Week 3 Noun Phrase (2)

E_English Grammar Course Unit 3 NOUN PHRASE (cont.)

Issues  NOUN

PHRASE

– Basic NP • Determiners

– Complex NP • Modification

– Predeterminers

– Premodification

– Central determiners

– Postmodification

– Postdeterminers

– Multiple modification

Noun phrases Noun Phrase

= typically constructed by either a noun or a pronoun as the head & other constituents as modifiers Eg. A nice girl leaning against the wall

Basic NP Complex NP

Noun phrases Noun Phrase Basic NP Complex NP

Basic Noun phrases Basic NP

(Determiners) E.g.:

All these 10

+

Head noun pupils

Determiners Determiners

= words of close-system used before a N to “determine” the precise meaning of the N Pre-determiners Central determiners Post-determiners

Determiners Determiners Pre-determiners • mutually exclusive E.g.: all girls, both girls BUT NOT: all both girls

all, both, half multipliers fractions such, what

Determiners Determiners Pre-determiners + before:

+ not before:

all, both, half articles (a, an, the, zero article) E.g.: all the time possessive determiners (my, his, her, etc.) E.g.: both his sisters demonstrative determiners (this, that, etc.) E.g.: half those days quantitative determiners (no, each, any, some, enough, (n)either, every)

Determiners Determiners Pre-determiners + take partitive “of-phrases”

all, both, half optional with nouns E.g.: all (of) the time obligatory with pronouns E.g.: all of them, both of us, half of it

+ “all, both”: occur after the head, either immediately or after the operator E.g.: They (all) were (all) accepted.

Determiners Determiners Pre-determiners

multipliers

Once, twice, three times, double, etc.

+ used to denote the quantity of the nouns E.g.: twice her age, double their salaries + occur with the determiners “a, every, each and per” to indicate frequency E.g.: once a week, twice every day, three times each year

Determiners Determiners Pre-determiners

fraction

(one-third, two-fifths, three-quarters, etc.)

+ the fractions have the alternative of- construction. E.g.: He took only two-thirds of the books. + the indefinite article can replace ‘one’. E.g.: He did it in one-third / a third (of) the time it took me.

Determiners Determiners Pre-determiners

Such/ what

+ occur before the head noun + “such”: combined with “all, quantifiers, cardinal numbers” E.g.: What/ Such a surprise! no/many/41 such incidents

Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners

(1) the, possessive wh-words, Some, any (stressed), no

6 classes based on their co-occurrence with the noun classes (singular count, plural count, and non-count)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

zero article some, any (unstressed) enough

a(n) every each Either neither

this that

these those

much

Central Determiners Central Determiners in respect to their co-occurrence with the noun classes COUNT SINGULAR

NON-COUNT

bottle furniture

PLURAL

bottles

Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners   (1) the, possessive wh-words, Some, any (stressed), no

E.g.: - Do you want me to turn off the light? - I love my family. - What colour do you like? - I have some friends in London. - I won’t give this pen to any student. - She has no idea at all.



Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners

(2) zero article some, any (unstressed) enough





E.g.: - Love is not everything. - I did not have enough time to do this. - I want some beer, please. - Have we got any wine for tonight?

Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners  (3) a(n) every each Either neither

E.g.: - My friend gave me a flower / an apple. - I want to ask each/every person individually. - You can put it on either table. - Neither party accepted such a proposal.

Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners

(4)

this that



E.g.:



This chair is mine and that table is yours. I can’t stand this silence.

Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners

(5) 

these those

E.g.: - Did you read these stories yesterday? - Have you seen those girls?

Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners

(6)

much



E.g.: He wants much sugar in his coffee.

