Chaduvu 16th Feb., 2009
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\œÄC ¹†-X¾d -œ¾ ÅË .ä .. èä‡-¯þ§Œâ X¾K-¹~Â¹× ‡¢ÅŒ-Âé¢ ÍŒŸ-„¿ Ã-©-¯Cä ®¾¢¦¢-Cŵ Œ ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×©d ðx Ʀµ¼uJn Æ«-’Ã-£¾ÇÊ ²ÄnªáE ¦šËd …¢{Õ¢C. ²ÄŸµÄ-ªº½ Ʀµ¼u-ª½Õ-©n Åãj ä ¹F®¾¢ \œÄ-C-¤Ä{Õ ÍŒŸ-«¿ œ¿¢ Æ«-®ª¾ ½¢. “¤ÄŸ±-N¿ Õ¹ Æ¢¬Ç-©åXj «Õ¢* Æ«-’Ã-£¾ÇÊ …¢˜ä Ō¹׈« ®¾«Õ-§ŒÕ¢-©ð¯ä ‡Â¹×ˆ« ¯äª½Õa-Âî-«ÍŒÕa. ¦Ç’à ¤òšÌ …¢œä X¾K¹~ ÂæšËd O©ãÅj ä Âî*¢’û B®¾Õ-Âî-«œ¿¢ «Õ¢*C. ªîW “¹«Õ¢ ÅŒX¾p-¹עœÄ ÍŒŸ-«¿ -œÄ-EÂË, „çÊÕ-¹-¦-œÊË Æ¢¬Ç©ðx ÅŒyª½’à ƫ-’Ã-£¾ÇÊ åX¢ÍŒÕ-Âî-«-œÄ-EÂË P¹~º …X¾-§çÖ-’¹-X-œ¾ ¿Õ-ŌբC. DEo Â¹ØœÄ Æ¦µ¼uJn ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×©d ð ÅŒÊ X¾J-èÇc-¯ÃEo ¦šËd Ƣ͌¯Ã „䮾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. œË“U «ª½Â¹× Åç©Õ’¹Õ «ÖŸµ¿u-«Õ¢©ð ÍŒC-NÊ Æ¦µ¼u-ª½Õ©n Õ ƒ¢Tx-†ý©ð ÍŒC-N-Ê-„ÃJ ¹¢˜ä ÆŸ¿-Ê¢’à ¹%†Ï Í䧌՜¿¢ ÅŒX¾p-E-®J¾ . «áÈu¢’à Åç©Õ’¹Õ «ÖŸµ¿u-«Õ¢©ð ÍŒC-NÊ “’ÃOÕº “¤Ä¢ÅŒ Ʀµ¼u-ª½Õ©n Õ ®¾¦ãb¹×d X¾Ÿ-è¿ Ç-©¢åXj Æ«-’Ã-£¾ÇÊ \ª½p-ª-ͽ ŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL. ®¾¦ãb¹×d OÕŸ¿ X¾{Õd-Êo-X¾p-šÂË Ì ‚¢’¹x X¾Ÿ-è¿ Ç©¢ ÅçL-§ŒÕ-¹-¤òÅä
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X¾K¹~ ®¾«Õ-§ŒÕ¢©ð ®¾«Õ-®¾u©Õ ‡Ÿ¿Õ-ªíˆ¢-šÇª½Õ. Æ¢Ÿ¿Õ-«©x ƒ¢Tx†ý X¾Û®¾h-ÂÃ©Õ ÍŒŸ-«¿ œ¿¢, «ÖCJ “X¾¬ÁoX¾-“ÅÃ-©ÊÕ ²ÄŸµÊ¿ Í䧌՜¿¢ Æ«-®ª¾ ½¢. * O{-Eo-š-Å Ë î-¤Ä{Õ
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¯Ã æXª½Õ “¤Ä<. ¯äÊÕ ¯Ã¢Ÿä-œþ©ð G.‡-®ý®.Ï („çÕ“i Âî-¦-§ŒÖ-©°, ¦ð{F, éÂNÕ®ÔZ) ÍŒC-„ÃÊÕ. ¦§çÖ-˜-Âã Ão-©° X¾K¹~ Â¢ Dª½`-Âé¢ P¹~º B®¾Õ-¹×-¯ÃoÊÕ. ƒ¢Ÿ¿Õ©ð …Bh-ªÅ½g Œ ²ÄCµ¢* “X¾®¾ÕhÅŒ¢ å£jÇŸ¿-ªÃ-¦ÇŸþ 客“{©ü §ŒâE-«-Jq-š©Ì ð XÔ° Í䮾Õh¯ÃoÊÕ. ¨ ‡¢“{-¯þqÂ¹× JX¶-é¾ ª¯þq X¾Û®¾h-ÂéÕ, ¤ÄÅŒ “X¾¬Áo-X-“¾ Åé ²ÄŸµÊ¿ ÍÃ©Ç …X¾-§çÖ-’¹-X-œ¾ Äfªá. ƒ¢{-éªošü ŸÄyªÃ Â¹ØœÄ Ê«â¯Ã “X¾¬Áo-©ÊÕ ²ÄŸµÊ¿ Íä¬ÇÊÕ. ¦µ¼N-†¾u-ÅŒÕh©ð ÂÃuÊqªý ¦§ŒÖ-©-°©ð X¾J-¬ð-ŸÊµ¿ Í䧌Ö-©-ÊÕ-¹ע-{Õ-¯ÃoÊÕ.
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“X¾Åäu¹ P¹~º ‡¢Ÿ¿ÕÂ¹× Æ«-®ª¾ ½¢? “¦Ç¢œþÂ¹× ®¾¢¦¢-Cµ¢-*Ê X¾J-èÇcÊ¢, ©ÂË~ÅŒ «ªÃ_©åXj Æ«-’Ã-£¾ÇÊ, ²Ä¢êÂ-A-Ââ-¬Ç© Eª½y-£¾Çº, ²ÄpÊxª½x Ưäy-†º¾ , «Ö骈-šË¢’û... OšË-Åî-¤Ä{Õ NE-§çÖ-’¹-ŸÄ-ª½ÕºËo ®¾¢ÅŒ%-XÏh-Xª¾ ͽ ©ä Ç, ¹ªx á¢-{ÕÂ¹× ‡¢Åî-Âí¢ÅŒ ©Ç¦µ¼¢ «Íäa©Ç “X¾Ÿ-ª¿ ½zÊ ƒ«y{¢ ƒ„碚ü „äÕ¯ä-èü-„çÕ¢-šü©ð ¦µÇ’¹„äÕ. “X¾A Æ¢¬Á¢ ®¾Ö¹~t¢’à “X¾ºÇ-R-Â-ÂÌ ¹-J¢-Í-’Œ ¹© «%Ah-¯-Xçj ¾Ûºu¢ Æ«-®ª¾ ½¢ Âæ˜äd DEÂË “X¾Åäu¹ P¹~º Æ«-®-ª¾ -«½ Õ-«Û-ŌբC. ƒ„碚ü „äÕ¯ä-•-ªýÂ¹× Â̩¹ ²Ä«Õ-ªÃnu-©ÕÊo «%Ah-E-X¾Û-ºÕ© ¦%¢Ÿ¿¢ ®¾£¾Ç-¹-J-®¾Õh¢C. Oª½Õ „äC¹ ‡¢XϹ Ÿ¿’¹-ª_ ½Õo¢* ¦œçbšü ÅŒ§ŒÖK, ÂÃu†ý ¤¶òx „äÕ¯ä-èü-„çÕ¢šü, ®¾åXkx Íç¯j þ £¾Éu¢œËx¢’û, 农¿Öu-L¢’û, „äC¹ EªÃtº¢, ²Ä¢êÂA¹ Æ«-®-ª¾ éÕ, ‚£¾Éª½ ¤ÄF§ŒÖ© \ªÃp{Õx, ª½„ÃºÇ (\ªý šËéÂ{x, £¾Çô{©ü ’¹Ÿ¿Õ© J•-êªy-†¯¾ þ ¹؜Ä... ), ¦µ¼“Ÿ¿ÅÐŒ ª½Â¹~º, ‚AŸ±¿u¢ „ç៿-©-Êãj -„Ã-šÂË Ë ¦ÇŸµ¿uÅŒ «£ÏÇ-²Ähª½Õ. ²ÄnE¹ ÍŒšÇd© X¾J-èÇcÊ¢, O՜˧ŒÖ «Üu£¾Ç¢ ÅçL-®-«Ï Û¢œË “Âõœþ „äÕ¯ä-èü-„çÕ¢šü, 宩-“GšÌ „äÕ¯ä-èü-„çÕ¢šü Í䧌Õ-’¹-L-T-Ê-„Ãêª ¨ EX¾Û-ºÕ©Õ.
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\ ƪ½|-Å-©Œ Õ¢-œÄL? “X¾„-¬ä Á-²Än-ªá©ð EJl†¾d NŸÄu-ª½|-Å-©Œ Oä Õ Æ«-®ª¾ ½¢ ©äŸ¿Õ. ƪá-Ê-X¾p-šÂË Ì ¨ ª½¢’¹¢©ð X¾E-Bª½ÕÊÕ ¦šËd ÍŒÖæ®hÐ P¹~-ºÇª½Õ©n Â¹× Eª½y-£¾Çº ²Ä«Õ-ªÃnu©Õ, “X¾èÇ-®¾¢-¦¢-ŸµÄ©Õ ¯ç©-Âí-©Õp-Â¹×¯ä ©Â¹~-ºÇ©Õ, «Ö骈-šË¢’û, Æœ¿y-ªý-˜->ãj ¢’û, ÂÃu{-J¢’û X¾J-èÇcÊ¢ Âí¢ÅŒ; ÍŒšÇd©Ö, ©ãåj ®-ÊÕq©åXj Æ«-’Ã-£¾ÇÊ …¢œ¿{¢ «Õ¢*C. ƒ¢Tx†ý ªÃ§ŒÕ{¢, «ÖšÇxœ{¿ ¢ ÅŒX¾p-E-®J¾ . ¨ ª½¢’¹¢©ð NŸÄuª½Õ©n Â¹× ‚¯þ-©¯ãj þ ƒ„碚ü J>-æ®Z†- ¯¾ þ, ‚¯þ-©¯ãj þ ƒ¯þ-„Ã-ªá-®Ï¢’ûÐ J®Ôšü “¤ñœ¿-¹¯¥ þ, ‚¯þ-©¯ãj þ £¾Çô{©ü, “šÇ„ç©ü ¦ÕÂË¢’ûq ÅçL-®-«Ï Û¢-œÄL. «áÈu¢’à MICE (O՚ˢ’ûq, ƒ¯þ-客-š„Ë þq, ÂÃÊp´-éª-¯çq®ý, ‡TbG- -†¯¾ þ) N¦µÇ-’¹¢©ð ƒN «ÕK Æ«-®ª¾ ½¢.
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¨ ÅŒª£½ ¾É P¹~º “’Ãœ¿Õu-§äÕ{x/ ¤ò®¾Õ-“d ’Ãœ¿Õu§äÕ{x éªWu-„äÕÂ¹× ÅŒX¾p-E-®-J¾ ’à Ɵ¿-ÊX¾Û N©Õ«ÊÕ Â¹Lp-®¾Õh¢C. ¨ ª½¢’¹¢©ð EX¾Û-ºÕ© Âíª½ÅŒ ‡Â¹×ˆ-«’à …Êo¢-Ÿ¿Õ-«©x ê«©¢ ‚ª½Õ ¯ç©© ÂÕq Íä®¯Ï Ã «Õ¢* …Ÿîu’¹¢ ©Gµ¢Íä Æ«-ÂÃ-¬Ç-©Õ-¯Ãoªá. ¨ P¹~º X¾ÜJh-Í-®ä -ÊÏ -„Ã-JÂË …Ÿîu’¹¢ ƒÍäa ®¾¢®¾©n Õ: ƒ„碚ü „äÕ¯ä-èü-„çÕ¢šü ®¾¢®¾©n Õ, ƒ„碚ü ¹Êq©ãd¢{Õx, £¾Çô{©ü, “šÇ„ç©ü ®¾¢¦¢-Cŵ Œ X¾J-“¬Á-«Õ©Õ, „úË-•u-“X¾-¹-{-Ê© ®¾¢®¾©n Õ, “X¾èÇ-®¾¢-¦¢-ŸµÄ© ®¾¢®¾©n Õ, šÌO ͵ÃÊ@ÁÙ}, ‰šÌ, HXÔ-‹©Õ, “X¾¦µ¼Õ-Åäy-ŪŒ ½ ®¾¢®¾©n Õ (‡¯þ-°-„î©Õ), «Ö骈-šË¢-’û/ -¹-«âu-E-êÂ-†¯¾ þ ®¾¢®¾©n Õ.
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X¾ÛÊ-¬Áa-ªº½ ©ð „çÕ©-¹×-«©Õ Åç©Õ²Ä? ®¾ÅŒu X¾K-¹~©ðx ÆŸ¿Õs´ÅŒ X¶L¾ -ÅÃ©Õ ¤ñ¢Ÿ¿šÇEÂË …X¾-¹-J¢Íä 8 Æ¢Íç© «Üu£¾Ç¢©ð 5 Æ¢¬Ç© ’¹ÕJ¢* ͌֬Ǣ ¹ŸÄ! NÕT-LÊ 3 «Üu£¾É-©ÊÕ -ƒX¾Ûp-œ¿Õ Åç©Õ-®¾Õ-¹עŸÄ¢.
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ÍŒŸ¿Õ«Û Ưä X¾Û³Äp-EÂË ®¾¢²Äˆª½¢ Æ¯ä ®¾Õ’¹¢-ŸµÄEo ÆŸ¿Õ-Âl î-„ÃL. ÆX¾Ûpœä NŸÄu-¹×-®¾Õ«Õ¢ X¾J-«Õ@Á ¬ðGµÅŒ¢ ÂÃ’¹-©Õ’¹Õ-ŌբC. ‡Â¹×ˆ« «Öª½Õˆ©Õ ÅçÍäa ‚ªî Æ¢¬Á¢ ƒŸäÐ '«uÂËh-ÅÃy-EoÍäa “X¾«-ª½hÊ Æ©-«-ª½Õa-Âî-«{¢Ñ. Æ¢˜ä ®¾¦µ¼uÅà ®¾¢²Äˆ-ªÃ-©ÊÕ åX¢ÍŒÕ-Âî-«œ¿¢. ÍŒŸ¿Õ«Û ŸµÄu®¾©ð X¾œË ‚ªî-’ÃuEo Æ“¬ÁŸ¿l´ Í䧌Õ-¹Ø-œŸ¿ ¿Õ. “X¾A ªîW ÅäL-¹-¤ÄšË „Ãu§ŒÖ«Õ¢, ®¾«Õ-ÅŒÕ-©u-„çÕÊi ‚£¾Éª½¢, ÅŒT-ʢŌ E“Ÿ¿, “X¾¬Ç¢-Å-„Œ çÕÊi N“¬Ç¢A, Âé-«u-«-Cŵ î ¹؜ËÊ ‚ªî-’¹u-X-K¾ -¹~© X¾{x “¬ÁŸ¿l´ ÍŒÖXÏ¢-ÍÃL. *
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“X¾¦µÇ«¢ ÍŒÖX¾Û-Åêá. «áÈu¢’à «Õø"-¹¢’à •Jê’ ƒ¢{-ª½Öyu©ðx NŸÄu-J©n ð ÍŒÖæ®C ®¾«Ö-Íê½ æ®Â¹-ªº½ Âß¿Õ, ®¾¢²Äˆ-ª-§ ½ ŒáÅŒ “X¾«-ª½h-ʯä!
