Chemical Bonding: Presented By: Mohammad Fayiz Akhtar Sp05-aa-0017 Presented To: Afsheen Khalil Presented On: 04-oct-2006

CHEMICAL BONDING PRESENTED BY: MOHAMMAD FAYIZ AKHTAR SP05-AA-0017 PRESENTED TO: AFSHEEN KHALIL PRESENTED ON: 04-OCT-2006

CHEMICAL BONDING Chemical bonding is defined as: “ The attractive force that acts between two or more atoms to hold them together as a stable molecule.” Why chemical bonds are formed? Every element wants to get stability of noble gases. So every element wants to complete its duplet or octet.

CHEMICAL BONDING TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS There are three types of chemical bonds: •Ionic Bond •Covalent Bond •Co-ordinate Covalent Bond

IONIC BONDS “The electrostatic charge between the cation(+) and anion(-) produced by electrons transference i.e either by gaining electron or loosing electron.” Example: NaCl, KCl, MgO etc.

COVALENT BONDS “The bond is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons between two atoms.” The shared pair of electron is indicated by a dash (-) between the two bonded atoms.

COVALENT BONDS TYPES OF COVALENT BONDS • Single Covalent Bond • Double Covalent Bond • Tripple Covalent Bond

COVALENT BONDS SINGLE COVALENT BOND Single covalent bond is defined as: “covalent bond formed by the mutual sharing of one electron pair.” Single covalent bond is denoted by single dash(-). EXAMPLE: H-Cl , H-H , Cl-Cl etc.

COVALENT BONDS DOUBLE COVALENT BOND Double Covalent bond is defined as: “covalent bond formed by the mutual sharing of two electron pairs.” Double Covalent bond is denoted by two straight lines (=). EXAMPLE: O=O ,

COVALENT BONDS TRIPPLE COVALENT BOND Triple Covalent bond is defined as: “covalent bond formed by the mutual sharing of three electron pairs” Triple Covalent bond is denoted by three straight lines (≡). EXAMPLE: N≡N , H-C≡C-H , etc.

IONIC COMPOUNDS Formed by the transference of electron. They are hard and solids. High melting and boiling points. They are non volatile. Held together by electrostatic force of attraction.

COVALENT COMPOUNDS Formed by the mutual sharing of electrons. They exists in solids, liquids and gases. Low melting and boiling points. Mostly they are volatile. Held together by Vander Waals force.

CO-ORDINATE COVALENT BOND Co-ordinate covalent bond is defined as : “a covalent bond in which the shared pair of electron is donated by one atom only i.e the bond contain on electron pair donor and the other is electron acceptor.” Co-ordinate Covalent bond is denoted by an arrow(→) towards the electron pair acceptor

EXAMPLE: NH4. All the N-H bonds are identical, once the coordinate bond N→H is established. +

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