Fund Of Ind. Hygiene.pdf

Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene

What is SAFETY ?   Freedom from accidents

An accident is usually the result of contact of a body with a source of energy beyond the limits of that body

Causes of Accidents are Classified as:   Unsafe Condition - seen as a physical or chemical property in the material   Unsafe Act - a violation of safe procedure •  act of omission •  act of commission

Industrial Hygiene is the control of hazards to acceptable limits:

 Identify  Evaluate  Correct

Identify the Hazard   Inspection (Before)   Investigation (After)

Evaluate the Hazard   OSHA standards   NPC Safety Code   NIOSH   OEL / PEL   ACGIH   TLV

Correct the Hazard   Engineering Control   Administrative Control   Personal Protective Equipment

Engineering Control - eliminate or reduce the hazard • Initial design specification • Substitution • Isolation (Place) • Ventilation

Initial Design

110 volts

220 volts

Administrative Control - control of employees exposure •  Scheduled reduced work hours in contaminated areas •  Increased breaks •  SOP’s •  Isolation (Time) •  Medical Exams

Trainings and Tool Box Meeting

Personal Protective Equipment - barrier aids in controlling individual exposure to hazards

TYPES OF HAZARDS  Physical  Chemical  Biological  Ergonomic  Mechanical  Electrical

Physical Hazards  Noise  Vibration  Heat Stress / Cold Stress  Illumination  Pressure

Physical Hazard

Noise Harmful / unwanted Sound:   Frequency - measured in (Hertz) cycles per second   Loudness or intensity - Decibel (dB)   Duration

Sound-7.mp4 How We Hear

Permissible Noise Exposure* Duration/day (hours)

Sound Level (dB)

8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 or less

90 93 96 99 102 105

*without the need for hearing protection OSHA 1981

Noise

Health Effects Of Noise Acute Effects:   Acoustic Trauma (Explosion, gunshot)   Temporary Threshold shift (Disco)   Poor communication   Increase in blood pressure & stress

Control of Noise Engineering methods Purchase new equipment Preventive maintenance Isolation/damping   Administrative Control Job rotation / breaks   PPE Ear plugs / ear muffs  

Vibration continuous low frequency oscillation that is more likely felt than heard   affects the body through direct contact   exposure settings:   hand held power tools   jack hammer, chain saw   transportation  

Heat wave of 2005

Vibration

Hand Mixer

Vibration

Health Effects of Vibration Localized   Inflammation (wrist, elbow, shoulder)   Carpal tunnel, Vibration White Finger Whole-body   Fatigue

Heat wave of 2005

Vibration Analysis Meter

Heat Stress Exposure settings:  High temperature  High humidity  Poor ventilation  Multiple heat sources

/Volumes/WD-250 /Pictures/PBI/PBI-5 /P9130483.JPG

Heat stress

Thermoregulatory Mechanism –  The body’s attempt to maintain a temperature of 37.0ºC (+0.5ºC) at all times, in the response to change of outside temperature

Mechanisms of heat removal  Conduction  Convection  Radiation  Evaporation

Cross Section the Skin Cross section ofofskin

Acute Health Effects of Heat   Prickly heat - immature sweat glands   Heat fatigue - bad mood (water loss)   Heat cramps - muscle spasm(water + salts)   Heat exhaustion - fatigue, diaphoresis, dehydration, nausea, vomiting (water + salts + electrolytes)   Heat stroke - overheating, seizure, coma (failure of thermoregulatory system)

Heat wave of 2005

Control of Heat Problems   Engineering control Ventilation Water sources (fountains/showers)   Administrative control Job rotation/breaks   PPE Cotton clothes, multiple changes

Heat wave of 2005

PHYSICAL HAZARD

Cold Stress          

Ice plants Food processing plants Deep sea diving Semi-conductor Broadcast industry Heat wave of 2005

Acute Health effects of Cold Hypothermia   Chills   Frostbite   Trench foot  

Heat wave of 2005

Illumination  Visibility of a workplace - as a result of light - (natural or artificial)  lumens or lux

Importance of Illumination OSHA standards   active storage - 50 lux   production line - 300 lux   clerical work - 500 lux   fine movement - 1000 lux

Harmful sources •  •  •  •  •  • 

Strobes LASER Halogen Blue light UV rays X-rays

Acute effects   eye strain   dizziness   headache   neck pains   teary eyes

Cataract

Senile arc

Pressure Atmospheric force that is constantly applied on the body, as a result of normal changes in altitude or artificially induced conditions.

