mimarTebiT da ara calke, izolirebulad. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom msgavsi enobrivi struqturis mqone erTeulebi arcTu iSviaTad damoukidebel enebad ganixileba (mag., rusuli, ukrainuli da belorusuli; ruminuli da moldovuri, serbuli, xorvatuli da slovenuri...)70 anu: sistemuri msgavseba-gansxvaveba ar aris sakmarisi piroba monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa statusis dasadgenad. sistemuri erTgvarobis garda mniSvnelovania, aseve, eTnikuri, kulturuli da saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri faqtorebi. qarTvelur enobriv samyaroSi am mxrivac yvelaferi imaze metyvelebs, rom qarTvelebi, rogorc erTi civilizebuli eTnosi, mravali saukunea erTi dedaeniT vqmniT kulturas da erTi erovnuli ena gvaqvs saxelmwifo enad. yvela piroba gvaqvs vTqvaT: megrul-lazur-svanuri metyvelebebi "danarCeni qarTuli kiloebisagan ar gansxvavdeba imaze metad, vidre germanuli, franguli, italiuri, arabuli, somxuri, Cinuri enebis dialeqtebi erTmaneTisagan" (T.gvancelaZe, 2006, gv.10). udavo faqtia, erTiani qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibeba-formirebaSi megrel-laz-svanebi iseve monawileobdnen, rogorc danarCeni kuTxis qarTvelebi. megrul-Wanur-svanuris 70

Sdr.: msoflioSi uamravi enaa, romelTa dialeqtebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian fonetikur, morfologiur, sintaqsur da leqsikur-semantikur doneze, magram mainc dialeqtebad ganixileba da ara damoukidebel enebad (mag., germanuli, arabuli, franguli, italiuri, sparsuli...).

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"umwerlobo enebad" gamocxadeba istoriis gayalbeba ufroa, vidre (enaT)mecnieruli WeSmariteba! garda amisa, kuTxuri metyvelebebis enebad gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi dgeba misi matarebeli sociumis, sazogadoebis statusis sakiTxic. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom ena da eri urTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebia: ena aqvs ers (nacias, xalxs), xolo dialeqti (kilo) - am eris calkeul jgufebs (Temebs). "miuxedavad eTnografiuli Taviseburebebisa da enobrivi sistemis variantTa (dialeqtTa) simravlisa, qarTvelur sinamdvileSi ar warmoqmnila arc erebi da arc enebi, - enas qmnis xalxi, magram aseve ena ayalibebs ers... arc saliteraturo enisagan gansxvavebuli sistema Camoyalibebula (r.Serozia, 2007, gv.391). yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrobT, ufro logikuria qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro erTian sistemad ganvixiloT: arsebobs erTi erovnuli ena (erTi enobrivi sistema) da aTeulobiT misi varianti (saliteraturo ena da dialeqtebi). P. S. vis sWirdeba qarTvelur dialeqtTa mecnierulad dausabuTebeli iseTi klasifikacia, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi SeduRabebul qarTvelTa erTian enobriv-eTnikur organizms danawileba-daqucmacebis safrTxes uqmnis? damowmebuli literatura

r.abaSia, bgeraTSesatyvisobis axalgamovlenili rigisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I: arn. Ciqobavas sax. enaTmecnierebis institutis 62-e samecniero sesiis masalebi, 2003. r.abaSia, bgeraTSesatyvisobis axalgamovlenili rigisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, II: qarTvelologiuri krebuli, III, Tb., 2006. a.arabuli, mesame seriis nakvTeulTa warmoeba da mniSvneloba Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1984. ir.asaTiani, -ere sufiqsiani TurmeobiTi megrulSi, ike, XVII, Tb., 1970. ir.asaTiani, -r sufiqsis kvali megrul zmnaSi, ike, XVIII, Tb., 1973. g.axvlediani, zogadi da qarTuli enis fonetikis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1938. l.baramiZe, pirveli TurmeobiTis warmoebis zogi Tavisebureba qarTuli enis mTis kiloebSi: Tsu Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, XX, Tb., 1977.

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k.gabunia, brunvaTa sistemebi qarTvelur enebSi, sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferati, Tb., 1998. T.gamyreliZe, sibilantTa Sesatyvisobani da qarTvelur enaTa uZvelesi struqturis zogi sakiTxi, Tb., 1959. T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur enebSi, Tb., 1965. b.gigineiSvili, z.sarjvelaZe, nanaTesaobiTari mimarTulebiTisa da nanaTesaobiTari daniSnulebiTis adgili Zv. qarTulisa da qarTveluri enebis brunvaTa sistemaSi: mravalTavi, VI, Tb., 1978. e.dadiani, kavSirebiTis formebi megrulSi (sxva qarTvelur qvesistemebTan mimarTebiT), sakandidato disertacia, Tb., 2001. e.dadiani, H bgeris distribuciisaTvis megrulSi: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XXVI, Tb., 2007. g.Tofuria, moqmedebiTi brunvis istoriisaTvis: macne, #3, Tb., 1997. v. Tofuria, kvlav umlautisaTvis svanurSi, tum, t. 8, 1928. v.Tofuria, brunebis sistemisaTvis svanurSi sxva qarTvelur enaTa brunebasTan SedarebiT: saq. akad. moambe, t.V, #3, Tb., 1944. v.Tofuria, gramatikul movlenaTa erTgvarovani procesi qarTvelur enebSi: ike, VI, Tb., 1954. v.Tofuria, naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvis daboloebani: saxelTa brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956. v.Tofuria, viTarebiTi brunvis daboloebis sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi: saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956. v.Tofuria, svanuri ena, zmna: Sromebi, I, Tb., 1967. v.Tofuria, Sromebi, III, Tb., 1979. v.Tofuria, svanuri ena, Sromebi, II, Tb., 2002. i.imnaiSvili, saxelTa brunva da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957. i.imnaiSvili, v.imnaiSvili, zmna Zvel qarTulSi, I-II nawili, mainis frankfurti, 1996. gr.imnaiSvili, umlauti ingilourSi: ike, V, Tb., 1953. gr.imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis ingilouri dialeqtis Taviseburebani, Tb., 1966. gr.imnaiSvili, qarTluri dialeqti, Tb., 1974. n.imnaZe, zanuri enis megruli dialeqtis bgeriTi Sedgeniloba, Tb., 1981. g.kartozia, kavSirebiTTa warmoebisaTvis megrulSi: Tsu studentTa samecniero Sromebis krebuli, #8, 1958.

