Putkaradze Kolxa Da Samcignobro Ena

prof. tariel futkaraZe

istoriuli kolxa da qarTvelTa samwignobro ena yovel ers namdvili istoria sWirdeba da ara gazviadebuli. araiSviaTad, zogi politizebuli mecnieri Tu politikosi akninebs, an ayalbebs Cveni qveynis istorias. miuxedavad amisa, mainc SesaZlebelia Cveni namdvili istoriis dokumentireba arqeologiuri masalebis, istoriuli wyaroebisa da lingvisturi ZiebebiT logikuri da obieqturi sinamdvilis warmoCena. yovelgvari seriozuli safuZvlis gareSe dRes sakamaTodaa qceuli istoriuli kolxas sazRvrebisa da qarTvelTa samwignobro kulturis sabazo enis sakiTxebi. es ori problema garkveulwilad erTmaneTsac ukavSirdeba. istoriuli kolxas sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT "sainteresoa" zogi mecnieris mcdeloba, romelTac, miznad dausaxavT Zveli kolxas saxelmwifos daamcroba; magaliTad, qvemoT warmovadgenT Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi cnobili proeqtis "msoflios enaTa reestris" avtoris, moskovis saxelmwifo universitetis profesoris iuri koriakovis rukas1:

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos am lingvistur rukaze termin samegrelos nacvlad (Colkhis), riTac "warmoCinebulia" samegrelos istoriuli gamoyenebulia kolxa damoukidebloba da qarTvelTa dacalkeveba-daSorebis TiTqosda xangrZlivi istoria: i. koriakovis rukis mixedviT gamodis, rom megrelebi enobriv-kulturul-eTnikurad da saxelmwifoebrivad sxva qarTvelebisgan gamijnulni arian sul mcire 3000 welia2. i.

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prof. qevin TuiTis rekomendaciiT es ruka komentarebisTvis gadmomigzavna lingvisturi rukebis frangma specialistma patrik lemonierma (Patrick LEMONNIER). 2 nuravin ifiqrebs, rom i. koriakovi kargad ar icnobs qarTvelur sinamdviles da, magaliTad, amitom hgonia, rom zemo da qvemo svanebi sxvadasxva eTnosebia. i. koriakovis rukebidan Tu komentarebidan Cans, rom is zedmiwevniT erkveva saqarTvelos istoriaSic da awmyoSic; prof. iuri koriakovma kargad icis saqarTvelos yvela soflis mdebareobac da ama Tu im soflis mosaxleobis metyvelebis Taviseburebanic. bunebrivia, i. koriakovisTvis cnobilia, rom svanebic, megrelebic, gurulebic, aWarlebic da sxva kuTxis qarTvelebic Tavs miiCneven erTiani qarTuli samwignobro kulturis Semoqmedebad da 3000 welze metia erTiani saxelmwifo aqvT; man icis isic, rom mis mier enebad saxeldebul idiomebs istioruli qarTuli wyaroebi da bevri Tanamedrove mecnieri qarTuli enis kiloebad Tvlis. amis miuxedavad, is mainc, ratomRac, megrelebs, lazebs, zemo svanebsა da qvemo svanebs araqarTvelebad - qarTvelebisgan (georgian) gansxvavebul eTnosebad acxadebs da maT dialeqtebs damoukidebel enaTa rigSi warmoadgens.

