Sept ('06)-3 - Spoken English

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 8 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Komal: Visal, doesn't Ramana speak English the best of all of us in the class? (Class

™ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ English ¶«í¬ Ramana éπü∆) Vishal: Yes; he does. (Å´¤†’) Komal: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?) Why so = áçü¿’-éπ™«?; Why not? = áçü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’? Ñ expressions conversation ™ î√™« common. O’®Ω÷ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ. ´÷ö«x-úËC

Vishal: From the beginning he has studied in English medium, that too, in very good schools. Moreover, he reads more than any one of us.

(¢Á·ü¿-öÀ†’ç* Åûªúø’ îªC-NçC English ™, ÅD ´’ç* English medi™, ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†-éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.) That too = ÅC èπÿú≈.

Komal: He certainly works harder than any of us. At the same time he plays games better than us too. Remember he scored higher than any other member of our team in the last match.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åûªúø’ ´’†-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ v¨¡´’°æ-úø-û√úø’. Å™«Íí games ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ ¢Á’®Ω’Íí. éÀç-ü¿-öÀ match ™ ´’† team ™ Éûª®Ω players éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ score î˨»úø’). Vishal: Here he is. Let's spend some time with him.

(ÉCíÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Åûª-úÕûÓ í∫úø’-°æ¤ü∆ç)

medium um schools

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 210 Komal: What does he read? How much does he read?

(àç îªü¿’-´¤û√úø’? áçûª îªü¿’-´¤-û√-úøçö«´¤?)

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lesson comparison

™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC, degrees of äéπ\ adjectives Íé é¬ü¿’, adverbs èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçü¿E. Adverbs Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç. verb, subject îËÊÆ °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ç verb îËÊÆ °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ™«çöÀ N´-®√-©†’ ûÁLÊ°-´÷ô adverb. He plays well. Ééπ\úø verb - plays. ᙫ Çúø-û√úø’? ÅØË verb (ûÁLÊ° °æE)éÀ v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÊÆh, Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç well éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE well, adverb Å´¤-ûª’çC. äéπ sentence ™ äéπ ´÷ô îËÊÆ °æEE •öÀd, ÅC noun/ adjective/ adverb etc., OöÀ™x àC ÅE E®Ωg-®·ç-î√Lq Öçô’çC. í∫-ûª

This is a fast train.

M. SURESAN

Ééπ\úø ᙫçöÀ ï¢√•’. 鬕öÀd

train? fast, adjective.

ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊,

fast train

ÅØËC

Why so? Vishal: For one thing, he reads the English news paper daily. He reads too, a lot of fiction in English. He reads quite often English news magazines too.

(äéπ-õ‰-N’-ôçõ‰ ®ÓW English newspaper îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. Éçé¬ English †´-©©’, éπü∑∆-Eéπ©÷ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. ûª®Ωîª÷ English news magazines èπÿú≈ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.) fiction = °∂œéπ{Ø˛ – '°∂œ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç – éπ©p†– éπLpç-*† éπü∑¿©’ – novels (†´-©©’), short stories (éπü∑∆-E-éπ©’) ™«çöÀN. Komal: (Do) you mean he speaks English so well because of his reading?

(Åçõ‰ †’´y-ØËC Å™« îªü¿-´ôç ´©xØË English Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøç-ö«¢√?) Vishal: Exactly. Reading English helps you more than a thorough study of grammar.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ví¬´’®˝ èπ~◊ùoçí¬ Å¶µºu-Æœç-îªôç éπçõ‰, îªü¿-´ôç áèπ◊\´í¬ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.) thorough = ü∑¿®Ó = èπ~◊ùo-¢Á’i† Komal: The language of the English newspapers is difficult to understand, isn't it? How then does it help? (English newspapers English

Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ éπ≠dçæ í¬ Öçô’çC. Å™«ç-ô°æ¤púø’ ÅüÁ™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC?) Vishal: Ramana says he began with short news items, and then went on to news stories.

A Cheetah runs fast.

(*®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L ¢Ëí∫çí¬ °æ®Ω’-Èí-ûª’h-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø runs, ÅØË èπ◊ fast, 鬕öÀd ÅØËC Åçõ‰ – 1) ᙫçöÀ, ᙫç-öÀC (äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ) ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†çí¬ ´îËa-´÷ô Adjective. 2) °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ answer í¬ ´îËa ´÷ô Adverb. Ñ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰ degrees of comparison á°æ¤púø’ Adjectives èπÿ, á°æ¤púø’ adverbs èπÿ ÅØËC Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.

verb. How does it run? question fast adverb. answer

a) Australia plays best of all teams in the world.

