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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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jzef@csda&; ud&k w J if(h em*d, k m) 080 3628 9979 0if;ay:armif(ud&k ;D ,m;) 82 1965 65712 rrif;rif;jyKH ;(tar&dum;) 1260 424 1434 aX;Edik (f e,fomvef) 31 6176 76582 pmrlrsm; ay; yd@k vdyk guT 161-0033 SHINJUKU-KU, SHIMO OCHIAI 1-11-7, OCHIAI ECO MANSION 301, TOKYO, JAPAN [email protected] [email protected]

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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vluakd cG;owf t+iKd ;&,foef &efp, G u f aig? ? pnfyifr;D owfe@J t+r;D jywftaygi;f ygawG ta=umif;&Smvsuf raumif;pGm &ufpufwo hJ abm? ? Oya'vufvw G ef @J ESuv f w G w f hJ qGr;f }u;D avmif; r$e;f +y;D axmif;olawGvufcsu?f ? jymavmifu wa,mufxJ arSmufomG ;vJ raxmufxm;yJ taoESu?f ? vl@toufukd zuf±u G yf rm rr_ &ufpufpmG xkEu S w f m raorjcif;? ? tylykd taqG;rjywf vlukd acG;owfavjcif;? ?

jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ESifh jrefrmhtqdkt vl@tajc}u;D tvSaqmif ursm;udk *syefa&muf jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm; tr_rayG +yD;&atmif ESihf *syefvrl sK;d rsm;udk azsmaf jzwifquf Oya'enf;us abmif;twGi;f u Edik &f eftwGuf ‘csKdcsKdxeG ;f t+ird o hf bif’ aqmif=uOf;=utjr?J ? ukd 26 &ufae@u zJ@G pnf;vdu k o f nf? tqdkygtzJG@wGif vl±$ifawmfrsm;t Oya' tcsufrydkifawmh jzpf pd;k pd;k / ykn/ pderf [mESihf csmwdww f @kd &wufvi_d t f xl;csJ› u,ku,a=uuGJ yg0iftiftm;jznfx h m;+y;D 0goem&Sirf sm; (ud)k oufEikd Of ;D &J@ r±_rvSaoyJ?G ? ESifh twD;tr_wfu|rf;usifolrsm;udk vnf; zdwaf c:xm;ygonf? }uKd iv f aS rmifarmif qufo, G &f efrmS 2006-03-25 080 5536 5025/ 080 3087 0046 rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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twˆKy`wadW qmif;yg; opfyifuav;awGukd pdu k yf sK;d jyKpyk sK;d axmifwwforl sK;d [m opfyifav;awGom cspw f wf±rkH u vlawGuv kd J cspw f wfojl zpfwwfygw,f? usaemfw@kd rEWav;wuU odv k af usmif;om;b0wke;f u pdu k yf sK;d a&;wuUov kd q f w kd m rEWav;wuUov kd ef @J twlwaGJ eygw,f? wu,fawmh rEWav;wuUov kd q f w kd mudu k pdu k yf sK;d a&;ody`H taqmuftODawGukd cJ, G x l m;cJw h myg? rEWav;wuUov kd af usmif;om;awGukd tkycf sKy&f mrSmawmh pdu k yf sK;d a&;wuUov kd b f ufuq&mawGvJ yg=u&ygw,f? wcg rS t&ifu pOf;pm;r=unhcf rhJ b d J ckrpS Of;pm;=unfrh w d mwckuawmh ausmif;om; awG[m pdu k yf sK;d a&;wuUov dk u f q&m}u;D awGukd bmjzpfv@kd txl;cspcf ifav;pm; =uovJwmygy?J ygarmuQ}u;D Od;atmifoed ;f (ESi;f qDpu kd yf sK;d a&;pmtkyaf &;ol)/ ygarmuQO;D oef; xGe;f (ausmif;om;awG&@J taqmifrLS ;csKy/f ausmif;om;or*~a±G;aumufy}GJ u;D =uyf jyKvyk af y;&mrSma&Sa› qmifo)l / aemufawmh qvdik ;f OD;xGe;f oef;(a&;qif;a&muf pdu k yf sK;d a&; wuUov kd yf garmuQcsKy)f / tJ'q D &m}u;D awG[m wuUov dk rf mS ausmif; om;awGu txl;cspcf ifav;pm;cH&olawGjzpfygw,f? OD;av;vlxOk ;D vSe@J vJ &if;ES;D =uolawGjzpfygw,f? usaemfuawmh awmifov l ,form;om;orD;jzpfv@kd pdu k yf sK;d a&;0goemygyg w,f? zcif}u;D u vufy;l vuf=uyfoifay;vd@k xGe, f ufpu kd yf sK;d wmawGukd vkycf hJ zl;ygw,f? yJ/ ajymif;/ ESr;f / 0g/ aq;/ i±kw/f =uufoeG q f w kd mawGukd tptqH;k pdu k yf sK;d &dwo f rd ;f zl;ygw,f? 'ga=umifyh v J m;rod/ pdu k yf sK;d a&;q&mawGukd txl;cspf cifav;pm;cJyh gw,f? qvdik ;f xGe;f oef;udak wmh a&;qif;pdu k yf sK;d a&;wuUov kd f pm qdak wmfae@a&mufryS J teD;uyfawG@qHq k ufqzH ;l ygw,f? 0g;carmufaqmif;avh&dS ol/ awmom;±kyt f jynf&h o dS rl @kd usaemft h zd@k bmt[ef@twm;rSr&Sb d J pJv G ef;cspcf if oGm;cJ&h ygw,f? tazh±yk rf sK;d rd@k tazvk/d OD;av;vdt k jyif wef;wl&aJ bmf&b J uf/ vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufvkd &if;ES;D pdwaf y:rdw,fq&kd if usaemfx h uf 10 ESpaf vmuf}u;D wJh q&m}u;D udk t±dt k aowefw,fv@kd rxifapvdyk g? wu,fyJ i,faygi;f vdak tmif; arh+y;D usaemfw@kd ±Gmudyk ifah c:oGm;csiv f yS gw,f? usaemht f az/ usaemfOh ;D av;ESihf wuG ±Gmom;awGu q&m}u;D udak wG@udk jyefvw $ cf si=f urSmawmifr[kwb f ;l ? wdu k q f ikd v f u kd yf u kH q&m}u;D uvJ usaemhu f kd ol@pdu k cf if;udak c:oGm;csio f wJ?h usaemftvGef 0rf;omrdygw,f? ±Gmom;awGu q&mhujkd rif&if wuUov kd yf garm uQ}u;D vd@k ajym&if ,H=k ur,frxifygb;l ? q&m[m a&;qif;pdkufysKd;a&;wuUodkvfem;rSm ol@aiGeJ@ol &if;ESD;OD;pD;+yD; ausmif;om;awGe@J twl pdu k yf sK;d a&;or0g,vkyif ef;wckukd wnfaxmifvyk u f ikd cf hJ oljzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ynma&;avmurSm txl;ausm=f um;ygw,f? ±d;k om;óu; pm;+y;D ausmif;om;awGe@J twl vuf&nfwjyifwnf; pdu k yf sK;d vkyu f ikd o f jl zpfv@kd ausmif;om;awGuvJ q&morm;wOD;tjzpfe@J omru/ olw@kd acgi;f aqmif/ olw@kd &J@vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf/ &Jabmf&b J ufvo kd abmxm;=uygw,f? Edik if aH usmyf garmuQ }uD;[m 0g;carmufpkwf}uD;aqmif;/ ykqdk;wkdwkd0wf+yD;/ v,f,majray:rSm tjrpJ u kd yf sK;d vkyu f ikd af eoljzpfv@kd jzwfomG ;jzwfvm vlawGjrif&if ygarmuQ}u;D vd@k xif=urSmr[kwyf gb;l ? q&mu csi;f vlrsK;d yg? ppfom;a[mif;}u;D / rsK;d cspw f yfrawmfom;a[mif;}u;D /