X¾ÜJh-²Än-ªá©ð ®¾ÊoŸ¿«l´ Õ„ÃyL ƒÂ¹ \œî Æ¢¬Á¢ 'X¾K-¹~-©Â¹× X¾ÜJh-²Än-ªá©ð ®¾ÊoŸ¿l´¢ Â뜿¢Ñ. ÆŸ¿-ÊÕÂ¹× «*aÊ X¾¢{ÊÕ éªÅj ŒÕ X¾J-ª-½ Ë~¢-͌չ×-Êo-{Õd-’ïä ÅÃÊÕ ‡¯îo ¯ç©-©Õ’à ®¾«á-¤Ä-Jb¢-ÍŒÕ-¹×Êo X¾JèÇc¯ÃEo “ÂîœÎ-¹-J¢-ÍŒÕ-ÂíE X¾K-¹~©ðx ŸÄEo «Öª½Õˆ-©Õ’à «Õ©-ÍŒÕ-Âî-«-œÄ-EÂË “X¾A NŸÄuKn ®¾¯Ão-£¾É©Õ Í䮾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. X¾K-¹~-©Â¹× «á¢Ÿ¿Õ 骢œ¿Õ ¯ç©© Â颩ð ƢŌ-«-ªÂ½ ¹Ø ®¾¢“’¹-£ÏÇ¢-ÍŒÕ-¹×Êo X¾J-èÇc-¯ÃEo ¦©ð-æXÅŒ¢ Í䮾Õ-Âî-«-œÄ-EÂË (consolidation process) “¤ÄŸµÄÊu¢ ƒ„ÃyL. Æ¢Ÿ¿Õ¹×... Ê«â¯Ã X¾ÛÊ-¬Áa-ªº½ X¾šÂËd ¹ (model revision schedule)ÊÕ ÅŒ§ŒÖ-ª½Õ-Í-®ä ¾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. ÅÃÊÕ X¾ÜJh-Í-§ ä ŒÖ-LqÊ ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×©d ®¾¢Èu ‡¢ÅŒ, ŠÂîˆ ®¾¦ãb¹שd 𠇯çoEo Æ¢¬Ç-©Â¹× “¤ÄŸµÄÊu¢ ƒ„ÃyL, „ÚËÂË ‡¢ÅŒ ®¾«Õ§ŒÕ¢ êšÇ-ªá¢-ÍÃL, \ X¾K¹~ \ ÅäD-¯Ã-šÂË Ë Æ¯äC ®¾p†¾d¢’à ªÃ®¾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. *
ŠÂ¹ ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×Êd Õ ŠêÂ-²ÄJ X¾ÜJh-Í-§ ä ŒÕœ¿¢ Âù 骢œ¿Õ ¯ç©©Ö ŸÄEo N®¾h-J¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL. ªîV-„ÃK X¾ÛÊ-¬Áa-ª-º½ ©ð GµÊo-„çÕÊi ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×-©d ÊÕ Â¹LXÏ ÍŒŸ¿Õ-«Û-Âî-„ÃL. ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×©d ð «á¢Ÿ¿Õ ¤Äª¸Ã-©-ÊÕ¢* Âù „çʹ ¤Äª¸½¢ ÊÕ¢* «á¢Ÿ¿ÕÂ¹× „ç@ì}©Ç “¤Äª½¢-Gµ¢-ÍÃL. ®¾Êo-ŸÅ¿l´ Œ Âé¢©ð ‹ ÆªáŸ¿Õ ªîV© ®¾«Õ-§ŒÖEo ÆÅŒu-«-®-ª¾ é Â¢ ÆŸ¿-Ê¢’à êšÇ-ªá¢-ÍÕŒ -Âî-„ÃL. “X¾A „êâ-ÅŒ¢©ð „çáÅŒh¢ ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×Êd Õ AJT ®¾OÕ-ÂË~¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL. O©ãÅj ä «âœ¿Õ ©äŸÄ ¯Ã©Õ’¹Õ X¾ÛÊ-¬Áa-ª-º½ ©Õ •J-ê’©Ç ¤ÄxÊÕ Í䮾Õ-Âî„ÃL. ²ñ¢ÅŒ’à ªÃ®¾Õ-¹×Êo ¯î{Õq ÍŒŸ-«¿ -œÄ-Eê “¤ÄŸµÄÊu¢ ƒ„ÃyL. X¾K-¹~©ðx ªÃ¦ð§äÕ Ê«â¯Ã “X¾¬Áo-©ÊÕ £ÏǢ͌ÕÂíE „ÚËÂË •„Ã-¦Õ©Õ ªÃ®Ï, OÕ NÕ“ÅŒ-¦%¢-Ÿ¢¿ Åî ÂÃF, ÆŸµÄuX¾-¹×-©Åî ÂÃF ÍŒJa¢-ÍÃL. * “X¾¬Áo ‡©Ç «æ®h ®¾«Ö-ŸµÄÊ¢ ‡©Ç ªÃ§ŒÖ©ð ƦµÇu®¾¢ Í䧌ÖL. * * * * * * * *
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Eª½¢-ŪŒ ½¢ …ÅÃq-£¾Ç¢Åî “X¾§ŒÕ-Ao¢-ÍÃL. ¹@Ç-¬Ç-©©ð NèÇc-Ê-H-èÇ©Õ ¯Ã{Õ-Âî-„ÃL. ƒ¢šË-Ÿ-’¿ ¹ª_ ½ „ÚËE N®¾h-J¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL. «uÂËh-ÅÃy-EoÍäa “X¾«-ª½hÊ Æ©-«-ª½Õa-Âî-„ÃL. X¾K-¹~-©Â¹× X¾ÜJh-²Än-ªá©ð ®¾ÊoŸ¿l´¢ ÂÄÃL. X¾K-¹~-£¾É©ðx «Öª½Õˆ© X¾¢{ X¾¢œË¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL.
«Öª½Õˆ© X¾¢{... ‡E-NÕC Æ¢Íç© «Üu£¾Ç¢©ð *«-JCÐ 'X¾K-¹~-£¾É©ðx «Öª½Õˆ© X¾¢{ X¾¢œË¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-«{¢Ñ. ®¾¦ãb¹×d ‡¢ÅŒ ÅçL-®¯Ï Ã, X¾K-¹~©ðx ŸÄEo ®¾“¹-«Õ¢’à “X¾Ÿ-J¿ z¢-Í-ÂŒ ¹-¤òÅä «Öª½Õˆ©Õ ªÃ«Û. X¾K-¹~© ¹ת½Õ-êÂ~-“ÅŒ¢©ð N•-§Œá-œ©Ë Ç N•%¢-Gµ¢-Í-šŒ Ç-EÂË «âœ¿Õ ²Än§Œá©ðx „çÕ©-¹×-«©Õ ¤ÄšË¢-ÍÃL.
•„Ã-¦Õ©Õ ªÃ§ŒÕ-šÇ-EÂË «á¢Ÿ¿Õ: X¾K¹~ ꢓŸÄ-EÂË „çR}Ê „ç¢{¯ä ‡«-J-ÅîÊÖ ¦ÇÅÃ-‘ÇF „䮾Õ-Âî-¹עœÄ ¯äª½Õ’à £¾É©ðxÂË „çR} êšÇ-ªá¢-*Ê ®¾©n ¢©ð ¹ت½ÕaE, J©ÇÂúq ÂÄÃL. * “X¾¬Áo-X“¾ ÅŒ¢ ƒ*a-Ê¢-ů Œ ä •„Ã-¦Õ©Õ ªÃ殧ŒÖ©E ‚“ÅŒX- œ¾ ¿ ¹Øœ¿Ÿ¿Õ. * ²Ä«-ŸµÄ-Ê¢’à ƹˆœ¿ ƒÍäa ®¾ÖÍŒ-Ê©Õ ’¹«Õ-E¢-ÍÃL. ÆÊÕ-¹×Êo KA©ð “X¾¬Áo-X“¾ ÅŒ¢ …¢ŸÄ, ÂíÅŒh’à \„çÕ¯i à «Öª½Õp©Õ •J-’çŒÖ X¾J-Q-L¢-ÍÃL. * ‡Eo “X¾¬Áo©Õ ÆœË-’ê½Õ, ‡Eo-šÂË Ë ®¾«Ö-ŸµÄ-¯Ã©Õ ªÃ§ŒÖL, ®¾«Õ§ŒÕ¢, ŠÂîˆ “X¾¬ÁoÂ¹× êšÇ-ªá¢-*Ê «Öª½Õˆ©Õ «¢šËN ®¾p†¾d¢ Í䮾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. * “X¾¬Áo-©ðE Â̩¹ X¾ŸÄ-©ÊÕ ’¹ÕJh¢*, „ÚËE Æ¢œ¿-ªý-©-¯ ãj þ/-å£jÇ-©šãj ü Í䧌ÖL. * \ “X¾¬Áo-©Â¹× •„Ã-¦Õ©Õ ªÃ§ŒÖ-©-ÊÕ-¹ע-šÇªî „ÚËE ®¾p†¾d¢ Í䮾Õ-ÂíE, „ÚË-OÕŸä Ÿ¿%†Ïd åXšÇdL. * “X¾¬Áo-©ÊÕ ÆœË-TÊ Bª½ÕÊÕ ®¾Ö¹~t¢’à ƪ½n¢ Í䮾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. …ŸÄ: «Jg¢-Í-« Œ Õ-¯ÃoªÃ, N«Õ-ª½z¯Ã-ÅŒt-¹¢’à N«-J¢-Í-«Œ Õ-¯ÃoªÃ, ¤òLa ÍçX¾p-«Õ-¯ÃoªÃ, Nª½ÕŸ¿l´ Æ¢¬Ç-©ÊÕ «u¹h¢ Í䧌Õ-«Õ-¯ÃoªÃ ƯäC ’¹«Õ-E¢-ÍœŒ ¿¢ ÍÃ©Ç «áÈu¢. * «Öª½Õˆ©Õ, “X¾¬Áo© X¾J-CE µ ‚®¾-ªÃ’à Í䮾Õ-ÂíE ®¾«Õ-§ŒÖEo «á¢Ÿ¿Õ-’ïä êšÇ-ªá¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL. * Âí¢ÅŒ ÆŸ¿-ÊX¾Û ®¾«Õ§ŒÕ¢ NÕT-L-«Û¢-œ© ä Ç ÍŒÖ®¾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. * “X¾¬Áo-©Â¹× \ “¹«Õ¢©ð •„Ã-¦Õ©Õ ªÃ§ŒÖ©ð «á¢Ÿä ÆÊÕ-Âî-„ÃL. * ªÃ§ŒÕ-¦ð§äÕ åXŸ¿l “X¾¬Áo©Â¹× «á¢Ÿ¿Õ-’Ã¯ä ‹ Æ«Ûšü©ã¯ j þ ÅŒ§ŒÖ-ª½Õ-Í-®ä ¾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. *
•„Ã-¦Õ©Õ ªÃæ®-{-X¾Ûpœ¿Õ: «á¢Ÿ¿Õ’à ªî©ü-Ê¢-¦ªý, “X¾¬Áo© ®¾¢ÈuÊÕ ®¾p†¾d¢’à ‚§ŒÖ X¾“Åéðx ÍŒÖ®Ï ªÃ§ŒÖL. •„Ã-¦Õ-©ÊÕ ÂÃT-Å-OŒ ÕtŸ¿ ªÃæ®-«á¢Ÿ¿Õ „ÚËE \ X¾ŸA¿l´ (“æX¶„þÕ «ªýˆ) ©ð ªÃ§ŒÖ©ð «ÕÊ-®Õ¾ ©ð Eª½-ªg á¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL. * ÆœË-TÊ “X¾¬Áo-©Â¹× ÅŒT-ʢŌ ®¾«Ö-ÍÃ-ªÃ¯äo ƒ„ÃyL. Åç©Õ®¾Õ ¹ŸÄ ÆE ÍÃ{ ¦µÇª½-ÅÃ©Õ ªÃ§ŒÕ-«Ÿ¿Õ.l * ²ÄŸµ¿u-„çÕ-Ê i ¢ÅŒ «ª½Â¹Ø ¤Äªá¢{x ª½ÖX¾¢©ð •„Ã-¦Õ©Õ ªÃæ®h N†¾§ŒÕ¢ ®¾p†¾d¢’à …¢{Õ¢C. ®¾«Ö-ŸµÄ-¯Ã©Õ ®¾¢ÂË~-X¾h¢’Ã, ®¾ÖšË’Ã, ¤Äªá¢{x ª½ÖX¾¢©ð …¢œÄL. * ªÃæ®-{-X¾Ûpœ¿Õ ÆA Åí¢Ÿ¿ª½ «Ÿ¿Õ.l ¦ª½-¦ªÃ ¦J-êÂæ®h ‚ ªÃæ®C «ÕÊê ƪ½n¢ Âß¿Õ. ƪ½n¢ ÂÃE * *
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X¾K¹~ X¾Üª½h-§ŒÖu¹... X¾K¹~ÊÕ ªÃ§ŒÕ{¢ X¾ÜJh-Í®ä ,Ï ¦§ŒÕ-{Â¹× «*a-Ê-X¾Ûœ¿Õ... X¾K-¹~©ðx ªÃ®Ï-Ê-ŸÄEo ’¹ÕJ¢* ‚©ð-*¢-Í-Œ ¹Ø-œŸ¿ ¿Õ. 'ŠL-ÂÊË ¤Ä©Õ ‡ÅŒhœ¿¢ ²ÄŸµ¿u¢ Âß¿ÕÑ. Ÿ¿%†ÏEd ªÃ§ŒÕ-¦ð§äÕ X¾K-¹~© OÕŸ¿ ꢓD-¹-J¢-ÍÃL. * ¯ä²Äh-©Åî X¾K¹~ æXX¾ªý ’¹ÕJ¢<, ®¾«Ö-ŸµÄ-¯Ã© Bª½Õ ’¹ÕJ¢< ÍŒJa¢ÍŒÂ¹Øœ¿Ÿ¿Õ. ŸÄE-«â-©¢’à ‚ÅŒt-N-¬Çy-²ÄEo Âî©ðp§äÕ “X¾«ÖŸ¿¢ …¢C. * X¾K-¹~©Fo ƪá-¤ò-§ŒÖ¹ OÕ ÆÊÕ-¦µ¼-„Ã-©ÊÖ, ÆGµ-“¤Ä-§ŒÖ-©ÊÖ ªÃ®Ï åX{Õd-Âî-„ÃL. ¦µ¼N-†¾u-ÅŒÕh©ð ªÃ§ŒÕ-¦ð§äÕ „äêª X¾K-¹~-©Â¹× ƒ„ä ¹ª-D½ -X-ÂÏ ¹©Õ. OÕª½Õ Íä®ÊÏ ÅŒXÏp-ŸÄ©Õ ÅŒªÃyA X¾K-¹~©ðx ©ä¹עœÄ Í䮾Õ-ÂíE, ‡Â¹×ˆ« «Öª½Õˆ©Õ ÅçÍŒÕa-Âî-«-œÄ-EÂË ƒN ®¾£¾Ç-¹-J-²Ähªá. *
\œÄC ¹³Äd-EÂË ƒ†¾-„d çÕÊi X¶©¾ Ç-©-EÍäa «ÕŸµ¿Õ-ª-½ ¹~-ºÇ©ä X¾K-¹~©Õ. «Üu£¾É-ÅŒt-¹¢’à ®ÏŸ-„¿l´ çÕ-Êi -„Ã-JÂË ÆN ‚£¾É-Ÿx ¿¢’à …¢šÇªá. OÕ©ð ŸÄTÊ NèÇc-Ê-D-¤Ä-©ÊÕ „çL-Â-BË ®Ï OÕ ¦¢’ê½Õ ¦µ¼N-†¾u-ÅŒÕhÂ¹× CN-š-©Ì Õ’Ã X¾E-Í-²ä Ähªá. N•-ªâ-¦µ¼«! e-mail: [email protected]
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œÎ‡-®ý-®©Ô 𠃢Tx†ýÂ¹× ƒD ŸÄJ!
