Sept ('06)-1 - Spoken English

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 4 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Dhananjai: So, which school did you put your son in, finally? (*´-®Ωèπ◊ O’ ¢√-úÕ-E -à school ™ -

îË-Jpç-î√-´¤?) Lokeswar: In the Ambit Public School. Dhananjai: Congrats. How could you ever get him admission in that school? It is one of the best schools in the state.

Dhananjai: Tomorrow? I should very much like to, but tomorrow is a friday. On fridays, I am busier than most other days. I'll try to come, but don't look for me. Anyway, many happy returns of the day.

(Ø√èπ◊ ®√¢√-©ØË ÖçC, é¬F Í®°æ¤ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç. -N’-T-L-† ®Ó-V-©-ûÓ -§Ú-LÊÆ-h ؈’ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√-®√©’ î√™«- G-@. Å®·-

(Ç Ææ÷\--™x -Å-úÕt-≠æ-Ø˛ ᙫ Ææ秃-Cç--î√´¤? ®√≠æçZ -™ -Ö-†o -Ö-ûªh-´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x Å-üÌéπ-öÀ.)

What do you think?

Lokeswar: And one of the most expensive too. My son has been selected in the selection test. Very few admission tests he has taken are as tough as this.

(Å´¤†’. Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x èπÿú≈ -Å-üÌéπöÀ. ´÷¢√úø’ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~™ áç°œ-éπ-ߪ÷uúø’. -¢√úø’ ®√Æœ† °æK-éπ~™x éÌEo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Éçûª éπ-≠d-¢æ Á’i-†N.) Dhananjai: (Do) you mean he has taken as number of admission tests?

(Åçõ‰ -O’ -Å-¶«s®· î√-™« v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~©’ ®√¨»-úøØ√ -F -Ö-üËl-¨¡uç?) Lokeswar: What do you think? I have had five transfers in the past nine years. With every transfer he had to be put in a new school, and that meant an admission test.

(à-´’-†’èπ◊ç-ô’--Ø√o-´¤? Ñ -ûÌ-N’t-üË∞¡x-™ Ø√èπ◊ -Å®·-ü¿’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x •CM Å®·çC. v°æA≤ƒ-K éÌûªh -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™ îË®√aLq ´îËaC.

than that in most other recent movies.

Ø√ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. - é¬-F -Ø√éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’îª÷-úÌü¿’l. É™«çöÀ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V-©’ î√-™« -ï®Ω’°æ¤éÓ-¢√©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’) Lokeswar: Thank you. Compare sentences (a) and (b) below: a) Kolkata is the largest city in India

( ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-†-í∫®Ωç éÓ™¸-éπû√) - superlative degree. b) Bangalore is one of the largest cities in India.

(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x- ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ) – superlative. a), b) È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ superlative ™ ÖØ√o®·. Å®·ûË (a) ™ the largest Åçô’Ø√oç – Åçõ‰ éÓ™¸-éπû√ ÅEo †í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC -Å-E -Å®Ωnç. (b) ™ Bangalore is one of the largest Åçô’Ø√oç – Åçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™E (Åûªuçûª) °ü¿l-†-í∫-®√™x -¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ Åçô’Ø√oç. ✓

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

208

Åçõ‰ v°æA-≤ƒK ã v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-Kéπ~ ®√ÊÆ-¢√-úø’) Dhananjai: How good is he at studies?

(O’ ¢√úø’ á--™« îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’?) Lokeswar: Quite bright, I must say. Certainly brighter than most other students his age or class. He has had no difficulty getting admission in the best schools. (ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úøØË ÅØ√L. ¢√úÕ- ûª®Ωí∫-A,

¢√-úÕ ´ßª’-Ææ’q- ¢√-∞¡x™ î√-™« -´’çCéπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢Áj†-¢√úË. -Ñ é¬®Ω-ùçí¬ Åûª’u-ûªh´’ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç §Òçü¿-í∫Lí¬úø’) Dhananjai: I see that. That he got a seat in Ambit school shows that. Wish him all the best.

(Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª÷ØË ÖçC. Ç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™ Æ‘-ô’ ®√´-ô¢Ë’ -Å-ûª-ØËç-ö ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C). Lokeswar: Tomorrow is his birthday. How about attending it? ( Í®°æ¤ ¢√úÕ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -´≤ƒh´¤ éπü∆.)

The best, the largest, the tallest, etc. comparatives, positive

É™«çöÀ¢√öÀéÀ ᙫ ´≤ƒhßÁ÷ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. One of the best (Åûªuçûª ¢Ë’-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ-™  äéπöÀ), One of the largest (Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-¢√-öÀ™  äéπöÀ), ņo-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀéÀ Positive, Comparative ᙫ Öçö«ßÁ÷ É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îª÷ü∆lç. é¬F äéπ ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç– ✓ §ÚL-éπ©’ °æJQ- L - ç-îôª ç, îÁ°pæ ôç (´Ææ’h´- ¤©÷, ´uèπ◊h© ûª®Ωû- ´ª ’ ¶µü‰ ∆©’)- Éç-T≠-x flæ ™ ÆæçéÀ≠-x çdæ (Complex)í¬ Öç-ô’ç-C. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Å-™« Öçúøü¿’. ´’†ç ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´÷ö«xú,Ë ®√ÊÆ ûÁ©’í∫’™ Superlative, Comparatives èπ◊ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ °æü∆©’ ™‰´¤ éπü∆. Öü∆: Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸™ -Ö-†o †í∫-®√™x £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ °ü¿lC (Superlative), N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√© éπçõ‰ £j«ü¿-®√¶«ü˛ °ü¿lC (Comparative), à †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ £j«ü¿®√-¶«ü˛ Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’. ÅE ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Åç-ö«ç. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. ✓ Three degrees ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç '°ü¿lC— -Å-ØË ´÷-ô-ØË Åçô’Ø√oç. -Éç-Tx-≠æfl™™«, big, bigger, biggest ÅE äÍé ´÷ôèπ◊ degree E •öÀd ´‚úø’ ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Öç-úø-´¤ éπü∆. Åûªuçûª °ü¿lC, ÅA °ü¿l ÅØË ´÷ô© ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç é¬ü¿’. ÅD é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -áEo ®Ω鬩 §ÚL-éπ©’Ø√o, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd àüÓ ´÷ô éπ-*a-ûªçí¬ -¢√úø’û√ç. é¬F ¢√éπuç É™« Öçú≈L ÅØË E•ç-üµ¿-†©’

