Tipoplogia Sistemelor Agricole Contemporane

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La stabilirea criteriilor de clasificare se au în veGHUH GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL FRQGL LLOH FOLPDWLFHHFRQRPLFHúLVRFLDOHH[LVWHQWH&ULWHULLOHGHFODVLILFDUHDVLVWHPHORUDJULFROHDERUGDWHvQ DFHDVW OXFUDUHVXQWGHQDWXU LVWRULF HFRORJLF úLGXS SHUIRUPDQ



1.Criteriul istoric HVWHSULPXOGDUúL cel mai des întâlnit în literatura de specialitate. 6LVWHPHOHDJULFROHIRORVLWHGHRPGHODFRQúWLHQWL]DUHDDJULFXOWXULL FD DFWLYLWDWHXPDQ XWLO

-

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cele maLPXOWRULVXEDFFHS LXQHDGHDJULFXOWXU

FRQYHQ LRQDO

întâlnite de

SULQFDUHVHvQ HOHJHSURGXFHUHDGH

DOLPHQWHSHED] GHHQHUJLHVRODU úLSULQLQWHUPHGLXOSODQWHORUIL[DWHvQVRO 3ULQFLSDOHOHWLSXULGHVLVWHPHDJULFROHFRQYHQ LRQDOHvQIXQF LHGHJUDGXOGHSHUIHF LRQDUHD PHWRGHORU GH SURGXFHUH D KUDQHL úL GH SULQFLSDOHOH FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOH DFHVWRU PHWRGH VXQW VXJHVWLY UHGDWHLQWDEHOXOXUP WRU

Tabel 1 6LVWHPHOHDJULFROHFRQYHQ LRQDOH

Caracteristici definitorii

Necesarul de teren agricol pentru a KU

1. Sisteme naturale

Hrana se procura direct din QDWXU 

GH

F WUH

JUXSXUL

KD

-

100-500

1-5

4

25-30

2

50

1

100

GH

FXOHJ WRUL úL YkQ WRUL FDUH vQ

’’limita

unui

teritoriu’’

se

PLúFDX FRQWLQXX SHQGXODWRULX VDX FLUFXODU  vQ IXQF LH GH

sezoQ VDX DQRWLPS animalul vânat. 2. Agroecosisteme complexe 2.1. Agricultura

Presupune

LQFLSLHQW

S U LL

D

úL

GH

orientarea

unei

SRSXOD LHL

F WUH

cultivarea plantelor ca urmarea D LQYHQW ULL SOXJXOXL /LQLLOH

generale parcurse au fost : - GHIULúDUHD YHJHWD LHL OHPQRDVHDUERULDUEXúWL 

- GHV HOHQLUHD WHUHQXULORU úL cultivarea plantelor agricole timp de 1- DQL SH DFHHDúL VXSUDID

2.2. Agricultura PL[W

SULPLWLY



abandonarea terenurilor cultivate pentru refacerea IHUWLOLW LL VROXOXL WLPS GH 20ani; Caracteristicile definitorii de la subsistemul precedent; - animalele domestice sunt IRORVLWH SHQWUX SURGXF LH LDU HUELYRUHOH PDUL  FDLL ERLL úL ELYROLL SHQWUXWUDF LXQH

2.3. Agricultura

$GRSW  WHKQLFL

úL WHKQRORJLL

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superioare

precedentelor

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- cerealele devin dominante în structura culturilor ( grâu, orz, RUH]VHFDU SRUXPE

-VHDSOLF DVRODPHQWXO - animalele domestice sunt IRORVLWHúLSHQWru producerea de vQJU ú PLQWH

2.4. Agricultura

(VWH

LQGXVWULDOL]DW

QHPLMORFLW

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GLUHFW

úL

UHYROX LHL

industriale care în plan tehnic a

vQ

kcal/m2/an

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-SHUVRDQ

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cel demografic a condus la o H[SOR]LH

D

presupXVXUP - utilizarea

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$

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combustibililor

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energie: - DGRSW



SH

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úL

VFDU 

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SHVWLFLGHOH

insectofungicidele etc. - FXOWLYDUHD SODQWHORU FUHúWHUHD

D

vQJU ú PLQWHOH

DQLPDOHORU

úL VXQW

delimitate în sectoare agricole distincte; - factorii de progres tehnic sunt

1

180-1000

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ÌQFHSXWXULOH DJULFXOWXULL VH UHJ VHVF vQ FXOWLYDUHD XQRU SODQWH V OEDWLFH FDUH G

e-a lungul

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LL

-a aflat agricultura au fost determinante în

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AgriculturDRGDW

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-a transformat într-RFRQGL LHXPDQ

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-

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, Ed. Ceres,

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-

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a fost un pas decisiv în progresul agriculturii, trecându-VHODDFXPXO

ULGHFXQRúWLQ HúLWHKQLFL

Un alt element important al definirii agriculturii la începuturile sale a fost utilizarea pe OkQJ  UHVXUVHOH HQHUJHWLFH QDWXUDOH HQHUJLD VRODU  HROLDQ  KLGUDXOLF  úL D HQHUJLLORU UH]XOWDWH GLQ WUDF LXQHDDQLPDO IDFWRUXOFDUHDDGXVXQVXUSOXVGHSURGXF LHFHHDFHDvQVHPQDWRHWDS QRX vQ HYROX LDDJULFXOWXULLHWDS IXQGDPHQWDOGLIHULW ID

GHFHDLQFLSLHQW 

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-

-a lungul

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Termenul de ecosistem a fost introdus în 1935 de botanistul englez Arthur G. Tansley, FDUH vQ HOHJHD SULQ DFHDVWD R XQLWDWH GH ED]  D QDWXULL FDUH FXSULQGH VDX LQWHJUHD]  vQWUun singur tot comunitatea vie cu mediul fizic sau cu locul de trai". Mai târziu, în anul  5D\PRQG / /LQGHPDQ FRQVLGHU  HFRVLVWHPXO R VXP  RE LQXW  SULQ LQWHJUDUHD SURFHVHORUDFWLYHIL]LFHFKLPLFHELRORJLFHFDUHVHSHWUHFvQLQWHULRUXOXQHLXQLW

LVSD LX

-

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PorQLQGGHODDFHVWHGRX

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H[WHQVLHFDRHWDS VXSHULRDU vQSURFHVXOFXQRDúWHULLVHDMXQJHOD

agroecosistem, care se ricole

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necesare hranei omului.