œÄ. «¢U-X¾Ûª½¢ ¡¯Ã-Ÿ±Ä-ÍÃJ œÎ‡-®ý-®©Ô ð “X¾„-¬ä Á-åX-šÊËd ƒ¢Tx†ý æXX¾-ªýÂ¹× ‡¢Åî “¤ÄŸµÄÊu¢ \ª½p-œË¢C. å®Â¹¢-œK¿ “ê’œþ šÌͪŒ ý (‡®ý.->.šË.) Ʀµ¼u-ª½Õ-©n Â¹× X¾Ÿî ÅŒª-’½ ¹A ²Änªá©ð, ®¾Öˆ©ü-Æ-®-åÏ ®d¢šü (‡®ý\) Ʀµ¼u-ª½Õ-©n Â¹× ƒ¢{-KtœË-§ŒÕšü ²Änªá©ð “X¾¬Áo-X“¾ ÅŒ¢ …¢{Õ¢C.
œÎ‡-®ý-®©Ô 𠃢Tx†ý æXX¾ªîx “X¾¬Áo©Õ ÆœËê’ Bª½ÕÊÕ ÅçLæ- X¢-Ÿ¿ÕÂ¹× ÂíEo „çÖœ¿©ü “X¾¬Áo-©ÊÕ www.dseap.gov.in Æ¯ä „ç¦ü-å®jšü©ð …¢Íê½Õ. DE “X¾Âê½¢ 20 “X¾¬Áo©ðx ÂË¢C „Ãu¹-ª-º½ Ç¢-¬Ç-©åXj Ÿ¿%†Ïd ²ÄJ¢Íê½Õ. 1. Synonym 2. Spelling 3. Phonetic transcription 4. Preposition 5. Article 6. Error in the sentence 7. Parts of speech 8. Active-passive voice 9. Pronunciation 10. Direct-indirect speech 11. Spoken expression 12. Question tag 13. Modal verbs 14. Simplecompound-complex sentences 15. One word substitute 16. Antonym 17. Paragraph comprehension
¨ Ê«â¯Ã “X¾¬Áo-©ÊÕ ¦šËd ƪ½n¢ Í䮾Õ-Âî-„Ã-Lq¢CРƦµ¼u-ª½Õ©n Õ ‚¢’¹x „Ãu¹-ª-º½ Ç¢-¬Ç-©-Eo-š-åË Xj¯Ã Ÿ¿%†Ïd ²ÄJ¢-ÍÃL. “¹«Õ¢ ÅŒX¾p-¹עœÄ ²ÄŸµÊ¿ Íäæ®h ƒ¢Tx†ý©ð «Öª½Õˆ©Õ ÅçÍŒÕa-Âî-«{¢ ÅäL-êÂ-ÊE ƪ½-«n Õ-«Û-ŌբC. Ʀµ¼u-ª½Õ©n Õ ƒ¢Tx†ý æXX¾-ªýÊÕ 1) Vocabulary 2) Grammar 3) Comprehension Æ¯ä «âœ¿Õ ¦µÇ’Ã-©Õ’à N¦µ¼->¢-ÍŒÕÂíE ÍŒC-NÅä «Õ¢*C.
X¾Ÿ-è¿ Ç©¢ ®¾¢’¹ÅNä ÕšË? Vocabulary ©ð ‰Ÿ¿Õ Æ¢¬Ç-©åXj Ÿ¿%†Ïd ²ÄJæ®h X¾Ÿ¿ ®¾¢X¾-ŸÊ ¿ Õ åX¢ÍŒÕ-Âî-«ÍŒÕa. Antonyms 3) Homophones 4) Idioms 5) Phrasal verbs.
ÆN
1) Synonyms 2)
OšËåXj ®¾Ö©n ¢’à Ÿ¿%†Ïd åXœËÅä X¾Ÿ-è¿ Ç-©Ç-EÂË ®¾¢¦¢-Cµ¢-*Ê ‡©Ç¢šË “X¾¬Áo¯ç¯j à ®¾Õ©-¦µ¼¢’à ‡Ÿ¿Õ-ªîˆ-«ÍŒÕa. ÍéÇ-«Õ¢-CÂË ®¾«Ö-¯Ã-ª-½n Ã©Õ ÅçL-®-ÊÏ Eo «uA-êª-ÂÃ-ªÃn©Õ ÅçL-§ŒÕ«Û. Â꽺¢ \NÕ-{¢˜ä... ‡Â¹×ˆ-«-«Õ¢C «uA-êª2/16/2009 5:43
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ÂÃ-ªÃn-©ÊÕ X¾K-¹~-©ÊÕ Ÿ¿%†Ï©d ð åX{Õd-ÂíE «Ö“ÅŒ„äÕ ÍŒŸ¿Õ-«Û-Åê½Õ. High ÂË «uA-êª-¹-XŸ¾ ¿¢ low ÆE Æ¢Ÿ¿-JÂÌ Åç©Õ®¾Õ. ÂÃF go Â¹× «uA-êªÂ¹ X¾Ÿ¿¢ comeÂÄíÍŒÕa, don't go Â¹ØœÄ Âë͌Õa. ŠÂîˆ-²ÄJ «uÅÃu-®„¾ äÕ «uA-êªÂ¹ X¾Ÿ-«¿ Õ-«ÛŌբC. Fill in the blank using the word opposite in meaning to the underlined Rome is an ancient city. Newyork is ---1. old 2. new 3. modern 4. developed Ans: 3
ÍéÇ-«Õ¢C ancient ÊÕ ÍŒÖ®Ï
old ÊÕ
•„Ã-¦Õ’à ’¹ÕJh-²Ähª½Õ. ÂÃF ÆœË-T¢C «uA-êª-ÂÃ-ª«-½n ÕE «ÕJa-¤ò-¹Ø-œŸ¿ ¿Õ.
8,9,10 ÅŒª-’½ ¹-Ōթ ƒ¢Tx†ý ¤Äª¸½u-X¾Û-®¾h-Âéðx …Êo X¾Ÿ-è¿ Ç-©¢åXj Ÿ¿%†Ïd ²ÄJ¢-Í{Œ ¢ ‡®ý-°šÌ Ʀµ¼u-ª½Õ©n Õ «Õª½-«-¹Ø-œŸ¿ ¿Õ. ‡®ý\ Ʀµ¼u-ª½Õ©n Õ ƒ¢{-ªý-²Änªá X¾Ÿ-è¿ Ç-©¢åXj X¾{Õd ²ÄCµ¢-ÍÃL. Šê ª½Â¹-„çÕÊi …ÍÃa-ª-º½ Åî „äêªyª½Õ spelling, meaning ¹L-TÊ X¾ŸÄ©Õ homophones. ®¾¢‘Çu-X-ª¾ ½¢’à ƒN Ō¹׈« ÂæšËd ‡¢XϹ Íä®ÊÏ X¾ŸÄ©Õ ¯äª½Õa-Âî-«ÍŒÕa. See-sea, I-eye, Son-sun ©Ç¢šËN homophones. ƒ¢Tx†ý «ÖÅŒ%-¦µÇ†¾ ÂÃE-„Ã-JÂË Â¹†¾d¢’à ÆEp¢-ÍNä Idioms, Phrasal verbs. ‡¢Ÿ¿Õ-¹¢˜ä OšËÂË åXjÂË ŠÂ¹ ª½Â¹-„çÕÊi ƪ½n¢, ©ðŌՒà ͌Öæ®h «Õªî ƪ½n¢ …¢šÇªá. X¾K-¹~©ð The midas Touch ÆE ÆœË-’Ã-ª-ʽ Õ-¹עŸÄ¢. ‚ ¹Ÿ±¿ ¯äXŸ¾ ±¿u¢ ÅçLæ®h 'successful in all fields' ƯäC ®¾éªÊj •„Ã-¦E ƪ½-«n Õ-«Û-ŌբC. Turn Æ¢˜ä to set in another direction. ÂÃF turn up Æ¢˜ä arrive. Turn on Æ¢˜ä to put something to function. Turn off Æ¢˜ä suspend the operation off. ‚Âúq-X-ª ¶¾ ý-©f Ç¢šË «Õ¢* EX¶¾Õ¢-{Õ-«Û©Õ „Ãœä-„Ã-JÂË idioms, phrasal verbs ÅäL’Ã_ ƪ½-«n Õ-«Û-Åêá. ©äŸ¿¢˜ä ‡¢XϹ Íä®ÊÏ X¾ŸÄ©Õ, “X¾§çÖ-’Ã©Õ ’¹Õª½Õh¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-«-©-®Ï¢Ÿä!
„Ãu¹-ªº½ N¬ì-³Ä©Õ Parts of speech åXj
X¾{Õd ²ÄCµæ®h „Ãu¹-ªº½ ¢ ®¾Õ©-¦µ¼-«Õ-«Û-ŌբC. ŠÂ¹ X¾ŸÄEo ÍŒÖ®Ï ƒC X¶©¾ ǯà part of speech (¦µÇ³Ä-¦µÇ’¹¢) ÆE ÍçX¾p©ä¢. Sing is a verb Æ¯ä „Ã¹u¢©ð sing ƯäC verb ’à ÂùעœÄ noun ’à X¾E-Í-²ä òh¢C. ÆŸä I sing a song ©ð sing- verb ’à X¾E-Í-²ä òh¢C. ŠÂîˆ ¦µÇ³Ä-¦µÇ-’ÃEo ŠÂîˆ “X¾ŸµÄ-¯Ã¢-¬Á¢’à Ɵµ¿u-§ŒÕÊ¢ Íäæ®h „Ãu¹-ªº½ ¢ \«Ö“ÅŒ¢ ¹†¾d¢ Âß¿Õ. Grammar ¹×
®¾¢¦¢-Cµ¢*
Tenses, Auxiliary verbs, voice, Direct- indirect speech, Degrees of
comparison, Articles, Simple- compound- complex sentences åXj
“X¾Åäu¹ “¬ÁŸ¿l´ ֤͌ÄL.
Choose the correct passive expression to the sentence given below from the given four alternatives:
He likes people who call him 'sir' 1. He likes to be called 'sir' by people 2. To call him 'sir' is liked by people 3. He likes to be call 'sir' by people 4. He likes people call him 'sir' Ans: 1
æXªÃ-“’ÃX¶ý ƒ*a... Comprehension Æ¢˜ä understanding ÆE
ƪ½n¢. ƒ*aÊ æXªÃ-“’Ã-X¶ý-©ðE N†¾§ŒÕ¢ ‡©Ç “’¹£ÏÇ¢Íâ, ‡©Ç ƒ«á-œ¿Õa-Âî-’¹-L-’Ã-«Õ-¯Cä X¾K-ÂË~¢-Í-œŒ „¿ äÕ ¨ Æ¢¬Á¢ ƒ«y-œ¿¢©ð Æ®¾©Õ …Ÿä¬l Á¢. X¾C „ÃÂÃu-©-©ðX¾Û æXªÃ-“’ÃX¶ý ƒ*a,
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骢œ¿Õ “X¾¬Áo©Õ ÆœËê’ Æ«-ÂìÁ¢ …¢{Õ¢C. «á¢Ÿ¿Õ-’ïä æXªÃ-“’ÃX¶ý *«ª½ ƒ*aÊ “X¾¬Áo-©ÊÕ éª¢œ¿Õ «âœ¿Õ ²Äª½Õx ÍŒŸ-„¿ ÃL. ‚ “X¾¬Áo©ðx Æœ¿Õ-’¹Õ-ÅŒÕÊo N«-ªÃ-©ÊÕ Ÿ¿%†Ï©d ð åX{Õd-ÂíE æXªÃ ÍŒŸ-„¿ ÃL. DE-«©x ®¾«Õ§ŒÕ¢ «%Ÿ±Ä Âß¿Õ. ƒ„ä ÂùעœÄ ¤¶ñ¯ç-šÂË úq, å®pL¢-’ûåXj “X¾¬Áo©Õ «Íäa Æ«-ÂÃ-¬Á-«á¢C.
ƒN «áÈu¢ µ Œ ƒ¢Tx†ý Kœ¿ªýq, «ªýˆ ¦ÕÂúq, ®¾X-„Ïx çÕ¢-{K Kœ¿ªýq ©ðŌՒà ͌Ÿ-„¿ ÃL. *®¾¢¦¢-CÅ * ®¾X-„ Ïx çÕ¢-{K Kœ¿-ªýq-©ðE ª½Í-ÊŒ ©Õ, ª½Í-ªŒ á-Å©Œ æXª½Õ,x ¹-Ÿ-©±¿ ð-E ¤Ä“ÅŒ© æXª½Õ,x «áÈu
®¾Eo-„-¬ä Ç©Õ ’¹Õª½Õh¢-ÍŒÕ-
Âî-„ÃL. * ªîW ÂíEo X¾ŸÄ©Õ '¤¶ñ¯ç-šÂË ú “šÇ¯þq-“ÂË-X-¯ ¾¥ þÑÂ¹× ®¾¢¦¢-Cµ¢* ²ÄŸµÊ¿ Í䧌ÖL. * ¤Äª¸½u-X¾Û-®¾h-¹¢©ð ƒ*aÊ X¾ŸÄu© imagery, diction, syntax, rhythm, theme, figures of speech ©Ç¢šËN ’¹Õª½Õh¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL. *Syllabification Â¹× ®¾¢¦¢Cµ¢-*Ê accent, rhythm and intonation ©ÊÕ ²ÄŸµÊ ¿ Í䧌ÖL. * æXªÃ-“’ÃX¶ý, Ââ“XÏ-å£Ç-ʯ ¥ þ ‡Â¹q-ªý-å®j-V©Õ “¹«Õ¢ ÅŒX¾p-¹עœÄ ²ÄŸµÊ¿ Í䧌ÖL. * ¤Äª¸½u-X¾Û-®¾h-Âé “¤Äª½¢-¦µ¼¢©ð ƒÍäa A note to the Teacher, A note to the student, A note to the parent ÅŒX¾p-¹עœÄ ÍŒŸ-„ ¿ ÃL. DE-«©x ¤Äª¸½u-X¾Û-®¾h-¹ “¤ÄŸ±-«¿ Öu©Õ ƪ½-«n Õ-«Û-Åêá.