koriakovis kvalifikaciebi ar efuZneba mecnierul safuZvlebs da sabWouri, politizebuli mecnierebis inerciiTaa gakeTebuli; mizani: "gaTiSe da ibatone!"3 sinamdvileSi, kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturis gavrcelebis areali da berZnulurartuli Zveli istoriuli cnobebi cxadyofs, rom qarTvelTa istoriuli saxelmwifo kolxac da saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze Seqmnili kolxuri kulturac, faqtobrivad, mTel istoriul saqarTvelos moicavs. aseve, sarwmunoa msjeloba, rom ucxour wyaroebSi dadasturebuli terminebi: kolxa da aRmosavleTis iberia Zvel wyaroebSi mainc sinonimebia; istoriul qarTul wyaroebSi maT termini qarTli Seesatyviseba4. Sesabamisad, adreul periodSi5 eTnonimi kolxi "yovelTa qarTvelTa" (qarTvelur TemTa: svanTa, egriselTa, mesxTa...) aRmniSvneli saxelia. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom 25 saukunis win eTnonimi kolxi moicavda dRevandel megrelTa, taoelTa, lazTa, mesxTa, aWarelTa, svanTa, imerelTa, qarTlelTa Tu gurulTa winaprebs, romlebic erTian qarTul (/qarTvelur) eTnoss qmnian; mivyveT wyaroebis Cvenebas: Zv. w. XII-VIII saukuneebis asurul da urartul lursmul teqstebSi dadasturebulia kilxi da kulxa/kolxa geografiuli terminebi, romlebic gaigivebulia berZnul-romauli wyaroebis kolxoi da kolxis saxelwodebebTan. niko mari varaudobda, rom kolxTa politikuri gaerTianebis centri Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasruls da I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi (Zv.w. VII s. 20-ian wlebamde) iyo samxreTaRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi - Woroxis xeobaSi; VII saukunidan misi centri gadadis dasavleT saqarTveloSi - rionispireTSi (g.meliqiSvili, T.miqelaZe, n.lomouri, m.inaZe; msjelobisaTvis ix., agreTve: o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.68-69)6. Sdr., o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.4: "argonavtebis oqros sawmisisaTvis laSqrobis Sesaxeb berZnuli Tqmuleba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Cvens qveyanasTan - Zvel kolxeTTan, romelic dRevandel dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyals moicavda..."(adreul gamokvlevaSi o.lorTqifaniZes sakamaTod ar miaCnda g.meliqiSvilisa da T.miqelaZis mtkicebulebani "argonavtikaSi" warmodgenili qarTveluri saxelebis Woroxis xeobasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb; ix., o.lorTqifaniZe, 1966, gv. 21, I SeniSvna). ak. uruSaZis da sxvaTa varaudiT, Tavdapirvelad, berZnebi kolxeTSi mTel qarTvelur samyaros gulisxmobdnen (ak.uruSaZe, 1964, gv.6). urartuli warwerebica da Tanamedrove arqeologiuri monacemebic cxadyofs am azris siswores; aSkaraa, rom Zveli kolxeTi mxolod dRevandel samegrelos ar moicavda; afxazeTic, imereTis, aWarac, guriac, raWa-leCxumic, qarTlic, lazeTic da tao-klarjeTic kolxeTSi Sedioda. istoriuli kolxeTis didi nawili (mtkvris zemo welisa da Woroxis xeobebi - lazeTi, tao-klarjeTi) dRes TurqeTis respublikis SemadgenlobaSia moqceuli. varaudoben, rom werilobiT ZeglebSi kolxida formis pirveli damowmeba gvaqvs Zv. w. XIV saukunis B-xazovan teqstebSi kokida/kokideio variantebis saxiT (l. gordeziani). berZnul wyaroebSi termini "kolxida gaia" ueWvelad dasturdeba Zv. w. VIII saukunis poetTan - evmile korinTelTan; savaraudoa, rom kolxidis paralelurad berZnebi iyenebdnen termin aiasac (arsebuli mdidari literaturis mimoxilva ix.: m. inaZe, 1955; g. meliqiSvili, 1965; n. lomouri, 1962; S. asaTiani, 1993; m. inaZe, 1993). i. koriakovis mosazrebebis kritikisaTvis ix.: http://www.pdfcoke.com/doc/14098229/Putkaradze-Msoflios-EnaTaReestri-Da-Sakartvelo. 4 t.futkaraZe, qarTvelTa dedaena da dialeqtebi, quTaisi, 2008, gv. 32; 5 urartusgan damarcxebuli diaoxis SeerTebis Semdeg. 6 miTiTebuli literaturisa da msjelobisaTvis ix., t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, quTaisi, 2005, gv. 93-97; 3