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g.kartozia, megrulis ni (<*ini) `rom" kavSiris genezisisaTvis: qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, VI, Tb., 1996. g.kartozia, lazuri ena da misi adgili qarTvelur enaTa sistemaSi, Tb., 2005. v.kaxaZe, meoTxe seriis mwkrivTa warmoeba dialeqtebSi: qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi, Tb., 1972. o.kaxaZe, okribulis Taviseburebani, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, VI, Tb., 1954. o.kaxaZe, awmyos TurmeobiTis Sesaxeb qarTlurSi: kreb. arnold Ciqobavas, Tb., 1979. a.kiziria, martivi winadadebis Sedgeniloba qarTvelur enebSi, Tb., 1982. b.kikviZe, moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis genezisisaTvis qarTulSi, komunisturi aRzrdisaTvis, 1960, #2. l.kiknaZe, pirveli seriis mwkrivTa warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi: Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, XXXB-XXXIB, Tb., 1947. m.kobaiZe, mTiuluris zogi Tavisebureba, sadisertacio naSromi, Tb., 1990. k.kublaSvili, qarTuli enis qvemoimeruli dialeqti, Tb., 1985. v. kuzibabaSvili, xmovanTa sistema ingilourSi: macne, 4, Tb., 1991 q.lomTaTiZe, -q sufiqsisaTvis megrul zmnaSi: ike, I, Tb., 1946. q.lomTaTiZe, damokidebul winadadebaTa erT Tavisebureaba zog qarTul dialeqtSi, I, Tb., 1946. a. lomTaZe, saxelTa brunebis istoriisaTvis megrulSi, Tb., 1987. el.lomTaZe, msazRvrel-sazRvrulis urTierToba megrulSi, ike, VI, Tb., 1954. m.margvelaSvili, mwkrivTa warmoeba megrulSi, sakandidato disertacia, Tb., 1982. a.martirosovi, micemiTi da naTesaobiTi brunvebis warmoeba da funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi: saxelTa brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956. a.martirosovi, Cemda, Senda... tipis nacvalsaxelTa warmoeba da funqciebi qarTvelur enebSi, ike, t. XI, 1959. a.martirosovi, qarTuli enis javaxuri dialeqti, Tb., 1984. g.maWavariani, brunebis erTi tipis genezisisaTvis svanurSi, Tsu Sromebi, t. 93, 1960. g.maWavariani, xmovanTa sistemis daxasiaTebisaTvis svanurSi (balszemouri dialeqtis mixedviT), Tb., 1963. g.maWavariani, saerTo-qarTveluri konsonanturi sistema, Tb., 1965.

g.maWavariani, qarTvelur enaTa diaqroniuli fonologiis zogierTi sakiTxi: Tbilisis universiteti giorgi axvledians, Tb., 1969. g.maWavariani, umlautis istoriidan svanurSi: ike, XVII, Tb., 1970. g.maWavariani, brunebis zogierTi sakiTxi svanurSi ike, XXIII, 1985. g.maWavariani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatika, Tb., 2002. i.megreliZe, micemiTi brunvis niSnisa da mesame piris subieqturi niSnis saxecvlileba gurulSi: Tsu Sromebi, VI, Tb., 1937. n.naTaZe, mesame seriis dro-kiloTa warmoebisaTvis qarTulSi: ike, VII, Tb., 1955. n.naTaZe, myofadisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi: qess, t. II, Tb., 1961. S.niJaraZe, zemoaWarulis Taviseburebani, baTumi, 1957. a.oniani, grZeli xmovnebis sakiTxisaTvis svanurSi: ike, XIII, Tb., 1962. a.oniani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1989. a.oniani, svanuri ena, Tb., 1998. s.JRenti, svanuri enis fonetikis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1949. s.JRenti, Wanur-megrulis fonetika, Tb., 1953. g.rogava, aoristisa da kavSirebiTi meoris zog afiqsTa genezisisaTvis -ev sufiqsTan dakavSirebiT qarTulsa da megrulSi: saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. VI, #8, 1945. g.rogava, qarTvelur enaTa bgeraTSesatyvisobidan: megr. r : qarT. g: saq. mecn. akad. moambe, t.X, #8, Tb., 1949. g.rogava, dro-kiloTa meoTxe jgufis nakvTebi qarTvelur enebSi: ike, Tb., 1953. g.rogava, qarTvelur enaTa bgeraTSesatyvisobidan: qarT. r : megr. j: qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, I, Tb., 1959. g.rogava, bgeraTSesatyvisobaTa darRvevis SemTxvevisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi: ike, XII, Tb., 1960. g.rogava, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli fonetikis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1962. g.rogava, qarT. e, zan. i xmovanTa Sesabamisobis axsnisaTvis: Tsu Sromebi, t. 164, 1975. T.uTurgaiZe, saxelobiTi brunvis -i sufiqsis SexorcebisaTvis adamianTa saxelebSi, ike, XXIV, Tb., 1985. T.uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis mTis kiloTa zogi Tavisebureba, Tb., 1965. T.uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis mTis kiloTa vokalizmi: metyvelebis analizisa da sinTezis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1969. T.uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura,Tb., 1976.

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T.uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis saxelis morfonologiuri analizi, Tb., 1986. m.faRava, H samxrul kiloebSi: XXIV respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesiis masalebi, Tb., 2004. h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, T., 2000. t.futkaraZe, saerToqarTveluri a-s zanuri refleqsebi, ike-s weliwdeuli, XVII, Tb., 1990. t.futkaraZe, palatalizebuli xmovnebi qarTvelur enebSi, rogorc superstratuli gavlenebis Sedegi: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, VI, Tb., 1997. t.futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis xmovanTa sistema, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1998. t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani, da-/do- zmniswini megrulSi: arn.Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis 62-e samecniero sesiis masalebi, Tb., 2003. t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi, 2005. S.futkaraZe, qarTuli enis samxrul-dasavluri dialeqtebis Taviseburebani istoriuli tao-klarjeTisa da muhajiri qarTvelebis metyvelebis mixedviT, sadoqt. disertacia, Tb., 1995. m.qaldani, svanuri enis laxamuluri kilokavis fonetikuri Taviseburebani: ike, VII, Tb., 1955. m.qaldani, svanuri enis fonetika, I, Tb., 1969. m.qaldani, umlautis sistema svanurSi: svanuri enis fonetika, I, Tb., 1969. i.qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis moxeuri dialeqti, Tb., 1985. n.quTelia, lazuris fonematuri struqtura, Tb., 2005. c.qurcikiZe, orpiriani vnebiTi gvaris zmnebis III seriis mwkrivTa warmoebisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi: saq. mecn akad. moambe, t.30, #2, Tb., 1963. a.SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1973. a.SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976. a.SaniZe, umlauti svanurSi: Txzulebani, t. II, Tb., 1981. T.SaraZeniZe, moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvebis warmoeba da funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi: saxelTa brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956. T.SaraZeniZe, açe procesisaTvis svanurSi, ike-s weliwdeuli, VI, Tb., 1979. T.SaraZeniZe, svanur-qarTul-zanuri Sesatyvisobis zogierTi sakiTxi: iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, XXX, Tb., 1991. v.Sengelia, qarT J : zan. Jg SesatyvisobisaTvis: prof g.rogavas dabadebidan 90 wlisasdmi miZRvnili saiubileo sesia, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, 1996.