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awmfveS af &;orm;a[mif;}u;D yg? ausmif;om;awGe@J cspcf if&if;ES;D oljzpf&if jrefrm acwfordik ;f ESpf 50 twGi;f rSm 'Dvykd *k Kd~ vrf sK;d udk b,ftxufv}l u;D urS [uf[uf yufyuf&=dS ur,frxifygb;l ? q&m[m &efuek òf r@awmfcef;ra&Sr› mS ygarmuQb@GJ 0wfp}kH u;D 0wf±+kH y;D 'Dru kd a&pDa&;twGuf wud, k af wmfqENjyw,fqakd wmh =um;& wmeJ@ =uufo;D x 0rf;om&ygw,f? q&mtzrf;cH&awmh usaemfu tar&duef jynfaxmifpu k kd a&mufaeyg+y?D q&mhuakd xmufc*H % k jf yKcsiv f @kd *syefuxkwaf 0wJh *sme,fwckrmS aqmif;yg;wapmifa&;cJyh gw,f? carmuf}u;D aqmif;xm;wJh awmif olv,form;ygarmuQ}u;D tjzpf ‘±kyyf v kH m$ ’wck azmfxw k cf yhJ gw,f? usaemhu f dk toHvi$ Ïhf mewcku qufo, G af r;jref;awmh usaemfu q&m}u;D eJ@&if;ES;D wJh vkyf azmfudkifzuf/ ykodrfaumvdyfausmif;tkyf}uD;a[mif; a'gufwmarmifausmfeJ@ qufay;cJyh gw,f? tck tar&duefjynfaxmifpkudk q&mtvnfvmawmh e,l;a,mufrSm usi;f ywJh jrefrmwd@k &J@ 59 }urd af jrmuf jynfaxmifpak e@tcrf;tem;rSm bGm;ueJqkH rd=ujyefawmh nDtudkcsif;awG@&ovdk zufvJSwuif;E_wfquf+yD; pum;awG azmifz@GJ =uygw,f? q&mu ppftyk pf u k kd trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyef @J awG@qHk aqG;aEG;zd@k / t&yfom;'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k &jzpfatmifajymif;vJz@kd wOD;wnf;a=ujim csux f w k +f y;D 'DtwGuf tzrf;cH/ axmifcsc/H taocHr,fqw kd t hJ xd aºu;a=umfped f ac:awmif;qdx k m;ygw,f? wu,fawmh q&mu Edik if aH &;orm;vJr[kw/f b,fEikd if aH &;ygwrD v S J yg0if xm;olr[kwyf gb;l ? carmufaqmif;ygarmuQjzpfayr,fh carmufygw0D ifvJ r [kwyf gb;l ? 'gayrJh todynmtqift h wef;jrifrh m;ol/ Edik if w H umtawG@tñuH trsm;}u;D &So d /l pdu k yf sK;d a&;ol&aJ umif;awG arG;xkwaf y;cJo h /l awmifay: awm=um; ae csi;f wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d awG&@J acgi;f aqmiftvdt k avsmufjzpfaeol/ 'Dvv kd w l OD; &J@ awmif;qdo k [ H m ygwt D zJ@G tpnf;}u;D wck&@J awmif;qdo k v H ykd J av;eufvyS g w,f? oD;jcm;pl;&Sus,af vmifvw S hJ q&m}u;D &J@aºu;a=umfou H kd ppftyk pf u k vJ tav;rlem;pGiphf Of;pm;rSmrvJb G ;l vd@k awG;rdovdk urBmu awmifov l ,form;yg

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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wd@k qufvyk af e=u&jyefygw,f? twlomG ;Edik zf @dk q&mwifr;kd eJ@vJ quf&ygw,f? ysO;f rem;a&qif;pdu k yf sK;d a&;wuUov kd rf mS q&mzJ@G pnf;xlaxmifcw hJ hJ pdu k yf sK;d a&; orudk tpuawmh pdu k yf sK;d a&;ynm&yf&@J oif±;kd 0ifvyk if ef;vd@k txifrmS ;cJzh ;l yg w,f? r[kwyf gb;l ? wuUov dk ef @J vJrqkid /f òr@eJ@vJrywfowf/ rqveJ@vJuif; uif;&Si;f &Si;f ygy?J q&mESpaf ,muf/ ausmif;om; 15 a,mufavmufe@J pwifxl axmifcw hJ mygw?hJ jzpfyu kH tHzh , G o f w k yg? 1972 ck/ jrefrmEdik if v H @l pGr;f tm; t&if;t jrpfprD cH supf mwrf;ay:xGuv f mawmh pdu k yf sK;d a&;wuUov kd u f bJ@G &ausmif;om; ESpaf ,mufom ESppf Of,El ikd rf ,fw?hJ pdu k yf sK;d a&;Edik if w H cku tem*wfrmS pufr_ v,f,mpepfazmfaqmifr,fv@kd a=ujimxm;vsuef @J pdu k yf sK;d a&;bJ@G wESprf S ESpf a,mufyJ,lrSmqdkawmh t&yf&yfaejynfawmf=um;vdk@rawmfygbl;? 'ga=umifh ausmif;om;awG ta[modurH jzpf&atmif q&mqvdik ;f u ausmif;om;awGukd pnf;±Hk;xlaxmifay;cJhwmygwJh? usefwJhausmif;om;awGvJ udk,fhe,fudkjyef a&muf&if pdu k yf sK;d a&;orxlaxmifz@dk erlemvJjzpfaprSmyg? ajr{u 826 {uus,v f @kd pufe@J yJxeG , f ufpu kd yf sK;d &ygw,f? =u/H ajryJ/ ESr;f awGpu kd yf gw,f? =uuf/ 0uf/ ig;awGvJ arG;ygw,f? atmifjrifaecsed rf mS a±$xu G w f hJ ajrawGyg0ifaew,fq+dk y;D {u 60 udk tvum;jyeford ;f oGm;wm cHvu kd &f ygao; w,fw?hJ ckq&kd if ysO;f rem;[m ppftyk pf ±k ;kH pku d &f mjzpfvmvd@k ajrtm;vH;k todr;f cH& zG,&f ydS gw,f? q&meJ@tqufjywfaevd@k bmowif;rS r=um;cJyh gb;l wJ?h vGwf vGwv f yfvyfqufvyk cf iG &hf ae&ifawmh atmifjrifrmS yg? 'gayrJh etzu wckck c|ex f u G v f mwmudk 'Dtwkid ;f vufyu kd =f unhaf e±d;k r&Syd gb;l ? aESmuf,u S zf suq f ;D wmyJ vkyw f wfwt hJ usiu hf ygaewmud;k ? q&mqvdik ;f vkd ±d;k om;ajzmifrh wfwnf=unf+y;D olw@kd udak tmufróu@bJ ud, k hf tvkyu f , kd o f m pdu k v f u kd rf wfwwfvyk af ewwfwyhJ *k Kd~ vrf sK;d [m wae@r[kwf wae@awmh cvkww f u kd rf rd mS ygy?J xifwt hJ wdik ;f yJjzpfvmcJw h myg? rif;bl;eJ@ &cdik f tef;awmif=um;vrf;=um;&Sd pdkufysKd;a&;tzGJ@av;ta=umif;udkqufar;awmh q&mu tckvakd jzygw,f? tJ'u D csi;f awG[m csi;f vlrsK;d pk(TRIBE)wck&@J aqGrsK;d pk(CLAN)eJ@ vl@tzJ@G tpnf;i,fav;awGygyw J ?hJ a&S;uwnf;u olw@kd ydik af jrawG &Sw d ,f? tJ'gukd {u 200 avmuf&atmif 0,f&ygw,fw?hJ tdraf xmif 18 tdraf xmif acsmifacsmifvnfvnfpm;Edik yf gw,fw?hJ q&mu pdu k yf sK;d a&;yJoifay; wmvm;vdk@ar;vdkufawmh q&majz=um;wmawG[m txl;pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;ygw,f? Edik if aH wmf0ifaiG&@J bwf*suw f 0ufausmo f ;kH pJ&G wJh ppfwyf}u;D wck udx k al xmif+y;D Edik if aH wmfopfwnfrt hJ pm; jynfe,fwckpu D wkid ;f &if;om;ESpf a,mufpaD vmufukd q&mqvdik ;f qDtyfE/HS pdww f ikd ;f usoifay;+y;D pufrv _ ,f,m xlaxmifvu kd &f &if Edik if aH wmfopf}u;D wck[m 10 ESprf =umbJ jzpfxeG ;f vmEdik v f rd hf r,fxifygw,f? q&mtouf&iS af eao;&if 'grsK;d awGvu kd v f yk af y;aetH;k rSmqkd awmh usaemfe@J q&mhrw d af qG &Jabmfwifr;kd wd@k [m awmom;awGyg? q&meJ@ vdu k +f y;D ulncD siv f u kd w f mudak jymwJt h cg q&mvJ tm;wufygw,f? q&mhenf;u jynfe,fwckrmS ppfwyf&@J wyf&if;w&if;pm p&dwrf ukeb f J jynfe,fwikd ;f wd;k wuf oGm;Edik yf gw,f? q&moifay;aewJh pdu k yf sK;d a&;enf;u 'Da'otwGuf oifah wmfrhJ ‘awmif apmif;pdu k yf sK;d a&;’yg? urŠvmoD;ac:wJh vdarRmyf ifrsK;d awGukd pku d yf gw,f? [if;oD; [if;±Gu/f rde_ @J opPmyef;awGvJ pdu k ef nf;oifay;ygw,f? ZD0ajr=oZmvkyef nf;vJ oifay;xm;&ygw,fw?hJ pma&;aomufa&;tqifajyatmif =uuf/ 0uf/ qdwf awGarG;cdik ;f w,f? ysm;arG;jrLenf;vJ oifay;xm;w,f? uyfz/d wH;k zde@J óu;uGi;f axmifenf;awGvo J ifay;+y;D awm±dik ;f om;aumifawGuv kd J zrf;wwfatmifvyk f ay;xm;w,f? aygiv f ;kH avmufopfyifukd qJEG ydS +f y;D óu;uGi;f eJ@axmifwm 0uf0w H aumifr+d y;D opfyifxyfzsm;rSm wef;vef;jzpfaewm q&mjrifz;l w,f? awm0uf awGuv kd J rdEikd yf gw,fw?hJ usm;awGbmawGawmh ckacwfrmS r&Sad wmhb;l ? vluykd J olw@kd ua=umufae&+y;D a&Smifajy;ae=u&w,f? usm;ajc&mawGv@kd owif;ay;&if

