Pq 1stlevel M6 Curriculum

Power Quality Training Courses

Earthing

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Module 6 Earthing

1 INTRODUCTION The aim of this module is to provide the user a detailed overview of the earthing related problems, by supplying a guidance for earthing system design. 1.1 General aims This module’s general aim is to provide the attendants the basic knowledge about earthing, and some tools for the design of earthing systems. The aim is achieved through 6 didactic sections, as follows: − Section 1: Basic definitions, standards; − Section 2: Ground resistivity; − Section 3: Electrical properties of the earth electrodes; − Section 4: Typical constructions of the earth electrodes; − Section 5: Durability of the earth electrodes; − Section 6: Measurements. − 1.2 Target groups This module’s target group includes: designers, experts, installers, and all those who wish to expand their knowledge in earthing systems. 2 SPECIFIC AIMS AND TOPICS The pathway of learning consists of a 2 days course, subdivided in sections (with different duration), with these contents and related aims.

Contents Aims

Contents Aims

1st day Introduction: basic definitions, standards, ground resistivity, electrical properties of the earth electrodes. The aim of the first day lessons is to introduce the basic knowledge related to earthing (definitions, standards, related problems, ground resistivity,ecc…). 2nd day Typical constructions of the earth electrodes, durability of the earth electrodes, Measurements. The second day lessons aim is to provide the attendants some informations on constructive aspects of the electrodes. The last section of the course will be dedicated to the key problem of measurements.

Below there’s a detailed overview of the course contents.

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Pathway of learning flow chart

COURSE DETAILED PROGRAM

General notes: − each day there will be one coffee break (30 mins) which will divide the lesson in two parts no longer than 2,5 hours; − at the beginning of the course the lecturer will explain course aims and at the end he will verify their fulfilment through a knowledge test; − the course will be divided in theoretical and practical sections; − at the end of the lessons, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the course quality. www.lpqi.org

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First day: 30 mins

Participants registration and course introduction

60 mins

Section 1: Basic definitions, standards − Definitions (Earthing or earthing system, Earth electrode, Earthing conductor, Earth surface potential, etc…) − Standards (National and International) Modality: Lesson

90 mins

Section 2: Ground resistivity

− resistivity of the various kinds of the soil and concrete − influence of the soil temperature − influence of the soil humidity Modality: Lesson 30 mins

Coffe break

90 mins

Section 3: Electrical properties of the earth electrodes

− resistance − impedance − potential distribution − properties at lightning currents Modality: Lesson and discussion Second day 90 mins

Section 4: Typical constructions of the earth electrodes − simple − combined − meshed − foundation − natural Modality: Lesson and discussion

60 mins

Section 5: Durability of the earth electrodes − corrosion in the soil (chemical, from DC currents and galvanic) − minimum cross section of the earth electrodes − earth electrodes materials Modality: Lesson and practical training

30 mins

Coffe break

90 mins

Section 6: Measurements

− measuring of the soil resistivity − measuring of the earth resistance (impedance) − measuring of the potential distribution Modality: Lesson and practical training 60 mins

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Final discussion; end of the course; user’s satisfaction questionnaire; Confirmations of attendance

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4 TEACHING METHODS Teaching methods are summarized in three main moments: − knowledge transfer (Lesson) topics exposure by the lecturer with the help of slides and eventually other electronic tools (animations, data sheets, didactic movies…); − deepening/learning verification (Discussion) general discussion stimulated by the lecturer (also during the lesson) to verify knowledge transfer and to eventually deepen particular topics; − practical training (and eventually laboratory activities) group work (~ 6 persons/group) for topics deepening, practical problems solution and case studies overview under the supervision of the lecturer. During all the sections, the lecturer will always attend, with teaching and/or activity coordination duty. 5 DIDACTIC MATERIAL AND TOOLS The didactic tools which will be used by the lecturers will be: − Blackboard − Video-projector − Notebook − Microphone The lecture room will be suitable to allow the use of all the above listed didactic tools and to enable group work for the addendants. Each user will receive, during the registration, a folder containing: − course program; − lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides. Some additional electronic tools will be available also in electronic format at: http://www.leonardoenergy.org/drupal/ . The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire and a knowledge test (which will be both filled and submitted at the end of the course). 6 EXISTING KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS The user’s existing knowledge should include: Topic

Basic •

Mathematical analysis Electrical engineering Electrical circuits Power systems Power quality

Level Medium

High

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7 ACQUIRED COURSE KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS At the end of this course the user will have learned the basic aspects related to earthing (definitions, standards, related problems, ground resistivity, electrodes) along with some practical informations and tools on earthing system design and on the measurements of the related parameters.

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