Central Determiners Determiners Post determiners Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals/general ordinals Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers

Central Determiners Determiners Post determiners Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals/general ordinals Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers

• include: one, two, three, etc. E.g.: my three son his two books

Central Determiners Determiners Post determiners Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals/general ordinals Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers

• ordinal numerals: first,second, third, etc. • general ordinals: next, last, past, (an)other, additional, further E.g.: the first time another candidate

Central Determiners Determiners Post determiners Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals/general ordinals Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers

• before count Ns: many, (a) few, several • before non-count Ns: much, (a) little E.g.: a few words much stress

Central Determiners Determiners Post determiners • include:Cardinal a lot of, anumerals great deal of, lots of, a good number of, etc. • verbs has number concord with the second nouns, not the quantity nouns (lot, deal,numerals/general lots, plenty, etc.)ordinals Ordinal E.g.: Lots of food was on the table. There was a lotquantifiers of food on the table. Close-system Open-class quantifiers

Noun phrases Noun Phrase Basic NP Complex NP

Complex noun phrase Complex NP

Pre+ modification E.g.:

All the 11

PostHead noun + modification pupils

playing football

Modification Modification

function

status Restrictive

Permanent

Non-restrictive

Temporary

Modification Modification • helps identify the head & indicate a function

status of the limitation on the possible reference Restrictive

head

Permanent

• tends to come after the head Non-restrictive

• tends to be given more prosodic emphasis Temporary Temporary

than the head E.g.: The flowers in your garden are nice.

Modification Modification • gives additional information to the head function Restrictive

Non-restrictive

but is not essential for identifying the status head • the reference: unique or as member of a Permanent class that has been independently identified • tends to come before the head Temporary in pre-head position • tends to be unstressed E.g.: The book, which I gave you yesterday, is quite readable. (member of a class) She is his poor, old mother. (unique)

Modification Modification

function • Have reference to characteristic features Non-restrictive • Mainly the items which are placed in premodification position E.g.: an ugly man Restrictive the easy-going lady

status Permanent

Temporary

Modification Modification

function Non-restrictive • Have reference only to a specific time • Mainly those adjectives which have to be

predicate Restrictive E.g.: A man who is timid = A timid man A man who is afraid # An afraid man

status Permanent

Temporary

Premodification Premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-ed participles sentence adverbials noun adjectives multiple premodification

Premodification Premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples

E.g.: Mary's brother is very sentencenaughty.

adverbial noun adjective multiple premodification

Premodification Premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-ed participles sentence E.g.: He has rented a crumbling cottage. adverbial noun

The wanted man was last seen in Paris.

Note: the participles denote the permanent.

E.g. adjective

She is an interesting girl vs. She interests me.

multiple premodification The man who is married = the married man

Premodification Premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples sentence

E.g.:

adverbial I got angry with his I-don't-care attitude.

She nounwaved the boy away with a you-stink kind of look on her face. adjective multiple premodification

Premodification Premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples sentence E.g.: I visited his far-away hometown. adverbial noun adjective multiple premodification

Premodification Premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples sentence

E.g.: He has fixed the cupboard adverbial door.

noun

adjective multiple prmodification

Premodification Premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples sentence adverbial

E.g.: noun She is a lovely girl. adjective multiple premodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase

E.g.: The girl who is playing in the ground is my daughter . non-finite clause appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause

E.g.: She love the monitor in your class. appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause

E.g.: The girl playing in the ground is my daughter. Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason

E.g.: The fact that he is rich is not the reason she loves him. adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses

E.g.: I work in the university where I studied English. prepositional phrase 12th Sep, 1983 is the date when he was born. clause That’snon-finite the reason why he spoke ill of me. She shows me the way how I can cook beef. appositive clause

Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause

E.g.:

The girl over there is my sister. appositive clause The road back is dense with traffic.

Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason

E.g.: Something strange happened last night. adverb

adjective multiple postmodification

Multiple modification Multiple modification

Multiple premodification

Multiple postmodification

Multiple modification Multiple modification • with single head: Multiple premodification

Multiple postmodification

E.g.: his last brilliant book • with multiple head: E.g.: the new chair and table the new but ugly table and chair

Multiple modification Multiple modification

Multiple premodification • Sequence of premodifiers: Determiner general age color participle provenance noun de-nominal head Multiple E.g.: a crumbling church postmodification towel the extravagant London social life some intricate old inter-locking Chinese

Multiple modification Multiple modification • with single head: E.g.: the girl in the corner talking to John Multiple premodification • with multiple head: E.g.: the boy and the girl in the corner talking to John Multiple postmodification

Related Readings  Quirk,

R. & Greenbaum, S. A University

Grammar of English, NXB GTVT, 2002: Chapter 4 & Chapter 13