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

9

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

10

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rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

11

0wˆKwdk acG;pmcGuu f awmh tkwo f rH w H vif;ay:rSmyJ 0g;w±ku d af vmuf&n S +f y;D way avmufus,w f hJ tkwaf jrmif;oH;k ajrmif;vkyx f m;w,f? tJonfajrmif;awGxu J dk qefjyKwaf wG cyfxnfah u|;vku d w f myJ? ajrmif;t&Snv f u kd f rsuEf mS csi;f qkid pf m;=u prf;? r0rcsi;f acgi;f raz:wrf; pm;=uprf;? toHawmh bmoHrrS xGuef @J ? tcsi;f csi;f vJ&efrvkyef @J ? pm;rmefrckwef @J ? [kad jy; onfajy;ae&ma&G;raeeJ@? [kæ d taumifEw _ o f ;D eJ@xk;d +y;D ig;ajcmufzwfcsnhf vku d f prf;pm;raeeJ@? 0g;jcrf;jym;uk, d pf eD @J }urd ;f &if;armif;&if;au|;wmyJ? acG;awGuvJ rqef@rjypJ m;wmyJ? aemufq;kH awmhacG;awGvJ vufav#m?h rukeEf ikd rf cef;Edik ?f onftcdserf mS pm; cGuaf wGxu J x dk yfjznh?f waeukepf m;=uprf;? ykw d muawmh &yfuu G x f u J acG;awG twGu?f ykv d yJ ydk gw,f? tk;d w0ufavmuf ykw d ,f? wrifyu dk sKx d m;wmyJ? tJæ&Spef m&Dx;dk vk@d jrefrmhtoHuqdik ;f 0kid ;f oH=um;&+yq D w dk meJ@w+yKd ief uf tbk;d }u;D tbGm;}u;D qefjyKwyf ;kH uk, d pf eD @J tjyifxu G =f u+y?D ulo,facguo f nf o,f au|;=u+y?D ac|;wvH;k vH;k eJ@use;f rma&;avhusichf ef;vJjzpfua&m? +y;D rS a&rk;d csK;d ? aps;oGm;? uk, d pf m;zk@d pDpOf? usKyaf jymwm &Si;f ygw,faemf? tbd;k }u;D tbGm;}u;D ESpaf ,mufwnf;? om;axmufr;D cHr&Sb d ;l ? yku d q f aH wGu ykad ew,f? 'gayr,fh raocifrmS &Sw d yhJ pPn;f awGux dk ck +JG y;D tvSLbl;? acG;awGuydk J au|;aew,f? acG;awGtwGuu f awmh 0D&, d &So d vm;rar;eJ@? ukeaf vSmif±x Hk rJ mS tenf;qH;k ajcmufvpmavmufuawmhtjynf?h [kww f ,f? ta=umif;uawmh &dw S maygo h il ,fcsi;f &,f? 'kw, d urBmppfjzpfwek ;f u tdrrf mS arG;xm;wJah cG;waumifu olw@dk vifr,m; &J@toufudk u,fcw hJ ,fw?hJ wae@+rKd @ay:ukd AH;k vm=uw J ,f? olw@dk vJA;kH cku d si;f xJrmS qif;yke;f ae=uw,f? onftcsed rf mS AH;k wvH;k u olw@dk yke;f aewJAh ;kH cku d si;f eJ@ wvHavmufyu J mG wJh ae&m rSm vmus+y;D ayguu f o JG wJ?h onfawmh olw@dk AH;k cku d si;f uav;vJ +yKd us+y;D / olw@dk uk, d af y: ajrawGyu d ek o f wJ?h tJ'gudk acG;uajrawG,uf+y;D olw@dk ukad z:w,fqydk ?J tJonfaus;Zl;w&m;eJ@ tJonfopPm&Srd a_ =umifh olw@dk woufrmS acG;awGuydk J aus;Zl;qyfcsiw f ,fw?hJ au|;csiaf rG;csiw f ,fw?hJ tckawmh tbd;k }u;D a&mtbGm;}u;D a&m ESpaf ,mufpvH;k r&S=d uawmhygb;l ? vGef

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal Edik if w H umowif;rsm;

Ð*syefEdkifiH. t"dutwdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;ygwD(DPJ)acgif; aqmif Seiji Maehara &mxl;rSE+wfxGufvdkufjcif;/

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tckq, kd if ol[m abmfvu f efa' otwGif;rSm w&m;pD&ifr_udk rcHpm; vdu k &f bJ aoqH;k cJw h hJ wwd,ajrmuf ppf&mZ0wfaumifwOD;tjzpf ordik ;f rSwf wrf;0ifcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? tjcm;ESpfOD;u awmh 'Croatia'orwa[mif; 'Tudj man'eJ@ 'Bosnia'rS rGwfqvifacgif; aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ 'AlijaIzetbegovic' wd@k bJjzpfygawmhw,f/ ÐÐÐ (tvm;wlyif tm&Sa'otwGif;Y vnf; ESp&f n S v f rsm;pGm vltrsm;udk tpk vdu k t f jyKH vu kd o f wfco hJ /l w&m;Oya'. pD&ifr_awGudk rcHpm;vdkuf&bJ vGwf ajrmufpmG eJ@aoqH;k cJw h hJ jrefrmEdik if rH S ppf

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

13

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Ðwdkif0rfEdkifiHwGif w±kwfqef‹usifa&;qENjyyGJ}uD;usif;y// wdik 0f rfEikd if rH mS rwfv 18 &ufae@u w±kwEf ikd if t H m; qef@usiw f hJ qENjyyG}J u;D udk jyKvkyfcJh=uygw,f? wdkif0rfjynfol rsm;&J@ qENjy&jcif; t"du&nf±, G cf suf uawmh wae@wjcm;}u;D xGm;vmaewJh w±kwEf ikd if &H @J +crd ;f ajcmufra_ wGukd ±H@_ cs bd@k &nf&, G w f ,fv@kd qdyk gw,f/ tqdyk gqENjyyGrJ mS awmh wdik 0f rfjynf olawG[m 'Hk;usnft±kyfawGudk udkif aqmifxm;=u+y;D vuf&w dS ±kwEf ikd if u H wdik 0f rfEikd if u H kd csed ±f , G x f m;wJh 'Ballistic' 'kef;usnfawGudk &nfn$ef;jcif;jzpf w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? wdkif0rforw 'Chen Shui-bian'uvnf; tqdy k g vl wode;f cGaJ usmf wufa&mufcw hJ hJ qENjyyGJ }u;D rSm “wdik 0f rfjynfoal wG[m jynfy u usL;ausm0f ifa&mufwu kd cf u kd o f rd ;f ydu k v f mrJh usL;ausmrf r_ eS o f rSsukd qef@ usiaf =umif;/ wdik 0f rfjynfoal wG[m 'Drkd ua&pDe@J twl wdik 0f rfEikd if u H kd umuG,f apmifah &SmufrmS jzpfa=umif;eJ@ wdik 0f rfEikd f

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( Refers & Quoted from : Japan Times & Yahoo News ) rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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800 ,ef;

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

17

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rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd t f wGuf aiGa-u;vSLwef;cJ-h uolrsm;pm&if;ESihf ,cifvoH;k pJcG ahJ om aiGpm&if;&Si;f wrf;xkwjf yefcsu?f

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105795(q,fah omif;ig;axmifcEk pS &f mig;&mud;k q,hif g;,ef;)

18

Moe Thauk Kye Journal &SeD m*g0ESihf tDbm&mcdv 0 u tusO;f pcef;rS &Jabmfrsm;. &ifziG o hf rH sm;

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“rif;[m tuo acgif;aqmifw a,mufomjzpfw,f? udrk if;udEk ikd w f @kd vdk r[kww f t hJ wGuf rif;udk etzu *&k pdu k rf mS r[kwb f ;l ” qd+k y;D ajymcJw h ek ;f u usaemf[m *syefEikd if &H @J owif;XmeawG/ axmufvrS ;f a&;XmeawG[m owif;& ,lry_ nm&yfrmS awmfawmfnw Hh ,fv@kd ,lqcJrh yd gw,f? ppftm%m&SifawG[mqdk&if tu oacgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ usaemfv h kd vl wa,mufudk axmif'%ftESpf (60) txd tjypfay;axmifcsEikd w f ,fqw kd m udkouf0if;atmif&J@ tjzpftysufudk =unf&h if odEikd yf gw,f? ppftm%m&Sif awG[m acgi;f aqmif/ i,fom;/ b,f awmfveS af &;orm;udrk qdk &uf&ufpuf puf zrf;qD;axmifcsaew,fqdkwm odomxif&mS ;ygw,f?