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fsevdo-skilaqsis azriT, kolxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria vrceldeba dioskuriidan mdinare afsarosamde e.i. soxumidan Woroxamde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.84)... fsevdo-skilaqsis cnobebs imeorebs skilaqs kariandeli (Zv.w. VI-V s.). herodote varaudobda, rom kolxebi egviptidan iyvnen wamosuli; misi azriT, samxreTis (mewamuli) zRvidan CrdiloeTis (pontos) zRvamde cxovrobda oTxi tomi: sparselebi, midielebi, sasperebi da kolxebi (herodote, 1975, gv.156, 262); aSkaraa, rom aq kolxebic da sasperebic ufro tomTa gaerTianebebis aRmniSvnelia, vidre calkeuli tomebisa (kolxebis Sesaxeb ix. iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.12). amas adasturebs qsenofontes mogzaurobis dRiurebisa da fsevdo-skilaqsis cnobebis Sedareba; kerZod: fsevdo-skilaqsi trapezuntisa da kerasuntis midamoebSi asaxelebs biZerebs, ekeqeiriebs, beqeirebs, makrokefalebs da mosinoikebs; amave periodSive qsenofonte trapezunt-kerasuntis regionSi asaxelebs mxolod kolxTa toms (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.97). miTridate-pompeusis brZolebTan dakavSirebiT kolxebs axsenebs II saukunis moRvawe apiane (apiane, 1959, gv.198); savaraudoa, rom kolxebad igi miiCnevs tomTa did gaerTianebas, romlebic Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze cxovrobdnen. dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelos (imereTi, samegrelo, raWa-leCxumi, guria, aWara...) mosaxleobas ariane (II s.) ukve lazikad ixseniebs: "lazikas Camoudis mdinare, saxelad reoni, sadac kolxebs Zvelad cixe augiaT"...(berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.188). am periodidan erTmaneTs xSirad enacvleba terminebi: kolxi da lazi; mag., V saukunis anonimi avtori wers: "dioskuriidan vidre afsaris wylamde winaT cxovrobda is xalxi, romlebsac kolxebi ewodebodaT da mere gadaerqvaT lazebi" (georgika, 1965, gv.6)... Zvel wyaroebSi termini iberia gvian Cndeba; Tavdapirvelad is faqtobrivad faravda istoriul saqarTvelos (Sdr., Zveli samyaros terminebi: pirineis iberia da Savi zRvispireTis iberia). welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan ki berZnebi cdiloben erTmaneTisgan gamijnon kolxida anu lazika da iberia, Sesamabisad, lazebi da iberielebi. sinamdvileSi, paralelurad arasodes arsebula kolxeTi da iberia7. Sdr.: II saukunis aleqsandrieli moRvawis - dionisios periegetis "dedamiwis aRwerilobis" mixedviT, kolxebi evropidan mosulni arian (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.93); am cnobaSi SeiZleba asaxuli iyos evropidan pontos zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze iberielTa mosvlis legenda. lazi Tavidan ar iyo eTnikuri termini: berZnebi lazebs uwodebdnen im regionis mosaxleobas, romelsac Tavad akontrolebdnen. berZnuli wyaroebis lazika ar iyo iberiis nawili; Sdr.: "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, "istoriul qarTlis" erT-erTi centraluri regionia egrisi, romlis mkvidrni qarTuli kulturis mesaZirkvleni arian. danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom termini "egrisi" aRniSnavs qarTuli saxelmwifos erT-erT wamyvan mxares, romelic mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos moicavs (erT periodSi trapizonis CaTvliT!), xolo termini "lazika" gulisxmobs berZnebis mier warTmeul qarTvelur miwa-wyals, romlis sazRvrebi imisda mixedviT icvleboda, radenad susti iyo qarTvelTa saxelmwifo. 7

"kolxac" da "iberiac" ucxoenovan velSi damkvidrebuli qoronimebia; qarTul wyaroebSi orives cvlis qarTli, romelic "qarTlic cxovrebis" mixedviT, moicavs egrissac, mesxeTsac da aRmlosavleT saqarTvelosac. sainteresoa: zogi mkvlevari ratom ar endoba "qarTlis cxovrebas" da brmad mihyveba winaaRmdegobriv berZnul cnobebs?

