Presented By Qasim Hasan Bukai

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TSUNAMI Presented by QASIM HASAN BUKAI

What is tsunami • A tsunami (pronounced soo-NAH-mee) is a series of water waves (called a tsunami wave train) • It is caused when a large volume of a body of water, such as an ocean, is rapidly displaced.

• The Japanese term is literally translated into "harbor wave."

History of tsunami • 26 Dec 2004 - Indian Ocean tsunami • 5000 BC and beyond • 1650 BC, Santorini, Greece Tsunami • 1755, Portugal • 1883, Krakatoa Volcano

Other historical tsunamis

• 1960, Chili

• 1964, Alaska, British Columbia • The 1755 Lisbon earthquake • Sanriku, Japan, in 1896. • An earthquake in the Aleutian Islands sent a tsunami to Hawaii in 1946

• A very localized tsunami in Lituya Bay in 1958 • The Moro Gulf region (Cotabato city) of the Philippines in 1976 • Western Japan in 1983 • A Papua New Guinea tsunami on July 17, 1998

• • • • • •

Earthquakes volcanic eruptions underwater explosions landslides mass movements bolides impacts

all have the potential to generate a tsunami.

Types of tsunami • Immediate Waves • Seismic Seiches • Classical Tsunamis

Immediate Waves

Seismic Seiches

Classical Tsunamis

Tsunami characteristics • Travel at speeds of up to 400-500 miles per hour • In deep waters, tsunamis are low and wide, often less than three feet high • As much as 95 miles between the crest of one wave and the next. • At shallower waters, they get more deadly • Can reach up to heights of 100 feet or more and crash inland.

When a Tsunami Strikes • Travels at a speed that is related to the water depth • Water depth decreases, the tsunami slows • Tsunami's energy flux is dependent on both its wave speed and height • It remains nearly constant

• As the tsunami's speed diminishes as it travels into shallower waters, its height grows • As a tsunami approaches shore, it slows down and grows in height • Lose energy as they rush onshore • Part of the wave energy is reflected offshore

• Shoreward-propagating wave energy is dissipated through friction and turbulence • Still reach the coast with a lot of energy • Remove sand from the beaches that have taken years to accumulate • Undermine trees and other coastal vegetation

Tsunami Causes • break in earth crust • Volcanoes • Subaerial and submarine landslides into bays or lakes • Earth quakes

Effects of tsunami • The enormous energy of a tsunami can – demolish houses – flip large vehicles – move heavy boulders. • Tsunamis are a threat to life and property to anyone living near the ocean.

• The rotting corpses left behind by the tsunami also helped to spread diseases to the survivors. • Crops, settlements, wildlife, properties were severely destroyed, with power and communications disrupted, adding on to the daunting task of rescue work. • People clung on to trees for their dear life; some were rescued, but some were also swept away, right in front of their relatives and family members. • The emotional and mental trauma would remain in all those affected for years, even if they had escaped a watery grave.

• After a tsunami, the coast that it hit receeds, leaving a shallow water area that used to be the regular beach. • Fish that come from different oceans are also pushed into that ocean, ruining that oceans food-chain • In addition, the torrential water deluging entire hectares prevent helicopters from landing. Most of the affected villages were situated in isolated areas and are extremely hard to get to. •

Furthermore, the huge mass of water also broke sewage and water pipes, contaminating water and food sources.



Subsequently, diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery and dengue then become more rampant.

Sri Lanka •

An island nation situated in the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka was the 2nd worst hit by the tsunami.



However, in terms of country size, Sri Lanka was in fact hit harder by the tsunami than Indonesia because most of its coastline was hit by the deadly waves.



Sri Lankan authorities report 30,196 confirmed deaths as of 3 January 2005 after the island was hit by the tsunami.



Many of the dead were children and the elderly. The south and east coasts were worst hit. An estimated one and a half million people have been displaced from their homes.



Roughly 1,200 bodies were counted at Batticaloa in the east. 800 were reported dead when the tsunami reached more than 2 kilometres (1.25 miles) inland at Trincomalee to the northeast.

Thailand

• The Thai government reports 5,246 missing and estimates that 8,000 are likely to have died. • Several popular tourist resorts such as Phuket, Khao Lak and the Phi Phi Islands were hit hard by the waves. • The resort area of Khao Lak report 3,950 confirmed deaths and the final count may very well exceed 4,500. • Hundreds of holiday bungalows on the Phi Phi Islands were washed out to sea. Bhumi Jensen, grandson of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, was among those killed.

• The tourism and fishing sectors have been adversely affected by the aftermath of the tsunami. • The beach resorts along the Andaman Sea coast have been extensively damaged it will take many years for recovery. • Numerous hotels and small businesses have been ruined and the price for recovery will be extremely costly.

India

• In terms of the number of casualties, India was the 3rd worst hit country partly because a large section of its coastline was hard hit by the tsunami. • The areas that were hit included the state of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Pondicherry and the Andaman and Nicobar islands • With a death toll of 7,793, the state of Tamil Nadu was no doubt the worst hit on the mainland.

• In the Nagapattinam district alone there were 5,525 casualties, with entire villages having been destroyed. • The Kanyakumari district has had 808 deaths and the Cuddalore district 599, the state capital Chennai 206 and Kancheepuram district 124. • The casualties in Kanyakumari include pilgrims taking a holy dip in the sea and visitors to the Vivekananda Rock Memorial. People playing and taking a Sunday morning stroll along the Marina beach in Chennai were washed away.

Death Toll Country where deaths occurred

Deaths Confirmed

Injured

Missing

Displaced

Estimated1

Indonesia

173,981

220,000

~100,000

6,245

400,000700,000

Sri Lanka

38,195

38,195

15,686

23,000+ 2

~573,000

India

10,744

16,413

-

5,669

380,000

Thailand

5,305 3

11,000

8,457

4,499

-

Somalia

150+

298

-

-

5,000

Myanmar (Burma)

59

2,500

45

7,000 4

3,200

Malaysia

68 – 74

74

299

-

-

Maldives

82

108

-

26 12,000 – 22,0 00

Death Toll Seychelles

1– 3

3

-

-

-

10

10+

-

-

-

Bangladesh

2

2

-

-

-

South Africa

25

2

-

-

-

Kenya

1

2

2

-

-

Yemen

1

1

-

-

-

Madagascar

-

-

-

-

1,000+

228,601+

~288,608

~125,000

~40,000

~1.5 million

Tanzania

Total

Note: All figures are approximate and subject to change. For more details on specific countries, click the country name in the first column. 1 Includes those reported under 'Deaths'. If no seperate estimates are available, the number in this column is the same as reported under 'Deaths'. 2 Includes approximately 19,000 missing people declared by Tamil Tiger authorities from regions under their control 3 Data includes at least 2,464 foreigners. 4 This number of missing includes citizens of Myanmar who have fled into Thailand and who have been deported back to Myanmar without papers. 5 Does not include South African citizens who died outside of South Africa (eg, tourists in Thailand).

Thank you

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