yJrG mS &uf&ufpufpuf zrf;qD;axmifcschJ wJt h wGuf rdom;pk'u k x Q uf 45 oef; aom jynfoal wG&@J 'kuQ vGwaf jrmufa&; uta&;}u;D qH;k tajctaeudak &mufae+y?D 1988 ckEpS &f @J toufay;cJw h hJ aoG; aomuf&aJ bmfausmif;om;rsm;twGuf pGrf;pGrf;wrH 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJG0ifr,f qd+k y;D tppt&m&mudk pGe@f v$wv f #uf etzudk qef@usiaf wmfveS cf yhJ gw,f? ,ckvkd jrefrmEkid if &H @J 'Dru kd a&pD&&dS a&;twGuf ta&;}uD;qHk;tcsdeftcg/ ukvor*~v+kH cKH a&;aumifp/D tar&duef orRw}u;D a*smb h &k /fS jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDtiff tm;pkrsm;tay:udk tm;ay;ulnDr_jyK aewJh Oa&myEdik if rH sm;rS zdtm;ay;aewJh tcGit hf cgay;aewJt h csed rf mS *syefEikd if rH mS &dw S hJ usaemfw@kd 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm; &J@ }uKd ;pm;r_ukd *syeftpd;k &[m todt

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

19

aoG;opf rdbrJu h av;ausmif;twGuf axmufyrhH p+ m&if; armifoef@ ESifh jrefrmausmif;om;vl i,frsm;udk usaemfausmv f id_ af t;rS aoG; opfpmoifausmif;.udk,fpm; txl; aus;Zl;wif&ySd ga=umif; &ifxt J onf;xJ rS v_u d v f u _d v f v JS *JS % k , f rl yd gw,f? txl;ojzifh r0if;0if;at;ESifh tr }u;D rwifwif0if;wd@k &J@ ulnaD qmif±u G f r_rsm;udk usaemf.&ifxrJ mS aus;Zl;wif vGe;f ojzifh rsu&f nfrsm;usc&hJ ygw,f? usaemf.trSm;t,Gi;f rsm;&dv S #iv f nf; cGiv hf w $ o f nf;cH=uyg&ef awmif;yeftyf ygw,f? 'kuQonfuav;i,frsm;. tem *wfukd rd;k aomuf=u,frS rd;k aomufyef; uav;rsm;. vef;qef;r_rsm;tjzpf ul nDaqmif&Gufay;Edkifygap[k &ifxJt onf;xJrS apwemarwWmrsm;jzifæ h

xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyf&dS aoG;opfausmif;twGuf ysKd;yifpukd f ysKd;vdkolrsm;odk‹ xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfa'o/ aemufbmG ;±GmwGi&f o dS nfh ‘aoG;opf’ pm oifausmif;av;onf rnfonft h ultnDaxmufyrhH u _ kd rnfrnf&& r&daS o;bJ a0;vHaom ae&ma'otcufcw J iG f wnf&aSd e+y;D ,cktcg jrefrmEdik if rH S xGuaf jy;vmolrsm; ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmojzifh uav;i,frsm; rSm ydI k ydI k wd;k vmaoma=umifh tcuftcJrsm;/ 'kurQ sm;ajz&Si;f &efrmS tultnDukd ta&;ay:vdt k yfaeygonf?

oifah iG 2000 ,ef;onf cav;i,fwOD;. wvpmausmif;pm;&dwjf zpfygojzifh ynm'ge ukov kd ðf yvdyk gu-

ausmfvid_ af t;

090 4924 2906/ 090 4128 4725/ 090 4028 3476/

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vGwv f yfaomowif;tzG@J rS ul;,lazmfjyygonf rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

0ef}u;D csKyaf 'guw f mpde0f if; trSmpum;ajym=um;aepOf(ay;yd@k ol-jrwf,Ofacsm)

20

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

tcef;qufu, dk af wG‹aqmif;yg;

rme,fyavmc&D;onf armifpif-u,f (ZGJuyifxrif;qki d f) ul;wk@d pufavSonf c&D;onfo;kH av;q,fcef@aom t}u;D pm;pufavSjzpf onf? ,ckygvmaomc&D;onfrmS q,fah v;ig;OD;om&So d nf? OD;ykid ;f rSp;D eif;vm aomc&D;onfrsm;onf wOD;+y;D wOD; uke;f ay:ok@d tvsiw f uf=uonf? usaemfw@dk om;tzrSm pufavS.aemufbufyidk ;f YpD;eif;vmojzifh aemufq;kH rSwuf&onf? TwGif qufom;trsK;d orD;onf usaemfx h w H iG f jrefrmusyaf iGrnfr#useaf o; ovJ[ak r;vmonf? usaemf a&wGuI f raeawmhbJ useaf eao;onfudk xkwf ay;vdu k o f nf? vrf;c&D;Yajcapmifv h ufapmifx h m;cJah omaiGjzpfonf? pdwt f xif wGif ESpaf xmifausmo f ;kH axmifcef@&Srd nfxifonf? jrefrmusyaf iG.toH;k wnfrh o _ nf aiGvv J , S o f nfah e&mrSvI J$ xkid ;f Edik if b H uf wGif tqH;k owfomG ;+yu D dk usaemfowdjyKvu dk rf o d nf? rJaqmufbufurf; ‘r,f awmf’rS +rKd @xJtxd um;cukd jrefrmusyaf iGjzifah y;vd@k &ao;.? ok@d &mwGif usaemf wk@d vkd vlprd ;f rsm;tzk@d um;&yfz@dk &yf&efroifah cs? xkpd Ofu r,fawmfrrS aJ qmuf+rKd @ wGi;f txd um;crSm wq,fusyjf zpfavonf? ,if;ok@d jr0wDwbufurf; r,fawmfrrS aJ qmuf+rKd @wGi;f ok@d vm&mwGif usaemf ESit hf wl jr0wDbufru S ;l vmaom c&D;onftcsK@d omygvmawmhonf? tcsK@d onf olw@kd .taygi;f tazmf tquftoG,Ef iS hf csed ;f qdx k m;onft h wdik ;f vma&mufóu qd=k uojzifh vdu k yf gomG ;=u.? TwGif um;ay: Y jrefrmEdkifiHom;csif;jzpfaomf vnf; ol@ta=umif;ud, k t fh a=umif;&Sad eojzifh jrefrmvdak jymqdjk cif;rjyKbJ wOD;udk wOD; rodusK;d usijf yKum vdu k yf gvm=uonf? Tod@k jzifh wem&De;D yg;r#=umvsif vdik ;f um;uav;onf rJaqmufòr@wGi;f od@k 0ifvmavonf? usaemfonf rJaqmufut dk =urf;rsO;f =unfrh v d u dk . f ? tdraf jc ,majcrsm;onf jynfo h yd v f monf? wcsK@d aom rd;k xk;d taqmuftOD}u;D rsm;ukd vnf; jrif&onf? 1978 ckEpS w f iG f usaemfyxrqH;k a&mufcb hJ ;l onfh rJaqmufEiS hf twefyifjcm;em;aeonf ukd owdjyKvu dk rf o d nf? yxrwGif vdik ;f um;onf ol.*dwt f qH;k wGif c&D;onfrsm;ukcd say;onf? xkt d cg usaemfq h ufom;trsK;d orD;armif;ckid ;f aom rd;k uJum;*dwq f o D @dk qufarmif;oGm; .? rk;d uJum;*dww f iG rf ef;Av&Si. f ZGu J yif(ZGu J aemif)xrif;qkid Ef iS hf acguq f q JG idk &f dS .? q,fred pfcef@armif;rdv#if a&mufomG ;avawmhonf? xdpk Ofu ref;Av&Si. f qkid rf mS ajrpku d w f u J av;omjzpf.? aemufyidk ;f wGif aps;tkycf sKyaf &;tzG@J u ,if;rk;d uJum;*dwaf ps;ukd pepfwusjyefvnfwnfaqmufay;ojzifh ref;Av&Sit f ygt0if vrf;xdy&f OdS ;D rGe}f u;D (OD;oef;pde)f wkd rh S wku d cf ef;ay:Y aps;qkid rf sm;zGiv hf mEdik . f ? ref;Av&Sio f nf usaemfw h @kd ukad wG@v#if v_u d v f pJS mG yif}uKd qo dk nf? qufom; trsK;d orD;ukv d nf; ol.wm0efausyeG rf t _ wGuf t}urd }f urd cf s;D usL;avonf? ref; Av&SiEf iS u hf saemfonf 1978 ckEpS w f iG Yf &efuek &f dS q&momxkt d rd w f iG f yxrqH;k qHb k ;l =u.? ,ckqv kd #if ref;Av&Sio f nf vlvwfyidk ;f ok@d a&mufae+yjD zpfonf? ref;Av&Sio f nf vky&f u J idk &f pJ w d &f o dS jl zpf.? ,ck ol.pm;aomufqikd o f nf tvGet f csut f csusaomae&mwGi&f adS eonf? rJaqmufEiS jhf r0wDqufo, G af &; omr[kwf jynfyESiq hf ufo, G af &;tvGeaf umif;aomtaetxm;wGif &Sad eonf? txl;ojzifh u&ifjynfe,f/ rGejf ynfe,ftygt0if jynfwiG ;f urJaqmufo@dk a&muf vmolwidk ;f ref;Av&SiEf iS hf uif;cJvo S nf? oluvnf;apwemaumif;onf? t enf;qH;k tm;jzifh ol@xHwiG f xrif;weyfum; pm;bl;=uavonf? qufom;trsK;d orD;u Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d xH w,fvzD ek ;f quf&ef owday;vmonf?