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-„Ã-œ¿Õ¹Ð-„-œä ¿Õ-¹ Modern English Usage
'Sunday driver' ‡«ª½Õ?
'Monkey on one's back', 'A sunday driver' ... ƒ©Ç¢šË
ÊÖÅŒÊ «uÂÌh-¹-ªº½ © ’¹ÕJ¢* Åç©Õ-®¾Õ-Âî-«{¢ «ÕÊ ¦µÇ³Ä-G-«µ %-CÂl´ Ë ‡¢Åî …X¾-¹-J-®¾Õh¢C. OšËF, «ÕJ-ÂíEo modern usagesÊÖ Åç©Õ-®¾Õ-¹עŸÄ¢. Nipun: Hi Chatur, going anywhere for the weekend? („êâ-ÅÃ-EÂË
‡Â¹ˆ-œ-¿ ¹¯Ão „ç@ÁÙh-¯Ão„Ã?)
Chatur: Yes, to Vizag, but I haven't been able to get accommodation on train. Just wondering what I'm going to do? (Æ«ÛÊÕ, „çè j Ç-’û¹×. ÂÃF ¯ÃÂ¹× J•-êªy-†¯¾ þ 骩j ðx Ÿíª½-¹-©Ÿä ¿Õ) Nipun: I'm free this weekend. I can accompany you. I'll get my car and we can drive to the place(¨ „êâŌ¢ ¯äÊÕ ‘ÇS. FÅî ¯äÊÖ ªÃ’¹-©ÊÕ. ¯ÃÅî B²ñˆ-²ÄhÊÕ. «ÕÊ¢ Âêîx „ç@ï}ÍŒÕa) Chatur: Oh, you are welcome, but not with you driving. You are a Sunday driver, and I don't have the time and am not sure of my safety either (ÅŒX¾p-¹עœÄ ªÃ. FÂ¹× ¯Ã ‚£¾ÉyÊ¢, ÂÃF ÊÕ«Ûy Âê½Õ
Êœ¿Õ-X¾ÛÅŒÖ «Ö“ÅŒ¢ Âß¿Õ. ÊÕ«Ûy ÍÃ©Ç EŸÄ-Ê¢’à Âî¾h ÆèÇ-“’¹-ÅŒh’à ʜ¿Õ-X¾Û-ÅëÛ. ¯Ã¹¢ÅŒ BJÂà ©äŸ¿Õ, êÂ~«Õ¢’à …¢šÇ-ÊÊo Ê«Õt-¹«â ©äŸ¿Õ) Nipun: How you insult me! I'm no longer a Sunday driver. Dad has put me through the paces and you can trust me to get you home safely (‡©Ç Æ«-«Ö-E-®¾Õh-¯Ão«Û ÊÊÕo! ƒX¾Ûpœä¢ Æ©Ç¢šË wœ« çj -ªýÊÕ ÂÃÊÕ.
«Ö ¯ÃÊo ¯ÃÂ¹× ÍÃ©Ç practice ƒÍÃaœ¿Õ, «Õ¢* wœ«çj -ªý-Ê-§ŒÖuÊÕ ¯äÊÕ. ¯äEoÊÕo êÂ~«Õ¢’à ƒ¢šËÂË Í䪽a-’¹-©ÊÕ) Chatur: You may be your Dad's understudy in business, but not in driving, I am sure. Sorry, I can't
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risk my life with you at the wheel (
OÕ ¯ÃÊo ÅŒªÃyÅŒ ÊÕ«Ûy ‚§ŒÕÊ „Ãu¤Äª½¢ ֲ͌òˆœÄEÂË P¹~º ¤ñ¢Ÿ¿Õ¢œíÍŒÕa. ¹~Nբ͌Õ, ÊÕ«Ûy wœ„çj þ Í䮾Õh¢˜ä F X¾Â¹ˆÊ ¹ØÍŒÕE ¯Ã “¤ÄºÇEo “X¾«ÖŸ¿¢ ¤Ä©Õ Í䧌Õ-©Êä Õ) Nipun: Come on Chatur, you know better than to say such things. Ok, if that's the way you want it, have it. Just think of it. Why miss the wonderful joy ride?(Æ©Ç «ÖšÇxœ¿f¢ ®¾J-ÂÃ-ŸE ¿ Åç©Õ®¾Õ F¹×.
®¾êª, F ƒ†¾d¢. ‚©ð-*¢-ÍŒÕÂî. «Õ¢* ®¾ªŸ½ Ä ¤ò’í-{Õd-¹ע-{Õ-¯Ão«Û) Chatur: Who do you propose to bring along, if I agree to go with you? I wish to be sure I am not the only victim (®¾êª, ¯äFoÅî ªÃ«-šÇ-EÂË ŠX¾Ûp-¹ע˜ä, ƒ¢éÂ-«Jo B²ñˆ-²Äh«Û? ¯ä¯í-¹ˆºäo ¦ÇCµ-ÅŒÕ-ºo-«{¢
¯Ãˆ¾d¢ ©äŸ¿Õ) Nipun: I think I can ask Vasanth along, but I doubt if will come. He has a monkey on his back. Every week end he is off to somewhere we do not know («®¾¢-ÅýÊÕ ª½«Õt-¯íÍŒÕa «ÕÊÅî. ÂÃF „ÃœËÂî
åXŸ¿l ®¾«Õ®¾u. “X¾A „êâŌ¢ ‡Â¹ˆ-œÂË î „ç@Çhœ¿Õ «ÕÊÂ¹× ÅçL-§ŒÕ-¹עœÄ) Chatur: That isn't very reassuring. Still I'll take the risk this once. Hope you'll have the car checked (ÆŸä-«Õ¢ÅŒ Ÿµª çj ÃuEo ¹L_¢-Í-Cä ’Ã ©äŸ¿Õ. ƪá¯Ã ¯ä¯Ã ²Ä£¾Ç-²Ä-EÂË ®ÏŸ-X¿l´ -œ¾ ¿Õh-¯ÃoÊÕ. F Âê½Õ ®¾J-ÍŒÖ-®¾ÕÂî)
¨ «ÕŸµ¿u¯ä, ƒX¾Ûp-œ-XË ¾Ûpœä „Ãœ¿Õ-¹-©ðÂË «®¾ÕhÊo «Ö{ ƒC. ƪ½n¢Ð ÍÃ©Ç EŸÄ-Ê¢-’ÃÊÖ, Âî¾h “¬ÁŸ¿l´ ©ä¹עœÄ „ã¾Ç-¯ÃEo «áÈu¢’à carÊÕ Êœ¿-Xœ¾ ¿¢ = (ƒÅŒ-ª½Õ© ‹ª½ÕpÊÕ X¾K-ÂË~¢-Íä¢ÅŒ EŸÄ-Ê¢’Ã). a) Going on his car is almost as good as walking. He is such a Sunday driver = ÆÅŒE car©ð
„ç@Áœx ¿¢,
ŸÄŸÄX¾Û Êœ¿Â¹ ©Ç¢šËŸ.ä ÆÅŒÊÕ «ÕK EŸÄÊ¢. b) If he drives you, you never reach the place in a month of Sundays. He is a sunday driver = „Ãœ¿Õ EÊÕo car©ð B®¾Õ-éÂ-RÅä F •Êt©ð ’¹«Õu¢ Íäª-©½ «ä Û. «ÕÊ ‹ª½ÕpÊÕ X¾K-ÂË~¢-Íä¢ÅŒ EŸÄ-Ê¢’à ʜ¿Õ-X¾Û-ÅÃœ¿Õ carÊÕ
’¹ÅŒ
ÆÅŒÊÕ.
Modern English usage©ð
͌֬ǢÐ
A month of sundays = ꎂ
2) Put somebody/ somebody through the paces = ŠÂ¹
‚©-®¾u¢-’Ã/-ŸÄ-ŸÄX¾Û •ª½-’¹E)
N†¾-§ŒÕ¢©ð P¹~º ƒ«y{¢ /practiceƒ«y{¢Ð
Íä®Ï ÍŒÖX¾{¢ ŸÄyªÃ/ Íäªá¢-Í{Œ ¢ ŸÄyªÃ ¯äª½p{¢. a) The driving school man is putting Ram through the paces = Driving school ÆÅŒÊÕ, driving
¯äJp-®¾Õh-¯Ãoœ¿Õ,
driveÍäªá¢-Í{ Œ ¢
ªÃ„þÕ¹×
ŸÄyªÃ
b) He is not yet good enough to handle business independently. His father is putting him through the paces = ®¾yÅŒ¢-“ÅŒ¢’à „Ãu¤Äª½¢ Eª½y-£ÏÇ¢Íä ²Ä«Õª½nu¢ ©äŸ-Å ¿ -EŒ ÂË. „Ã@Áx ¯ÃÊo ÆÅŒ-EÂË „çÕ©x-„Õç -©’x à ¯äª½Õp-
ÅŒÕ-¯Ãoœ¿Õ. c) The car is not yet ready for a drive. The mechanic is putting it through its paces = Carƒ¢ÂÃ
ÊœË-æX¢-Ÿ¿ÕÂ¹× ®ÏŸ¿l´¢’à ©äŸ¿Õ.
MechanicŸÄEo
ƒ¢Âà X¾K-ÂË~-®¾Õh-¯Ãoœ¿ÕÐ „ÃœíÍÃa, ©äŸÄ ÆE.
D)The trainer is putting the horse through its paces = P¹~-¹ל¿Õ 3) Know better than to do something = ÆC
’¹Õ“ªÃ-EÂË ²ÄyK ¯äJp-®¾Õh-¯Ãoœ¿Õ.
Í䧌Õ-¹Ø-œ-Ÿ¿ E¿ ÅçL-§ŒÕ{¢.
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a) A. I thought he would help me
(ÆÅŒœ¿Õ ¯ÃÂ¹× ²Ä§ŒÕ¢ Íä²Äh-œ-Ê¿ Õ-¹×-¯ÃoÊÕ)
B. You know better than to trust him (ÆÅŒEo
Ê«Õt{¢ ƢŌ «Õ¢*C Âß¿E Åç©Õ®¾Õ ¹ŸÄ? ÆÅŒ-Êo©Ç
‡©Ç Ê«Öt«Û?) b) He ought not have wasted so much money. He knows better than that = ƢŌ
œ¿¦Õs «%Ÿ±Ä Íä®Ï
…¢œ¿-¹Ø-œŸ¿ ¿Õ. ÆC «Õ¢*C Âß¿E ÆÅŒ-EÂË Åç©Õ®¾Õ ¹ŸÄ. c) You know better than to be seen in their company = „Ã@ÁÅ x î
¹Ep¢-Í{Œ ¢ ƢŌ «Õ¢*C Âß¿E F¹×
Åç©Õ®¾Õ ¹ŸÄ? 4) Have a monkey on somebody's back = Bª½E
®¾«Õ-®¾uÅî ¦ÇŸµ-X¿ -œ¾ {¿ ¢
a) He can't buy a car right now, as he has a monkey on his back = ÆÅŒ-EÂËX¾Ûpœä carÂí¯ä
Bª½E ®¾«Õ-®¾u-©Õ-¯Ãoªá,
Æ«-ÂìÁ¢ ©äŸ¿Õ.
ƒÂ¹ˆœ¿ 'Bª½E ®¾«Õ®¾uÑ Æ¢˜ä \Ÿî ŠÂ¹ «u®¾Ê¢ «©x, ŠÂ¹ ¦ÇŸµ¿ «©x, ÆC ƒÅŒ-ª½Õ-©Â¹× ÍçX¾Ûp-Âí-¯Cä Âù-¤ò-«ÍŒÕa. b) He can't be seen late in the evenings. A monkey on his back doesn't let him = ÆÅŒÊÕ
²Ä§ŒÕ¢-“ÅÃ©Õ Â¹Ê-X-œ¾ œ¿ ¿Õ. \Ÿî ®¾«Õ®¾u …¢Ÿ¿-Å-EŒ ÂË (¦£¾Ý¬Ç ÅÃ’¹œ¿¢ Æ«ÍŒÕa) c) Have you any monkey on your back? What's keeping you from attending office on time?=
\¢šË F ®¾«Õ®¾u?
OfficeÂ¹× time¹×
ªÃ«-šÇ-Eê¢ Æœ¿f¢ «²òh¢C F¹×? («ÖÅî ÍçX¾p-¹Ø-œ-E¿ -Ÿ-«ä Õ¯Ão …¢ŸÄ?) Ð ‡¢. ®¾Õêª-¬Á¯þ
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‡®ý. Â˪-º½ ý-¹×-«Öªý, œçéj ª-¹ªd ý é„þÕ-¦-§çÖ-®®Ï ý Âî-*¢’û 客-{ªý °«-¬Ç-²ÄY©Õ, ²Ä¢êÂ-A¹ X¾J-èÇcÊ¢ ¹©-’¹-L-®ÊÏ X¾J-¬ð-Ÿ-¯µ¿ Ã-ÅŒt¹ NèÇcÊ ¬Ç®¾Y¢... ¦§çÖ-˜-Âã Ão-©°. ¦§çÖ-éÂ-NÕ®ÔZ, éÂNÕ®ÔZ, èã¯-šç ÂË úq, „çÕ“i Âî-¦-§ŒÖ-©°, ƒ«áu-¯Ã-©°, „çªj Ã-©°, ƒ¢>-F-J¢’û ©Ç¢šËN Â¹ØœÄ ¦§çÖ-˜-Âã Ão-©-°©ð ¦µÇ’¹¢’à …¢šÇªá. ƒ«Fo ®¾NÕt-R-Å„Œ çÕi …¢šÇªá Âæ˜äd ¦§çÖ-˜-Âã Ão-©° Íä®-ÊÏ „Ã-JÂË NGµÊo ª½¢’éðx …Ÿîu’¹ Æ«-ÂÃ-¬Ç-©Õ¢-šÇªá. Ÿä¬Á-„Ãu-X¾h¢’à 33 “X¾«áÈ NŸÄu-®¾¢-®©¾n Õ Šê “X¾„¬ä Á X¾K¹~ ŸÄyªÃ ¦§çÖ-˜-Âã Ão-©-°©ð XÔ° Íäæ® Æ«-ÂìÁ¢ ¹Lp-®¾Õh-¯Ãoªá. “¤ÄŸ±-N¿ Õ¹ Æ¢¬Ç-©åXj X¾{Õd¢˜ä ¨ X¾K-¹~©ð N•§ŒÕ¢ ²ÄCµ¢-ÍœŒ ¿¢ ÍÃ©Ç ÅäL¹!
