Judul Background Objective.docx

Name: Sahrian Iqbal Class: C NIM: 20148203083

1. Title of The Research: An Analysis of Lecturers’ Strategies in Teaching Vocabulary

Background of The Research: Vocabulary is a set of words known to a person or another entity, or is part of a particular language. A person's vocabulary is defined as the set of all words the person understands or any words that the person might use to compose a new sentence. The wealth of a person's vocabulary is generally considered to be a picture of his intelligence or level of education. Therefore many standardized tests, such as SAT, provide questions that test the vocabulary. The addition of one's vocabulary is generally considered to be an important part of either the learning process of a language or the development of one's ability in a controlled language. School students are often taught new words as part of a particular subject and many adults also consider vocabulary formation as an interesting and educative activity.

Vocabulary is the total number of words in a language. It is also a collection of words a person knows and uses in speaking and writing. Vocabulary is the sum of all words in a language. Also the ability of words that a person knows and uses in talking and writing. The vocabulary of a language is always changing and evolving because of an increasingly complex life based on the above definition, it is clear that the mastery of that vocabulary enough, it is important to learn the language well. Vocabulary is a word words that people both understand and use. Someone must have enough vocabulary to be able to understand what is read and heard, able to speak and write with the right words so it can understood by others. A good mastery of vocabulary helps the learners to express their idea precisely. By having many stocks of word learners will be able to comprehend the reading materials catch other talking, give response, speak fluently and write some kind of topics. On the contrary, if the learners do not recognize the meaning of the words use by those who address them, the will be unable to participate in conversation, unable to express some ideas, or unable to ask for information. Considering the important of vocabulary role in learning foreign language. The mastery of this element should be ensured and develop. Otherwise, the vocabulary mastery of the children will be limited and consequence of it is that they will find difficulties in learning the skills of the language. Therefore, schools have a task to teach vocabulary to their students as suggested by John Carol as showed by Margaretha MC Keown (1987; 01).

Although a considerable amount of vocabulary, learning is associated with primary language learning in early years. The acquisition of most the vocabulary characteristic of an educated adult occur during the years of schooling, and infects one of the primary task of the school as far as language learning in concerned, as to teach vocabulary. In University of Muhammadiyah Sorong, especially students in Department of English Education have been taught about Vocabulary. But, some students in the class could not understand what teacher explained about this material and some students just know a little bit about this material. Using media in teaching learning vocabulary process is very useful. Media resolves the limitations of space, time, and sense power. Overly large objects can be replaced with reality, images, film frames, movies, or models. Small objects assisted with a micro projector, film frame, film, or image. According to Heinich and his friend (1996) in his book "Instructional Technology and Media for Learning" states that the media is a tool of communication channels. Media is derived from the Latin and is the plural of the word "medium" which literally means "intermediary" which is the intermediate source of the message (a source) with the receiver of a message. Further examples of this media are presented such as films, television, diagrams, printed materials, computers and instructors. Examples of such media can be considered as learning media when carrying messages in order to achieve learning objectives. Learning media can be said as a messenger technology used for learning purposes.

I chose this research because I feel that there are still many students who lack vocabulary, this will make it difficult for them when they will face their proposal seminars or theses. with this research, I hope to find a solution to the shortcomings of the past and also I hope this can be useful for the next lecturer and researcher.

Objective of The Research: Based on the research question above, the objectives of the research was, as follows: To know The lecturers’ strategies improve students mastery on vocabulary or not ?

2. Title of The Research: Teaching Literacy to students at SMP Muhamadiyah Al-Amin Kota Sorong Through Picture Books.

Background of The Research:

According to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary online (www.mw.com/cgi-bin/dictionary), literacy is

"the

quality

or

state

of

being

literate."

Literate, according to this same source, derives from Middle English and Latin terms meaning "marked with letters" and "letters, literature." Two definitions are provided:

1) "able

to

read

and

write,"

and

2) "versed in literature or creative writing...having knowledge or competence <politically-literate>."

2) This dictionary source also provides an entry for visual literacy, defined as "the ability to recognize and understand ideas conveyed through visible actions or images (as pictures)."

The

Literacy

Development

Council

of

Newfoundland

and

Labrador

(www.nald.ca/PROVINCE/NFLD/NFLITCOU/litinfo.htm) defines this term in the following: "Literacy not only involves competency in reading and writing, but goes beyond this to include the critical and effective use of these in peoples' lives, and the use of language (oral and written) for all purposes." This definition involves critical thinking about what one reads, as well as expanding the term to encompass oral forms of literacy.

According to the National Institute for Literacy (http://novel.nifl.gov/nifl/faqs.html):

"The Workforce Investment Act of 1998 defines literacy as 'an individual's ability to read, write, speak in English, compute and solve problems at levels of proficiency necessary to function on the job, in the family of the individual and in society.' This is a broader view of literacy than just an individual's ability to read, the more traditional concept of literacy. As information and technology have become increasingly shaped our society [sic], the skills we need to function successfully have gone beyond reading, and literacy has come to include the skills listed in the current definition."