r.Serozia, no- prefiqsian TurmeobiTebTan dakavSirebuli zogi sakiTxisaTvis megrulSi: qarTvelologiuri krebuli, III, Tb., 2004. r.Serozia, qarTveluri saliteraturo enisa da sulxan-sabas "sityvis konis" zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XI, quTaisi, 2007. arn.Ciqobava, grZeli xmovnebi mTiulurSi: tf. universitetis moambe, #4, 1924. arn.Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, tf., 1936. arn. Ciqobava, mimarTulebiTi brunvis mniSvnelobisa, warmoebisa da istoriisaTvis: enimkis moambe, I, Tb., 1937. arn.Ciqobava, Wanuri myofadis warmoebisaTvis: saq. mecn. akademiis moambe, t. V (1), Tb., 1944. arn.Ciqobava, ergatiuli konstruqciis problema, I, Tb., 1948. arn.Ciqobava, awmyos fuZis warmoqmnis istoriisaTvis: ike, XIV, Tb., 1964. arn.Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni, tf., 1938. arn.Ciqobava, mimarTulebiTi brunvis mniSvnelobisa, warmoebisa da istoriisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi; saxelTa brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956. arn.Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1979. m.Cuxua, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 20002003 q.ZoweniZe, zemoimeruli kilokavi, Tb., 1973. a.WinWarauli, xevsurulis Taviseburebani, Tb., 1960. z.WumburiZe, myofadi qarTvelur enebSi, Tb., 1986. b.jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1989. b.jorbenaZe, qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebi, Tb., 1995. b.jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, II, Tb., 1998. И.Кипшидзе, Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) языка с хрестоматией и словарем, С.Пб., 1914: i.yifSiZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, Tb., 1994. Г.Климов, Склонение в картвельских языках сраинительноисторическом аспекте, Москва, 1962.

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eka dadiani kidev erTxel qarTvelur ena-kiloTa dajgufebis Sesaxeb qarTvelTa enobrivi samyaros Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi arsebuli mosazrebebi or ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba davyoT: a) erTi ena, aTeulobiT dialeqti: qarTuli (qarTveluri) enobrivi samyaro, iseve rogorc qarTveli eri, erTiania; qarTvelTa erovnuli ena qarTuli ena warmoadgens erTian sistemas, romelic qvesistemebis saxiT moicavs qarTul saliteraturo enasa da calkeul kuTxeTa metyvelebebs/dialeqtebs, maT Soris megrul-lazur da svanur kiloebs. qarTvelTa erTi enis Teoria safuZvels iRebs saistorio qarTuli mwerlobidan ("qarTlis cxovreba"); qarTvelTa erTi enas asaxeleben Zveli Tu axali Taobis mkvlevrebi: i. giuldenStedti, fr. alteri, m. brose, r. erkerti... p. Waraia, s. xundaZe... t. futkaraZe, T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, m. naWyebia...). b) ramdenime ena, aTeulobiT dialeqti: qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro Sedgeba sami/oTxi enisgan: qarTuli, megruli/lazuri, svanuri. TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens calke enobriv sistemas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Sedgeba qvesistemebisagan/dialeqtebisagan. maTgan damwerloba sakuTriv "qarTuls" aqvs, megrul-lazur-svanuri ki "umwerlobo qarTveluri enebia". es mosazreba saTaves iRebs XIX saukunis meore naxevridan, gabatonebuli mosazreba iyo sabWoTa periodSi da dRes mas iziarebs enaTmecnierTa arc Tu mcire nawili. monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa dajgufeba sxvadasxva kriteriumis mixedvit xdeba (istoriul-eTnografiuli, geografiul-teritoriuli, lingvisturi, saliteraturo enasTan siSore-siaxlove da sxv.). Cveni azriT, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa kvalifikacia-klasifikaciisas ufro adekvatur Sedegebs iZleva e.w. sistemurobis principi, romelsac am bolo periodSi aqtiurad iyenebs prof. revaz Serozia. sistemurobis principisTvis arsebiTia enobriv TaviseburebaTa Tvisobrivi cvaleba: eqobrivi qvesistema (dialeqti) damoukidebel sistemad (enad) maSin iqceva, roca raodenobrivi sxvaobebi gadadis TvisebrivSi. Cvens SemTxvevaSi:

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megrul-lazur-svanurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli enobrivi (fonetikuri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri, leqsikuri) niSnebi ZiriTadad saerToa qarTuli saliteraturo enisa da sxva dialeqtebisa (erTgvarovani enobrivi movlenebi qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi gaanalizebulia p.Waraias, arn.Ciqobavas, v.Tofurias, S.ZiZiguris, g.rogavas, a.kizirias, o.kaxaZis, b.jorbenaZis da sxvaTa naSromebSi). moxsenebaSi konkretulad ganvixilavT qarTveluri enakiloebis masalas, aq ki zogad suraTs warmovadgenT: 1. qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi fonematuri struqtura arsebiTad identuria: Tvisobrivad erTnairia sametyvelo bgerebi (rogorc paradigmatuli, ise sintagmaturi TvalsazrisiT); saerToa bgeraTcvlilebis kanonzomierebebi (xmovanTkompleqsTa transformacia, asimilacia, disimilacia, metaTezisi...); bgeraTSesatyvisobis saxeliT cnobili bgeraTmimarTebebi sporadulad sxva dialeqtebSic vlindeba. 2. qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi Tvisobrivad erTgvaria brunvaTa sistema. 3. qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi Tvisobrivad erTgvaria zmnuri sistema (pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi; ZiriTad mwkrivTa warmoeba, zmnuri yalibebi...). 4. qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi Tvisobrivad erTgvaria msazRvrel-sazRvrulis urTierToba, martivi winadadebis struqtura... 5. qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi Tvisobrivad erTgvaria leqsika; kerZod, megrulis leqsikis didi nawili sxva qarTveluri qvesistemebis identuri an fonetikurad saxecvlilia; lazurisa da svanuris leqsikas ufro etyoba ucxo enebis gavlena. yvela qarTveluri qvesistema garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba (gansakuTrebiT - svanuri kiloebi); cvlilebebi meoreuli, gviandeli movlenebia, amave dros, ar aris im rangisa, rom axali enobrivi sistemis warmoqmnis safuZvlad ganvixiloT; Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT, qarTveluri enobrivi samyarosTvis ufro argumentirebuli Cans mosazreba: erTi erovnuli ena (erTi enobrivi sistema) da aTeulobiT misi varianti (saliteraturo ena da dialeqtebi). nakleblogikuria, rom qarTvelTa mravalsaukunovan erovnul enas gavuTanabroT romelime kuTxuri metyveleba.

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luiza xaWapuriZe iakob gogebaSvili qarTvelTa saTemo kiloebis Sesaxeb ena-dialeqtis mimarTeba erT-erTi sacilobeli sakiTxia enaTmecnierebaSi. enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna, SeiZleba iTqvas, dReisaTvis gadauWrel problemad rCeba. 2000 wels saqarTvelo miuerTda evrosabWos dokumentebs: "evropuli qartia regionaluri da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb" da "CarCo konvencias erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb"; Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi ufro aqtualuri gaxda eTnikuri da enobrivi umciresobebis Tema. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situaciis is aRwerebi, romlebic sabWoTa periodis politizebuli sqemebis gavleniT gavrcelda saerTaSoriso qselSi, qarTvelTa did nawils (megrelebs, svanebs, mesxebs, lazebs, aWarlebs...) umwignobro eTnikur umciresobebad acxadebs. iribad Tu pirdapir am problemas ukavSirdeba qarTvelur ena-kiloTa kvalifikaciis Tema. niSandoblivia, rom Tanamedrove qarTvel enaTmecnierTa wreSi cxare kamaTia am problemis garSemo. kamaTis procesSi sadavo gaxda qarTvel klasikosTa mosazrebebic; mag, mokamaTe orive mxare saTavisod imowmebs didi erovnuli moRvawis iakob gogebaSvilis nawerebs. Cveni dRevandeli moxsenebis Temad swored "dedaenis" avtoris enobrivi koncefcia avirCieT. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelur ena-kiloTa statusis Sesaxeb aqtiuri diskusia daiwyo saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiis damkvidrebis Semdeg; kerZod, XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi ruseTis imperiis moxeleebi sakmaod daufaravad acxadebdnen, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo da qarTveli eri ar arsebobs. arian mxolod sxvadasxva tomebi: qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, imerlebi, svanebi, megrelebi, raWvelebi, gurulebi, aWarlebi da a.S. maT erTmaneTTan Zalian mcire aqvT saerTo, isini sxvadasxva enebisa da tradiciebis mqone 100