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am konteqstSi sainteresoa konstantinopols daqvemdebarebuli "lazikis eparqiis" sazRvrebis sakiTxi: mitropolit anania jafariZis argumentirebuli daskvniT, konstantinopolis mier Seqmnil lazikis eparqiaSi dasavleT saqarTvelo ar Sedioda; eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, konstantinepoli lazikas uwodebda saqarTvelosTvis warTmeul vrcel teritorias rizedan (an Woroxis SesarTavidan) trapezuntamde da trapezuntidan vanis tbamde"8. qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, ax.w. me-6 saukunemde dasavleT saqarTvelo (egrisi) qarTlis nawilia; Semdeg ki mtrisgan daqucmacebuli qarTlis/saqarTvelos aRorZinebis meTauri xdeba (egrisi am dros ukve afxazeTad iwodeba); Sesabamisad, didi Secdomaa egrisis gaTanabreba lazikasTan, romelic mudam iberiis gareT warmoidgineba; terminebi: egrisi da lazika tolfasi cnebebi ar aris. eTnonimi: kolxi unda momdinareobdes samxreT saqarTveloSi arsebuli Zveli qarTuli provinciis kolas saxelisgan (i.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.12)9: kola/kol-i - kol-x-i; qarTul wyaroebSi fuZe kola adridanve dasturdeba, xolo qoronimis meoreuli varianti kolxeTi qarTulSi berZnulis analogiiT gvian iqmneba. Sdr., patriarq nikonis matianeSi saqarTvelos aRmniSvneli erT-erTi terminia kolxekia (g. paiWaZe, 1993). logikuria vivaraudoT, rom Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua periodidan kerasuntis regionSi, halisisa (kizil-irmakis) da Woroxis auzebSi, Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelosa da mtkvris zemowelis mxareebSi Camoyalibda Zlieri politikuri gaerTianeba, romlis Tavdapirveli saxeli SeiZleboda yofiliyo aia (Sdr.: aieti; Sdr., agreTve: daiaeni, tao); Semdeg ki am saxels Caenacvla kolxa/kolxida (Tundac mas Semdeg, rac kolxam SeierTa daiaeni/diaoxi). Zv.w. XII-VIII saukuneebSi kolxasa da diaoxis teritoriebze mcxovreb qarTvel tomebs Soris gamoirCeoda kolxebis Zlieri tomi, romlis saxelic ufro damkvidrda mezobeli saxelmwifoebis dokumentebSi Tu berZeni mwerlebisa da mogzaurobis mexsierebaSi; Zv. w. pirveli aTaswleulis Sua periodSi kolxa moicavda Savi zRvis mTel aRmosavleT sanapiros aRmosavleT saqarTvelos nawilis CaTvliT (Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1954, gv.412)... kerZod, rogorc zogi berZnuli wyaro, aseve, Tanamedrove arqeologiuri gaTxrebi cxadyofen, rom e.w. "didi kolxuri kultura" moicavda Woroxis xeobas, mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, dRevandel qarTlsac (mtkvris zemowels mcxeTis CaTvliT, da liaxvis xeobas) da Crdilo kavka8

mitropolit anania jafariZe, konstantinepolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqia, Jurnali "sveticxoveli", 2009, # 1, gv. 90-100. 9 Sdr.: kolebi pirvelad dasturdebian hekataios miletelTan (Zv.w. 549-472); fsevdo-sqilaksis (Zv.w. IV s.) cnobebis mixedviT, koraqsebi da kolebi daaxloebiT bzifis SesarTavis raionSi arian sagulvebeli (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.83). axali welTaRricxvis V saukunis anonimuri periplusis avtori kolebis qveyanas - kolikes asaxelebs, erTi mxriv, henioxebis, koraqsebisa da, meore mxriv, melanqlainebis, maqelonebis, kolxebis mezoblad (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.105); Sdr., stefane bizantieli: kolebi - tomi kavkasionTan; kavkasionis qveda ferdebs ewodeba kolebis mTebi, qveyanas ki kolike hqvia (georgika, 1936, gv.281). logikuria davuSvaT, rom saqarTvelos istoriuli provincia kola, eTnonimi kol-x-i/kol-x-a da kolebi/kolike saerTo fuZisgan warmomavali sityvebi iyos (Sdr., p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.138: kolxi da kolaelebi sinonimebia); aseve, SesaZlebelia, vivaraudoT, rom trapizonisa da biWvinTis regionebSi erTsa da imave dros dafiqsirebuli kolxebi da kolebi monaTesave tomebi arian. p.ingoroyvas azriT, kolasganaa nawarmoebi klarji: kol-ar-i > kolarji (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv. 138).

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siis nawils. Zv.w. I aTaswleulsa da ax. welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze ocze meti qarTveluri tomi (muSqebi/mosxebi/mesxebi, daianelebi/diauxebi/taoxebi, kolaelebi, tibarenebi, iberebi/saspeirebi/sapirebi, quTebi/koitebi/kvitebi, koraqsebi, marebi, beqeirebi, haliZonebi/xalibebi, xaldebi/qaldebi, mosinoikebi/heptakometebi, diZerebi, biZerebi, Zidritebi, makronebi/makrokefalebi, fasianebi, melanqlainebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni/ekeqeirebi, henioxebi, sanebi/Wanebi, sanigebi/sanikebi, lazebi, afxazebi, abaskebi, afsarebi, svanebi/misimielebi, svano-kolxebi, amarantebi (kolxuri tomi), tuskebi, kaxebi, kuxebi, cxumebi, fxovelebi, herebi...) cxovrobda; bunebrivia, maT Tav-TavianTi