ref;Av&Sio f nf owd&um x+y;D Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d xH zke;f qufawmhonf? Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d onf aetdrw f iG t f oif&h adS eonf? c%=umv#if ola&mufvmrnfjzpfa=umif; ta=umif;jyefonf? usaemfo h m;ESpaf ,mufonf ref;Av&Siaf =umfavSmx f m;onf rsm;ukd +red &f u S pf mG yif pm;aomuf=uonf? ref;Av&Sio f nf xrif;omr[kwf acguq f t JG a=umfygu|r;f usio f nf? (w±kwfpm;aomufqkdi f) em&D0ufcef@=umv#if Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d a&mufvmonf? usaemfu h dk v_u d v f pJS mG yif E_wq f ufonf? xdrk S qufom;trsK;d orD;ukv d nf; ay;tyfaomwm0ef ausyeG pf mG xrf;aqmifEikd o f jzifh aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymonf? usaemfo h m;ESpaf ,mufurdk l w a,mufcsi;f qDtrnfrsm;ar;I E_wq f ufavonf? qkid 0f wfqikd pf m;jzifh qDEiS rhf ;D ck;d rsm;aya&aeaom ref;Av&Siu f dk Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d u t0wfvcJ ikd ;f onf? qkid . f wm0efudk ref;Av&SiZf eD;onfEiS hf qufom;trsK;d orD; wk@d u ,laqmif=u+y;D ref;Av&Sio f nf usaemfw@dk ESit hf wl vku d yf gvmonf? xkpd Ofu rJaqmufonf usaemft h wGuf tawmfyifprd ;f aeonf? Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d . armfawmfum;av; wvrf;0ifwvrf;xGuaf eonfudk od&onf? rnfonfah e&m ok@d oGm;aeonfuu dk m; rodyg? nae aejcnfonf tpG,rf usK;d ao;I awmufy aeqJjzpfaeao;onf? twef=umv#if qdik w f qkid o f @dk xk;d qdu k v f u kd o f nf? w±kwf pm;aomufqidk jf zpfonf? Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d u wckcpk m;aomuf=urnf[ak jymonf? usaemfw@dk um;ay:u qif;vdu k =f uonf? qkid &f iS af xmifu}J u;D u Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d ukd c&D;OD;}uKd =u&onf? axmifu}J u;D ae&mcsay;aomae&mwGif xdik v f u kd =f uonf? w±kwq f ikd o f nf trSeyf ifom;em;aomqkid jf zpfonf? tpm;tpmESit hf wl tazsmf ,rumr&nfrsm;onf tjynft h pHyk if&o dS nf? rSm+y;D Irpm;v#if raumif;rSmpk;d ojzifh usaemfonf ajcav;acsmif;om;rpm;a=umif;ukd }uKd wifyifajymvku d o f nf? usaemfw@kd onf tpm;tpmra&mufvmrD bD,mtenf;i,fuadk omuf=u onf? vrf;teD; tawG@t=uKH rsm;ukad r;ojzifh ajymjy&avonf? vrf;wGiAf v dk rf LS ; pk;d pk;d ukd usaemfwckowdxm;vdu k yf gonf? 1978 ckEpS /f yxrt}urd af wG@&pOfxuf olrsm;pGm0+zKd ;vmonf? xdpk Ofu Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d onf ‘0rfc’taumuf*w d rf LS ;jzpf onf? ,cktcg KNUwckv;kH . axmufvrS ;f a&;rSL;jzpfaeavonf? usaemfonf Adv k rf LS ;pk;d pk;d ody0f vma=umif;ajymvku d rf o d nf? oluvnf; us