xalxebia71 (am „"damoukidebel’’ xalxebs" ki Tavs axvevdnen imperiul enasa da kulturas). mefis ruseTis "gaTiSe da ibatones" politikas win aRudgnen qarTveli sazogado moRvaweni; xma aRimaRles farTo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebmac. iakob gogebaSvilma qarTveluri enobrivi samyros Sedgenilobasa da qarTveluri idiomebis statusis sakiTxs ramdenime naSromi miuZRvna. misi werilebi ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo caristul-imperiuli enobriv-eTnikuri diversiis winaaRmdeg; i. gogebaSvilTan "mTavari ena", "deda ena" erovnuli enisa da saliteraturo qarTuli enis sinonimebia; rogorc wesi, termini "ena" gamoyenebulia rogorc eTnosis/erovnebis enis (qarTuli ena, rusuli ena, franguli, somxuri...) aRsaniSnavad: "yovels ers aqvs mTavari ena, romelic saerTo saunjes Seadgens am eris yvela nawilisaTvis da iwodeba mis dedaenad" (ena da kilo, 1902)72... ”rusuli ena ki unda iswavlebodes, rogorc calke sagani... saSualo saswavleblebSi... nemecursa da franguls enas mowafeni rigianad vera swavloben”73... ”aRar gaixseno Seni urTierToba deda-qveyanasTana, ilaparake mxolod Sens Sinaur kilozed, zurgi Seaqcie Sens mTavars deda-enasa"74... ”samegrelosa da svaneTis skolebidan deda-ena unda iqnas gamoricxuli, radgan aq xalxi adgilobrivs kilokavebsa xmarobso?.. somex xalxsac mTavaris somxuris garda aqvT provincialuri enebic, magaliTad, zokuri, romelnic ise ganirCevian maTi deda-enisagan, rom bevrgan bavSvebs Zilier uWirT am ukanasknelis gageba. miuxedavad

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Sdr.: caristuli ruseTis imperiis mesveurTa azriT, qarTvelebi „ers“ ver Seadgenen, ara aqvT erTiani erovnuli ena, erTiani samwignobro kultura da mxolod provinciuli "Temebis grovas warmoadgenen", gogebaSvili, 1990g 72 gogebaSvili, 1990g, gv. 516-518. 73 saarako gadaTqma; ”iveria”, 1903; gogebaSvili, 1990a gv.473-480. 74 antipedagogiuri jiutoba "kolxidis” pedagogisa, gaz. "saxalxo gazeTi", 1911; gogebaSvili, 1990b, gv. 293-300.

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amisa, yvela somxurs skolebSi ixmarebian saxelmZRvaneloni literaturul deda-enaze”“ (1903)75. Tanamedrove qarTulis msgavsad, iakob gogebaSvilis nawerebSic, iSviaTad, termini "ena" gamoyenebulia metyvelebis, "sasaubro enis" mniSvnelobiTac da igulisxmeba kilo-kavi, Tumca, rogorc wesi, "dedaenis" avtoris SromebSi xalxuri metyvelebis mniSvnelobiT ZiriTadia termini "kilo". iakob gogebaSvilma enisa da kilos sakiTxs sagangebo werilic miuZRvna: "ena da kilo", romelic amave saTauriT jer daibeWda 1902 wels gazeT "iveriaSi"“ da 1903 wels v. gunias "saqarTvelos kalendarSi"; saTauriT: "boroti wadili samegrelos Sesaxeb" Tavad avtorma Seitana 1903 wels gamocemul Tavis "rCeuli pedagogiuri da publicisturi nawerebis” I tomSi (statia "ena da kilo"“ix. danarTSi); aqve warmogidgenT mcire amonaridebs am da i. gogebaSvilis sxva statiebidan, saidanac naTlad Cans misi enobrivi koncefcia: ”yvela skolebSi swavleba mowyobilia deda-enazed da adgilobriv kiloebs xmaroben asaxsnelad da gansamartavad im saerTo sityvebisa, romelnic adgilobriv bavSvebs kargad ar esmiT. am saxiT efineba mTels xalxSi deda-enis sruli codna... aseTi wesia evropaSi, amerikaSi da yvela kulturuls qveynebSi... aseTi gonivruli wesi iyo Cvens saqarTveloSiac mas ukan, rac qristianoba miiRo Cvenma erma. vin moifiqrebda, Tu am gonivruls wessa mowinaaRmdegeni gamouCndebodnen Cvens saqarTveloSi... magram mxolod CvenSi da sxvagan arsad... ar aRmoCenila imisTana Wkua-mokle da ukuRmarTi adamiani, romelsac eTqvas, skolebSi swavleba Temur kiloebze unda iyos da ara deda-enazeo. CvenSi ki aRmoCndnen imisTana WkuiT glaxakni, romelTac gabedes da warmosTqves, rom samegrelosa da svaneTis skolebidgan deda-ena unda iqmnas gamoricxuli, radgan aq xalxi adgilobriv kiloebs xmarobso.

... Cven yvelam wminda movaleobad unda davsaxoT mtkiced dacva da aRorZineba qarTulis deda-enisa samegrelosa da svaneTis eklesiaSi da skolaSi” (srulad ix., danarTSi). “"megrelebi Seadgenen qarTvelTa Stosa. sxva qarTvelebisagan bevriT arafriT gansxvavdebian, marto eniT arian cotaTi gancalkevebulni, magram Ziri da cxra meaTedi megruli enisa sul qarTulia. Rrma mcodneni qarTulis enisa megrelebs Soris ufro bevrni moipovebian, vidre sxva qarTvelebSi"; magram iqve vkiTxulobT: "...maT Tavis saliteraturo enad miiCnies qarTuli ena, provinciul kilos ki mxolod SinaurobaSi xmarobdnen"... an “"am 15 wlis widad samoswavlo biurokratiam moiwadina samegrelo moewyvitna da ganecalkavebia saqarTvelosgan. daiwyo xmamaRali RaRadisi, megrelebi qarTvelebi ar arian, sakuTari ena aqvTo; Seadgenina aSordia-ganSordiebs megruli anbani... am sakiTxis Taobaze me davwere werili, romelic moTavsebulia Cems ”rCeuli nawerebis” krebulSi saTauriT ”boroti wadili samegrelos Sesaxeb” (antipedagogiuri jiutoba ”kolxidis” pedagogisa, gaz. ”saxalxo gazeTi”, 1911)76; „”marTlac, ras warmoadgens megrelis tipi, Tu ara qarTvels? ras warmoadgens megruli ena, Tu ara odnav Secvlil qarTuls. pravansuli ena bevrad ufro daSorebulia frangulisagan, vinem megruli 77 qarTulisagan” “”am provinciebs TavianTi Tavi mudam, uxsovari droidan, saqarTvelos nawilebad miaCndaT da qarTuli ena TavianT deda enad swamdaT. mwerlobaSic imasa xmarobdnen administraciaSica da samarTalSiac. Sinaur miwermowerasac ki da savaWro dafTrebs qarTulad awarmoeben qarTulis anbaniTa... megrelebi da svanebi xSirad laparakoben TavianT saxlSi TavianTebur kiloze, maSasadame, qarTuli ar unda vaswavloT imaTo, magram gana somxebi, osebi, TaTrebi _ ki ara laparakoben sxvadasxva kiloze? maS, imaT raRaT aswavlian TavianT zogad deda

