Presented By Qasim Hasan Bukai

TSUNAMI Presented by QASIM HASAN BUKAI

What is tsunami • A tsunami (pronounced soo-NAH-mee) is a series of water waves (called a tsunami wave train) • It is caused when a large volume of a body of water, such as an ocean, is rapidly displaced.

• The Japanese term is literally translated into "harbor wave."

History of tsunami • 26 Dec 2004 - Indian Ocean tsunami • 5000 BC and beyond • 1650 BC, Santorini, Greece Tsunami • 1755, Portugal • 1883, Krakatoa Volcano

Other historical tsunamis

• 1960, Chili

• 1964, Alaska, British Columbia • The 1755 Lisbon earthquake • Sanriku, Japan, in 1896. • An earthquake in the Aleutian Islands sent a tsunami to Hawaii in 1946

• A very localized tsunami in Lituya Bay in 1958 • The Moro Gulf region (Cotabato city) of the Philippines in 1976 • Western Japan in 1983 • A Papua New Guinea tsunami on July 17, 1998

• • • • • •

Earthquakes volcanic eruptions underwater explosions landslides mass movements bolides impacts

all have the potential to generate a tsunami.

Types of tsunami • Immediate Waves • Seismic Seiches • Classical Tsunamis

Immediate Waves

Seismic Seiches

Classical Tsunamis

Tsunami characteristics • Travel at speeds of up to 400-500 miles per hour • In deep waters, tsunamis are low and wide, often less than three feet high • As much as 95 miles between the crest of one wave and the next. • At shallower waters, they get more deadly • Can reach up to heights of 100 feet or more and crash inland.

When a Tsunami Strikes • Travels at a speed that is related to the water depth • Water depth decreases, the tsunami slows • Tsunami's energy flux is dependent on both its wave speed and height • It remains nearly constant

• As the tsunami's speed diminishes as it travels into shallower waters, its height grows • As a tsunami approaches shore, it slows down and grows in height • Lose energy as they rush onshore • Part of the wave energy is reflected offshore

• Shoreward-propagating wave energy is dissipated through friction and turbulence • Still reach the coast with a lot of energy • Remove sand from the beaches that have taken years to accumulate • Undermine trees and other coastal vegetation

Tsunami Causes • break in earth crust • Volcanoes • Subaerial and submarine landslides into bays or lakes • Earth quakes

Effects of tsunami • The enormous energy of a tsunami can – demolish houses – flip large vehicles – move heavy boulders. • Tsunamis are a threat to life and property to anyone living near the ocean.

• The rotting corpses left behind by the tsunami also helped to spread diseases to the survivors. • Crops, settlements, wildlife, properties were severely destroyed, with power and communications disrupted, adding on to the daunting task of rescue work. • People clung on to trees for their dear life; some were rescued, but some were also swept away, right in front of their relatives and family members. • The emotional and mental trauma would remain in all those affected for years, even if they had escaped a watery grave.

• After a tsunami, the coast that it hit receeds, leaving a shallow water area that used to be the regular beach. • Fish that come from different oceans are also pushed into that ocean, ruining that oceans food-chain • In addition, the torrential water deluging entire hectares prevent helicopters from landing. Most of the affected villages were situated in isolated areas and are extremely hard to get to. •

Furthermore, the huge mass of water also broke sewage and water pipes, contaminating water and food sources.

•

Subsequently, diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery and dengue then become more rampant.

Sri Lanka •

An island nation situated in the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka was the 2nd worst hit by the tsunami.

•

However, in terms of country size, Sri Lanka was in fact hit harder by the tsunami than Indonesia because most of its coastline was hit by the deadly waves.

•

Sri Lankan authorities report 30,196 confirmed deaths as of 3 January 2005 after the island was hit by the tsunami.

•

Many of the dead were children and the elderly. The south and east coasts were worst hit. An estimated one and a half million people have been displaced from their homes.

•

Roughly 1,200 bodies were counted at Batticaloa in the east. 800 were reported dead when the tsunami reached more than 2 kilometres (1.25 miles) inland at Trincomalee to the northeast.

Thailand

• The Thai government reports 5,246 missing and estimates that 8,000 are likely to have died. • Several popular tourist resorts such as Phuket, Khao Lak and the Phi Phi Islands were hit hard by the waves. • The resort area of Khao Lak report 3,950 confirmed deaths and the final count may very well exceed 4,500. • Hundreds of holiday bungalows on the Phi Phi Islands were washed out to sea. Bhumi Jensen, grandson of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, was among those killed.

• The tourism and fishing sectors have been adversely affected by the aftermath of the tsunami. • The beach resorts along the Andaman Sea coast have been extensively damaged it will take many years for recovery. • Numerous hotels and small businesses have been ruined and the price for recovery will be extremely costly.

India

• In terms of the number of casualties, India was the 3rd worst hit country partly because a large section of its coastline was hard hit by the tsunami. • The areas that were hit included the state of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Pondicherry and the Andaman and Nicobar islands • With a death toll of 7,793, the state of Tamil Nadu was no doubt the worst hit on the mainland.

• In the Nagapattinam district alone there were 5,525 casualties, with entire villages having been destroyed. • The Kanyakumari district has had 808 deaths and the Cuddalore district 599, the state capital Chennai 206 and Kancheepuram district 124. • The casualties in Kanyakumari include pilgrims taking a holy dip in the sea and visitors to the Vivekananda Rock Memorial. People playing and taking a Sunday morning stroll along the Marina beach in Chennai were washed away.

Death Toll Country where deaths occurred

Deaths Confirmed

Injured

Missing

Displaced

Estimated1

Indonesia

173,981

220,000

~100,000

6,245

400,000700,000

Sri Lanka

38,195

38,195

15,686

23,000+ 2

~573,000

India

10,744

16,413

-

5,669

380,000

Thailand

5,305 3

11,000

8,457

4,499

-

Somalia

150+

298

-

-

5,000

Myanmar (Burma)

59

2,500

45

7,000 4

3,200

Malaysia

68 – 74

74

299

-

-

Maldives

82

108

-

26 12,000 – 22,0 00

Death Toll Seychelles

1– 3

3

-

-

-

10

10+

-

-

-

Bangladesh

2

2

-

-

-

South Africa

25

2

-

-

-

Kenya

1

2

2

-

-

Yemen

1

1

-

-

-

Madagascar

-

-

-

-

1,000+

228,601+

~288,608

~125,000

~40,000

~1.5 million

Tanzania

Total

Note: All figures are approximate and subject to change. For more details on specific countries, click the country name in the first column. 1 Includes those reported under 'Deaths'. If no seperate estimates are available, the number in this column is the same as reported under 'Deaths'. 2 Includes approximately 19,000 missing people declared by Tamil Tiger authorities from regions under their control 3 Data includes at least 2,464 foreigners. 4 This number of missing includes citizens of Myanmar who have fled into Thailand and who have been deported back to Myanmar without papers. 5 Does not include South African citizens who died outside of South Africa (eg, tourists in Thailand).

Thank you