This definition is important as it looks at literacy, at least to some extent, from a more contextualized perspective. The definition of 'literate', then, depends on the skills needed within a particular environment. Of note, also, is the emphasis on English.

In academia, the definition of literacy has also evolved from an exclusive focus on reading and writing to encompass a more inclusive and expansive perspective. Some of that work has come from researchers involved in exploring literacy among diverse populations and across cultural/political/socioeconomic boundaries. In the introduction to their edited volume, Dubin and Kuhlman (1992) discuss the changing definition of literacy:

On the way to becoming a book, the 'literacy' part of our title has taken on meanings that go beyond the simple definition of 'reading and writing' as we had conceived of it in 1984....we acknowledge that the word literacy itself has come to mean competence, knowledge and skills (Dubin). Take, for example, common expressions such as 'computer literacy,' "civic literacy,' 'health literacy,' and a score of other usages in which literacy stands for know-how and awareness of the first word in the expression. (p. vi) The authors go on to state that:

The past decade has been marked by significant new directions in literacy research brought about by questions which seek to discover how literacy functions in families...in communities...and in workplaces... What does it mean to be 'literate' as a

member of a particular culture? What are the patterns of literacy use within fields of work, within professions, within age-groups? (p. vii)

Hiebert (1991) takes an explicitly constructivist perspective to the definition of literacy:

For some time now, a new perspective on literacy, and the learning processes through which literacy is acquired, has been emerging. This new perspective does not consist of old ideas with a new name, but rather it represents a profound shift from a textdriven definition of literacy to a view of literacy as active transformation of texts. In the old view, meaning was assumed to reside primarily within text, whereas, in the new view, meaning is created through an interaction of reader and text. (p. 1)

Langer (1991) takes this notion of interaction of reader with text a step further, contrasting "literacy as the act of reading and writing and literacy as ways of thinking" (p. 13). This author brings up the notion, alluded to in the Workforce Investment Act definition provided above that the standards for literacy depend on the context within which one functions: "...literacy can be viewed in a broader and educationally more productive way, as the ability to think and reason like a literate person, within a particular society" (p. 11). The author argues that:

It is the culturally appropriate way of thinking, not the act of reading or writing, that is most important in the development of literacy. Literacy thinking manifests itself in different ways in oral and written language in different societies, and educators need to

understand these ways of thinking if they are to build bridges and facilitate transitions among ways of thinking. (p. 13)

Elizabeth Kennedy (2017), A picture book is a book, typically for children, in which the illustrations are as important as (or even more important than) the words in telling the story. Picture books have traditionally been 32 pages long, although Little Golden Books are 24 pages. In picture books, there are illustrations on every page or on one of every pair of facing pages.

While most picture books are written for younger children, in recent years, a number of excellent picture books for upper elementary and middle school readers have been published.

The definition of "children's picture book" and the categories of children's picture books have also expanded in recent years.

Objectives of the Research:

Based on the research question above, the objectives of the research was, as follows: To know the effectiveness of picture book can improve students literacy or not.

3. Title of The Research: An Analysis of Students’ Ability in Writing report Texts

Background of The Research: Writing is one of skill that students’ have to mastered to improve their ability skills in learning English. Writing encourages a creative flow that can help students use their imaginations, explore possibilities, delve into problem solving, and

engage

in

storytelling.

According

to

F.

Scott

Fitzgerald,

American

author(1896-1940) “You don't write because you want to say something; you write because you've got something to say.”. A writer does not write for himself. Otherwise, he is not writing. Think of the readers. What do they need? What will make them read your work? Research to find out the answer. Ask people what they like to hear. Talk about 'something' that is worth sharing, and you will capture the audience's heart.

Method writing is an organic approach to the creative process, a way of finding your deep, authentic voice. The method does not deal with traditional approaches to writing that emphasize structure and form—the three-act structure of the screenplay, formal approaches to the novel, etc. Like method acting, which focuses on truth and organic process, Method Writing deals with the inner voice and how it can be used to create unique works of art, true to your own voice and style, true to your own vision and point of view, true to your own life experience—whether you're writing poems, stories, novels, plays, screenplays, nonfiction, memoir, shopping lists, ransom notes, recipes, etc.

Literacy is about more than reading and writing – it is about how we communicate in society. It is about social practices and relationships, about knowledge, language and culture. Literacy … finds its place in our lives alongside other ways of communicating. Indeed, literacy itself takes many forms: on paper, on the computer screen, on TV, on posters and signs. Those who use literacy take it for granted – but those who cannot use it are excluded from much communication in today’s world. Indeed, it is the excluded who can best appreciate the notion of “literacy as freedom”. (UNESCO, Statement for the United Nations Literacy Decade, 2003–2012; italics added) Eli Marseliana (2015) A report text is a type of document written by someone or group of people to announce the result of an investigation or announce something to the proper authorities. The information given in a report text is very general information. The purpose of a report text is to present information about something generally. It generally describes the way things are with reference to arrange of natural, manmade and social phenomenon in our environment, such as: mammals, the planets, rocks, plants, countries of region, cultures, transportations, and so on Objective of The Research: Based on the research question above, the objectives of the research was, as follows: To know the use of report text can improve students’ ability in writing or not.