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boroti wadili samegrelos Sesaxeb; rCeuli pedagogiuri da publicisturi nawerebi” t. I, 1903; gogebaSvili, 1990a, gv. 357360

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76 77

gogebaSvili, 1990b, gv. 293-300 statia sami axali wigni i. gogebaSvilisa, iveria, 1904, #107

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enas? qarTvelTa sxvadasxva tomobam vis ra dauSava, rom imaTTvis akrZaluli xili unda iyos zogad qarTuli kulturuli ena”“ (Seviwroveba qarTulisa enisa da qarTvelebisa, swavla-ganaTlebis sferoSi)78; ”sad Tqmula da gagonila, rom ubrZanon mTels mxaresa, karga bloms nawils qveynisasa: aRar gaixseno Seni naTesauri damokidebuleba deda-qveyanasTana, ilaparake mxolod Sens Sinaur kilozed, zurgi Seaqcie Sens mTavars deda-enasa da daiviwye igi, gadaagde iqiT mSobliuri anbani, Seni monawileobiT mogonili, uarhyav samSoblo literatura, romlis salaroSi arc erT Zmazed Sen naklebi ar Segitania, gaauqme Seni saRmrTo metyveleba, romelTanac Sexorcebulia Seni sarwmunoeba, daiviwye Seni aTasis wlis istoriuli arsboba da gadaiqec velur xalxad, romelmac yvelaferi Tavidan unda daiwyoso” (dabali Robe erTa Soris, 1894)79 ”megrelebma yvela qarTvel tomTan erTad, imTaviTve aRiares qarTuli anbani Tavis sakuTar anbanad da Tavis saliteraturo enad miiCnies qarTuli ena, provinciul kilos ki mxolod SinaurobaSi xmarobdnen... megrelTa tomi qarTul enas yovelTvis Tvlida Tavis ZiriTad mSobliur enad (deda-enad) xolo Tavis adgilobriv dialeqts ucqeroda rogorc mSobliur kilos... megrelebisaTvis imis Tqma, rom maT ara aqvT anbani, arc damwerloba, arc literatura, rom yvelaferi es amieridan unda Seqmnaso, gana imas ar niSnavs, rom wavarTvaT maT mTeli maTi saxelovani warsuli, mTeli istoriuli monapovari, gamovacxadoT isini gonebriv Ratakebad da gverdiT amovuyenoT iseT barbarosul tomebs, romelTac araviTari istoria ar gaaCniaT?.. frangi mogzauris Sardenis gadmocemiT, romelmac XVIII saukunis damdegs inaxula samegrelo, samegreloSi mcxovreb da mqadagebel kaTolike misionerebs, megruli kilos Seswavlis Semdeg, advilad esmodaT qarTuli ena”“ (megruli dawyebiTi skolis sakiTxisaTvis, gaz. ”peterburgskie vedmosti”, 1903)80.

”...rom qarTuli mwignobroba megrelTaTvis sakuTari ar yofiliyo, megrul mwignobrobas TviT megrelebi Seqmnidnen, Seqmnidnen mraval saukuniT adre”“ (iqve). amave werilis bolos i. gogebaSvili kidev ufro Sors midis: ”saRvTo sjulis swavlebas ganuviTarebel megrul kiloze, romlis saSualebiTac mxolod materialuri sagnebisa da materialuri urTierTobis gamoxatva SeiZleba, samegrelos xalxi sarwmunoebis profanaciad, Tavisi sarwmunoebrivi grZnobis Selaxvad Tvlis... yovelive zomoxsenebuls Cven saWirod vTvliT davumatoT isic, rom is, rac megrelTa Sesaxeb iTqva, savsebiT Seexeba qarTveli xalxis meore Stosac _ svanebs, romleTa araqarTvelebad gadaqcevas lamoben igive gulmodgine, xepre politikanebi”“ (megruli dawyebiTi skolis sakiTxisaTvis, gaz. ”peterburgskie vedmosti”, 1903)81. statiaSi ”afxazeTis Sesaxeb”, romelic 1907 wels gamoqveynda i.gogebaSvili garkveul zRvars avlebs afxazuris, rogorc enisa da megrulis, rogorc kilos Soris: ”iSviaTad Semxvedria sofleli afxazi, romelsac qarTuli laparaki esmoda. imave dros ar minaxavs arc erTi megreli, romelsac egeve ena ar esmoda. ai ra gansxvavebaa afxazTa da megrelTa Soris. am gansxvavebis Sedegi iyo, rom maSin, roca megrelebi yvela saukuneSi saqmian monawileobas Rebulobdnen qarTuli sasuliero da saero literaturis gamdidrebaSi Tavisi niWier nawarmoebebiT. afxazebisaTvis aseTi monawileoba sruliad ucxo iyo. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT qarTuli warmoSobis zogierT aristokrats. afxazuri ena qarTuli enis kilo ki ar aris, aramed damoukidebeli enaa” (afxazeTis Sesaxeb, 1907)82. zogi Tvlis, rom iakobis fraza: "megreli bavSvebi qarTuls swavloben" miuTiTebs, rom megruli enaa83. srul konteqstSi moyvanili damowmebuli citata, vfiqrobT,

78

81

79

82

gogebaSvili, 1990g, gv. 519 gogebaSvili, 1990a, gv. 102 80 iqve, gv. 460-472

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iqve, gv. 468 gogebaSvili, 1990b, gv. 134 83 gogebaSvili, 1990g, gv. 516-518

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amgvari daskvnis safuZvels ar iZleva84; Sdr.: iakobi amave azrs iqve sxva sityvebiT ayalibebs: ”Cveneburs skolebSi, Savi zRvidan mokidebuli daRestnis sazRvramde ixmareboda mxolod wignebi saerTo literaturul deda-enaze dawerilni. gansamartavad adgilobriv gaugebar sityvebisa da frazebisa maswavleblebi xmarobdnen sityvierad adgilobrivs terminebsa da frazebsa, mag., samegreloSi da svaneTSi, da swavlasTan erTad avrcelebdnen deda-enis sruls codnasa”“ (ena da kilo, 1902)85. rbilad rom vTqvaT, sakamaToa g.gogolaSvilis sxva Sefasebac; kerZod, misi azriT, i.gogebaSvili kilos, kilo-kavs, mxolod megrelTa da svanTa aRsaniSnavad iyenebs da ara saqarTvelos sxva kuTxis SvilTa metyvelebis sinonimad; g. gogolaSvili Tvlis, rom iakob gogebaSvili termin "kiloSi" enas gulisxmobs "politikuri mosazrebebis" gamo: ”rac Seexeba teritoriul dialeqtebs (imeruli, guruli, kaxuri, qarTluri...) maT iakobi amgvari terminebiT ar ganmartavs, ar moixsenebs amgvarad; Cveulebriv mianiSnebs: ase ityvian imereTSi, qarTlSi, kaxeTSi... garTulebuli erovnuli viTarebis gamo wminda politikuri xasiaTi hqonda TavSekavebas, rom megrulisa da svanurisaTvis ewodebina ena”“ (gogolaSvili, 2008, gv. 2122)86. "dedaenis" avtorisTvis politizebulobis dabraleba uxerxulad gveCveneba87; garda amisa, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT,