Table- 1 II Type

I Type Superlative: Kolkata is the largest city in India.

Bangalore is one of the largest cities in India.

Comparative: Kolkata is larger than

Bangalore is larger than most other

any other city / all other cities in India.

cities in India.

Positive: No other city in India is

Very few cities in India are

so (as) large as Kolkata.

as large as Bangalore.

Superlative:

éÓ™¸éπû√ ÅEo †í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC Comparative: N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√-©- éπçõ‰ éÓ™¸éπû√ °ü¿lC (-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™) Positive: à Éûª®Ω †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ éÓ™¸éπû√ Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬-ü¿’.

2

-Å-ûªuç-ûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ î√™« †í∫-®√-©- éπç-õ‰ ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ °ü¿lC

ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -™‰-´¤. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ -Ççí∫x¶µ«-≠æ™ î√™« -E-•ç-üµ¿-†-©’ -Ö-Ø√o®·. Åçü¿’éπE à ®Ωéπç §ÚL-éπ†’ à degree ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´Ææ®Ωç.

Naresh: But the songs in the movie are not sweeter than the songs in 'Kalalu'.

Satish: (Do) you mean that songs in Now look at the following sen'Kalalu' are sweeter than the tences from the conversation at M. SURESAN songs in the movie. the beginning of the lesson 1) It is one of the best schools in the state. Naresh: I Don't mean that. The songs in superlative 2) And one of the most expensive too.

this. Satish: You are one of the best singers in our

(Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x èπÿú≈ äéπöÀ) 3) Very few admission tests... are as tough as this (positive) 4) He is certainly brighter than most other students of his class or age (comparative) 5) ... I am busier tomorrow than on most other days. (comparative).

É°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 §ÚLéπ© -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç: (-õ‰-•’-™¸ 1 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) É°æ¤púø’ ´’† Ææ-ç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù™E degrees transformation to other degrees îª÷ü∆lç. Positive

1)

College. I do not have the knowledge of music you have / my knowledge of music is not so (as) good as yours. Naresh: Very few songs are as good as 'Vasantaragam' in 'Kalalu' It is a moving song. Satish: True. I like it too.

Comparative

Superlative

Very few schools in the It is better than most other It is one of the best schools in the state are as good as this. schools in the state. state. lesson sentence)

(

™ É*a†

2) Very few schools are as ... and more expensive than and one of the most expensive expensive as this. most other schools. too. (lesson sentence)

...

™ É*a†

3) Very few admission tests This is tougher than most other This is one of the toughest tests. are as tough as this. (les- tests. son sentence)

™E

4) Very few students are as He is certainly brighter than most He is certainly one of the brightest bright as he (is). other students. (lesson sen- students. tence)

™E

5) On very few days am I as I am busier tomorrow than on Tomorrow is one of the days I am busy as I am tomorrow. most other days. (lesson the busiest on. sentence)

™E

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC... a) The + superlative ÅE ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ comparative ™ than any other / all other ´Ææ’hçC. Positive ™ No other ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’´¤-ûª’çC.b) One of the + superlative ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ comparative ™ than most other ´Ææ’hçC. Very few ûÓ Positive v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’´¤-ûª’çC. very few ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u positive- ™ as + positive + as ´÷vûª-¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. so + positive + as ®√ü¿’. Carefully observe the following conversation between Satish and Naresh Satish: This is one of the greatest movies I've seen recently. Naresh: I agree. Very few recent movies are

à éÌCl †í∫-®√-™ ¶„çí∫∞¡⁄®Ωçûª °ü¿lN (-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™)

'Kalalu' are as sweet as the songs in

(®√≠æZç™E Öûªh´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x ÉC äéπöÀ)–

as great as this. Satish: The photography in the movie is better

This diversity is seen not only among the plants belonging to different groups but also those belonging to the same group. is seen present continuous verb

-v°æ-¨¡o-:

°j ¢√éπuç™ ûª®√yûª Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç-î √®Ω’. ™ ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷-§ƒEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√a?-ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’? áç. ü∆L-Ø√-ߪ·úø’, Xé¬- π◊∞¡ç ï-¢√-•’: Ééπ\úø seen ÅØËC present continuous tense é¬ü¿’. present simple / present indefinite. present continuous tense ™ verb formam seeing / is seeing / are seeing. present simple, passive voiceis seen-

ÉC îª÷úø-•-úø’-ûÓçC ÅØË Å®Ωnç™.

This diversity is seen = Ñ ¢ÁjNüµ¿uç îª÷úø•úø’ûª’çC (Åçõ‰ ´’†ç îª÷≤ƒhç ÅE) is seen- is (be form) + seen ( verb ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷°æç Åçõ‰ past participle) - voice, passive.