Adv k rf LS ;pd;k pd;k tm; NDF±H;k wGiaf wG@&pOf

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

tcef;qufu, dk af wG‹aqmif;yg; aemfodyfydefaea=umif; jyefajym&Smonf? xdktcgwGif &,fp&marmp&mtjzpf a=umif;vnf; ajymjyavonf? axmifuvGwI f oH;k av;vt=um tom;xGuaf tmifyifrapmif&h mS aom quf Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pd;k .wyf&if;(12)onf Akv d cf sKy‘f atmfvpfAm’. wyfr[m(4)atmuf om;trsK;d orD;.tjypf[k &,farmIajymvdu k &f awmhonf? bufEiS hf aumhaomif;ab;wGi&f o dS nf? Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d onf KNUwckv;kH . axmuf (rcsKdE dki fwdk@tdrf) vSr;f a&;wm0eftjyif ,if;wyf&if;(12). wyf&if;rSL;vnf;jzpfonf? ok@d &mwGif ,refae@nu pdwfcsvufcstdyfvkdufaoma=umifh ,ae@tdyf,mrSEkd;vm wm0efrsm;jym;ojzifh wyf&if;ok@d wcgw&HomoGm;Edik o f nf? Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d .uk, d pf m; aomtcg eHeuf 10 em&Dyifx;dk aeav+y?D rSejf ywif;rSwqifh teD;tem;0ef;usio f @dk ol@nD0rf;uGw J a,mufu 'k-wyf&if;rSL;ae&mu wm0ef,al y;&onf? usaemfvrS ;f ar#m=f unfv h u dk rf o d nf? usaemf.vHjk cKH a&;twGuf vl0ifvx l u G ef nf; pufwifbmvok@d a&mufvmv#if aomif&if;a&onf usvmonf? xkad e@ yg;aomwae&mok@d Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d ESirhf ef;Av&Siw f @dk u nwGi;f csi;f ajymif;a±$@ae&mcs onf pufwifbmv 23 &ufaomf‚/ 25 &ufaomf‚ jzpfrnf[k usaemfxif xm;ay;jcif;jzpfonf? 0if;jc}H u;D twGi;f &Sd t0iftxGu*f w d 0f wGif ajrpku d w f u dk t f rd f onf? eHeuf 9 em&DavmufwiG f Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d wd, k w dk mum;jzifh a&mufvmonf? wvH;k &So d nf? ,if;wku d . f aemufbufY tkwcf EH pS x f yf taqmuftODwck&o dS nf? um;aemufykdif;Y rme,fyavmoGm;rnfh c&D;onftcsKd@vnf;ygvmonf? tay:xyfwiG f tcef;us,Ef pS cf &k &dS m ,refae@nu wcef;Y u|eaf wmftyd &f +y;D usaemfu Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d ESit hf wl um;a&Sc› ef;wGiw f ufvu dk +f y;D usaemfo h m;ti,f wcef;Yusaemfo h m;ESpaf ,muftyd =f uonf? onf um;aemufwiG w f ufvu kd o f nf? usaemhfxuftdyf,mxapmaom r=umrD rcsKEd ikd w f @kd tdrrf S wk, d w dk m om;ESpaf ,mufonf jc0H &Sd wdu k t f rd o f @dk um;uav;onf rJaqmuftjyifbuf oGm;um tdrf&SiftrsKd;orD;tygt0if okd@ a&mufvmonf? rJaqmuf.jrif tdraf z:trsK;d orD;wk@d ESiyhf g pum;vuf uGi;f rsm;onf 1978 ckEpS u f xuf rsm; qHu k sae=uavonf? Tok@d jzifh usaemf pGmjcm;em;aeonfuo dk wdjyKr. d ? xdpk Of tdy, f mrSE;dk vm+yu D o dk &d onfEiS hf om; u [kw d ,f[I l yxr[kw d ,f(First ESpfa,mufESifh tdrf&SiftrdsK;orD;wdk@ hotel)om&Sad omfvnf; ,ckrl tvwf pm;[kw d ,frsm;tjyif t}u;D qH;k [kw d ,f onf pm;aomufz, G &f mrsm;jzifh a&muf vm=uonf? jzpfonfh (Mae Sod Hill)udk ta0;u yifvrS ;f jrifae&onf? tdr&f iS t f rsK;d orD;rSm usaemfo h m;t }u;D ESihf rwdr;f r,dr;f yifjzpfonf? emrnf trSerf mS rJaqmuf+rKd @uav;onf rSm rcsKEd idk jf zpfonf? Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d . wlr xkid ;f -jrefrme,fpyf&dS +rKd @uav;omjzpf (0Jr, S m)armifpif=u,f Adv k cf sKyfausmfaomif;(KNDO) onf? wcsed u f &mZ0wfom;rsm;tm; 0rf;uGaJ wmfonf? olonf KNUaq; wyfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&mrS jyif tjypf'%ft& e,fEiS 'f %fy@dk onfh t opfvrl sK;d wOD;ESihf tdraf xmifusjcif;jzpfonf? xkpd Ofu olw@dk .orD;OD;av;rSm &yfwckomjzpfonf? ,ckrl jrefrmEkid if . H jynfwiG ;f ppfa=umifh wpwpjzifh {&mròr@ 6 v±G,jf zpfonf? jyifopfvrl sK;d rSm tvkyu f pd jP zifh jyifopfo@dk jyefomG ;cdsejf zpfonf? }u;D jzpfvmavonf? rqvacwfwiG f pD;yGm;a&;pepfrmS ;,Gi;f &mrS aiGvv J , S Ef e_ ;f &efuek +f rKd @&Sd ppftyk pf . k ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;uxkwaf 0aeaom ‘jrufcif;opf’ rsm;yg ajymif;jyefjzpfomG ;avonf? jrefrmEkid if b H ufrS u|e;f opf/ ig;/ypk eG rf pS I ajr H ZH mwrsm;onf jrefrmEkid if o H m;rsm;ESit hf wl xkid ;f Ekid if b H ufo@dk r*~Zif;wGif odIa&;onfvm;/ rodIa&;onfvm;rajymwwfyg? tqdyk gAv dk rf LS ; ay:ajratmufo, pk;d pk;d . wlrawmfol rcsKd Eidk u f dk Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d .orD;tjzpf a&;om;az: jyxm;jcif;yif vdrS 0hf ifvmavonf? tqk;d qH;k rSm e0wESiehf tzacwfwiG f tqd;k qH;k jzpfavonf? jzpfavonf? usaemfonf (Mae Sod Hill)[kw d ,f}u;D ukd pum;pyfro d jzifh Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d u rcsKd Eidk . f tdrw f iG f usaemfaexkid pf Of wwd,ajrmufae@Y Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d uawmf vGecf ahJ om(2)ESpaf vmufupI [kw d ,f}u;D ukd pwifziG ahf =umif;ESihf =u,fav;yGihf ‘rESp’f a&mufvmonf? ol@vufxw J iG f usaemf0wfqif&eftwGuf abmif;bD/ [kw d ,ftrsK;d tpm;jzpfa=umif; &Si;f jyavonf? Ekid if jH cm;uvmaom{nfo h nfrsm; tuôs/ zdeyf/ ajctdwrf sm;yg ygvmonf? abmif;bDajc&Snjf zpf+y;D tuôsrmS xdik ;f t onf +rKd @v,f&[ dS w dk ,frsm;xuf (Mae Sod Hill)wGif twnf;rsm;a=umif;od& &m&Sd t&mcHrsm;0wfqifaom tay:tdwEf pS v f ;kH atmuftw d Ef pS v f ;kH ESihf abmif;bD avonf? tay:wGif cs0wf&onf? u|eaf wmfonftwGi;f cef;oGm;I0wfqif=unfo h nf? (awmawmifa&ajr) tuôsrmS taeawmfyifjzpfonf? abmif;bDrmS tenf;i,fyo G a,mif&adS omfvnf; wd, k w dk mum;uav;onf rJaqmufEiS ahf 0;a0;vmonf? tedrt hf jrifrh nDnm cg;ywfukdpnf;ywfaomtcg raxmif;omay? okd@jzpfI tm;vHk;tqifajyyg aom uke;f jrifyh idk ;f ok@d a&mufvmonf? pufwifbmrk;d aESmif;&moDjzpfI ±_ar#mrf qH;k a=umif;ajym&if; ‘rESp’f tm; aus;Zl;wifpum;ajym&onf? Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d uawmf Ekid af om tpdr;f a&mifv,fuiG ;f }u;D rsm;rSwqifh awmifajcESiu hf ek ;f jrifq h w D iG f pku d yf sK;d ‘rESp’f rSm u&iftrsK;d orD;r[kwyf g? xkid ;f vlrsK;d jzpfonf? u&ifpum;ESihf jrefrm xm;aompku d cf if;rsm;tm; twdik ;f om;vSr;f jrifae&avonf? xkid ;f vlrsK;d wk@d . rdrd pum;ukd u|r;f usipf mG yifajymqdEk ikd af vonf? ykid af jray:wGif tk;d tdrEf iS ±hf mG ajcwnfxm;yHo k nf jrefrmhaus;vufypkH t H wkid ;f jzpf (rJaqmufrSrme,fyavmokd h) avonf? ok@d &mwGif xdik ;f aus;vuftrd t f rsm;pkonf opfom;ajcwH&n S Ef iS hf rcsKEd idk t f rd w f iG af exdik pf Of q,f&ufcef@t=um nwnY Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d usaemfx h H trk;d rSm acgiu f akd qmufxm;+y;D tc|et f xufrsm;jzifh jzpfavonf? TyHpk o H nf ok@d a&mufvmonf? ,cktcsed x f d usaemfawmcdv k monfudk ppftyk pf u k rodao; eef;qefaomfvnf; wcgw&HwiG f bke;f awmf}u;D ausmif;ESichf &JG cufaeawmhonf? I rnfonfw h pHw k &mowif;r# xkwjf yefao;jcif;r&Sad =umif; Akv d rf LS ;pk;d pk;d uajymjy xdik ;f vlrsK;d trsm;pkonf Ak'b < momuk;d uG,o f rl sm;jzpf=uI awmrSmjzpfap/ +rKd @ onf? qufvufI Adv k rf LS ;pk;d pk;d uyif aomif&if;a&uscsed af pmifI h rme,fyavm ay:wGijf zpfap/ bk&m;ausmif;uefudk wav;wpm;yifwnfaqmuf=uonf? ±Gm oGm;rnf&h ufudk a±G;cs,af ea=umif;/ xkrd S rme,fyavmoGm;v#if usaemfEiS hf om; wdik ;f wGif bke;f }u;D ausmif;&Sad v&m tc|et f wufuw dk efqmqifI teDEiS hf t0g ti,fygrnfjzpf+y;D om;t}u;D jzpforl mS ol. KNUwyf&if;(12)wGif xm;rnfjzpf a&mifw@kd jc,foxm;avonf? bke;f awmf}u;D ausmif;ESiw hf v JG suf acgiw f idk &f n S f rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

tcef;qufu, dk af wG‹aqmif;yg; taqmuftODwckpu D v dk nf; awG@&wwfayonf? ,if;rSm vlaov#if jymcsr;D ±_@d cvJapvlqyd w f iG f pufavSo;kH av;pD;toif&h yfxm;onf? tvsix f u G rf nfph uf aom pufacgi;f wdik jf zpfa=umif; Adv k rf LS ;pk;d pk;d uajymjyavonf? ,if;tcsuo f nf avSay:ok@d usaemfw@dk wufvu dk =f uonf? r=umrD qdyu f rf;uxGuv f mavonf? xkid ;f vlrs;dk wd@k . "avhx;kH pHw&yfEiS hf aus;vufypkH w H &yfajymif;vJomG ;jcif;yifjzpf pkeaf &jzpfI a&pD;oefvo S nf? jrpfa=umif;ESiahf &a=umif;rSm auG@aumufaeojzifh onf? aovGe+f y;D aemuf bke;f awmf}u;D ausmif;u jrefjrefxufxuf+y;D ajrmuf pufavSarmif;olonf aES;vkdufjrefvkdufjzifh owdjzifharmif;ae&awmhonf? atmif pDpOfay;jcif;vnf;jzpfonf? aus;vufwiG f ocõsKi;f twGuf ajrtuket f us ,if;aomif&if;.jrifuiG ;f rsm;onf aemufyidk ;f Y usaemfu h pdk n JG v ‡d monf? 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Tok@d jzifh 2 em&Davmuf ±G@H AGux f aJ rmif;ESi+f y;D wufz, G &f myifjzpfavonf? ,if;ok@d tawG;aumif;aumif;jzifh awG;aumif;aepOf aemuf armfawmfum;onf ‘cvJapvl’okd@a&mufvmonf? cvJapvlonf rSmyif pufavSonfrme,fyavmqdyu f rf;ok@d xk;d uyfvu kd af vonf? aomif&if;wGif a&rusro D ;kH aomul;wk@d qdyjf zpfonf? aEGayguI f a&usomG ;aom qufvufazmfjyygrnf? tcg y'kad tmifqef;. ‘xD;opD;’em;txd um;ukad rmif;oGm;Ekid af vonf? rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