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\œÄC ¹†-X¾d -œ¾ ÅË .ä .. èä‡-¯þ§Œâ X¾K-¹~Â¹× ‡¢ÅŒ-Âé¢ ÍŒŸ-„¿ Ã-©-¯Cä ®¾¢¦¢-Cŵ Œ ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×©d ðx Ʀµ¼uJn Æ«-’Ã-£¾ÇÊ ²ÄnªáE ¦šËd …¢{Õ¢C. ²ÄŸµÄ-ªº½ Ʀµ¼u-ª½Õ-©n Åãj ä ¹F®¾¢ \œÄ-C-¤Ä{Õ ÍŒŸ-«¿ œ¿¢ Æ«-®ª¾ ½¢. “¤ÄŸ±-N¿ Õ¹ Æ¢¬Ç-©åXj «Õ¢* Æ«-’Ã-£¾ÇÊ …¢˜ä Ō¹׈« ®¾«Õ-§ŒÕ¢-©ð¯ä ‡Â¹×ˆ« ¯äª½Õa-Âî-«ÍŒÕa. ¦Ç’à ¤òšÌ …¢œä X¾K¹~ ÂæšËd O©ãÅj ä Âî*¢’û B®¾Õ-Âî-«œ¿¢ «Õ¢*C. ªîW “¹«Õ¢ ÅŒX¾p-¹עœÄ ÍŒŸ-«¿ -œÄ-EÂË, „çÊÕ-¹-¦-œÊË Æ¢¬Ç©ðx ÅŒyª½’à ƫ-’Ã-£¾ÇÊ åX¢ÍŒÕ-Âî-«-œÄ-EÂË P¹~º …X¾-§çÖ-’¹-X-œ¾ ¿Õ-ŌբC. DEo Â¹ØœÄ Æ¦µ¼uJn ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×©d ð ÅŒÊ X¾J-èÇc-¯ÃEo ¦šËd Ƣ͌¯Ã „䮾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. œË“U «ª½Â¹× Åç©Õ’¹Õ «ÖŸµ¿u-«Õ¢©ð ÍŒC-NÊ Æ¦µ¼u-ª½Õ©n Õ ƒ¢Tx-†ý©ð ÍŒC-N-Ê-„ÃJ ¹¢˜ä ÆŸ¿-Ê¢’à ¹%†Ï Í䧌՜¿¢ ÅŒX¾p-E-®J¾ . «áÈu¢’à Åç©Õ’¹Õ «ÖŸµ¿u-«Õ¢©ð ÍŒC-NÊ “’ÃOÕº “¤Ä¢ÅŒ Ʀµ¼u-ª½Õ©n Õ ®¾¦ãb¹×d X¾Ÿ-è¿ Ç-©¢åXj Æ«-’Ã-£¾ÇÊ \ª½p-ª-ͽ ŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL. ®¾¦ãb¹×d OÕŸ¿ X¾{Õd-Êo-X¾p-šÂË Ì ‚¢’¹x X¾Ÿ-è¿ Ç©¢ ÅçL-§ŒÕ-¹-¤òÅä
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X¾K¹~ ®¾«Õ-§ŒÕ¢©ð ®¾«Õ-®¾u©Õ ‡Ÿ¿Õ-ªíˆ¢-šÇª½Õ. Æ¢Ÿ¿Õ-«©x ƒ¢Tx†ý X¾Û®¾h-ÂÃ©Õ ÍŒŸ-«¿ œ¿¢, «ÖCJ “X¾¬ÁoX¾-“ÅÃ-©ÊÕ ²ÄŸµÊ¿ Í䧌՜¿¢ Æ«-®ª¾ ½¢. * O{-Eo-š-Å Ë î-¤Ä{Õ
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¯Ã æXª½Õ “¤Ä<. ¯äÊÕ ¯Ã¢Ÿä-œþ©ð G.‡-®ý®.Ï („çÕ“i Âî-¦-§ŒÖ-©°, ¦ð{F, éÂNÕ®ÔZ) ÍŒC-„ÃÊÕ. ¦§çÖ-˜-Âã Ão-©° X¾K¹~ Â¢ Dª½`-Âé¢ P¹~º B®¾Õ-¹×-¯ÃoÊÕ. ƒ¢Ÿ¿Õ©ð …Bh-ªÅ½g Œ ²ÄCµ¢* “X¾®¾ÕhÅŒ¢ å£jÇŸ¿-ªÃ-¦ÇŸþ 客“{©ü §ŒâE-«-Jq-š©Ì ð XÔ° Í䮾Õh¯ÃoÊÕ. ¨ ‡¢“{-¯þqÂ¹× JX¶-é¾ ª¯þq X¾Û®¾h-ÂéÕ, ¤ÄÅŒ “X¾¬Áo-X-“¾ Åé ²ÄŸµÊ¿ ÍÃ©Ç …X¾-§çÖ-’¹-X-œ¾ Äfªá. ƒ¢{-éªošü ŸÄyªÃ Â¹ØœÄ Ê«â¯Ã “X¾¬Áo-©ÊÕ ²ÄŸµÊ¿ Íä¬ÇÊÕ. ¦µ¼N-†¾u-ÅŒÕh©ð ÂÃuÊqªý ¦§ŒÖ-©-°©ð X¾J-¬ð-ŸÊµ¿ Í䧌Ö-©-ÊÕ-¹ע-{Õ-¯ÃoÊÕ.
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“X¾Åäu¹ P¹~º ‡¢Ÿ¿ÕÂ¹× Æ«-®ª¾ ½¢? “¦Ç¢œþÂ¹× ®¾¢¦¢-Cµ¢-*Ê X¾J-èÇcÊ¢, ©ÂË~ÅŒ «ªÃ_©åXj Æ«-’Ã-£¾ÇÊ, ²Ä¢êÂ-A-Ââ-¬Ç© Eª½y-£¾Çº, ²ÄpÊxª½x Ưäy-†º¾ , «Ö骈-šË¢’û... OšË-Åî-¤Ä{Õ NE-§çÖ-’¹-ŸÄ-ª½ÕºËo ®¾¢ÅŒ%-XÏh-Xª¾ ͽ ©ä Ç, ¹ªx á¢-{ÕÂ¹× ‡¢Åî-Âí¢ÅŒ ©Ç¦µ¼¢ «Íäa©Ç “X¾Ÿ-ª¿ ½zÊ ƒ«y{¢ ƒ„碚ü „äÕ¯ä-èü-„çÕ¢-šü©ð ¦µÇ’¹„äÕ. “X¾A Æ¢¬Á¢ ®¾Ö¹~t¢’à “X¾ºÇ-R-Â-ÂÌ ¹-J¢-Í-’Œ ¹© «%Ah-¯-Xçj ¾Ûºu¢ Æ«-®ª¾ ½¢ Âæ˜äd DEÂË “X¾Åäu¹ P¹~º Æ«-®-ª¾ -«½ Õ-«Û-ŌբC. ƒ„碚ü „äÕ¯ä-•-ªýÂ¹× Â̩¹ ²Ä«Õ-ªÃnu-©ÕÊo «%Ah-E-X¾Û-ºÕ© ¦%¢Ÿ¿¢ ®¾£¾Ç-¹-J-®¾Õh¢C. Oª½Õ „äC¹ ‡¢XϹ Ÿ¿’¹-ª_ ½Õo¢* ¦œçbšü ÅŒ§ŒÖK, ÂÃu†ý ¤¶òx „äÕ¯ä-èü-„çÕ¢šü, ®¾åXkx Íç¯j þ £¾Éu¢œËx¢’û, 农¿Öu-L¢’û, „äC¹ EªÃtº¢, ²Ä¢êÂA¹ Æ«-®-ª¾ éÕ, ‚£¾Éª½ ¤ÄF§ŒÖ© \ªÃp{Õx, ª½„ÃºÇ (\ªý šËéÂ{x, £¾Çô{©ü ’¹Ÿ¿Õ© J•-êªy-†¯¾ þ ¹؜Ä... ), ¦µ¼“Ÿ¿ÅÐŒ ª½Â¹~º, ‚AŸ±¿u¢ „ç៿-©-Êãj -„Ã-šÂË Ë ¦ÇŸµ¿uÅŒ «£ÏÇ-²Ähª½Õ. ²ÄnE¹ ÍŒšÇd© X¾J-èÇcÊ¢, O՜˧ŒÖ «Üu£¾Ç¢ ÅçL-®-«Ï Û¢œË “Âõœþ „äÕ¯ä-èü-„çÕ¢šü, 宩-“GšÌ „äÕ¯ä-èü-„çÕ¢šü Í䧌Õ-’¹-L-T-Ê-„Ãêª ¨ EX¾Û-ºÕ©Õ.
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\ ƪ½|-Å-©Œ Õ¢-œÄL? “X¾„-¬ä Á-²Än-ªá©ð EJl†¾d NŸÄu-ª½|-Å-©Œ Oä Õ Æ«-®ª¾ ½¢ ©äŸ¿Õ. ƪá-Ê-X¾p-šÂË Ì ¨ ª½¢’¹¢©ð X¾E-Bª½ÕÊÕ ¦šËd ÍŒÖæ®hÐ P¹~-ºÇª½Õ©n Â¹× Eª½y-£¾Çº ²Ä«Õ-ªÃnu©Õ, “X¾èÇ-®¾¢-¦¢-ŸµÄ©Õ ¯ç©-Âí-©Õp-Â¹×¯ä ©Â¹~-ºÇ©Õ, «Ö骈-šË¢’û, Æœ¿y-ªý-˜->ãj ¢’û, ÂÃu{-J¢’û X¾J-èÇcÊ¢ Âí¢ÅŒ; ÍŒšÇd©Ö, ©ãåj ®-ÊÕq©åXj Æ«-’Ã-£¾ÇÊ …¢œ¿{¢ «Õ¢*C. ƒ¢Tx†ý ªÃ§ŒÕ{¢, «ÖšÇxœ{¿ ¢ ÅŒX¾p-E-®J¾ . ¨ ª½¢’¹¢©ð NŸÄuª½Õ©n Â¹× ‚¯þ-©¯ãj þ ƒ„碚ü J>-æ®Z†- ¯¾ þ, ‚¯þ-©¯ãj þ ƒ¯þ-„Ã-ªá-®Ï¢’ûÐ J®Ôšü “¤ñœ¿-¹¯¥ þ, ‚¯þ-©¯ãj þ £¾Çô{©ü, “šÇ„ç©ü ¦ÕÂË¢’ûq ÅçL-®-«Ï Û¢-œÄL. «áÈu¢’à MICE (O՚ˢ’ûq, ƒ¯þ-客-š„Ë þq, ÂÃÊp´-éª-¯çq®ý, ‡TbG- -†¯¾ þ) N¦µÇ-’¹¢©ð ƒN «ÕK Æ«-®ª¾ ½¢.
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¨ ÅŒª£½ ¾É P¹~º “’Ãœ¿Õu-§äÕ{x/ ¤ò®¾Õ-“d ’Ãœ¿Õu§äÕ{x éªWu-„äÕÂ¹× ÅŒX¾p-E-®-J¾ ’à Ɵ¿-ÊX¾Û N©Õ«ÊÕ Â¹Lp-®¾Õh¢C. ¨ ª½¢’¹¢©ð EX¾Û-ºÕ© Âíª½ÅŒ ‡Â¹×ˆ-«’à …Êo¢-Ÿ¿Õ-«©x ê«©¢ ‚ª½Õ ¯ç©© ÂÕq Íä®¯Ï Ã «Õ¢* …Ÿîu’¹¢ ©Gµ¢Íä Æ«-ÂÃ-¬Ç-©Õ-¯Ãoªá. ¨ P¹~º X¾ÜJh-Í-®ä -ÊÏ -„Ã-JÂË …Ÿîu’¹¢ ƒÍäa ®¾¢®¾©n Õ: ƒ„碚ü „äÕ¯ä-èü-„çÕ¢šü ®¾¢®¾©n Õ, ƒ„碚ü ¹Êq©ãd¢{Õx, £¾Çô{©ü, “šÇ„ç©ü ®¾¢¦¢-Cŵ Œ X¾J-“¬Á-«Õ©Õ, „úË-•u-“X¾-¹-{-Ê© ®¾¢®¾©n Õ, “X¾èÇ-®¾¢-¦¢-ŸµÄ© ®¾¢®¾©n Õ, šÌO ͵ÃÊ@ÁÙ}, ‰šÌ, HXÔ-‹©Õ, “X¾¦µ¼Õ-Åäy-ŪŒ ½ ®¾¢®¾©n Õ (‡¯þ-°-„î©Õ), «Ö骈-šË¢-’û/ -¹-«âu-E-êÂ-†¯¾ þ ®¾¢®¾©n Õ.
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X¾ÛÊ-¬Áa-ªº½ ©ð „çÕ©-¹×-«©Õ Åç©Õ²Ä? ®¾ÅŒu X¾K-¹~©ðx ÆŸ¿Õs´ÅŒ X¶L¾ -ÅÃ©Õ ¤ñ¢Ÿ¿šÇEÂË …X¾-¹-J¢Íä 8 Æ¢Íç© «Üu£¾Ç¢©ð 5 Æ¢¬Ç© ’¹ÕJ¢* ͌֬Ǣ ¹ŸÄ! NÕT-LÊ 3 «Üu£¾É-©ÊÕ -ƒX¾Ûp-œ¿Õ Åç©Õ-®¾Õ-¹עŸÄ¢.
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ÍŒŸ¿Õ«Û Ưä X¾Û³Äp-EÂË ®¾¢²Äˆª½¢ Æ¯ä ®¾Õ’¹¢-ŸµÄEo ÆŸ¿Õ-Âl î-„ÃL. ÆX¾Ûpœä NŸÄu-¹×-®¾Õ«Õ¢ X¾J-«Õ@Á ¬ðGµÅŒ¢ ÂÃ’¹-©Õ’¹Õ-ŌբC. ‡Â¹×ˆ« «Öª½Õˆ©Õ ÅçÍäa ‚ªî Æ¢¬Á¢ ƒŸäÐ '«uÂËh-ÅÃy-EoÍäa “X¾«-ª½hÊ Æ©-«-ª½Õa-Âî-«{¢Ñ. Æ¢˜ä ®¾¦µ¼uÅà ®¾¢²Äˆ-ªÃ-©ÊÕ åX¢ÍŒÕ-Âî-«œ¿¢. ÍŒŸ¿Õ«Û ŸµÄu®¾©ð X¾œË ‚ªî-’ÃuEo Æ“¬ÁŸ¿l´ Í䧌Õ-¹Ø-œŸ¿ ¿Õ. “X¾A ªîW ÅäL-¹-¤ÄšË „Ãu§ŒÖ«Õ¢, ®¾«Õ-ÅŒÕ-©u-„çÕÊi ‚£¾Éª½¢, ÅŒT-ʢŌ E“Ÿ¿, “X¾¬Ç¢-Å-„Œ çÕÊi N“¬Ç¢A, Âé-«u-«-Cŵ î ¹؜ËÊ ‚ªî-’¹u-X-K¾ -¹~© X¾{x “¬ÁŸ¿l´ ÍŒÖXÏ¢-ÍÃL. *
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“X¾¦µÇ«¢ ÍŒÖX¾Û-Åêá. «áÈu¢’à «Õø"-¹¢’à •Jê’ ƒ¢{-ª½Öyu©ðx NŸÄu-J©n ð ÍŒÖæ®C ®¾«Ö-Íê½ æ®Â¹-ªº½ Âß¿Õ, ®¾¢²Äˆ-ª-§ ½ ŒáÅŒ “X¾«-ª½h-ʯä!