kiloebi hqondaT. samwignobro enis ararsebobis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia, sxva tomTa sacxovrisze (did arealze) gavrcelebulyo da xangrZlivi droiT ucvlelad SenarCunebuliyo erTi romelime tomis metyveleba ena, miT umetes, Zvel msoflioSi, sadac komunikaciis sajaro saSualebebi (presa, radio, televizia, interneti...) ar arsebobda. ufro savaraudoa, rom mravali monaTesave dialeqturi erTeulis arsebobis pirobebSi iqmneba koine, romlis simyare damokidebulia monaTesave tomTa urTierTobis xarisxze, saerTo saxelmwifos/kulturis siZlieresa da werilobiT fiqsaciaze. logikuria vifiqroT, rom farTod gavrcelebuli kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturis gavrcelebis arealSi - qarTvelTa Zvel saxelmwifoSi - arsebobda kolxuri (saerToqarTveluri) enobrivi koine, romelsac pirobiTad saerToqarTveluri ena SeiZleba vuwodoT. savaraudoa, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodSi swored am saerToqarTveluri kontinuumis bazaze iqmneba qarTveluri asomTavruli damwerloba (mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, 2005). lingvisturi Ziebebi saSualebas iZleva vivaraudoT, rom didi kolxeTis vrcel teritoriaze arsebuli saxelmwifos ena - saerToqarTveluri, ZiriTadad emTxveva qarTvelTa Zvel samwignobro enas. swored misgan Cans momdinare yvela Tanamedrove qarTveluri enobrivi ganStoeba (enakavi, dialeqti, kilokavi). Zv. w. pirvel aTaswleulSi - didi kolxuri kulturis dros - arsebuli enis struqturis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa qarTveluri samyarodan berZnulSi nasesxeb sityvaTa Cveneba: saukuneebis manZilze berZnulSi Sesuli qarTveluri toponimebi da eTnonimebi, rogorc wesi, saerToqarTveluri (resp. qarTuli samwignobro enis) fonematuri struqturis mixedviTaa warmodgenili; mag: hesiodes mier VIII saukuneSi dadasturebulia faTisi (Sdr., foTi); III-I saukuneebSi gvaqvs: kutaiisi, sarapanisi (Sdr., Sorapani), ekretikes (egrisis) miwa, afSileTi, suani... (gansxvavebuli msjelobisaTvis ix. r. gordeziani, 1993, gv.39, 48, 55, 61, 63). r. gordezianis mier warmodgenili masalac, Cveni azriT, ufro adasturebs, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasasruls berZnebisTvis cnobili iyo swored saerToqarTveluri Tu samwignobro qarTuliseuli: faT-, quTais-, sarapanis- da suan- formebi, rac gvavaraudebinebs, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleulis manZilzec, welTaRricxvaTa mijnazec da Semdegac, berZnebs urTierToba hqondaT arqauli samwignobro qarTulis analogiuri enis mqone qarTvelobasTan. arsebobs e.w. TariRiani toponimic: Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodis centralur kolxeTSi am tipis enis arsebobas adasturebs Zv.w. VII saukunis Semdeg daarsebuli qalaq quTaisis saxelis qarTveluri variantebi: 1.kota/kuta; 2.kutaia; 5