23

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*syefEk id fiw H iG f 'kuoQ nftjzpf ck v d c+H iG f&h olrsm;ok d‹ 1? aexkid cf iG hf aqmif&u G jf cif;? *syefEkdifiHwGifaexkdifrnfh tif'kdcsdKif; em;'kuo Q nfEiS hf *syefEidk if w H iG f 'kuo Q nf todtrSwfjyKcH&ol tawmfrsm;rsm; onf vl0ifr}_ u;D =uyfa&;Oya't& a& &Snaf exkid cf iG hf (Teijuusha)jzifh *syefEidk f iHwGif aexkdifcGifhukdcGifhjyKcH&+yD;/ cGifhjyK umvrSm 1 ESp/f 3 ESpjf zpfI oufwrf; wkd;&efvkdtyfayonf? oufwrf;wkd; av#mufxm;ykHenf;ESifhywfouf+yD; pm rsuEf mS tcef;-1§1-1 Y tao;pdwf &Si;f vif;az: jyxm;ygonf? 2? Ekid if jH cm;om;rSwyf w Hk ifjcif;? 'kuQonftjzpf todtrSwfjyKcH&+yD;/ vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;±Hk;rS aexkdifcGifhADZm topfudk &&S+d y;D olonf Ekid if jH cm;om;rSwyf w Hk ifu'ftm; ajymif;&efvt dk yfayonf? 14 &uftwGi;f rdrad exkid &f m +rKd @e,f±;Hk ok@d uk, d w f idk o f mG ;a&muf+y;D rSwyf w Hk ifupd P vkyaf qmif&rnf? Ekid if jH cm;om;rSwyf w Hk ifupd EP iS hf ywfoufI pmrsuEf mS tcef; 1§1 -2 wGif avhvmEkid yf gonf? 3? tpk;d &usef;rma&;tmrcH? *syefEidk if rH mS awmh 1 ESpaf usmaf exkid cf iG &hf xm;ol Ekid if jH cm;om;jzpfygu tm;vk;H rSm tpk;d &use;f rma&;tmrcHo@dk 0if=u&rnfjzpfonf? tvkyXf merSm use;f rma&; qkid &f m tmrcHrxm;ay;ygu/ rdrzd mom rdrad exkid &f m+rKd @e,f±;kH wGif jynfo@l use;f rm a&;tmrcHpepfo@dk 0ifEidk af yonf/ tao;pdwu f dk pmrsuEf mS tcef;-5§5-3 wGiaf z: jyxm;ygonf? 4? a'oe,fy,fqidk &f mowif;? tm;vk;H rSm ,cktcsed rf pS +y;D *syefEidk if w H iG f tajccsaexkid o f mG ;awmhrnfjzpfonfh tm;avsmpf mG rdrad exkid rf nfah 'o/ vlr0_ ef;usiw f iG f oifw h ifah v#mufywfpmG aexkid f Ekid zf @dk ta&;}u;D ayonf? tr_u d pf eG @f ypfyeHk nf;rSpI vlrt _ zG@J tpnf;rsm;ok@d 0if+y;D / ae xkid o f nf&h yfuu G u f pd aP qmif&u G rf r_ sm;rSm a'otvku d f wlnrD nfr[kwo f nft h wGuf rdrad exkid &f m &yfuu G /f +rKd @e,f±;Hk rsm;ok@d oGm;I ar;jref;xm;oifah yonf? xk@d tjyifaetdr0f ef;usi/f tay:xyf-atmufxyfaexkid o f rl sm;tm;vnf; rdwf qufEw _ q f ufz@dk ta&;}u;D ayonf? aexkid af &;udprP sm;ESiyhf wfouf+y;D ar;jref;Ekid yf g onf? +rKd @e,ftzG@J tpnf;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G Ef idk yf gu rdr'd u k aQ wG@onft h cg rsK;d wGif tultnDwpkw H &m&Ekid af yvdrrhf nf?

tudak &æ? usr---tzJ@G uyg? usreJ@ tudw k 0rf;uJaG wmfwo hJ w l a,muf tzrf;cH&ygw,f? rjyefcsifwmeJ@ olrsm;enf;wl 'kuo Q nfavsmuf vdu k yf gw,f? tJ'g usrtudku tzGJ@tpnf;wckck&J@axmufcHpmvdkcsifw,fajymvdk@ usrwdk@tzJG@ udktultnDawmif;awmh rvkyfay;Edkifbl;ajymygw,f? tJ'g tud k w d k @ rd k ; aomuf =u,f t aeeJ @ ul n D w J h t aeeJ @ axmuf c H p ma&; ay;Edik rf vm;&Siæ f jzpfrSjzpf&avtr&,f? tr&J@tzGJ@tpnf;uawmif rvkyfay;EdkifwJhOpPm/ usaemf wd@k u b,fvv kd yk +f y;D b,fvakd xmufcpH ma&;ay;&rSmvJAsmæ 'Dr,fr;kd aomuf=u,f? +y;D cJw h v hJ u &Siw f @kd &J@*sme,fxrJ mS ygwJh tacs;tiSm;owd xm;qdkwJhta=umif;u twdk;ay;+yD; aiGacs;pm;wJhrdef;rbufuvdkuf+yD; a&;xm;o vdrk sKd;jzpfaew,f? tJ'rD ed ;f raumif;pm;pOfu usrwd@k bmrS rpm;cJh raomufc=hJ u ovdk ol@qDuacs;xm;wJah iGawGvnf; jyefqyf+y;D yg+y?D 'gudk &Siw f @kd urodbJ tJ'D rde;f rbufuvdu k +f y;D a&;wmubmoabmvJ? tJ'rD ed ;f ru &Siw f @kd udk ay;xm; urf;xm;vd@k vm;? 'grSr[kwf &Siw f @kd rd;k aomuf=u,ftwGuf aiGvLS xm;vd@k vm;æ jyefay;+y;D +yq D &kd ifvnf; +ird +f ird u f av;aevdu k af ygAh sm? jyefray;&ao;wJo h al wG eJ@ omaygi;f nmpm;cJw h o hJ al wG &efawG@zd@k vnf; xm;ygO;D vd@k ajymyg&apAsm? ta&; }u;D wmu ud, k v hf yd jf ym ud, k o f ef@=uzd@k yg? aemufwcku usaemfw@kd rd;k aomuf=u,frmS b,fou l b,fwek ;f u aiGb,f avmufvLS wef;xm;w,fqw kd mudk pm&if;Z,m;eJ@wuG vpOfazmfjyxm;ygw,f? pm&if;aysmuf tif;aysmuf rvkyw f wfovdk aiGay;wdik ;f vnf; bufvu kd +f y;D a&;yd@k vmwJh pmrlrsK;d udk azmfjyay;avhr&Syd gb;l qdw k m ajymyg&apausmif;trwd@k &,fæ [Jvæ kd rd;k aomuf=u,fæ? tckwavm cifAsm;wd@k rd;k aomuf=u,fu pmaya[m ajymyJw G @kd pmayaqG;aEG;yJw G @kd rvkyb f J wjcm;pmaytzJ@G tpnf;awGucsnf;bJ vpOfqo kd vdrk sKd; vkyaf eygvm;Asæ ud, k v f yk cf siw f t hJ vkyu f kd ud, k w f ikd v f yk pf &mrvkyb f J wjcm;oluvky&f if uk, d f twGuf wjcm;vkyif ef;awGvyk zf @kd tcsed af wGy&kd ovdk usaemfw@kd csn;f bJ vkyv f m wmrsm;aeawmh aemufval wG vkycf siu f ikd cf sipf w d &f +dS y;D vkyv f mwmudk tvSnhf ay;+y;D tm;ay;ulnaD y;vdu k w f mtaumif;qH;k ygbAJ smæ [Jvæ kd rd;k aomuf=u,f? tckwavmv0uu oufwrf;oGm;wd;k wJo h al wGukd zrf;vm;qD;vm;awG jyefvkyfaeygvm;As? tJ'g usaemfvnf; r=umrD oufwef;wd;k zd@k wH;k oGm;xk&rSmqdak wmh tzrf;cH&rJt h wlwl roGm;bJae&if aumif;rvm;[if vlwikd ;f udzk rf;wmr[kwyf gb;l ? 'kuo Q nftjzpf ty,fcx H m;&wJo h al wGub kd J jyefzrf;wmyg? ta&;}u;D wmu tzrf;cH&rSmpd;k vd@k oufwrf;oGm;rwd;k bJae&if olw@kd &J@Oya'udk csK;d azmufovdrk sK;d jzpfaevd@k yd+k y;D tjypf}u;D ygw,fæ

[Jvæ kd rd;k aomuf=u,f? cifAsm;wd@k rd;k aomuf=u,f*sme,fwtkyv f ;kH rSm emrnf }uD; pma&;q&m}uD;awGa&m ydpDuav;ygrusef cifAsm;wdk@awmfa=umif; aumif;=umif;awG csnf;bJ a&;xm;wm w,frsm;aeygvm;Asæ rSew f ma&;wmbJ- usaemfw@kd updwrf qd;k wufygb;l æ rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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ud, k af wG‹pmaya[majymyJaG qmif;yg; ,cifvrS pmaya[majymyJaG qmif;yg;tqufvkd *syefbmomjzifh OD;pGmazmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf? jrefrmbmomjzihf azmfjyay;Edik &f ef rpy,fxeG ;f =unfbmomjyefaeygojzifh vmrnfv h wGif azmfjyay;ygrnf?

rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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rd;k aomuf-u,fpm-unfw h u kd u f OD;pD;I ‘tcrJ’h jzef‹csyd gonf/