X¾ÜJh-²Än-ªá©ð ®¾ÊoŸ¿«l´ Õ„ÃyL ƒÂ¹ \œî Æ¢¬Á¢ 'X¾K-¹~-©Â¹× X¾ÜJh-²Än-ªá©ð ®¾ÊoŸ¿l´¢ Â뜿¢Ñ. ÆŸ¿-ÊÕÂ¹× «*aÊ X¾¢{ÊÕ éªÅj ŒÕ X¾J-ª-½ Ë~¢-͌չ×-Êo-{Õd-’ïä ÅÃÊÕ ‡¯îo ¯ç©-©Õ’à ®¾«á-¤Ä-Jb¢-ÍŒÕ-¹×Êo X¾JèÇc¯ÃEo “ÂîœÎ-¹-J¢-ÍŒÕ-ÂíE X¾K-¹~©ðx ŸÄEo «Öª½Õˆ-©Õ’à «Õ©-ÍŒÕ-Âî-«-œÄ-EÂË “X¾A NŸÄuKn ®¾¯Ão-£¾É©Õ Í䮾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. X¾K-¹~-©Â¹× «á¢Ÿ¿Õ 骢œ¿Õ ¯ç©© Â颩ð ƢŌ-«-ªÂ½ ¹Ø ®¾¢“’¹-£ÏÇ¢-ÍŒÕ-¹×Êo X¾J-èÇc-¯ÃEo ¦©ð-æXÅŒ¢ Í䮾Õ-Âî-«-œÄ-EÂË (consolidation process) “¤ÄŸµÄÊu¢ ƒ„ÃyL. Æ¢Ÿ¿Õ¹×... Ê«â¯Ã X¾ÛÊ-¬Áa-ªº½ X¾šÂËd ¹ (model revision schedule)ÊÕ ÅŒ§ŒÖ-ª½Õ-Í-®ä ¾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. ÅÃÊÕ X¾ÜJh-Í-§ ä ŒÖ-LqÊ ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×©d ®¾¢Èu ‡¢ÅŒ, ŠÂîˆ ®¾¦ãb¹שd 𠇯çoEo Æ¢¬Ç-©Â¹× “¤ÄŸµÄÊu¢ ƒ„ÃyL, „ÚËÂË ‡¢ÅŒ ®¾«Õ§ŒÕ¢ êšÇ-ªá¢-ÍÃL, \ X¾K¹~ \ ÅäD-¯Ã-šÂË Ë Æ¯äC ®¾p†¾d¢’à ªÃ®¾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. *
ŠÂ¹ ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×Êd Õ ŠêÂ-²ÄJ X¾ÜJh-Í-§ ä ŒÕœ¿¢ Âù 骢œ¿Õ ¯ç©©Ö ŸÄEo N®¾h-J¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL. ªîV-„ÃK X¾ÛÊ-¬Áa-ª-º½ ©ð GµÊo-„çÕÊi ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×-©d ÊÕ Â¹LXÏ ÍŒŸ¿Õ-«Û-Âî-„ÃL. ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×©d ð «á¢Ÿ¿Õ ¤Äª¸Ã-©-ÊÕ¢* Âù „çʹ ¤Äª¸½¢ ÊÕ¢* «á¢Ÿ¿ÕÂ¹× „ç@ì}©Ç “¤Äª½¢-Gµ¢-ÍÃL. ®¾Êo-ŸÅ¿l´ Œ Âé¢©ð ‹ ÆªáŸ¿Õ ªîV© ®¾«Õ-§ŒÖEo ÆÅŒu-«-®-ª¾ é Â¢ ÆŸ¿-Ê¢’à êšÇ-ªá¢-ÍÕŒ -Âî-„ÃL. “X¾A „êâ-ÅŒ¢©ð „çáÅŒh¢ ®¾¦Âãb- ¹×Êd Õ AJT ®¾OÕ-ÂË~¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL. O©ãÅj ä «âœ¿Õ ©äŸÄ ¯Ã©Õ’¹Õ X¾ÛÊ-¬Áa-ª-º½ ©Õ •J-ê’©Ç ¤ÄxÊÕ Í䮾Õ-Âî„ÃL. ²ñ¢ÅŒ’à ªÃ®¾Õ-¹×Êo ¯î{Õq ÍŒŸ-«¿ -œÄ-Eê “¤ÄŸµÄÊu¢ ƒ„ÃyL. X¾K-¹~©ðx ªÃ¦ð§äÕ Ê«â¯Ã “X¾¬Áo-©ÊÕ £ÏǢ͌ÕÂíE „ÚËÂË •„Ã-¦Õ©Õ ªÃ®Ï, OÕ NÕ“ÅŒ-¦%¢-Ÿ¢¿ Åî ÂÃF, ÆŸµÄuX¾-¹×-©Åî ÂÃF ÍŒJa¢-ÍÃL. * “X¾¬Áo ‡©Ç «æ®h ®¾«Ö-ŸµÄÊ¢ ‡©Ç ªÃ§ŒÖ©ð ƦµÇu®¾¢ Í䧌ÖL. * * * * * * * *
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Eª½¢-ŪŒ ½¢ …ÅÃq-£¾Ç¢Åî “X¾§ŒÕ-Ao¢-ÍÃL. ¹@Ç-¬Ç-©©ð NèÇc-Ê-H-èÇ©Õ ¯Ã{Õ-Âî-„ÃL. ƒ¢šË-Ÿ-’¿ ¹ª_ ½ „ÚËE N®¾h-J¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL. «uÂËh-ÅÃy-EoÍäa “X¾«-ª½hÊ Æ©-«-ª½Õa-Âî-„ÃL. X¾K-¹~-©Â¹× X¾ÜJh-²Än-ªá©ð ®¾ÊoŸ¿l´¢ ÂÄÃL. X¾K-¹~-£¾É©ðx «Öª½Õˆ© X¾¢{ X¾¢œË¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL.
«Öª½Õˆ© X¾¢{... ‡E-NÕC Æ¢Íç© «Üu£¾Ç¢©ð *«-JCÐ 'X¾K-¹~-£¾É©ðx «Öª½Õˆ© X¾¢{ X¾¢œË¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-«{¢Ñ. ®¾¦ãb¹×d ‡¢ÅŒ ÅçL-®¯Ï Ã, X¾K-¹~©ðx ŸÄEo ®¾“¹-«Õ¢’à “X¾Ÿ-J¿ z¢-Í-ÂŒ ¹-¤òÅä «Öª½Õˆ©Õ ªÃ«Û. X¾K-¹~© ¹ת½Õ-êÂ~-“ÅŒ¢©ð N•-§Œá-œ©Ë Ç N•%¢-Gµ¢-Í-šŒ Ç-EÂË «âœ¿Õ ²Än§Œá©ðx „çÕ©-¹×-«©Õ ¤ÄšË¢-ÍÃL.
•„Ã-¦Õ©Õ ªÃ§ŒÕ-šÇ-EÂË «á¢Ÿ¿Õ: X¾K¹~ ꢓŸÄ-EÂË „çR}Ê „ç¢{¯ä ‡«-J-ÅîÊÖ ¦ÇÅÃ-‘ÇF „䮾Õ-Âî-¹עœÄ ¯äª½Õ’à £¾É©ðxÂË „çR} êšÇ-ªá¢-*Ê ®¾©n ¢©ð ¹ت½ÕaE, J©ÇÂúq ÂÄÃL. * “X¾¬Áo-X“¾ ÅŒ¢ ƒ*a-Ê¢-ů Œ ä •„Ã-¦Õ©Õ ªÃ殧ŒÖ©E ‚“ÅŒX- œ¾ ¿ ¹Øœ¿Ÿ¿Õ. * ²Ä«-ŸµÄ-Ê¢’à ƹˆœ¿ ƒÍäa ®¾ÖÍŒ-Ê©Õ ’¹«Õ-E¢-ÍÃL. ÆÊÕ-¹×Êo KA©ð “X¾¬Áo-X“¾ ÅŒ¢ …¢ŸÄ, ÂíÅŒh’à \„çÕ¯i à «Öª½Õp©Õ •J-’çŒÖ X¾J-Q-L¢-ÍÃL. * ‡Eo “X¾¬Áo©Õ ÆœË-’ê½Õ, ‡Eo-šÂË Ë ®¾«Ö-ŸµÄ-¯Ã©Õ ªÃ§ŒÖL, ®¾«Õ§ŒÕ¢, ŠÂîˆ “X¾¬ÁoÂ¹× êšÇ-ªá¢-*Ê «Öª½Õˆ©Õ «¢šËN ®¾p†¾d¢ Í䮾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. * “X¾¬Áo-©ðE Â̩¹ X¾ŸÄ-©ÊÕ ’¹ÕJh¢*, „ÚËE Æ¢œ¿-ªý-©-¯ ãj þ/-å£jÇ-©šãj ü Í䧌ÖL. * \ “X¾¬Áo-©Â¹× •„Ã-¦Õ©Õ ªÃ§ŒÖ-©-ÊÕ-¹ע-šÇªî „ÚËE ®¾p†¾d¢ Í䮾Õ-ÂíE, „ÚË-OÕŸä Ÿ¿%†Ïd åXšÇdL. * “X¾¬Áo-©ÊÕ ÆœË-TÊ Bª½ÕÊÕ ®¾Ö¹~t¢’à ƪ½n¢ Í䮾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. …ŸÄ: «Jg¢-Í-« Œ Õ-¯ÃoªÃ, N«Õ-ª½z¯Ã-ÅŒt-¹¢’à N«-J¢-Í-«Œ Õ-¯ÃoªÃ, ¤òLa ÍçX¾p-«Õ-¯ÃoªÃ, Nª½ÕŸ¿l´ Æ¢¬Ç-©ÊÕ «u¹h¢ Í䧌Õ-«Õ-¯ÃoªÃ ƯäC ’¹«Õ-E¢-ÍœŒ ¿¢ ÍÃ©Ç «áÈu¢. * «Öª½Õˆ©Õ, “X¾¬Áo© X¾J-CE µ ‚®¾-ªÃ’à Í䮾Õ-ÂíE ®¾«Õ-§ŒÖEo «á¢Ÿ¿Õ-’ïä êšÇ-ªá¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL. * Âí¢ÅŒ ÆŸ¿-ÊX¾Û ®¾«Õ§ŒÕ¢ NÕT-L-«Û¢-œ© ä Ç ÍŒÖ®¾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. * “X¾¬Áo-©Â¹× \ “¹«Õ¢©ð •„Ã-¦Õ©Õ ªÃ§ŒÖ©ð «á¢Ÿä ÆÊÕ-Âî-„ÃL. * ªÃ§ŒÕ-¦ð§äÕ åXŸ¿l “X¾¬Áo©Â¹× «á¢Ÿ¿Õ-’Ã¯ä ‹ Æ«Ûšü©ã¯ j þ ÅŒ§ŒÖ-ª½Õ-Í-®ä ¾Õ-Âî-„ÃL. *
•„Ã-¦Õ©Õ ªÃæ®-{-X¾Ûpœ¿Õ: «á¢Ÿ¿Õ’à ªî©ü-Ê¢-¦ªý, “X¾¬Áo© ®¾¢ÈuÊÕ ®¾p†¾d¢’à ‚§ŒÖ X¾“Åéðx ÍŒÖ®Ï ªÃ§ŒÖL. •„Ã-¦Õ-©ÊÕ ÂÃT-Å-OŒ ÕtŸ¿ ªÃæ®-«á¢Ÿ¿Õ „ÚËE \ X¾ŸA¿l´ (“æX¶„þÕ «ªýˆ) ©ð ªÃ§ŒÖ©ð «ÕÊ-®Õ¾ ©ð Eª½-ªg á¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL. * ÆœË-TÊ “X¾¬Áo-©Â¹× ÅŒT-ʢŌ ®¾«Ö-ÍÃ-ªÃ¯äo ƒ„ÃyL. Åç©Õ®¾Õ ¹ŸÄ ÆE ÍÃ{ ¦µÇª½-ÅÃ©Õ ªÃ§ŒÕ-«Ÿ¿Õ.l * ²ÄŸµ¿u-„çÕ-Ê i ¢ÅŒ «ª½Â¹Ø ¤Äªá¢{x ª½ÖX¾¢©ð •„Ã-¦Õ©Õ ªÃæ®h N†¾§ŒÕ¢ ®¾p†¾d¢’à …¢{Õ¢C. ®¾«Ö-ŸµÄ-¯Ã©Õ ®¾¢ÂË~-X¾h¢’Ã, ®¾ÖšË’Ã, ¤Äªá¢{x ª½ÖX¾¢©ð …¢œÄL. * ªÃæ®-{-X¾Ûpœ¿Õ ÆA Åí¢Ÿ¿ª½ «Ÿ¿Õ.l ¦ª½-¦ªÃ ¦J-êÂæ®h ‚ ªÃæ®C «ÕÊê ƪ½n¢ Âß¿Õ. ƪ½n¢ ÂÃE * *
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X¾K¹~ X¾Üª½h-§ŒÖu¹... X¾K¹~ÊÕ ªÃ§ŒÕ{¢ X¾ÜJh-Í®ä ,Ï ¦§ŒÕ-{Â¹× «*a-Ê-X¾Ûœ¿Õ... X¾K-¹~©ðx ªÃ®Ï-Ê-ŸÄEo ’¹ÕJ¢* ‚©ð-*¢-Í-Œ ¹Ø-œŸ¿ ¿Õ. 'ŠL-ÂÊË ¤Ä©Õ ‡ÅŒhœ¿¢ ²ÄŸµ¿u¢ Âß¿ÕÑ. Ÿ¿%†ÏEd ªÃ§ŒÕ-¦ð§äÕ X¾K-¹~© OÕŸ¿ ꢓD-¹-J¢-ÍÃL. * ¯ä²Äh-©Åî X¾K¹~ æXX¾ªý ’¹ÕJ¢<, ®¾«Ö-ŸµÄ-¯Ã© Bª½Õ ’¹ÕJ¢< ÍŒJa¢ÍŒÂ¹Øœ¿Ÿ¿Õ. ŸÄE-«â-©¢’à ‚ÅŒt-N-¬Çy-²ÄEo Âî©ðp§äÕ “X¾«ÖŸ¿¢ …¢C. * X¾K-¹~©Fo ƪá-¤ò-§ŒÖ¹ OÕ ÆÊÕ-¦µ¼-„Ã-©ÊÖ, ÆGµ-“¤Ä-§ŒÖ-©ÊÖ ªÃ®Ï åX{Õd-Âî-„ÃL. ¦µ¼N-†¾u-ÅŒÕh©ð ªÃ§ŒÕ-¦ð§äÕ „äêª X¾K-¹~-©Â¹× ƒ„ä ¹ª-D½ -X-ÂÏ ¹©Õ. OÕª½Õ Íä®ÊÏ ÅŒXÏp-ŸÄ©Õ ÅŒªÃyA X¾K-¹~©ðx ©ä¹עœÄ Í䮾Õ-ÂíE, ‡Â¹×ˆ« «Öª½Õˆ©Õ ÅçÍŒÕa-Âî-«-œÄ-EÂË ƒN ®¾£¾Ç-¹-J-²Ähªá. *
\œÄC ¹³Äd-EÂË ƒ†¾-„d çÕÊi X¶©¾ Ç-©-EÍäa «ÕŸµ¿Õ-ª-½ ¹~-ºÇ©ä X¾K-¹~©Õ. «Üu£¾É-ÅŒt-¹¢’à ®ÏŸ-„¿l´ çÕ-Êi -„Ã-JÂË ÆN ‚£¾É-Ÿx ¿¢’à …¢šÇªá. OÕ©ð ŸÄTÊ NèÇc-Ê-D-¤Ä-©ÊÕ „çL-Â-BË ®Ï OÕ ¦¢’ê½Õ ¦µ¼N-†¾u-ÅŒÕhÂ¹× CN-š-©Ì Õ’Ã X¾E-Í-²ä Ähªá. N•-ªâ-¦µ¼«! e-mail: [email protected]
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œÎ‡-®ý-®©Ô 𠃢Tx†ýÂ¹× ƒD ŸÄJ!