3. kutaiisi; 4.quTaTi; 5.quTaTisi/quTaTusi... Sdr., arc Zvel qarTul da arc Zvel ucxour wyaroebSi ar dasturdeba qarTveluri dialeqturi variantebi: quTeisi (imer.), quTeSi (megr.), quTaS (svan) - e.i. ax.w. dasawyisSi amgvari variantebi an ar arsebobda, an, Tu arsebobda, oficialurad ar gamoiyeneboda. samecniero wreebSi miRebuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, saerToqarTveluri enis, samwignobro qarTulisa da Tanamedrove qarTveluri dialeqtebis TanxmovanTa da xmovanTa sistema erTnairia. ZiriTadad, arqaul samwignobro (saeklesio) qarTuls emTxveva rogorc saerToqarTveluri enis brunvisa da mwkrivis morfologiuri kategoriebi, aseve, saxeluri da zmnuri paradigmebi (morfologiuri kategoriaa mwkrivi, brunva; bruneba da uRleba formaTa paradigmaa; ix. t.futkaraZe, 1997); kerZod, qarTvelur dialeqtTa SepirispirebiT Cans, rom amosavali saerToqarTveluri modelebia Semdegi ZiriTadi saxeluri da zmnuri struqturebi (TvalsaCinoebisaTvis zogan magaliTebi mogvyavs erT-erTi dasavlurqarTuli - megruli dialeqtidanac): saxelis formawarmoebis zogi ZiriTadi yalibi: saxelobiTi (fuZe, fuZe+i/0): kac, kac-i, koC-i... micemiTi (fuZe+s/as/an): kac-s, koC-s/ko-s... naTesaobiTi (fuZe+is/iS/in): kac-is, koC-iS... mimarTulebiTi (fuZe+isa/iSa): kac-isa, koC-iSa... Sdr., aseve, saxelis sityvawarmoebis ZiriTadi yalibebi: fuZe+sufiqsi (kac-ur-i; koC-ur-i), prefiqsi+fuZe (na-tex-i, no-tex-i), prefiqsi+fuZe+sufiqsi (m-xatv-ar-i, ma-xant-al-i)... erTnairia zmnuri formawarmoebis ZiriTadi yalibebic: samw. qarT.: wer-s - iwers - iwereba; megruli: Warun-s - iWaruns - i-War-u… samw. qarT.: a-Tes-v-in-eb-s; megruli: o-Tas-af-u-an-s... am SemTxvevebSic amosavali Cans samwignobro qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli variantebi; Sdr., agreTve, zmnuri sxva formebi: awmyo: v-xat-av, v/f-xant-un-q; m-xat-av, m/f-xant-un-q. myofadi: da-v-xat-av, do-v/f-xant-un-q; da-m-xat-av, do-m/f-xant-un-q. uwyveteli: v-xat-av-d-i, v/f-xant-un-d-i; m-xat-av-d-i, m/f-xant-un-d-i. xolmeobiTi: da-v-xat-av-d-i, do-v/f-xant-un-d-i; da-m-xat-av-d-i, do-m/f-xant-un-d-i... Sdr. xmovanprefiqsiani zogi zmnuri yalibi: m-i-xat-av-s, m-i-xant-u; v-u-xat-i-var, v-u-xant-u-q. da-m-i-xat-av-s, do-m-i-xant-u; da-v-u-xat-i-var, do-v-u-xant-u-q. winadadebis agebulebis TvalsazrisiTac, samwignobro qarTulisa da qarTvelur dialeqtTa Cvenebac msgavsia; kerZod, martivi winadadebis struqtura agebulia koordinaciis principis mixedviT (koordinaciis principisaTvis ix. arn.Ciqobava, 1968). amosaval viTarebad, 6