84

garda amisa, nebismieri kilos mflobeli, vinc ena aidga romelime kiloze, swavlobs standartul enas; Sdr., mag., saenaTmecniero literaturaSi araerTgan vkiTxulobT: ”saliteraturo inglisurs ingliselebi swavloben, rogorc damoukidebel enas. is aerTianebs erT erad inglisurenovan samyaros da ara inglisuris dialeqtebi, romlebic didad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan” (nebieriZe, 1999, gv. 46); analogiuri situaciaa arabeTSic (Jordania, 1976). 85 gogebaSvili, 1990g, gv. 516-518 86 gogolaSvili, 2008, gv. 21-22 87 miT umetes, iakobi dauRalavad, miukerZoeblad da TavdadebiT ibrZoda ruseTis imperiis mier politizebuli debulebebisa da qarTvelTa eTnikur-enobrivi erTianobis dasacavad.

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iakob gogebaSvili termin "enasac" iyenebs (oRond kilos gagebiT!)88. imperiis enobriv-eTnikuri diversiebis winaaRmdeg i.gogebaSvilis daucxromeli brZolis erT-erTi nimuSia misi werili ”antipedagogiuri jiutoba ”kolxidis”“ pedagogisa”“(1911 w.); erT fragments davimowmebT: ”am TxuTmetis wlis winad samoswavlo biurokratiam moiwadina samegrelo moewyvitna da gaecalkavebina saqarTvelosagan. daiwyo xmamaRali RaRadisi, megrelebi qarTvelebi ar arian, Tavisi sakuTari ena aqvTo; Seadgenina aSordia-ganSordiebs megruli anbani, rusuls enaze aSenebuli da skolebSi Seecada mis gavrcelebas samegrelos sazRvrebSi. am sakiTxis Taobaze me davwere werili, romelic moTavsebulia Cems ”rCeuli nawerebis”“ krebulSi am saTauriT ”boroti wadili samegrelos Sesaxeb”“ (es is werilia, romelic Tavdapirvelad, 1902 wels, ”ena da kilos”“ saxelwodebiT gamosca _ l.x.). biurokratiam es metad iwyina da administracias aakrZalvina am saganze wera. davwere rusulad werili da b-n Sio daviTaSvilis rusuls krebulSi ”Весь Кавказ”-Si movaTavse, magram cenzuram ar gauSva da amosWra. maSin Cemi werili ufro gavafarTove da moskovSi gaugzavne dasabeWdad romelsame perioduls gamocemaSi samkurnalo fakultetis students mixeil gedevaniSvils, axla gamoCenils eqims TbilisSi. arc erTs moskovis gazeTs ar mieRo werili, mag Temaze sja akrZaluli gvaqvso. moskovidan qarTvels studentebs gaegzavnaT peterburgSi, magram iqac ver daebeWdaT imave mizezis gamo. roca es peterburgidan Sematyobines, mivwere, calke wignakad gamoeciT meTqi, da TxuTmeti Tumanic dasabeWdad gavugzavne. studentebma dabeWdes saukeTeso stambaSi, Cinebuls qaRaldze da Snoian wignakad gamosces am saTauriT "megruli dawyebiTi skolis sakiTxisaTvis". es wigni ki blomad moefina saqarTveloSi... xma amoiRes 88

”ras warmoadgens megruli ena, Tu ara odnav Secvlil qarTuls”“(sami axali wigni i. gogebaSvilisa, ”iveria”, 1904); ”cxra meaTedi megruli enisa sul qarTulia” (antipedagogiuri jiutoba ”kolxidis” pedagogisa, gaz. ”saxalxo gazeTi”, 1911; gogebaSvili, 1990b, gv. 293-300)

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megrelma moZRvrebma, inteligentebma, glexebma... sxva kuTxeebmac Cvenis qveynisam bani misces megrelebsa da Seiqmna sazogado moZraoba, romelmac mospo boroti ganzraxva da gaauqma SeTiTxnili megruli anbani... me viTxovdi Cemis daCagrulis samSoblosaTvis yvela uflebas, romlis miReba SesaZlebeli iyo im garemoebaSi, romelSiac imyofeba saqarTvelo. Cemi devizi iyo: maqsimumi SesaZleblobisa”“(gogebaSvili, 1990, 299-301)89. Cven vecadeT iakob gogebaSvilis Tvalsazrisi qarTvelTa saTemo kiloebis Sesaxeb akademiuri konteqstebiT gadmogveca, patiosnad gveCvenebina is, rasac miuZRvna man, rogorc saqarTvelos erTiani eTnikurenobrivi sivrcisaTvis dauRalavma mebrZolma, Tavisi sicocxle da Semoqmedeba. ”visac yurni asxen isminon!” (ioane, 13).““ damowmebuli literatura gogebaSvili, 1990a - i. gogebaSvili, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II, Tb., 1990. gogebaSvili, 1990b - i. gogebaSvili, t. III, Tb., 1990. gogebaSvili, 1990g - i. gogebaSvili, t. IV, Tb., 1990. g.gogolaSvili, qarTveluri enobrivi sivrce i. gogebaSvilis TvalTaxedviT, I respublikuri konferenciis naSromebi, eZRvneba akad. g. axvledianis xsovnas, wyaltubo, 2008. nebieriZe, 1999 - g. nebieriZe, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1999. Jordania,1976 - al. Jordania, orenovnebis sakiTxi egvipteSi: macne (ena-lit. seria), Tb., 1976.

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gogebaSvili, 1990b, gv.299-301