œÄ. «¢U-X¾Ûª½¢ ¡¯Ã-Ÿ±Ä-ÍÃJ œÎ‡-®ý-®©Ô ð “X¾„-¬ä Á-åX-šÊËd ƒ¢Tx†ý æXX¾-ªýÂ¹× ‡¢Åî “¤ÄŸµÄÊu¢ \ª½p-œË¢C. å®Â¹¢-œK¿ “ê’œþ šÌͪŒ ý (‡®ý.->.šË.) Ʀµ¼u-ª½Õ-©n Â¹× X¾Ÿî ÅŒª-’½ ¹A ²Änªá©ð, ®¾Öˆ©ü-Æ-®-åÏ ®d¢šü (‡®ý\) Ʀµ¼u-ª½Õ-©n Â¹× ƒ¢{-KtœË-§ŒÕšü ²Änªá©ð “X¾¬Áo-X“¾ ÅŒ¢ …¢{Õ¢C.
œÎ‡-®ý-®©Ô 𠃢Tx†ý æXX¾ªîx “X¾¬Áo©Õ ÆœËê’ Bª½ÕÊÕ ÅçLæ- X¢-Ÿ¿ÕÂ¹× ÂíEo „çÖœ¿©ü “X¾¬Áo-©ÊÕ www.dseap.gov.in Æ¯ä „ç¦ü-å®jšü©ð …¢Íê½Õ. DE “X¾Âê½¢ 20 “X¾¬Áo©ðx ÂË¢C „Ãu¹-ª-º½ Ç¢-¬Ç-©åXj Ÿ¿%†Ïd ²ÄJ¢Íê½Õ. 1. Synonym 2. Spelling 3. Phonetic transcription 4. Preposition 5. Article 6. Error in the sentence 7. Parts of speech 8. Active-passive voice 9. Pronunciation 10. Direct-indirect speech 11. Spoken expression 12. Question tag 13. Modal verbs 14. Simplecompound-complex sentences 15. One word substitute 16. Antonym 17. Paragraph comprehension
¨ Ê«â¯Ã “X¾¬Áo-©ÊÕ ¦šËd ƪ½n¢ Í䮾Õ-Âî-„Ã-Lq¢CРƦµ¼u-ª½Õ©n Õ ‚¢’¹x „Ãu¹-ª-º½ Ç¢-¬Ç-©-Eo-š-åË Xj¯Ã Ÿ¿%†Ïd ²ÄJ¢-ÍÃL. “¹«Õ¢ ÅŒX¾p-¹עœÄ ²ÄŸµÊ¿ Íäæ®h ƒ¢Tx†ý©ð «Öª½Õˆ©Õ ÅçÍŒÕa-Âî-«{¢ ÅäL-êÂ-ÊE ƪ½-«n Õ-«Û-ŌբC. Ʀµ¼u-ª½Õ©n Õ ƒ¢Tx†ý æXX¾-ªýÊÕ 1) Vocabulary 2) Grammar 3) Comprehension Æ¯ä «âœ¿Õ ¦µÇ’Ã-©Õ’à N¦µ¼->¢-ÍŒÕÂíE ÍŒC-NÅä «Õ¢*C.
X¾Ÿ-è¿ Ç©¢ ®¾¢’¹ÅNä ÕšË? Vocabulary ©ð ‰Ÿ¿Õ Æ¢¬Ç-©åXj Ÿ¿%†Ïd ²ÄJæ®h X¾Ÿ¿ ®¾¢X¾-ŸÊ ¿ Õ åX¢ÍŒÕ-Âî-«ÍŒÕa. Antonyms 3) Homophones 4) Idioms 5) Phrasal verbs.
ÆN
1) Synonyms 2)
OšËåXj ®¾Ö©n ¢’à Ÿ¿%†Ïd åXœËÅä X¾Ÿ-è¿ Ç-©Ç-EÂË ®¾¢¦¢-Cµ¢-*Ê ‡©Ç¢šË “X¾¬Áo¯ç¯j à ®¾Õ©-¦µ¼¢’à ‡Ÿ¿Õ-ªîˆ-«ÍŒÕa. ÍéÇ-«Õ¢-CÂË ®¾«Ö-¯Ã-ª-½n Ã©Õ ÅçL-®-ÊÏ Eo «uA-êª-ÂÃ-ªÃn©Õ ÅçL-§ŒÕ«Û. Â꽺¢ \NÕ-{¢˜ä... ‡Â¹×ˆ-«-«Õ¢C «uA-êª2/16/2009 5:43
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ÂÃ-ªÃn-©ÊÕ X¾K-¹~-©ÊÕ Ÿ¿%†Ï©d ð åX{Õd-ÂíE «Ö“ÅŒ„äÕ ÍŒŸ¿Õ-«Û-Åê½Õ. High ÂË «uA-êª-¹-XŸ¾ ¿¢ low ÆE Æ¢Ÿ¿-JÂÌ Åç©Õ®¾Õ. ÂÃF go Â¹× «uA-êªÂ¹ X¾Ÿ¿¢ comeÂÄíÍŒÕa, don't go Â¹ØœÄ Âë͌Õa. ŠÂîˆ-²ÄJ «uÅÃu-®„¾ äÕ «uA-êªÂ¹ X¾Ÿ-«¿ Õ-«ÛŌբC. Fill in the blank using the word opposite in meaning to the underlined Rome is an ancient city. Newyork is ---1. old 2. new 3. modern 4. developed Ans: 3
ÍéÇ-«Õ¢C ancient ÊÕ ÍŒÖ®Ï
old ÊÕ
•„Ã-¦Õ’à ’¹ÕJh-²Ähª½Õ. ÂÃF ÆœË-T¢C «uA-êª-ÂÃ-ª«-½n ÕE «ÕJa-¤ò-¹Ø-œŸ¿ ¿Õ.
8,9,10 ÅŒª-’½ ¹-Ōթ ƒ¢Tx†ý ¤Äª¸½u-X¾Û-®¾h-Âéðx …Êo X¾Ÿ-è¿ Ç-©¢åXj Ÿ¿%†Ïd ²ÄJ¢-Í{Œ ¢ ‡®ý-°šÌ Ʀµ¼u-ª½Õ©n Õ «Õª½-«-¹Ø-œŸ¿ ¿Õ. ‡®ý\ Ʀµ¼u-ª½Õ©n Õ ƒ¢{-ªý-²Änªá X¾Ÿ-è¿ Ç-©¢åXj X¾{Õd ²ÄCµ¢-ÍÃL. Šê ª½Â¹-„çÕÊi …ÍÃa-ª-º½ Åî „äêªyª½Õ spelling, meaning ¹L-TÊ X¾ŸÄ©Õ homophones. ®¾¢‘Çu-X-ª¾ ½¢’à ƒN Ō¹׈« ÂæšËd ‡¢XϹ Íä®ÊÏ X¾ŸÄ©Õ ¯äª½Õa-Âî-«ÍŒÕa. See-sea, I-eye, Son-sun ©Ç¢šËN homophones. ƒ¢Tx†ý «ÖÅŒ%-¦µÇ†¾ ÂÃE-„Ã-JÂË Â¹†¾d¢’à ÆEp¢-ÍNä Idioms, Phrasal verbs. ‡¢Ÿ¿Õ-¹¢˜ä OšËÂË åXjÂË ŠÂ¹ ª½Â¹-„çÕÊi ƪ½n¢, ©ðŌՒà ͌Öæ®h «Õªî ƪ½n¢ …¢šÇªá. X¾K-¹~©ð The midas Touch ÆE ÆœË-’Ã-ª-ʽ Õ-¹עŸÄ¢. ‚ ¹Ÿ±¿ ¯äXŸ¾ ±¿u¢ ÅçLæ®h 'successful in all fields' ƯäC ®¾éªÊj •„Ã-¦E ƪ½-«n Õ-«Û-ŌբC. Turn Æ¢˜ä to set in another direction. ÂÃF turn up Æ¢˜ä arrive. Turn on Æ¢˜ä to put something to function. Turn off Æ¢˜ä suspend the operation off. ‚Âúq-X-ª ¶¾ ý-©f Ç¢šË «Õ¢* EX¶¾Õ¢-{Õ-«Û©Õ „Ãœä-„Ã-JÂË idioms, phrasal verbs ÅäL’Ã_ ƪ½-«n Õ-«Û-Åêá. ©äŸ¿¢˜ä ‡¢XϹ Íä®ÊÏ X¾ŸÄ©Õ, “X¾§çÖ-’Ã©Õ ’¹Õª½Õh¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-«-©-®Ï¢Ÿä!
„Ãu¹-ªº½ N¬ì-³Ä©Õ Parts of speech åXj
X¾{Õd ²ÄCµæ®h „Ãu¹-ªº½ ¢ ®¾Õ©-¦µ¼-«Õ-«Û-ŌբC. ŠÂ¹ X¾ŸÄEo ÍŒÖ®Ï ƒC X¶©¾ ǯà part of speech (¦µÇ³Ä-¦µÇ’¹¢) ÆE ÍçX¾p©ä¢. Sing is a verb Æ¯ä „Ã¹u¢©ð sing ƯäC verb ’à ÂùעœÄ noun ’à X¾E-Í-²ä òh¢C. ÆŸä I sing a song ©ð sing- verb ’à X¾E-Í-²ä òh¢C. ŠÂîˆ ¦µÇ³Ä-¦µÇ-’ÃEo ŠÂîˆ “X¾ŸµÄ-¯Ã¢-¬Á¢’à Ɵµ¿u-§ŒÕÊ¢ Íäæ®h „Ãu¹-ªº½ ¢ \«Ö“ÅŒ¢ ¹†¾d¢ Âß¿Õ. Grammar ¹×
®¾¢¦¢-Cµ¢*
Tenses, Auxiliary verbs, voice, Direct- indirect speech, Degrees of
comparison, Articles, Simple- compound- complex sentences åXj
“X¾Åäu¹ “¬ÁŸ¿l´ ֤͌ÄL.
Choose the correct passive expression to the sentence given below from the given four alternatives:
He likes people who call him 'sir' 1. He likes to be called 'sir' by people 2. To call him 'sir' is liked by people 3. He likes to be call 'sir' by people 4. He likes people call him 'sir' Ans: 1
æXªÃ-“’ÃX¶ý ƒ*a... Comprehension Æ¢˜ä understanding ÆE
ƪ½n¢. ƒ*aÊ æXªÃ-“’Ã-X¶ý-©ðE N†¾§ŒÕ¢ ‡©Ç “’¹£ÏÇ¢Íâ, ‡©Ç ƒ«á-œ¿Õa-Âî-’¹-L-’Ã-«Õ-¯Cä X¾K-ÂË~¢-Í-œŒ „¿ äÕ ¨ Æ¢¬Á¢ ƒ«y-œ¿¢©ð Æ®¾©Õ …Ÿä¬l Á¢. X¾C „ÃÂÃu-©-©ðX¾Û æXªÃ-“’ÃX¶ý ƒ*a,
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骢œ¿Õ “X¾¬Áo©Õ ÆœËê’ Æ«-ÂìÁ¢ …¢{Õ¢C. «á¢Ÿ¿Õ-’ïä æXªÃ-“’ÃX¶ý *«ª½ ƒ*aÊ “X¾¬Áo-©ÊÕ éª¢œ¿Õ «âœ¿Õ ²Äª½Õx ÍŒŸ-„¿ ÃL. ‚ “X¾¬Áo©ðx Æœ¿Õ-’¹Õ-ÅŒÕÊo N«-ªÃ-©ÊÕ Ÿ¿%†Ï©d ð åX{Õd-ÂíE æXªÃ ÍŒŸ-„¿ ÃL. DE-«©x ®¾«Õ§ŒÕ¢ «%Ÿ±Ä Âß¿Õ. ƒ„ä ÂùעœÄ ¤¶ñ¯ç-šÂË úq, å®pL¢-’ûåXj “X¾¬Áo©Õ «Íäa Æ«-ÂÃ-¬Á-«á¢C.
ƒN «áÈu¢ µ Œ ƒ¢Tx†ý Kœ¿ªýq, «ªýˆ ¦ÕÂúq, ®¾X-„Ïx çÕ¢-{K Kœ¿ªýq ©ðŌՒà ͌Ÿ-„¿ ÃL. *®¾¢¦¢-CÅ * ®¾X-„ Ïx çÕ¢-{K Kœ¿-ªýq-©ðE ª½Í-ÊŒ ©Õ, ª½Í-ªŒ á-Å©Œ æXª½Õ,x ¹-Ÿ-©±¿ ð-E ¤Ä“ÅŒ© æXª½Õ,x «áÈu
®¾Eo-„-¬ä Ç©Õ ’¹Õª½Õh¢-ÍŒÕ-
Âî-„ÃL. * ªîW ÂíEo X¾ŸÄ©Õ '¤¶ñ¯ç-šÂË ú “šÇ¯þq-“ÂË-X-¯ ¾¥ þÑÂ¹× ®¾¢¦¢-Cµ¢* ²ÄŸµÊ¿ Í䧌ÖL. * ¤Äª¸½u-X¾Û-®¾h-¹¢©ð ƒ*aÊ X¾ŸÄu© imagery, diction, syntax, rhythm, theme, figures of speech ©Ç¢šËN ’¹Õª½Õh¢-ÍŒÕ-Âî-„ÃL. *Syllabification Â¹× ®¾¢¦¢Cµ¢-*Ê accent, rhythm and intonation ©ÊÕ ²ÄŸµÊ ¿ Í䧌ÖL. * æXªÃ-“’ÃX¶ý, Ââ“XÏ-å£Ç-ʯ ¥ þ ‡Â¹q-ªý-å®j-V©Õ “¹«Õ¢ ÅŒX¾p-¹עœÄ ²ÄŸµÊ¿ Í䧌ÖL. * ¤Äª¸½u-X¾Û-®¾h-Âé “¤Äª½¢-¦µ¼¢©ð ƒÍäa A note to the Teacher, A note to the student, A note to the parent ÅŒX¾p-¹עœÄ ÍŒŸ-„ ¿ ÃL. DE-«©x ¤Äª¸½u-X¾Û-®¾h-¹ “¤ÄŸ±-«¿ Öu©Õ ƪ½-«n Õ-«Û-Åêá.