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oa&mfpm jrbaqG)udk wm0efay;=uygw,fæ” “'Dowif;udk usaemfw@kd csn;f bJr[kwb f J tm;vH;k &=uygw,f? usaemfvnf; armifjrudk qif;ac:zd@k tpDtpOfawGvyk af eygw,f? 'Dvedk @J aemuf0ifvmwJo h wif; wyk'u f armifjrudp+P y;D oGm;+yw D æ hJ / usemfw@kd vnf; wufwacguaf cguef @J ql yGwo f mG ;ygawmhw,fæ” “owif;u qwfwiHih ehH @J ygvm;q&mæ” “at; at; owif;u ‘cGuu f yf’uav;enf;enf;awmh useaf o;w,fæ/ 'DcGufuyfowif;cGufuyfuav;qHk;&if udka'gif; armifjreJ@ zdk;uHaumif;udk Edi_ ;f ,SOcf suef @J tajzxkw&f r,f? xkwrf ,frw _ v f m;æ” “&ygw,fq&m” “ajrmif;jrbaqGajymwJhowif;vufusefu ‘csif;armifjr’&J@tonf;[m omref xuf ESpq f oH;k qavmuf&o dS wJu h akd 'gi;f ? uJ 'gqkd armifjr&J@tonf;eJ@ “at;uG,/f udw k ifarmif0if;&Sw d ;Hk u pmcsKypf mwef;awGxw k jf yvd@k wcgjrifz;l ygw,f? +y;D awmh udak tmif(OD;Ekom;)eJ@ KIOtwGi;f a&;rSL; Adv k }f u;D aZmfqikd ;f (,ck zd;k uHaumif;&J@tonf; Edi_ ;f ,SO=f unfph rf;æ” “'gawmh rvkyyf ge@J q&m&,f? a[m ajym&if;qd&k if; armifjrtonf;eJ@ zd;k uH +ird ;f csr;f a&;)wd@k udw k ifarmif0if;a&Sr› mS ‘Edik if aH &;+r&D iS ’f eJ@ ‘yGpJ m;’awG@qH=k uwm aumif;tonf;awG a&mufvm+y?D [drk mS [krd mS / tonf;awG tonf;awGæ”S vnf; awG@cJ&h ygw,fæ” “'gqd k zd k ; uH a umif ; (c)vS a Ï;(c)nd K rif ; a0oH k ; rnf & vl v d r f v mwm 'Dupd aP umrjzpfEikd b f ;l vm;q&mæ” “usm;udu k yf gw,fqrkd S a&m*gar;ae&aom;ovm;udak 'gi;f &,f/ vlvrd u f vlvrd af ygrh w _ v f m;/ at; avmavmq,f Adv k cf if!eG @f eJ@ olavlawG'u k aQ &mufae csed rf mS olxu G v f mawmh Adv k cf if!eG @f vltjzpfe@J o±kyaf qmifv@kd aumif;wmaygæ h ” “[kwu f q hJ &m/ em;axmifaeygw,fæ” “ol@ta=umif;ajym&if;uuG,f Adv k cf sKyaf usmaf omif;(KNDO)eJ@ Adv k rf LS ;pd;k pd;k udk owd&rdw,fæ/ ud, k u f wifoef;OD;eJ@zd;k uHaumif;wd@k &J@ ygyrD ’±ky&f iS Zf mwfum; tarSmif&dyfcdk naeqnf;qm ta=umif;ajymawmh Adv k rf LS ;pd;k pd;k uawmh ol@xH;k pHtwdik ;f &,faew,f? Adv k cf sKyf us ;D iSuw f um tdyw f ef;wufcsed f ausmaf omif;uawmh aus;Zl;&Siaf us;qGww f ahJ umifq+kd y;D zd;k uHaumif;udk tawmf ae0ifrmS udpk ;kd rdw,fæ pdwq f ;kd w,fæ” Ed;k x=uawmh Zmenftaygi;f wd@k “ygyDrxJuta=umif;awGom q&muajymaewmudk;/ jrufcif;opfxJu wa&;Ed;k tdyrf uf vef@umEd;k vnf; wa,mufwvuf vufcsi;f &Syf q&mwd@k udak qmfwhJ ‘jynfajy;uvdrw f axmifrsm;’udv k nf; ajymygO;D q&m&J@æ” a,mif,rf;&Smrd rif;tyg;udk pnf;vH;k nDnm atmifa=umif;xuf “tJ't D csed u f oH;k rnf&vlvrd v f aS Ï;uawmh axmifxaJ &mufaecsed v f @kd xif a0;aerSmudpk ;kd rdw,fæ cGyaf 'gi;f pdw"f gwf Ed;k x=uawmhæ wmyJ/ t"duuawmh jrufcif;opfu ‘aygupf ’eJ@ ‘yG}u;D ’wd@k &J@vuf&maygu h , G ?f q&matmifAv/ jr0wD&aJ cgi/f 0if;cuf/ armifpif=u,f/ armifom&/ wifr;kd / w &Sirf a&æ wdik ;f a&; jynfa&; 'Drakd &;twGuf a,mufrrS aumif;=ubl;wJ?h 'Dwek ;f u armifprG ;f &nfu xGurf vmao;bl;aygæ h ” rif;udt k &rf;owd&w,f wdik ;f &if;om;wd@k pnf;vH;k =uavmh “'ge@J q&m/ usaemfw@kd 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGtwGi;f rSm pum;ajymaecsed rf mS &ifaoG;udv k nf;vGr;f w,fæ jynfaxmifppk w d "f gwrf +yKd uEGJ iS hf 'Do;kH rnf&vlvrd zf ;kd uHaumif;uxGuv f mw,fqakd wmhq&m&,f/ owif;ÏmerSm ppfi&JwiG ;f rS vGwaf jrmuf&efu wud, k af wmftm%m&Sipf epf[o l r# tvky&f zd@k xuf ‘±_y’f zd@k u bmrsm;jzpfEikd o f vJq&mæ” vufwurf;omvdak wmhonf? arSmufveS u f m ±du k cf sK;d ajrcvd@k “at; udak 'gi;f ajymrS ud, k o f wd&vm+y/D 'ge@J armifjr’udo k v d m;/ rSwrf v d m;æ” 'Dru kd a&pDtvif;a&mifjzmumrS “q&m&,f/ armifjrqdkwm wdk@{&mr‘AdkvfcsKyfjr’r[kwfwmaocsmawmh ±kel ;f &if; uef&if; awmfveS &f if;eJ@ ud, k ahf jrud, k ±hf mG ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynfxJ b,fvrdk sm;odEikd /f owd&Edik rf mS vJq&mæ” ig.uavmifrpGr;f aomfvnf; Ovnf;ruJG odu k v f nf;rysuyf J “uJ 'gqkd pma&;q&majrmif;jrbaqG(,ckNLDuGr;f jcu H ek ;f trwf) ajymjy 'Drakd cwfajymif; awmfveS af &;twGuf +idrf;csrf;om,maeEdkifrSmæ cJhwmudk ajymjyr,fæ” cGyfa'gif;tvH qJGudkifaeaom “ajymygq&m&,f/ em;axmifyg&apæ” Zmenf taygi;f u pGr;f aqmifEikd o f nf &Sirf a&æ “'Dw;Hk u OD;Ektygt0if usaemfw@kd 'Dru kd a&pDacgi;f aqmifawG tm;vH;k eD;yg; ,dpk ;D vmwJrh su&f nfawGow ig,=kH unf. k v f u kd yf g befaumufrmS yJ&=dS uygw,f? wae@awmh owif;ua&mufvmw,f? ocifoef; idak ºu;aewJh uav;udw k w d v f u kd yf g wESpf ESpEf pS f xGe;f aemufaz;oGm;aecsed rf mS ocifoef;xGe;f udk pepfwusowfjzwfcw hJ hJ ‘csi;f c%oma0;&ayr,fh a&wGu&f if;ESihf armifjr’wa,muf &efuek u f xGuv f m+y;D ‘0rfc’udak &mufvm+yaD ygæ h ” woufwmeD;&rSmrd@k 'DEpS o f nfu xl;jcm;vdrrhf nf “acgi;f aqmifawGtm;vH;k u ‘armifjr’t&Sizf rf;&r,f? befaumufuakd c:,l óu;pm;+y;D ±ke;f aemf tm;wif;+y;D jyKH ;aemf ig,=kH unf. vm&r,f? befaumufa&mufwt hJ cg ocifoef;xGe;f udk b,fo@l tpDtpOfe@J wd@k twGuf oef;xGe;f 0if;(cGyaf 'gi;f Zmenf) b,fvo kd wfjzwfw,fqw kd mudk owif;pm&Si;f vif;yJv G yk rf ,fayg?h 'Dawmh tm;vH;k tem*wfrmS tvif;a&mif&w dS ,fæ uyJ befaumufuae ‘0rfc’qif;+y;D ‘csi;f armifjr’udak c:,lvmzd@k usaemf(ajrmif; rGeyf ;D

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Ed;k -u/ x-uawmh

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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Moe Thauk Kye Journal

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