Altitude

Pressure

Altitude

Pressure

Diving operations to inspect piers and pipes

Barometer

Barometer

Mt. Pulag 9800 ft. above sea level Oxygen

Temperature

Baguio – 7000 ft Oxygen 14%

1 cubic foot

Manila - Sea level Oxygen 18%

Chemical Hazards

Physical states of chemicals  Solids  Liquids  Gases

Exposure settings  Oil and fuel  Solvents  Metal welding fumes  Acids and Alkalis  Lead (organic & inorganic)  Dust (Silica, asbestos)

Skin Absorption Important “accidental” route of entry  skin acts as protective barrier  local irritation (allergy)  general sensitization  absorption & vascular dissemination

Ingestion  accidental swallowing  eating in contaminated area  smoking on the job with contaminated fingers and hands  ingestion of inhaled materials  wak-tu

Inhalation most important route of exposure Determinants:   concentration in the air   duration of exposure   amount of air inhaled

Organ systems of the body that are affected:   Skin   Lung   Brain   Kidney   Liver   Blood   Heart

General Health effects •  •  •  •  •  •  •  • 

Disorientation Euphoria Light headedness Confusion Unconsciousness Headache Nausea, vomiting Paralysis, convulsion, death

Biologic hazards  Bacteria  Virus  Fungi  Molds

Infectious Disease: •  •  •  •  •  •  •  • 

Tuberculosis URTI AIDS Mumps Chicken pox Measles STD Meningococcemia

Biologic hazards Characterized by organisms that have:   life   the ability to multiply

Eye contamination   Conjunctivitis Inhalation - entry by droplet infection   Influenza virus   TB bacilli   SARS   Bird flu

Ingestion - infected food & water   Improperly cooked food - parasites   Contaminated water - Amoebiasis   Feco-oral route - Hepatitis A   Urine on lids of canned drinks   Soft drinks in ice coolers

Pests

Dermal contact   Perspiration - left on PPE   Skin scales - clothes   Body hair - lice, crabs, fleas   Candidiasis, Syphilis, Gonorrhea

Injection - through a break in the skin   Cuts - knife, blades - Hepatitis B   Punctures - ice pick, needles - Tetanus   Abrasions – from astringents   Lacerations – Rabies, HIV   Body art – tattoo, piercing

d’ Original Muntinlupa Tattoo

Some modifications

Some are absurd

Body Piercing

Body mutilation

Ear Lobe Artwork

Some go too far !

Some go to extremes !

Some just go crazy

Ergonomic hazards these are conditions that: "  Cause low productivity / output "  Lead to muscle and skeletal pains

Ergonomics It is a technique that brings together several disciplines to solve problems at work

JOB

MAN WORKSTATION

TOOL

Job  the task needed to be done

Tool  powerful, fast, tireless  enables man to accomplish his job with reduced effort

Workstation  where tasks are carried out

Man  intelligent, adaptive & versatile  the basis of existence - survival

Ergonomic Injuries " " " " " " " "

 Neck pain  Leg pain  Low back pain  Trigger finger syndrome  Carpal tunnel disorder  Eye strain  Varicose veins  Fatigue

Risks in Ergonomics:

Position / Posture Force Frequency

Position Elbow 90° – 100° Wrist – straight

Work Zone

Going beyond the work zone is called reaching

What’s wrong with the picture?

Keep the hand straight

Position  Hand  Wrist

Force

Weight limit - 25 kilos

Share the load

Observe proper lifting posture

Don’t lift with your back …

Use a cart

Carry items close to your body

Frequency or repetitions

Provide for task interruption

Mechanical Hazards The handling of equipment with moving parts, either motorized or manually activated

Points of operation

Point of Operation

Point of Operation

Power transmission

Power transmission

In- running or Nip point

Shear

Machine Guarding Static protective devices that prevent entry, exit or access to mechanical hazards

Guards " " " " "

 Fixed guards  Enclosures, perimeter fences  Hoods and covers  Grills and screens  Location and distance

Machine Safeguarding Dynamic protective devices that activate or deactivate machines when when tripped or accessed

Safeguards • Interlocks • Two-hand controls • Presence-sensing devices • Robotics

Sensors that de-activate a machine

Automatic doors

Sensors that activate a machine

Activated shields

Two - Hand Controls

Robotics

Robotics

Robotics

Electrical hazards  Wiring  Grounding / Bonding  Power Panels  Outlets / Switches

Brain – power source

Nerves – wires

Muscles – appliances

Muscle voltage = 20 mV

Wall Outlet voltage = 220 V

Lock Out - Tag Out "  Lock out - prevent access "  Tag out - notify by means of a tag