am SemTxvevaSic, samwignobro qarTulis varianti unda daviguloT. saerToqarTveluri enobrivi koines bazaze Camoyalibebuli zogadqarTveluri saxelmwifo (Tu tomTaSorisi) ena arsebobas agrZelebs samwignobro qarTulis saxiT; Sesabamisad, misi gavleniT, qarTvelTa centraluri kiloebis intensiuri cvaleba ar xdeba, xolo ganapira kiloebi, istoriuli Sidaenobrivi cvlilebebisa da mezobel enaTa gavlenis xarisxis mixedviT, met-nakleb transformacias ganicdis; kerZod, dasavlurqarTveluri (zanur-svanuri) dialeqturi variantebis erTi nawili, saukuneebis manZilze Crdilokavkasiuri enebis gavleniT, metad icvleba da iqmneba svanuri kiloebi. jer berZen-bizantielTa, Semdeg ki Turqul tomTa gavleniT, seriozul cvlilebebs ganicdis zanuri kilos samxreTuli kilokavebi. Turqulis gavleniT icvleba, agreTve: heruli, taouri, imerxeuli da sxva (es procesebi dawvrilebiT ganxiluli gvaqvs wignSi: "qarTveluri dialeqtologia"). Sesabamisad, miuRebelia mosazreba, rom qarTvelTa samwignobro ena efuZneba qarTlur dialeqts (vrclad ix.: http://www.pdfcoke.com/doc/11390384/The-Origin-of-the-Georgian-LiteraryLanguage-and-its-Prospects). qarTuli samwignobro enis SeqmnaSi Tavidanve yvela qarTveluri modgma iRebda monawileobas (mag., pirveli qarTuli warwerebi ioane lazisa da petre iberis saxelTan dakavSirebul palestinis monasterSi dasturdeba); samwignobro-kulturuli mZlavri kerebi iyo egrisSi, lazeTSi, svaneTSi, tao-klarjeTSi, mesxeTSi, afxazeTSi, qarTl-kaxeTsa da sxv., Sesabamisad, am qarTul kuTxeTa mosaxleobas aqvs istoriulad formirebuli erTiani samwignobro ena da Tav-Tavisi kiloebi. aqve, dasamowmebelia, agreTve, arn. Ciqobavas daskvna: qarTuli samwignobro ena Seiqmna zanuri da svanuri dialeqtebis monawileobiT (arn. Ciqobava, 1948; sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi megrul-Wanuri leqsikisaTvis ix. k. danelia, 1984.); Sdr., agreTve, n. maris mosazreba: "qarTuli saliteraturo enis Seqmna-ganviTarebaSi monawileobas iRebdnen: qarTlelebi, imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, laz-Wanebi, da sxvani… saRvTo werilis teqstSi Cven vpoulobT wminda Wanur anu megrul, imerxeul da sxva tomTa sityvebs. am realuris kulturul-istoriulis SexedulebiT, qarTuli saliteratoro ena imdenaTve svanuria da megruli, imdenaTve gurulia da imeruli, ramdenaTac qarTluri. is aris RviZli samwerlo ena yvela saqarTvelos tomisaTvis…" (n.mari, 1905, gv.9-10). Sdr., agreTve: besarion niJaraZe, 1904 (gazeTi "iveria"): "svanuri namdvilad qarTulia, mxolod aqa-iq Secvlilia, magram zogierTebi ver Sehrigebian am azrs da gaiZaxian, svanebi sul sxva xalxiao! netav vicode, visTvis an risTvisaa saWiro is daJineba da svanebis gasxvistomeba". amrigad, qarTvelTa mravalsaukunovani mwignobruli kultura qarTuli saliteraturo ena - Seqmnilia saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze da misi erT-erTi umTavresi keraa Zveli egrisi (romlis mcire nawilia Tanamedrove samegrelo)10, ramdenadac egrisi araerTxel iyo didi qarTveluri saxelmwifos gaerTianebisa Tu aRorZinebis iniciatori11. 10 logikuria davuSvaT, berZnebisTvis gaugebari kolxuri kvirbebi/"kirbebi" asomTavruli anbaniT Sedgenili saritualo teqstebi Tu piqtografiuli xasiaTis rukebi Tu iyo. 11 qarTvelTa oficialuri (standartuli) da saSinao sametyvelo kodebis Tanaarseboba SeiZleba ganvixiloT e.w. diglosiad: istoriuli samwignobro ena (standartuli ena) dedaenaa, xolo saSinao metyveleba (mag., svanuri metyvelebis balszemouri kilo) - mSobliuri dialeqti.