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luiza xaWapuriZe iakob gogebaSvili qarTvelTa saTemo kiloebis Sesaxeb ena-dialeqtis mimarTeba erT-erTi problemuri sakiTxia enaTmecnierebaSi. enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna, SeiZleba iTqvas, dReisaTvis gadauWrel sakiTxad rCeba. iakob gogebaSvilma qarTveluri enobrivi samyros Sedgenilobasa da maTi statusis sakiTxs ramdenime naSromi miuZRvna. ramdenadac dRes sakamaTo gaxda "dedaenis" avtoris enobrivi koncefcia, Cven sagangebod SeviswavleT misi naSromebi. i.gogebaSvilTan "mTavari ena", "deda ena" erovnuli enisa da saliteraturo qarTuli enis sinonimebia; rogorc wesi, termini "ena" gamoyenebulia rogorc eTnosis/erovnebis enis (qarTuli ena, rusuli ena, franguli, somxuri...) aRsaniSnavad; iSviaTad, ena niSnavs sasaubro enasac - kilo-kavsac, Tumca am mniSvnelobiT ZiriTadia "kilo"; Sdr., ramdenime citata: ”aRar gaixseno Seni urTierToba deda-qveyanasTana, ilaparake mxolod Sens Sinaur kilozed, zurgi Seaqcie Sens mTavars deda-enasa"; „"cnobilia, rom yovel ers aqvs mTavari ena, romelic iwodeba mis deda enad da Temuri kilo-kavebi, romelnic ixmarebian adgilobriv"; "megrelebi laparakoben gansakuTrebul qarTul kiloze, romelsac megruli ewodeba"; “"megrelebi Seadgenen qarTvelTa Stosa. sxva qarTvelebisagan bevriT arafriT gansxvavdebian, marto eniT arian cotaTi gancalkevebulni, magram Ziri da cxra meaTedi megruli enisa sul qarTulia. Rrma mcodneni qarTulis enisa megrelebs Soris ufro bevrni moipovebian, vidre sxva qarTvelebSi"; "...maT Tavis saliteraturo enad miiCnies qarTuli ena, provinciul kilos ki mxolod SinaurobaSi xmarobdnen"... gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb misi werilebi ZiriTadad mimarTulia caristul-imperiuli enobriv-eTnikuri diversiis winaaRmdeg; Sdr.: caristuli ruseTis imperiis mesveurTa azriT, qarTvelebi „ers“ ver Seadgenen, ara aqvT erTiani erovnuli ena, erTiani samwignobro kultura da mxolod provinciuli "Temebis grovas warmoadgenen".

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27 noemberi, 2009 weli.

miqaZe, marine qacarava, rusudan saRinaZe, ekaterine dadiani, izolda rusaZe, Tamar lomTaZe, nino fxakaZe) mier 2006 wels

saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis profesor-maswavleblebs

pativcemulo kolegebo! dRes qarTvelobisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa erovnuli enis (dedaenis) istoriisa da awmyoseuli problemebis mcodne momavali Taobebis aRzrda. samwuxarod, mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi 2004-2007 wlebSi mimdinare reformebis procesSi saqarTveloSi moqmed universitetTa umravlesobaSi mkveTrad SeizRuda qarTuli enis swavleba; zog universitetSi qarTuli ena, Tundac qarTulenovani terminologia, sul ar iswavleba (bunebrivia, e.w. "akademiuri wera" ver cvlis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas qarTul enas). am fonze erTgvar gamonakliss qmnis quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti, sadac "qarTuli enis istorias" (qarTvelologiis Sesavalis formatiT) swavlobs humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis yvela pirvelkurseli (momavali anglistebi, germanistebi, frankofonebi, iranistebi, arabistebi, Turqologebi da sxv.). aRvniSnavT aseve, rom momavali qarTvelologebis garda "qarTvelur enaTmecnierebas", rogorc damoukidebel sagans, swavloben romanul-germanuli enebis specialobis doqtorantebi; istoriis, Jurnalistikis, ekonomikis specialobis bakalavriatis studentebTan ki ikiTxeba "qarTuli enis praqtikuli kursi". reformisSemdgomi humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis pirveli kursisTvis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTuli enis departamentis profesormaswavleblebis (tariel futkaraZe, JuJuna feiqriSvili, manana

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Seiqmna saxelmZRvanelo: "qarTuli enis istoria". humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis araqarTvelologi studentebi momdevno kursebze aRar swavloben qarTul enas, amitom saxelmZRvanelos miznad ganvsazRvreT ara mxolod qarTvelTa enobrivi samyaros, qarTvelologiuri kerebisa da samwignobro enis formirebis istoriis warmoCena, aramed masSi Tavi movuyareT ZiriTadi enobrivi faqtebis gansxvavebul interpretaciebsac; Sesabamisad, saxelmZRvanelos winasityvaobaSi vwerT: "warmodgenili saxelmZRvanelos saxelwodeba garkveulwilad pirobiTia, vinaidan masSi zogadadaa mimoxiluli ara mxolod qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros istoria, aramed qarTvelologiis Sesavali kursisa da qarTuli samwignobro enis normirebis zogi sakiTxi" (qarTuli enis istoria, 2006, gv. 3). Cvenda gasakvirad, "qarTuli enis istoriasac" sagazeTo paskviliT (http://www.opentext.org.ge/09/sakartvelos-respublika/174/174-13.htm) gamoucxada brZola g. gogolaSvilma, romelic bolSevikuri paTosiT danaSaulad Tvlis "qarTuli enis istoriiT" swavlebas. migvaCnia, rom paskvilis avtori laxavs "qarTuli enis istoriis" avtorebisa da saxelmZRvanelos redaqtoris Rirsebas, amave dros cdilobs, sagazeTo provokaciebiT saxifaTo "politikuri vnebebi" gamoiwvios da Tan xeli SeuSalos qarTul enis istoriis swavlebas akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetSic. pativcemulo kolegebo, warmogidgenT Cven mier Seqmnil saxelmZRvanelos da gTxovT, SeafasoT wignica da mavanis mier misi akrZalvis moTxovnis "sabWo"uri stili da motivi. 111

aqve, humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis dekanTan, q-n nino CixlaZesTan winaswari konsultaciis Semdeg, Tavs uflebas vaZlev, SemogTavazoT: 2010 wels quTaisSi CavataroT kolokviumi. kolokviumze warmovadginoT 2006-2010 wlebSi saqarTvelos universitetebSi qarTveluri enaTmecnierebis mimarTulebiT gamoqveynebuli axali saxelmZRvaneloebi da akademiuri oponirebis gziT ganvixiloT isini (maT Soris "qarTuli enis istoria"). sasurvelia, kolokviumze warmodgenili iyos sauniversiteto gamokiTxvis Sedegebic, romlebSic asaxuli iqneba bakalavriatis studentTa Tu magistrantTa damokidebuleba gansaxilveli saxelmZRvaneloebisadmi. amgvari erToblivi samuSao kargi winapiroba iqneba Cvens umaRles skolebs Soris profesor-maswavleblebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis gacvlisaTvis. pativiscemiT profesori tariel futkaraZe "qarTuli enis istoriis" redaqtori, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTuli enisa da zogadi enaTmecnierebis departamentis sruli profesori, qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis direqtori

d a n a r T i iakob gogebaSvili ena da kilo90 „yovel ers aqvs mTavari ena, romelic saerTo saunjes Seadgens am eris yvela nawilisaTvis da iwodeba mis deda enad da Temuri kilo-kavebi, romelnic ixmarebian adgilobriv. xalxis ganaTlebaSi am sityvierebis faqtorebs kacobriobis keTilgonierebam aseTi daniSnuleba misca: yvela skolebSi swavla mowyobilia deda enazed da adgilobrivis kilokavebs xmaroben asaxsnelad da gansamartavad im saerTo sityvebisa, romelnic adgilobriv bavSvebs kargad ar esmiT. am saxiT efineba mTels xalxSi deda enis sruli codna da masTan erTad vrceldeba ganaTleba. aseTi wesia evropaSi, amerikaSi da yvelgan kulturul qveyanaSi. aseTive wesi arsebobs ruseTis xalxTa Soris da, sxvaTa Soris kavkasielebSic. kavkasiels TaTrebs, magaliTad, aqvT ramdenime provinciuli ena. adgilobrivi kilo, romelic didad ganirCeva maTis deda-enidgan, romelsaca hqvian aderbeiJanuli ena. saxelmZRvanelo wignebi TaTrulis enisa da rusulisa yvela TaTrulis skolebisaTvis mxolod am ukanasknels enaze arian Semdgari da es saxelmZRvaneloebi ixmarebian yvela TaTrul TemTa Soris, sadac ki skolebi arseboben. Tu mkiTxveli ifiqrebs, rom es TaTruli saxelmZRvaneloebi romelime patriot TaTrisagan iqmnebian Sedgenilnio, Zalian mostyuvdeba. maTi avtori aris 90