3DUWLFXODULW

LOH HFRVLVWHPHORU QDWXUDOH ID

  GH DJURHFRVLVWHPH VH UHJ VHVF FX GHRVHELUH vQ

H[SORDWDUHD LQWHQVLY  úL UHJODUHD DUWLILFLDO  D DFHVWRUD GDU úL vQ  DOWH HOHPHQWH  DúD FXP VXQW

prezentate în tabelul 2. Tabel 2 3DUWLFXODULW

Nr. crt. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

LOHXQXLDJURHFRVLVWHPvQUDSRUWFXXQVLVWHPQDWXUDO

Caracteristici

Agroecosistem

3URGXFWLYLWDWHDQHW

SXWHUQLF

/DQ XOWURILF

simplu, liniar

Diversitatea speciilor 'LYHUVLWDWHDJHQHWLF

Cicluri biogeochimice Stabilitate 3HUPDQHQ

Fenologia Maturitate

puternic

VODE

LPSRUWDQW

VODE

vQWLPS

FRPSOH[

VODE

deschise

(WHURJHQLWDWHDDúH] ULL

Ecosisteme naturale medie

vQFKLV SXWHUQLF

OLPLWDW

OXQJ

VLPSO

FRPSOH[

VLQFURQL]DW

VH]RQLHU

sWDGLLLQL LDOHDOHVXFFHVLXQLL ecologice

matur

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În acest sistem DJULFROvQFHSHIRORVLUHDvQJU

ú PLQWHORURUJDQLFHSHUIHF LRQDUHDXQHOWHORU

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LL RPHQHúWL SULQ

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p agricultura a

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ricole oficiale.

Din nefericire acest tip

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alta, iar problema crizei alimentare nu s-D UH]ROYDW  vQF



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aceste produse în bugetul famLOLHLDX SXVSUREOHPDDFKL]L LRQ

ULL GHSURGXVHGHFDOLWDWH VXSHULRDU 

ELRORJLFHFXFRQ LQXWULGLFDWvQVXEVWDQ HXWLOH

2. Criterii ecologice alternative $QLLDXvQVHPQDWRUHRULHQWDUHDSROLWLFLORUDJULFROHVSUHRDJULFXOWXU PDLHFRQRPLF úL

maiDXWRQRP

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-au

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DJULFXOWXUD

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astfel: •

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•

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  vQ 68$ HVWH GHQXPLW  /RZ ,QSXW 6XVWDLQDEOH $JULFXOWXUH VDX /,6$ DUH

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l a asolamentelor

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•

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utilizate necorHVSXQ] •

permacultura:

WRU

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•

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LL

LGHKUDQ DGHFYDWHúLSURILWDELOHSHQWUXIHUPLHUL

Nebeneficiind decât indirect de rezultatele FHUFHW

ULORU DJURQRPLFH FDUH DX IRVW vQGUHSWDW 

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sistem agricol se face pe baza unor caracteristici specifice ce definesc elementele comune VLVWHPHORU vQ DQVDPEOXO ORU LQGLIHUHQW GH JUDGXO GH SHUIRUPDQ

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Tabel 3 &RPSDUD LDGLIHULWHORUWLSXULGHDJULFXOWXU

Nr. crt. I. II.

Specificare

WLSXULGHDJULFXOWXU

Agricultura

Agricultura

FRQYHQ LRQDO

ELRORJLF

BAZA

ùWLLQ

Antropozofie

),/2=2),&

DJURQRPLF

SCOP

Producerea FDQWLW



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Apropiere VLVWHPDWLF

de

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L

comerciale

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&DQWLWDWHD

alimentelor, Fertilitatea solului. Eliminarea

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D

0HQ LQHUHD LL

Reducerea schimburilor

cu

PHGLXOvQFRQMXU WRU

III.

STRATEGIA

Tehnicile cele Excluderea mai performante PDMRULW LL produselor chimice

Recurgerea UH]RQDELO  OD DJHQ LL GHSURGXF LH

Alegerea tehnicii cel PDLSX LQG XQ WRDUH

mediului natural. 1. SOLUL

527$

,$

Suportul culturilor

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pentru a conserva

D

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ameliora.

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tratamente chimice. Norme

de

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humus.

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naturale:

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FUHW 

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Erbicide

GH

VI UkPDWH

PDWHULHRUJDQLF 

calcare, URFL

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plantei.

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dH$IULFDFHQXú Prevenirea PHFDQLF 



Organic: optim de

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chimice.

4. PLIVIREA

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economisirea,

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limitate)

5. LUPTA CONTRA 3$5$=,

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Chimic. Tratamente sistematice.

Prevenire.

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a



plantelor: Alegerea produsului

vQJU ú PkQW OLFKLG

FHO

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PDL

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or. Aromoterapia. Evaluarea riscului. Insecticide Observarea vegetale: rotenone, echilibrului biologic. pyrethrine, 'DF  HVWH SRVLELO  nicotine. OXSWDELRORJLF  Fungicide: Cu, S /XSW ELRORJLF

IV.

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-

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din

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