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Sesabamisad, warumatebelia yvela im piris mcdeloba, visac surs samegrelos mosaxleobis werilobiTi kulturis istoria i. vostorgovis, T. aSordias, i. Jvanias Tu guri otobaias12 moRvaweobiT daiwyos: samegrelos mkvidrTa mier sxva kuTxeebis qarTvelebTan erTad qarTvelTa dedaenis bazaze Seqmnilia msoflioSi erT-erTi uZvelesi saeklesio da saerTo samwignobro kultura - qarTveluri samwignobro kultura. samegrelo-svaneTSi dadasturebuli uZvelesi Selocvebis udidesi nawili da qristianuli sagaloblebi arqaul qarTul samwignobro enazea; qarTuli himnografiis erT-erTi mesaZirkvle - iovane minCxic samegrelodanaa (zedmetad migvaCnia saubari Wyondidlebis, Savlianebis/maruSiZeebis, Ciqovanebis, dadianebis, gamsaxurdiebis... Rvawlze)... bunebrivia, Cven unda SevinarCunoT Cveni kuTxuri metyvelebebi (megruli, lazuri, svanuri, aWaruli, xevsuruli, taouri, ingilouri...), magram yvelam erTad unda viRvawoT, rom Tanamedrove globalistur samyaroSi ar movwydeT qarTvelobis CamomrZerwav did samwignobro kulturas - qarTul samwignobro enas (es gansakuTrebiT exeba TurqeTisa da azerbaijanis saxelmwifoebSi mcxovreb avtoqTon, aseve migrant qarTvelebs). werils davamTavrebT didi konstantine gamsaxurdias vrceli citirebiT: "qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis Semdgenlebs umTavresi yuradReba unda mieqciaT xalxuri metyvelebisaTvis. es momenti mTlad ignorirebuli araa, magram sasurveli iqneboda, qarTuli dialeqtebidan, TviT Wanur-megrul-svanuridanac ufro Warbad SemoeSvaT sityvieri masala. qarTuli enis sxvadasxva ganStoebani, e.i. misi dialeqtebi ulevi da jerac aRunusxveli masalaa rogorc mwerlisTvis, ise enaTmecnierisTvis...”13. "me SemovuSvi axal qarTulSi mravali gardasuli sityva; samagierod aseve uxvad vasxure Cems leqsikas xevsurulidan, imerulidan, qarTl-kaxuridan da megrul-gurul enakavebidan motanili sityvebi... me saWirod davinaxe qarTuli tomebis (gansxvavebuli) leqsikis Sekrebis lozungi gadamesrola da es pirvelad vcade kidevac "dionisos RimilSi" da Cems novelebis wignSiac. maSasadame, qarTuli sityvieri inventaris gamdidreba axal saukuneSi unda momxdariyo calkerZ Zveli qarTulis maragidan, calkerZ cocxali dialeqtebisa da enakavebis wiaRidan, raTa qarTuli ena martooden mSrali, mwignobruli ena ar gamxdariyo... qarTul enas ar gaaCnia monaTesave enaTa ojaxi, rogorc Tundac franguls romanuli enebi, germanulsa da inglisurs - germanTa enebisa da rusuls - slavuri enebisa da enakavebis ojaxi. amitomac saliteraturo qarTulis zrda ar SeiZleba martooden garegan sesxs - barbarizmebs - daeyrdnos. aq umTavresia "Sinagani sesxi", qarTuli enakavebidan, svanur-Wanur da odiSur dialeqtebidan axali da uxmari leqsikuri masalis moxveWa... "14 "me piradad, rogorc mwerali, mudam mowadinebuli var gavdevno qarTuli enidan is zedmeti balasti, romelic saukuneebis gavleniT Calekila qarTul enaSi. paralelurad, Cemis azriT, unda xdebodes enis reparacia adgilobriv dialeqtebis leqsikis saSualebiT. unda SemovuSvaT qarTul enaSi rogorc megrul-svanur dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSavxevsurul kilodan.vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTul enas..."15 "iliam qarTul enas SesZina qarTluri bunebis sidarbaisle. xolo akakim imerulis silbo. XX saukunis mwerlobam unda mogvces ilias qarTluris, akakis imerulis, vaJas 12

niWieri poetis - guri otobaias - Semoqmedeba, eTer TaTaraiZis poeziis msgavsad, qarTvelTa erTiani samwignobro kulturis gamdidrebis gzad SeiZloeba ganvixiloT da ara - damoukidebeli kulturis Seqmnis mcdelobad. 13 k.gamsaxurdia, aTtomeuli, t. IX, gv. 470-471 14 k.gamsaxurdia, TxzulebaTa rvatomeuli, 1980, t. V, gv. 955-956. 15 k.gamsaxurdia, TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli, tomi, VII, axali sityvebi, gv. 411.

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fSauris, megrulisa da guruli enobrivi elementebis sruli sinTezi. ai, es iqneba idealuri literaturuli qarTuli..." "is maragi sityvebisa da formebisa, romelTa gacocxleba axal qarTulSi Cems Tvalwin xdeba, me friad sapatio saqmed mimaCnia da yoveldRe unda moixveWos mweralma umZimesi SromiT, pirvelwyaroebis, sigelebis, hagiografiuli Zeglebis, karabadinebis, samTvarioebis da qarTveluri dialeqtebis, qarTuli folkloris, qarTuli bibliis Targmanebis SeswavliT"16.

16 k.gamsaxurdia, TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli, VIII, isev saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis, gv. 54; aqve ix. misi analogiuri Tematikis statiebi: "saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis", "qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni", "isev qarTuli marTlweris gamo", "arqaizmi da provincializmi", "Targmani da enis siwminde" da sxv. msjelobisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, saTave da perspeqtiva qarTuli samwignobro enisa, kavkasiologiuri seria IV, Tb., 2006, gv. 31-43; ix., agreTve: http://www.pdfcoke.com/doc/12621676/T-Putkaradze-European-Charter-forRegional-or-Minority-Languages-and-An-Issue-of-Plannig-Linguistic-Policy-in-Georgia, gv. 92-107.

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