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gogebaSvili, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. IV, Tb., 1990g, gv. 516-518

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bunebrivi rusi, Cerniaevski, romelic jer Cinovnikad iyo TaTruls provinciaSi, sadac kargaT Seiswavla TaTruli ena, merme gapedagogda, gaxda inspeqtorad goris saostato seminariis TaTrulis ganyofilebisa da swored am dros Seadgina TaTarTaTvis maTis deda-enisa da rusulis enis saxelmZRvaneloebi da oriveSi mxolod saerTo aderbeiJanuli ena ixmara. axla vikiTxoT: rogor miegeba am nabijs saskolo mTavroba? didi siamovnebiT, da aramc Tu moiwona Cerniaevskis wignebi, aramed saRsaric misca, rom TviTon avtors gamoeca es wignebi da gaevrcelebina skolebSi. axla yvela TaTruls skolebSi ixmarebian es saxelmZRvaneloebi, adgilobrivis TaTrulis kiloebis daxmarebiT da avrceleben TaTruls deda-enas kavkasiel TaTar TemTa Soris, misi SuamavlobiT codnasa hfenen xalxSi da aerTeben, erTad kumSaven yvela Temis TaTrebsa. aseTi wesia somexTa Sorisac. am xalxsac, mTavaris somxuris garda, aqvs provincialuri enebic, magaliTad, zokuri, romelic ise ganirCevian maTi deda-enisagan, rom bevrgan bavSvebs Zlier uWirT am ukanasknelis gageba. miuxedavad amisa, yvela somxurs skolebSi ixmarebodnen da ixmarebian saxelmZRvaneloni, romelnic Sedgenilni arian literaturul deda-enaze. amiTi mTels somxobaSi Rrmad idgams fesvebs erTi da igive literaturuli deda-ena, erTi da imave codna da mWidrod aerTebs xalxsa. aseTi gonivruli wesi iyo Cvens saqarTveloSiac mas ukan, rac qristianoba miiRo Cvenma erma da daaarsa skolebi. IV saukunidgan dawyebuli dReindel dRemde yvela Cveneburs skolebSi, Savi zRvidgan mokidebuli daRistnis sazRvramde, ixmareboda mxolod wignebi, saerTo literaturul deda-enaze dawerilni. gansamartavad adgilobriv gaugebar sityvebisa da frazebisa, maswavleblebi xmarobdnen sityvierad adgilobrivs 114

terminebsa da frazebsa, mag., samegreloSi da svaneTSi, da swavlasTan erTad avrcelebdnen deda-enis sruls codnasa. vin moifiqrebda, Tu am gonivruls wess, RvTisagan dalocvils da kacTagan mowonebuls, mowinaaRmdegeni gamouCndebodnen Cvens qveyanaSi, saqarTveloSi, magram moulodneli axda, SeuZlebeli acxadda, da acxadda mxolod CvenSi da sxvagan arsad, arc somexTa Soris, arc TaTarTa Soris da arc sxva kavkasielebSi ar aRmoCenilia imisTana Wkua-mokle da ukuRmarTi adamiani, romelsac eTqvas, skolebSi swavleba Temurs kiloebze unda iyos da ara deda enazeo. CvenSi ki aRmoCndnen imisTana WkuiT glaxakni, romelTac gahbedes da warmoTqves, rom samegrelosa da svaneTis skolebidgan deda-ena unda iqnas gamoricxuli, radgan aq xalxi adgilobrivs kilo-kavebsa xmarobso. ras gviqadis am ukuRmarTis azris sisruleSi moyvana, gaxorcieleba? rasakvirvelia, metad cuds momavalsa. erTma kavkasielma erma kai xania mohglija Cvens samSoblos aRmosavleTis veeberTela kuTxe, saxeldobr zaqaTalis mazra, saingilo, yaraiasi, meorem erTis saukunis ganmavlobaSi xelT igdo sami didi mazra saqarTvelosi: axalqalaqisa, axalcixisa, borCalosi, da amis garda gabatonda aRmosavleTis saqarTvelos yvela qalaqebSi. Cvenma samSoblom dahkarga TiTqmis mesamedi Tavisi teritoriisa, miwa-wylisa. aRmosavleTis saqarTvelo sakmaod Sesustda; magram dasavleTis saqarTvelo Tavisis erTianobiT, Tavisi sruli qarTvelobiT Ronieri iyo dabolos xans misi gamWriaxi, unariani, moxerxebuli da mxne eri gaZlierebis gzas daadga. sruli imedi iyo, rom gaZlierebulni imerni gaWirvebuls amerebs moeSvelebodnen, zurgs miscemdnen da SeerTebuli ZaliT daubrunebdnen Zvirfass danakargsa, rogorc TviTon ibrunebdnen wina saukuneebSi Tavisas imerTa SemweobiT. 115

magram eSmaks rodi eZina. iman moiwadina TviT imerTa samSobloc daenawilebina, daequcmacebina, moewyvitna Savis zRvis napirebidgan da daeuZlurebina. saxsrebic malev ipovnes: samegrelosa da svaneTis mowyveta, moSoreba saerTo niadagidgan... ra moeliT TviT im mxareebs, romelTac mowyvetas upireben? isini imave sikeTes moimkian, ra sikeTec moelis totebsa, xidgan moWrilebsa. daWknoba da gaxmoba aucilebeli Sedegia maTis mowyvetisa saerTo niadagidan. nu vin moiyvans aq sawinaaRmdego sabuTad mynobas, sxva xeze Stom SeiZleba ixaros, mxolod axlos naTesavs xeze, magram Tu igi amynes sruliad sxva gvars xeze, verc gaizrdeba da verc ixarebs. nawili erisa, romelic moSorda saerTo erovnuls niadagsa, swrafad midis ukan-ukan, sustdeba, velurdeba da xdeba msxverplad im gamxrwneli procesisa, romelic erTma swavlulma ruseTisam daaxasiaTa am terminiT: sisaZagle aoxrebisa! diaR, gancalkeveba hRupavs erovnul xesac da misgan moSorebuls totebsac... xolo RmerTs imisTana didebuli arseba, rogorc aris mTeli eri, Seuqmnia ara gadaSenebisa da daqveiTebisaTvis, aramed warmatebisa da bednierebisaTvis. amitom Cven yvelam wminda movaleobad unda davsaxoT mtkiced dacva da aRorZineba qarTulis deda-enisa samegrelosa da svaneTis eklesiaSi da skolaSi, iseTive mtkice dacva, rogorc mtkiced icavdnen amerni, imerni _ megrelni da svanni _ am erovnuls saunjes mraval saukunis ganmavlobaSi, nebiTa da SewevniTa RvTisaTa.

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