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'UÅŒ¢ -ƒ-¯þ®-{Ïd Öu-šüÑÂ¹× …ÅŒh«Õ GЮ¾Öˆ©ü Ƅê½Õf «á¢¦Ç-ªá©ð ƒšÌ-«© •J-TÊ '«ª½©üf å£ÇÍý-‚-ªýœÎ Ââ“é’®ýÐ2009Ñ©ð UÅŒ¢ §ŒâE-«-JqšÌ ƒ¯þ-®-{Ïd Öušü ‚X¶ý „äÕ¯äèü-„çÕ¢šü (N¬Ç-È-X{¾ o¢)Â¹× 'Æ«Û-šü²Äd¢œË¢’û GЮ¾Öˆ©ü ƒ¯þ ²ùA¢-œ§ Ë ŒÖ X¶ª¾ ý «Ö骈-šË¢’ûÑ Æ„Ãª½Õf ©Gµ¢-*¢C. ®¾¢®¾n ‡¢H\ N¦µÇ-’Ã-C-Xµ A¾ “¤ñ. ‡¢.N. ªÃ„þÕ-“X¾-²ÄŸþ DEo Æ¢Ÿ¿Õ-¹×-¯Ãoª½Õ. Ÿä¬Á-N-Ÿ¬-ä Ç-©Â¹× Íç¢CÊ 600 «Õ¢C “X¾A-E-Ÿµ¿Õ©Õ ¨ Âê½u-“¹-«Õ¢©ð ¤Ä©ï_-¯Ãoª½Õ. ¯ÃKq «Ö¯þè,ä ‡®ýXÔ èã¯j þ, ‰‰šÌ, „çLx¢-’û-¹ªý ©Ç¢šË “X¾A-³Äe-ÅŒt¹ ®¾¢®¾©n Õ ¨ ’õª½«¢ ¤ñ¢C-Ê-„Ã-š©Ë ð …¯Ãoªá. UÅŒ¢ ƒ¯þ-®-{Ïd Öušü ‚X¶ý „äÕ¯ä-èü-„çÕ¢šü ¯ÃuÂú ÊÕ¢* '‡Ñ “ê’œþ ¤ñ¢C¢C. ÅŒÊ NŸÄu-ª½Õ-©n Â¹× G>-¯®ç ý ƒ¢Tx†ý ®¾J-Xd -é¶Ï šü ÂÕqÊÕ Æ¢C¢-Í-šŒ Ç-EÂË §ŒâE-«-JqšÌ ‚X¶ý ꢓGœËbÅî ŠX¾p¢Ÿ¿¢ ¹ן¿Õ-ª½Õa-¹עC. §Œá.‡-®ý.-©ðE §ŒâE-«-JqšÌ ‚X¶ý ¯ç“¦²Äˆ, §Œá.éÂ.-©ðE §ŒâE-«-JqšÌ ‚X¶ý ’Ãx²ò_-©Åî Â¹ØœÄ ‡¢‹§Œâ©Õ ¹ן¿Õ-ª½Õa-¹עC.
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-„Ã-œ¿Õ¹Ð-„-œä ¿Õ-¹ Modern English Usage
'Sunday driver' ‡«ª½Õ?
'Monkey on one's back', 'A sunday driver' ... ƒ©Ç¢šË
ÊÖÅŒÊ «uÂÌh-¹-ªº½ © ’¹ÕJ¢* Åç©Õ-®¾Õ-Âî-«{¢ «ÕÊ ¦µÇ³Ä-G-«µ %-CÂl´ Ë ‡¢Åî …X¾-¹-J-®¾Õh¢C. OšËF, «ÕJ-ÂíEo modern usagesÊÖ Åç©Õ-®¾Õ-¹עŸÄ¢. Nipun: Hi Chatur, going anywhere for the weekend? („êâ-ÅÃ-EÂË
‡Â¹ˆ-œ-¿ ¹¯Ão „ç@ÁÙh-¯Ão„Ã?)
Chatur: Yes, to Vizag, but I haven't been able to get accommodation on train. Just wondering what I'm going to do? (Æ«ÛÊÕ, „çè j Ç-’û¹×. ÂÃF ¯ÃÂ¹× J•-êªy-†¯¾ þ 骩j ðx Ÿíª½-¹-©Ÿä ¿Õ) Nipun: I'm free this weekend. I can accompany you. I'll get my car and we can drive to the place(¨ „êâŌ¢ ¯äÊÕ ‘ÇS. FÅî ¯äÊÖ ªÃ’¹-©ÊÕ. ¯ÃÅî B²ñˆ-²ÄhÊÕ. «ÕÊ¢ Âêîx „ç@ï}ÍŒÕa) Chatur: Oh, you are welcome, but not with you driving. You are a Sunday driver, and I don't have the time and am not sure of my safety either (ÅŒX¾p-¹עœÄ ªÃ. FÂ¹× ¯Ã ‚£¾ÉyÊ¢, ÂÃF ÊÕ«Ûy Âê½Õ
Êœ¿Õ-X¾ÛÅŒÖ «Ö“ÅŒ¢ Âß¿Õ. ÊÕ«Ûy ÍÃ©Ç EŸÄ-Ê¢’à Âî¾h ÆèÇ-“’¹-ÅŒh’à ʜ¿Õ-X¾Û-ÅëÛ. ¯Ã¹¢ÅŒ BJÂà ©äŸ¿Õ, êÂ~«Õ¢’à …¢šÇ-ÊÊo Ê«Õt-¹«â ©äŸ¿Õ) Nipun: How you insult me! I'm no longer a Sunday driver. Dad has put me through the paces and you can trust me to get you home safely (‡©Ç Æ«-«Ö-E-®¾Õh-¯Ão«Û ÊÊÕo! ƒX¾Ûpœä¢ Æ©Ç¢šË wœ« çj -ªýÊÕ ÂÃÊÕ.
«Ö ¯ÃÊo ¯ÃÂ¹× ÍÃ©Ç practice ƒÍÃaœ¿Õ, «Õ¢* wœ«çj -ªý-Ê-§ŒÖuÊÕ ¯äÊÕ. ¯äEoÊÕo êÂ~«Õ¢’à ƒ¢šËÂË Í䪽a-’¹-©ÊÕ) Chatur: You may be your Dad's understudy in business, but not in driving, I am sure. Sorry, I can't
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risk my life with you at the wheel (
OÕ ¯ÃÊo ÅŒªÃyÅŒ ÊÕ«Ûy ‚§ŒÕÊ „Ãu¤Äª½¢ ֲ͌òˆœÄEÂË P¹~º ¤ñ¢Ÿ¿Õ¢œíÍŒÕa. ¹~Nբ͌Õ, ÊÕ«Ûy wœ„çj þ Í䮾Õh¢˜ä F X¾Â¹ˆÊ ¹ØÍŒÕE ¯Ã “¤ÄºÇEo “X¾«ÖŸ¿¢ ¤Ä©Õ Í䧌Õ-©Êä Õ) Nipun: Come on Chatur, you know better than to say such things. Ok, if that's the way you want it, have it. Just think of it. Why miss the wonderful joy ride?(Æ©Ç «ÖšÇxœ¿f¢ ®¾J-ÂÃ-ŸE ¿ Åç©Õ®¾Õ F¹×.
®¾êª, F ƒ†¾d¢. ‚©ð-*¢-ÍŒÕÂî. «Õ¢* ®¾ªŸ½ Ä ¤ò’í-{Õd-¹ע-{Õ-¯Ão«Û) Chatur: Who do you propose to bring along, if I agree to go with you? I wish to be sure I am not the only victim (®¾êª, ¯äFoÅî ªÃ«-šÇ-EÂË ŠX¾Ûp-¹ע˜ä, ƒ¢éÂ-«Jo B²ñˆ-²Äh«Û? ¯ä¯í-¹ˆºäo ¦ÇCµ-ÅŒÕ-ºo-«{¢
¯Ãˆ¾d¢ ©äŸ¿Õ) Nipun: I think I can ask Vasanth along, but I doubt if will come. He has a monkey on his back. Every week end he is off to somewhere we do not know («®¾¢-ÅýÊÕ ª½«Õt-¯íÍŒÕa «ÕÊÅî. ÂÃF „ÃœËÂî
åXŸ¿l ®¾«Õ®¾u. “X¾A „êâŌ¢ ‡Â¹ˆ-œÂË î „ç@Çhœ¿Õ «ÕÊÂ¹× ÅçL-§ŒÕ-¹עœÄ) Chatur: That isn't very reassuring. Still I'll take the risk this once. Hope you'll have the car checked (ÆŸä-«Õ¢ÅŒ Ÿµª çj ÃuEo ¹L_¢-Í-Cä ’Ã ©äŸ¿Õ. ƪá¯Ã ¯ä¯Ã ²Ä£¾Ç-²Ä-EÂË ®ÏŸ-X¿l´ -œ¾ ¿Õh-¯ÃoÊÕ. F Âê½Õ ®¾J-ÍŒÖ-®¾ÕÂî)
¨ «ÕŸµ¿u¯ä, ƒX¾Ûp-œ-XË ¾Ûpœä „Ãœ¿Õ-¹-©ðÂË «®¾ÕhÊo «Ö{ ƒC. ƪ½n¢Ð ÍÃ©Ç EŸÄ-Ê¢-’ÃÊÖ, Âî¾h “¬ÁŸ¿l´ ©ä¹עœÄ „ã¾Ç-¯ÃEo «áÈu¢’à carÊÕ Êœ¿-Xœ¾ ¿¢ = (ƒÅŒ-ª½Õ© ‹ª½ÕpÊÕ X¾K-ÂË~¢-Íä¢ÅŒ EŸÄ-Ê¢’Ã). a) Going on his car is almost as good as walking. He is such a Sunday driver = ÆÅŒE car©ð
„ç@Áœx ¿¢,
ŸÄŸÄX¾Û Êœ¿Â¹ ©Ç¢šËŸ.ä ÆÅŒÊÕ «ÕK EŸÄÊ¢. b) If he drives you, you never reach the place in a month of Sundays. He is a sunday driver = „Ãœ¿Õ EÊÕo car©ð B®¾Õ-éÂ-RÅä F •Êt©ð ’¹«Õu¢ Íäª-©½ «ä Û. «ÕÊ ‹ª½ÕpÊÕ X¾K-ÂË~¢-Íä¢ÅŒ EŸÄ-Ê¢’à ʜ¿Õ-X¾Û-ÅÃœ¿Õ carÊÕ
’¹ÅŒ
ÆÅŒÊÕ.
Modern English usage©ð
͌֬ǢÐ
A month of sundays = ꎂ
2) Put somebody/ somebody through the paces = ŠÂ¹
‚©-®¾u¢-’Ã/-ŸÄ-ŸÄX¾Û •ª½-’¹E)
N†¾-§ŒÕ¢©ð P¹~º ƒ«y{¢ /practiceƒ«y{¢Ð
Íä®Ï ÍŒÖX¾{¢ ŸÄyªÃ/ Íäªá¢-Í{Œ ¢ ŸÄyªÃ ¯äª½p{¢. a) The driving school man is putting Ram through the paces = Driving school ÆÅŒÊÕ, driving
¯äJp-®¾Õh-¯Ãoœ¿Õ,
driveÍäªá¢-Í{ Œ ¢
ªÃ„þÕ¹×
ŸÄyªÃ
b) He is not yet good enough to handle business independently. His father is putting him through the paces = ®¾yÅŒ¢-“ÅŒ¢’à „Ãu¤Äª½¢ Eª½y-£ÏÇ¢Íä ²Ä«Õª½nu¢ ©äŸ-Å ¿ -EŒ ÂË. „Ã@Áx ¯ÃÊo ÆÅŒ-EÂË „çÕ©x-„Õç -©’x à ¯äª½Õp-
ÅŒÕ-¯Ãoœ¿Õ. c) The car is not yet ready for a drive. The mechanic is putting it through its paces = Carƒ¢ÂÃ
ÊœË-æX¢-Ÿ¿ÕÂ¹× ®ÏŸ¿l´¢’à ©äŸ¿Õ.
MechanicŸÄEo
ƒ¢Âà X¾K-ÂË~-®¾Õh-¯Ãoœ¿ÕÐ „ÃœíÍÃa, ©äŸÄ ÆE.
D)The trainer is putting the horse through its paces = P¹~-¹ל¿Õ 3) Know better than to do something = ÆC
’¹Õ“ªÃ-EÂË ²ÄyK ¯äJp-®¾Õh-¯Ãoœ¿Õ.
Í䧌Õ-¹Ø-œ-Ÿ¿ E¿ ÅçL-§ŒÕ{¢.
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a) A. I thought he would help me
(ÆÅŒœ¿Õ ¯ÃÂ¹× ²Ä§ŒÕ¢ Íä²Äh-œ-Ê¿ Õ-¹×-¯ÃoÊÕ)
B. You know better than to trust him (ÆÅŒEo
Ê«Õt{¢ ƢŌ «Õ¢*C Âß¿E Åç©Õ®¾Õ ¹ŸÄ? ÆÅŒ-Êo©Ç
‡©Ç Ê«Öt«Û?) b) He ought not have wasted so much money. He knows better than that = ƢŌ
œ¿¦Õs «%Ÿ±Ä Íä®Ï
…¢œ¿-¹Ø-œŸ¿ ¿Õ. ÆC «Õ¢*C Âß¿E ÆÅŒ-EÂË Åç©Õ®¾Õ ¹ŸÄ. c) You know better than to be seen in their company = „Ã@ÁÅ x î
¹Ep¢-Í{Œ ¢ ƢŌ «Õ¢*C Âß¿E F¹×
Åç©Õ®¾Õ ¹ŸÄ? 4) Have a monkey on somebody's back = Bª½E
®¾«Õ-®¾uÅî ¦ÇŸµ-X¿ -œ¾ {¿ ¢
a) He can't buy a car right now, as he has a monkey on his back = ÆÅŒ-EÂËX¾Ûpœä carÂí¯ä
Bª½E ®¾«Õ-®¾u-©Õ-¯Ãoªá,
Æ«-ÂìÁ¢ ©äŸ¿Õ.
ƒÂ¹ˆœ¿ 'Bª½E ®¾«Õ®¾uÑ Æ¢˜ä \Ÿî ŠÂ¹ «u®¾Ê¢ «©x, ŠÂ¹ ¦ÇŸµ¿ «©x, ÆC ƒÅŒ-ª½Õ-©Â¹× ÍçX¾Ûp-Âí-¯Cä Âù-¤ò-«ÍŒÕa. b) He can't be seen late in the evenings. A monkey on his back doesn't let him = ÆÅŒÊÕ
²Ä§ŒÕ¢-“ÅÃ©Õ Â¹Ê-X-œ¾ œ¿ ¿Õ. \Ÿî ®¾«Õ®¾u …¢Ÿ¿-Å-EŒ ÂË (¦£¾Ý¬Ç ÅÃ’¹œ¿¢ Æ«ÍŒÕa) c) Have you any monkey on your back? What's keeping you from attending office on time?=
\¢šË F ®¾«Õ®¾u?
OfficeÂ¹× time¹×
ªÃ«-šÇ-Eê¢ Æœ¿f¢ «²òh¢C F¹×? («ÖÅî ÍçX¾p-¹Ø-œ-E¿ -Ÿ-«ä Õ¯Ão …¢ŸÄ?) Ð ‡¢. ®¾Õêª-¬Á¯þ
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