(v°æ°æç-îªç-™E ÅEo ïôx™ ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ïô’d Åûªuçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø’-ûª’çC.) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– Ééπ\úø 'best'- adverb, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, plays ÅØË verb °æEE ᙫíÓ N´-J-≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd. (Note: Superlative degree of the adjective the superlative degree of the adverb the

´·çü¿’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈-©E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Å®·ûË ´·çü¿’ Åçûª °æöÀdç-°æ¤-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕûË ´’ç*üË, ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.) °j sentence ™ adverb, superlative degree ™ ÖçC éπü∆? ÉC superlative of 'well'. É°æ¤úø’ ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. b) Tendulkar plays better than any other/ all other players = player/ players

Spoken English

Adjective

Å®·Ø√,

adverb

Å®·Ø√, äéπ

N’í∫û√ Ééπ\úø better, comparative degree of well

c) No other player hits the ball so/ as well as Dhoni= player ball adverb, wellpositive. good=

ÉçÍé Éûª®Ω èπÿú≈ üµÓE Åçûª †’ éÌôdúø’. Ééπ\úø

´’ç* (adjective) well= ¶«í¬ (adverb)

better (comparative) best (superlative)

degree

positive 1. Adjective No other team in the world is so/ as good as Australia. Adverb No other team in the world plays so/ as well as Australia. 2. Adjective Very few teams in the world are as good as Australia. Adverb Very few teams in the world play as well as Australia.

†’ç* ÉçéÓ

degree

éÀ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A äéπõ‰.

comparative

superlative

Australia is better than any (all) other team (teams) in the world.

Australia is the best team in the world.

Australia plays better than any other team/ all other teams in the world.

Australia plays best of all teams in the world.

Australia is better than most other teams in the world.

Australia is one of the best teams in the world.

Australia plays better than most other teams in the world.

No proper superlative.

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A Adjective Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰, adverb Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰.

Comparative. verb - reads. DEo posèπ◊ ´÷JÊÆh, not ®√¢√L. Å°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç-éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç – reads + not = does not

– ÉC itive

1) Tendulkar bats better than Sehwag.

read.

(ÉC Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË §ÚLéπ – Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’– ÉC comparative degree) DEéÀ superlative Öçúø-ü¿’-éπü∆. Positive ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, Tendulkar, Sehwag Ê°®Ω’x û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·; not ´Ææ’hçC.

Positive degree: Ravi does not read so/ as fast as Krishna. (Krishna

Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ®ΩN

îªü¿-´úø’) 3) Kites fly faster than crows.

Sehwag does not bat (bats + not = does not bat) so (as) well as Tendulkar

(é¬èπ◊© éπçõ‰ í∫ü¿l©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ áí∫’-®Ω’-û√®·) Comparative. verb - fly. Comparative not Positive verb - fly. fly + not = do not fly.

™

2) Bret Lee does not bowl faster than Shoaib Akthar- comparative degree. (Bret Lee, Shoaib Akthar bowl not superlative Positive not subjects Lee, Akthar positions

Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îËߪ’úø’) – §ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµËu, ÖçC. DEéÀ ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. ™ ®√ü¿’, © û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·.

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson.

Positive: Shoaib Akthar bowls (at least) as Bret fast as Bret Lee. (Shoaib Akthar Lee bowl

1) Doesn't Ramana speak English the best of all of us in the class? (superlative degree of the adverb)

™‰ü¿’.

Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îË≤ƒhúø’) Adverb degree ´îËa-ô-°æ¤púø’, do, does, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L.

did

2) He reads more than any of us.

©

(comparative degree) 3) Reading English helps you more than a study of grammar (comparative)

Eg: 1) Steve played more matches than Mark. (Mark éπçõ‰ Steve áèπ◊\´ matches Çú≈úø’) – ÉC comparative. verb - played. DEo positive ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, played + not = did not play Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ positive.

4) He certainly works harder than any of us. (comparative) 5) At the same time, he plays games better than us too. (comparative)

Mark did not play as/ so many games as Steve. (Steve games Mark

ÇúÕ-†Eo

™ ´Ææ’hçC.

Positive: Crows do not fly so/ as fast as kites.

éπFÆæç

6) He scored higher than any other member of our team. (comparative)

Çúø-™‰ü¿’)

2) Krishna reads faster than Ravi

Exercise:

(

OöÀéÀ Éûª®Ω degrees practise îËߪ’çúÕ.

Answer:

®Ω-N éπçõ‰ éπ%≠æg ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’) superlative

comparative

positive

1. Doesn't Ramana speak English the best of all of us? sentence)

Doesn't Ramana speak English better than any of us?

Does any of us speak English so well as Ramana?

2. Of all of us he reads the most.

He reads more than any of us. sentence)

None of us reads as much as he (reads/ does)

Reading helps us more than a study of grammar. sentence)

A study of grammar doesn't help us so much as/ as much as reading.

4. He certainly works hardest of all of us.

He certainly works harder than any of us. sentence)

None of us work as/ so hard as he, certainly.

5. Of all of us, he plays games best.

He plays games better than us too. sentence)

We don't play games so well as/ as well as he.

6. He scored highest of all of us.

He scored higher than any other member of our team.

No other member of our team scored so/ as high as he.

(É*a†

(É*a†

3. No superlative.

õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ à Éûª®Ω éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Çúø-û√úø’.

¶«í¬

(¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô *†o ¢√®√hç-¨»-©ûÓ v§ƒ®ΩçGµç*, Ç ûª®√yûª °ü¿l °ü¿l ¢√®Ωh© reports îªC-¢√-†E ®Ω´’ù ÅØ√oúø’)

2

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(É*a†

(É*a†

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm