Treslibro Olga Lazin Capitulo 3 Pdf Copy 2

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

456

!"#$%#&'()*%+,-%.%#/0(.%&,1(#23&4'5'++'* 6#789*,&%#$%),(%

:;<)%# 50(.%&,1(# 50'# '<)%=+'&,.%# >3*# +'6# >3*# '+# '<)%.3 .'# ?0'@%# A3*4B# >%*%# >*383@'*# '+# =,'('<)%*# .'# +%# C0D 8%(,.%.# '(# )3.3# '+# 80(.3"

,9:;<=>?:#(@=ABCBDDBE "EFG=9D@H#;B#>:=@EI@E<=>?:J#6K64 ;+# &%>,)%+# '<)%.30(,.'(<'# .'='# >%*),&,>%*# '(# '+# .'<%D **3++3#'&3(18,&3#'(#'+#E0'#'<)F#,(@,*),'(.3"#G,#+%#H'()' >0.,'*%# .,<5*0)%*# .'# 0(# %08'()3# .'# <0# '<)F(.%*# .' @,.%# 6# <'# >0.,'*%# ,.'(),5,&%*# %# +%<# 5,*8%<# .'# ('H3&,3< '<)%.30(,.'(<'<# &3(# '<)'# '@'()3# 5'+,-I# )3.3# <'*J%# ='D (95,&3"

&BDH@:#"L#(@=ABCBDDBEJ ;M=<;:F<#N#D@H#=9<EB:F<

O)P).&# Q%&%("! %:#6K64J#?:#(@=ABCBDDBE#=@R@#D<#IE>RBE< ;BD# R9:;@# B:FBE@J6# D<# >:CD9B:=><# C>D<:FE?I>=<# ;B# BHF<# CD>< B:#BD#ID<:BF<#HB#;BS>?#<#T@U:#+L#(@=ABCBDDBE#VW9>B:#D<#;>E>X>?#;B 6K64# <# 6K6YZJ# T@U:# +L# (@=ABCBDDBE# TEL# V;B# 6K6Y# <# 6K[\Z# N T@U:# +L# (@=ABCBDDBE# )))# V;B# 6K5]# <# 6KY6ZL# %HF@H# DG;BEBH# ;B# D< CD><# BHF<SDB=>BE@:# D>:BB:F@H# >RIDG=>F@H# I<E<# D<# ,9:^ ;<=>?:# (@=ABCBDDBE# V<;R>:>HFE<;<# I@E# 9:# BW9>I@# ;B# B_IBEF@HZ 6

# `<E<# 9:<# ;>H=9H>?:# ;B# D@H# BIGXES<# B:# 9:# =@:FB_F@ U>HF?E>=@J#aMHF@E>< ;B#D@H#:BX@=>@HJ#aMFU#'L#`@@DBJ#c%:FEBIEB:B9EH#<:;#"RBE>=<: B=@:@R>=# XE@dFUe# T@U:# +L# (@=ABCBDDBEfJ# UFFIegga@FBa>BdL9ULB;9g B:FEBh;ELUFRJ# ]\\\L

7# 456# 8

Capítulo 3.pmd

351

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

45]

N# D@:BH# @E>B:F<;:FBE:<=>@:HR@H# IE@a>:@# D<# >;B<# ;B# BHF<SDB=BE# D=>::^ =>I?:# B:# H9# =B:FE@# ;B# @IBE<=>@:BH# =@EI@E<^ F>a@#;B#D<#=>9;<;#;B#&9Ba<#1@EAJ#;BH;B#;@:;BJ#<#FEEB=F>a@# =B:FEj<;@J# HB# <9F@E>j<S<:# IE@NB=F@H# I<E< EBj<EHB#B:#R9=U?:# (@=ABCBDDBEJ# =@R@# D<# ,9:;<^ =>?:#,@E;#N#@FEaj<E#=@:#BDDa>;<;BH# >:FBE:<=>@:EG<# RkH# F<E;B# @C>=>:^ ;><E>DJ#2M_>=@#N#$U>:<J#DH>@:BH lDF>Ra>;<;# C>D<:FE?I>=<# U<:# H>;@# F@R<;=>:?:# (@=ABCBDDBE# N# aBRID>=<=>@:BH#;B#W9BJ#=@R@#I<EFB#;B#H9#MF>=<#;B#c=<EHB# <# @FE@H# D9X<EBH# <# =:>=><;@# a<E>@H# IE@XE=<J# BHIB^ =>BE:@H# W9B# I9B;B:# =@:F>:9<E C>:<:=>k:;@D@H# ;BHI9MH# ;BD# IE@=BH@# ;B# <EE<:W9BL# %_:B^ R@H#W9M#I:<;<#D<#IE>RBE< C?:# OBE;B# N# ;B# W9B# D<# ,9:;<=>?:# :<:=><E# D<# HBX9:;<# CD<:FE@IG<# ;B# T@U:# +L# (@=ABCBDDBE# I<E< BHF<SDB=BE# :9Ba:HF>F9=>@:BH# U<SD<# ;B# 9:<# U>HF@E><# DBXB:^ ;<E><# VbEBR:BEJ# 6K[\e# 6]\J# 6K]# HHLZL KLLML# -:>aBEH>;<;# ;B# $U>=<X@L KMNKL# ):HF>F9F@# (@=ABCBDDBE# I<E<# D<# ):aBHF>X<=>?:# 2M;>^ =<m#BE<#D<#IE>RBE<#;B#D@:BH#W9B#B_>HFG<:#<:^ FBH#;B#<XE9I<EHB#B:#9:<#H@D<#,9:;<=>?:#(@=ABCBDDBE#B:#6K]nL KMN!L# $@:HBh@# QB:BE?:J# =EB<;@# I<E<# IE@^ I@E=>@:<E# =9DF9E<# ;B# %HF<;@H# -:>;@H D@:BH#:B=BH<E>E#BD#FE<S?:#;B#=9DF>a@H#B:#D@H#BHF<;@H#;BD#H9E#N#:<:=><E

Capítulo 3.pmd

352

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

454

D<# B;9=<=>?:# HB=9:;<E><# ?:# H9IBE>@E# B:# F@;@ %HF<;@H#-:>;@He#BE<#D<#HBX9:;<#;B#D@:BH#(@=ABCBDDBE W9B# HB# <XE9I<EG<:# B:# 6K]nL KMO!L#!@H#,@:;@H#B:#2BR@E><#;B#!<9E<#PIBDR<:#(@=AB^ CBDDBEJ# I<E<# HF>E# <# D@H# c:BXE@HfJ# FBE=BE<# ;B# D@:BH W9B# HB# <XE9I<EG<:# B:# 6K]nL KMMPL# $@R>H>?:# P<:>F<E><# (@=ABCBDDBEJ# I<E<# BEE<;>=<E B:CBERB;<;BH#=@R@#BD#<:W9>D@HF@RH>?:#C9B#<SH@E^ S>;<# I@E# D<# ,9:;<=>?:# (@=ABCBDDBEL !<# ,9:;<=>?:# (@=ABCBDDBE# C9B# =EB<;<# B:# 6K64# I@E# DBN I@E# BD# BHF<;@# ;B# &9Ba<# 1@EA# cI<E<# IE@R@aBE# BD# S>B:BHF<E ;B# D<# U9R<:>;<;# B:# F@;@# BD# R9:;@fm# BH# D<# =9<EF<# ;B# D@:BHJ# N# B:# F@E:@# <# BDD<# HB# <XE9I<EG<:# D?:# (@=ABCBDDBE# HB# DB# B:=@RB:;?# B:# 6K64# h@#;B#T@U:#I<;EBJ#T@U:#+L#(@=ABCBDDBE#TELJ#W9>B:#IEBHF?#H9H HBEa>=>@H#=@R@#hBCB#@C>=>a@#;B#D<#C9:;<=>?:#URBE@#=@R@#IEBH>;B:FBJ#;BHI9MH#=@R@#hBCB#;BD#=@:HBh@#<;R>^ :>HFEa@ZL KMKQL# $@:HBh@# ;B# P@:;@# B: Po@# `<9D@# =@:# BD# :@RSEB# ;B# $@:HBDU@# P<:>F<E>@# (@=ABCBDDBEL KM!!L# !<# ,9:;<=>?:# (@=ABCBDDBE# ;BHF>:<# 6L5# R>DD@:BH# ;B ;?D<EBH# ;@# ;BH=9SE>R>B:F@# ;B# EBRB;>@H# I<E<# D<# ;BIEB^ H>?:# R9:;>R>B:F@# B:# $@HF<# (>=<# ;BD# ):HF>F9F@# I<E< D<# "XE>=9DF9E<# 'E@I>=

?:#B:#2M_>=@#;B#D@#W9B#RkH#F<E;B#HB#DD@:B:F@# ;B# 2X@ V$)221'ZJ# W9B# =@:;9h@# ;>EB=FRBE<# C?:# OBE;BL KMSNL# !<# /C>=>:<# ;B# Po@# `<9D@# I<E<# P9;=<# ;BD# $@:^ HBh@# ;B# P@::<# =@:aB:>@H# <# D<EX@# ID<j@ I<E<# =<# V>:=D9NB:;@# D:aBHF>X<=>@:BH# ;B# RB;>=>:< FE@I>=a><J# bEDJ# $@D@RS><J# %=9<;@EJ# `BEl# V$<EE@DD

Capítulo 3.pmd

353

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

45p

7b@<E;R<:8J# 6KKKe# pnZL# PB# ;BH<EE@DD<# D<# a<=9:<# =@:FE<# D<# C>B^ SEB#DD<#B:#D@H#D<S@E@H#;B#(@=ABCBDDBE#B:#&9Ba<#1@EAL KMSKL# !@H# <;BD<:F@H# RM;>=@H# C>:<:=><;@H# B:# ):XD=>D>:<# =DG:>=<m# BD# R@HW9>F@# <:@CBDBH X<:@J# I@EF<;@E# ;B# D<# R<J# BH# BEE<;>=<;@# ;B# bED# B: 6K4KL ] KMOKL# (@=ABCBDDBE# a@ H@SEB#):aBHF>X<=>@:BH#):FBE:<=>@:XD:XDMHZJ# S=@L KMO!L# "XE9I<=>?:# ;B# D@:BH# N# D@H# IE@^ XE:=>I:aBHF>X<=>@:BH# ;B# H<^ D9;# IlSD>=<# I<E<# =@RSE# D<# C>BSEB# DD<# N# D<# R<J# aBEH>;<;BH# N# H9H# IE@XE?:L KMOSL# PB# BHF<SDB=B# B:# ,>D>I>:F9F@# ):FBE:<^ =>@:X<=>?:#H@SEB#BD#"EE@j#V)(()J#I@E#H9H#H>XD:XDMHZJ# =@R@# B_FB:H>?:# ;BD# R@;BD@# ;BD# $)221'J# =@:# D<# I<EF>^ =>I<=>?:# :@# H?D@# ;B# D<# ,9:;<=>?:# (@=ABCBDDBEJ# H>:@# FM: ;B# X@S>BE:@HJ# @EX<:>j<=>@:BH# >:FBE:<=>@:@:BHL KMMSL# !<# ,9:;<=>?:# (@=ABCBDDBE# ;B;>=<# D<# R>F<;# ;B# H9H C@:;@H#<#IE@XE=@#B:#a>F:<#"J#;B#D<#=9DD@:BH# ;B# kF>=@H# FB:X<:# IE@SDBRH>?:# N# =BX9BE?:# OBE;B# ;<# =@R@ CE9F@#BD#;BH<EE@DD@#;BD#:9Ba@#R=@#;B#=;<;#V2`$ZJ ]

#`kX>:<#T'=##;B#D<#,9:;<=>?:#(@=ABCBDDBEJ#cq>HF@EN#<:;#F>RBD>:B#@C FUB# ,@9:;@:fJ# UFFIeggdddLE@=AC@9:;L@EXgCE@#R>DD?:#;B#:>r@H#I>BE;B:#D< a>HF<# =<;<# =>B:=><# ;B# a>F:<# "L# !<# =<:F>^ ;<;# <;B=9<;<# ;B# BDD<# ;>HR>:9NB# D<# >:=>;B:=><J# ;9E<=>?:# N# HBaBE>^ ;<;# ;B# B:CBERB;<;BH# >:C<:F>DBH# =@R@# BD# H<E?:# N# EB;9=B# BD E>BHX@# ;B# W9B# >:CB==>@:BH# =@R9:BH# HB# =@:a>BEF<:# B:# HBaBE
Capítulo 3.pmd

354

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

455

W9B# IE@I@E=>@:<# DD<# ;B# R;<;# N# HB# ;>X>BEB# Ck=>DRB:FBL $@R@# HB# R9BHFE<# B:# BD# XEkC>=@# 4L6J# <9:# <:FBH# ;B# D< R9BEFB# ;B# T@U:# +L# (@=ABCBDDBEJ# @=9EE>;<# B:# 6K4YJ# D@H# R>BR^ SE@H# ;B# BHF<# CD><# HB# BHIB=>j<E@:# B:# ;>CBEB:FBH# kEB;# (@=ABCBDDBE# ;B;>=<E@:# H9H# B:BEXG=<#!:<#N#T@U:#+L#(@=ABCBDDBE# )))#<#"H>
Nelson Rockefeller Jr., 1906-1978

Laurence Rockefeller, 1910-2004

Winthrop Rockefeller 1912-1973

Intereses: CEBI de América Latina, lucrativa, AIA - OSFLP

Intereses: Conservación

Intereses: Vivienda CEBI

David John Aby Rockefeller Rockefeller III, Rockefeller de 1930 hasta 1906-1978 el presente Intereses: Chase Manhattan Bank

Intereses: Consejo para la Población de la Sociedad de Asia

%:#D<#;M=<;<#;B#D@H#=9<EB:F<J#&BDH@:#EB=@:@=>?#W9B#BD#I<^ IBD#;B#D<#CD><#B:#BD#;BH<EE@DD@#;B#D@H#IE@NB=F@H#;B#D<#,9:;<^ =>?:# (@=ABCBDDBE# U<SG<# I:>HFEa@# IE@CB^ H>@:?:J# ;>E>X>;@# I@E# H9# I<;EBJ# T@U:# +L# (@=AB^ CBDDBE# TEL# (BDBX<;@# IE>:=>Ia>;<;BH#;B D<#,9:;<=>?:#(@=ABCBDDBE#W9B#BHF<S<:#C9BE<#;B#H9#=@:FE@DJ#DDBX?#< >:a@D9=E<EHB# B:# D@# IBEH@::=>I>@H# ;B# 6Kp[J# B:# D<# =EB<^ =>?:#N#BD#C>:<:=>B:F@#;B#9:#F>I@#;>CBEB:FB#;B# /P,!`e#<W9BDD< W9B# I@;G<:# =@:FE@D<E# N# a>:=9D<E# ;>EB=F@He

Capítulo 3.pmd

355

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

45[

KMPQL# $EB<=>?:# ;B# D<# "H@=><=>?:# ):FBE:<=>@:;B:HB# I<E<# BD# +BH<EE@DD@# %=@:?R>=@# N# P@=>XD:XDMHZJ# D<# =9RI9BHF@HJ# I<E< EB=>S>E# 9:<# I<EFB# >RI@EF<:FB# ;B# D;J#a<;<#W9B#BDD@H#N @FE@H# BHF<SDB=>BE@:# B:# 6KpY# =@:# BD# :@RSEB# ;B# $@EI@E<=>?: ):FBE:<=>@:=<# V)b%$ J# I@E# H9H# H>XD:XDMHZLp#)b%$J#<#D<#W9B#T@U:#+L#(@=ABCBDDBE#TEL#;B=>;>?#:@#9:>EHB VIBE@#<#D<#W9B#MDJ#!<9EB:=BJ#(@;R<:#N#s>:FUE@I#;@:<E@:#H9H C@:;@H# IBEH@:BE:@H#SEDBr@#N#aB:Bj@D<:@#<#<=F9j<E#D@H#HBEa>=>@H FB=:@D?X>=@H#I<E<#BD#HB=F@E#IE>a<;@#V$<EE@DD#7b@<E;R<:8J#6KKKe 6YpZL KMQL"# &BDH@:# IE@I@:B# <S<:;@:<E# D<# HFB:=><# @C>=>;B:HB# I<E<# D@XE<E# BD# =@# B=@:?R>=@# N# H@=>:NB==>?:# ;B# >:;9HFE><# BHF<;@9:>;B:HB# B:# "RME>^ =<# !:<e# c$9<:;@# 9:<# >:;9HFE><# BHF<;@9:>;B:HB# R@;BE:< B:FE<# B:# 9:# kEB<# H9S;BH<EE@DD<;<J# F>B:B# D<# =;<;# ;B# =B^ EE<E# 9:<# SEB=U<# FB=:@D?X>=<# W9B# I9B;B# <S<E=<E# 5\# :=D9H@#6#\\\#<E#H@DB:F@# ;B# =@L#3HFB#:@#HB#I9B;B#=@RIE<EJ#H?D@ I9B;B# HBE# =@:HFE9>;@fL5 KMQML#&BDH@:#I9SD>=<#UC'#23&4'5'++'*#*'>3*)#3(#)C'#78'D *,&%<J[# I<E<# BD# W9B# C9B# =@R>H>@:<;@# I@E# BD# IEBH>;B:FB# &>_@:L &BDH@:# a>H>F?# F@;<# D<# EBX>?:# D:@=<:<# B# >:a>F?# <# %HF<^ ;@H# -:>;@H# <# @H# FB=:@D?X>=@HJ# I@DGF>=@H# N p#

OMHF@E><# ;B# D<# ")"# ;B# +=<;< >E?:>=;@# ID<:B<;<# D<# ")" =@R@# @EX<:>j<=>?:# IBE@# W9B# D@H# <S@X<;@H# ;B=>;>BE@:# BHF<SDB=BE I@E#HBI<E<;@J#;B#Fa>;<;BH#;B#:BX@=>@H IE>a<;:;BIB:;>B:FBL 5 # +>H=9EH@# <:FB# D<# "H@=><=>?:# ;B# `D<:B<=>?:# &<=>@:;@HJ# =>F<;@# B:# $<EE@DD# 7b@<E;R<:8# V6KKKe# ]6]ZL [ # $U>=<X@J# t9<;E<:XDB# b@@AHm# D<# =>F<# BH# ;B# D<# IkX>:<# 645L

Capítulo 3.pmd

356

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

45Y

=9DF9E=@# N# D<# @DB<;<# ;B# >:;9HFE>j<=>?:fJ# I<E<# :@# aBE# <# D<# EBX>?: ;BEE@F<;<# I@E# 9:<# c@D<# ;B# I@SD<=>?:# 7N8# 9:# :<=>@:HR@# EB^ =BD@H@fL &%!P/&# "L# (/$0%,%!!%(# %&# %!# 2-&+/# 1 !"# "23()$"# !"')&"# `/P'%()/(%P# "# 6Kp\Y &BDH@:J# W9>B:# HB# U<SG<# >:FBEBH<;@# R9=U@# B:# "RME>=<# !:<J BRIBj?#<#>:aBEF>E#B:#D<#EBX>?:#B:#6K45#=@R@#<==>@:>HF<#RF<E>@#B:#$EB@DB#/>D#@C#OB:Bj9BD<m#@SF9a@#9:<#:9Ba<#IBEHIB=^ F>a<#=9<:;@#H>Ea>?#=@R@#hBCB#BhB=9F>a@#;B#D<#/C>=>:<#;B#"H9:F@H ):FBE=<:@H# V/)""J# I@E# H9H# H>XD:XDMHZ# ;9E<:FB# D< HBX9:;<#X9BEE<#R9:;>@:BH# =9DF9E=<# !:;@H#j<E<#IBDG=9^ D?:#N#HB#B:=<EX<E<#;B#H9#;>HFE>S9=>?:L##`BE@ FM:# HB# IEB@=9I?# I@E# DJ# $@D@RS><# N# OB:B^ j9BD<#<#FBER>:<E#=@:#D<#IE@I>B;<;#XJ# "a><:=<# N# O"P`L +9E<:FB# BHF@H# ;B:FB# (@@HBaBDF B:=<EX?# <# &BDH@:# BD# C@EFR>B:F@# ;B# D@H# IE@XE?:# ;B# B:CBERB;<;BH# W9B# U<SG<:# H>;@# ;BH<EE@DD<;@H# I@E D<# @C>=>:<# ;B# Po@# `<9D@# ;B# D<# ,9:;<=>?:# (@=ABCBDDBE# ;BH;B 6K6[J# N# BHIB=>:J# &BDH@:# BH^ F<SDB=>?# @FE<# @EX<:>j<=>?:# ;B# SB:BC>=B:=><# ;>HBr<;<# S9E@=Ek^ F>=F9F@# ;B# "H9:F@H# ):FBE=<:@H# V))""J# I@E H9H#H>XD:XDMHZJ#W9B#I@;G<#BHF>R9D<E#IE@XE=<# ;B# "RME>=<# !:<J# H>: Y

# "9:W9B# BHF<# HB==>?:# HB# B:C@=<# B:# &BDH@:J# HB# ;BSB# <;aBEF>E# W9B ;@H# ;B# H9H# UBER<:@H# BHF9a>BE@:# BHFEB=U:=9D<;@H# =@: "RME>=<# !:<# N# =@:# MD# ;BH;B# RB;><;@H# ;B# D@H# FEB>:F<# U:a>EF>?#B:#`<:#"RBE>=<:#">EdE#D@H I:@=<:@H# 9:@H# =@:# @FE@H# N# =@:# %HF<;@H# -:>;@Hm# N +;# ;>E>X>?# D<# +>a>H>?:# !:@=<:<# ;BD# $U
Capítulo 3.pmd

357

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

45n

B:<E# D=@:DD@:BH#;B#;?D<EBH#I<E<#H@SEBIDD@:BH# ;B ;?D<EBH# X:@=<:@Hm H?D@# "EXB:F>:<# N# $9S<# :@# C9BE@:# >:=D9>;@HJ# I@E# H9H# c<;BD<:^ F<;@Hf# H>HFBRBE< IE@NB=F@H# ;B# ;BH<EE@DD@# B=@:?R>=@# W9B# I9;>BE<:# HBE# @H#IE>a<;@H#BHF<;@9:>;B:HBHJ#IBE@#(@@HBaBDF D>R>F?# ;B=>;>;D>;<;BH# ;B# D<# ))""# <# cRB^ ;>;?:# ;B# B:CBERB;<;BHJ# U>X>B:BJ# FE<^ FB:F@# ;B# <X9;9a>B:;<J# FE<S=>?:J# FEB:F@# RM;>=@# XB:BE?:# N# =F<=>?:# W9B# HB# =EB<# :B=BH<E><# I<E<# D@XE<E# BHF@H# @ShBF>a@HfLn ,E9HFE<;@# I@E# BD# >:FB:F@# ;B# (@@HBaBDF# ;B# D>R>F<E# H9H# <=^ F>a>;<;BH# B:# D<# /)""# N# BD# ))""J# &BDH@:# HB# =@:C@ER<S<# BRIEB:^ ;>B:;@# 9:<# F<EB<# ;B# ;>RB:H>@:BH# RkH# @# ;B# %HF<;@# <;h9:F@# ;B# %HF<;@H -:>;@H# I<E<# "H9:F@H# !:@=<:@HL# %:# BHFB# I:a>E^ F>?# R9=UR>B:F@# B=@:?R>=@ N#H@=>=<#!:<J#BD#=9C>=<=>@:BH#I@DGF>^ =:FBE:<=>@:^ =@H#@FE<#aBj#B:#BD#R@RB:F@#;B#D<=>@:BH#;B#6Kp5#I<E< =EB<E#D<#/EX<:>j<=>?:#;B#D@:BH#-:>;j?#=@: BD# HB=EBF<E>@# ;B# %HF<;@J# %;d<E;# PFBFF>:>9HJ# j<E# <# D@H I:@=<:@H# B:# D@# W9B# D@H# E9H@H# IBE=>SG<:# =@R@ 9:# I@FB:=>?:f# V$<EE@DD# 7b@<E;R<:8J# 6KKKe 65]ZL "D# ;Bh<E# BD# X@S>BE:@J# &BDH@:# BRIEB:;>?# B:# 6Kp[# 9:@# ;B D@H# IE>RBE@H# >:FB:F@H# C>D<:FE?I>=@H# BHF<;@9:>;B:HBH# ;B# =EB<E BD# X@S>BE:@# =>a>DL# P9# BHFE<# >:=D9G<# IE>:=>II@H#;B#>:aBHF>X<=>?:#IE@CBH>@:HR@L# "I<EB:FBRB:FB# &BDH@:# EB=@:@=>?# W9B# H>:# 9: n#

Capítulo 3.pmd

$>F<;@# B:# $<EE@DD# 7b@<E;R<:8# V6KKKe# 64YZL

358

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

45K

C9BEFB#X@S>BE:@#=>a>D#DB;<;# $Ga>=BE# =B;<; $Ga>=<J#=@R@#D<#=@:@=BR@H#<=F9HFG<#B:#D<#"RM^ E>=<# !:<# ;B# H9# F>BRI@L &BDH@:#BHF<S<#>:FBEBH<;@#B:#C@EF#C9B^ E<# :B=BH<E>@J# D<# P@=>B;<;# $Ga>=<# B:# "RME>=<# !:<J# ;@:;B BHF<SDB=>?# <:j?:# (@=ABCBDDBE# N# D@H# X@^ S>BE:@H#:<=>@:@#;BH<EE@DD<E BD#X@S>BE:@#=>a>D#B:#!:@=<#I<E<#W9B#RB;><E<#B:FEB#D@H X@S>BE:@H# u<# RB:9;@# F@;@H# <9F@E>F<E>@Hu# N# H9H# c=>9;<;<:@HfJ W9>B:BH# XB:BE<S<:# B:# W9B# BD# X@S>BE:@# HB# U>^ =>BE<# EBHI@:H<SDB# ;B# D@H# HBEa>=>@H# SkH>=@HL "# C>:# ;B# BE:@H# <# @EX<:>j<E# D<# =F<^ =>?:#FM=:>=<J#D<#>:aBHF>X<=>?:#N#D@H#HBEa>=>@HJ#&BDH@:#C9B#9:@#;B W9>B:BH# B:=<SBj<E@:# BD# BHF<SDB=>R>B:F@# ;B# D<# ")"J# =@:HF>F9>;< B:# &9Ba<# 1@EA# B:# <X@HF@# ;B# 6Kp[L# %D# $@:HBh@# +>EB=F>a@# ;B# D< ")"#HB#B:C@=?#B:#BD#D@XE@#;B#FEBH#@ShBF>a@He#6Z#BDBa<E#BD#BHFk:;<E ;B#a>;<#;B#R>DD@:BH#;B#IBEH@:?:J#:=EBRB:F<E#D<#IE@;9==>?:J#<#FE?:# ;B# D<# I<EF>=>I<=>?:# <=F>a<# ;B# DHR;@# <# DCG=>DBH HB=9BD=;B:FB# 'E9R<:# ;BHBE<:# <# "RME>=<# !:<# I<E<# B:C@^ =<EHB# IE>:=>IRIB;>E# D<# B_I<:H>?:# ;B# D<# UBXBR@:G<# H@a>MF>=^ X9>B:FBJ# B:# 6KpY# &BDH@:# DB# I>;>?# <# D<# )b%$# W9B# ;>BE<# D@H# IE>^ RBE@H# IX:<=>?:# ;B# HFB:=><# IE>a<;<# BHF<;@^ 9:>;B:HB# I<E<# C@RB:F<E# BD# ;BH<EE@DD@# ;B# "RME>=<# !:HFBR<# ;B# EB;BH# 9:>aBEH>F<E>DJ# $@HF<# (>=<# N# "EXB:F>:?:# (@=ABCBDDBE C>:<:=>B:F@# I<E<# <E# FM=:>=@H# B_^ K#

$<EE@DD# 7b@<E;R<:8# V6KKKe# =F# C@9:;@:H FE<>:# !:# "RBE>=<:# HIB=>HFHfJ# IL# 646ZL

Capítulo 3.pmd

359

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4[\

IBEF@H# BHF<;@9:>;B:HBH# <# "RME>=<# !:<# V'@9EFBDD@FJ# 6K[pZL !@H#IE>:=>Ia@H#N#FB=:@D?X>=@H#C9BE@:#>:>^ =><;@H# B:# OB:Bj9BD<J# bEDJ# $U>DB# N# $@HF<# (>=ERB =@:a>==>?:# ;B# W9B# F<# < BHF@H# I?:# (@=ABCBDDBE# @F@EX?# C>:<:=>B:F@ <#D<# ")"#I<E<#W9B#U>=>BE<#9:#BHC9BEj@#=@:=BEF<;@#B:#IE@XEaBEH>F<E>@H#N#;B#SB=BE<:#BD#=EB=>R>B:F@#B=@:?^ R>=@# H@HFB:>;@# =@:# SF;B:HBHJ# EBHIRIDG=>FXR<# (@HF@d ;B# ;BH<EE@DD@# :@# =@R9:>HF<# IEBaB:FB# V(@HF@dJ# 6K[\ZL6\ !<# ")"# DDBa?# <# =<S@# ;>=U@H# IE@NB=F@H# HFBRF@# I<E<# D@H# =:@HJ# C>:<:=><:^ ;@# D<# >:aBHF>X<=>?:# N# D<# B_FB:H>?:# <XEG=@D<J# ?:# E9E@L 'M:#I<EF>=>I<S<#B:#D<#=@D@:>j<=>?:#B:#OB:Bj9BD<J#RI@EF<=>?:# ;B# FB=:@D@XG<# I<E<# >:=EBRB:F<E# D<# IE@;9=^ =>?:# ;B# RB:F@HL &BDH@:#H>BRIEB#FE:=9D<E#H9H#IE@NB=F@H#<#DBE<:# DDBa<E# <# =<S@# H9H# @SE?J# I@E =>E=9:HF<:=>HF?E>=F:=>I>@H# ;B# D<# ;M=<;< ;B#D@H#HBHB:F<# I<E<# BD# +BH<EE@DD@# ):FBE:<=>@:XD:XDMHZ# ;B# %HF<;@H# -:>;@H# I<E<# ;BH<EE@DD<E# D< I<EFB# BHFB# ;B# bED# B:# D@H# BHF<;@H# ;B# Po@# `<9D@# N# Q@>kHJ ;@:;B# D<# ")"# U<SG<# ;BFBER>:<;@# W9B# I@;G<:# BHF<SDB=BEHB# a<^ E>@H#R>DD@:BH#;B#CD>=9DF9E<#RB=<^ :>j<;<J#BD#=@RBE=>@#N#D<#>:;9HFE><#B:#C@ER<#I<E3< &'**%.3<J# BH# ;B=>EJ# F>BEEBEFE=9:;<;;B<#BE<#B_IBE>RB:F<E#=@:#CBEF>D>j<:FBH#;B#C?HC@E@#N#=E#DBEEa><E#?:#=EB=>B:FB#I@E#@SFB:BE^ DB:FE?:# =EB=G<# B:# bEDL 6\

# OMM:# $@@RSH# V6K[pZJ# W9>B:# B_:<# ;B# W9M# R<:BE< Da>;<;BH# C>D<:FE?I>=;B:HBH# C9BE<# ;B# %HF<;@H -:>;@H# HR@L

Capítulo 3.pmd

360

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

4[6

`<E<# DDBa<E# <# =<S@# BD# IE@NB=F@# ;B# =;#EBW9>E>BE@:#;B#H9#H9SH>;><E>@#;B#D<# ")"J#BD#):HF>F9^ F@#;B#):aBHF>X<=>@:BH#)b%$#V)()J#I@E#H9H#H>XD:XDMHZL#"9:W9B U<SG<:#HBI<E<;@#B:#6K5Y#BD# )()#F<:F@#;B#D<# ")"#=@R@#;B#D<# )b%$ I<E<#W9B#C9BE<#9:<#B:F>;<;#D#N#H>Ea>BE<#=@R@#D< /,!`# W9B# I9;>BE<# ;BR@HFE<E# D<# I@H>S>D>;<;# ;B# XB:BE<E# EBX<^ DGE>X>E# >:aBHF>X<=>@:BH# ;BD# F>I@# /P,!`J# BHF<S<# =D<E@ W9B#:@#@CEB=G<#X<:<:=><#@:<EHB Sj@# I;@H#FB:;EG<:#W9B#HBI<E<E#BD# )()#;B#D<# ")"#I<E<#C>E^ R<E#9:#=@:FE;B:HB# ")+J#BD# )()#E@RI>?#=@: D<# ")"L P>:# BRS<EX@J# HR@# F>BRI@J# ,E<:=>H=@# T9Do@# BHF<S< @EX<:>j<:;@#H9#!>X<#;B#$:@H#W9B#:a@:BH# ;B# F>BEEDJ# N# D< BHF<;@9:>;B:HB# ")+J# FBR>B:;@# W9B# U9S>BE<# >:BHF<S>D>;<;# I@^ DGF>=<J# EBF>E?# H9# R@# R>:9F@L# $9<:;@# D<# ")+# HB C9B# EBF>E<:;@# I<9D:B;<;J# =@:# D<# ")"# B: C@:<;@H# BHFEB=U<:j< I<E<# BD# `E@XEBH@J# &BDH@:# N# +;# HB# ;>BE@:# =9B:F<# ;B# W9B# :@ I@;G<:# =@RIBF>E# =@:# D<# B:@ERB# <=9R9D<=>?:# ;B# C@:;@H# ;B# D< "D><:j<#N#B:#6K[n#HB#=BEE?#BD#FBD?:#H@SEB#D<# ")"#N#D<# )b%$J#=@: D@# W9B# FBER>:<E@:# ]]# :FB:F@H# ;B# U<=BE# <9F@H@HFB:>^ SDBH# D@:BH# ;B# DD>j<:;@# HB:H:FB:F@# I@E# HG# R>HR@# ;BC>:>?# D<# >;B<# >RIDG=>F<# ;BD c=@E@D<E>@# (@=ABCBDDBEfL !"# (%O/!-$).&# O%(+%# $/2/# !%Q"+/# +%# !" , -&+"$).& # ( /$0%,%!!%( %:FEB# F<:F@J# =@R@# UBR@H# @SHBEa<;@# B:# D<# a>H>?:# XB:BE:aBHF>X<=>?:# <XEG=@D<# B:# 2M_>=@ ;B# D<# ,9:;<=>?:# (@=ABCBDDBE# U<SG<# =@:F>:9<;@# ;BH;B# 6Kp4J# N ;Bh?# ;>a>;B:;@H# h9X@H@H# B:# D<# ;M=<;<# ;B# D@H# HBHB:F
Capítulo 3.pmd

361

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4[]

%D# =B:FE@# ;B# >:aBHF>X<=>@:BHJ# ?#=9<:;@#BD#a>=BIEBH>;B:FB#;B#%HF<;@H#-:>;@HJ#qB:EN#sHF>?# B:# 6Kp\# <# D<# =BEBR@:><# ;B# F@R<# ;B# I@HBH>?:# ;BD IEBH>;B:FB# 2<:9BD# va>D<# $HF< =@:#BD#HB:FB#!kj<E@#$kE;B:@#;B#"XE>^ =9DF9E<J# 2<EFB# (L# Q?RBjJ# MHF@H# DB# I>;>BE@:# <# s=@# <# HE# ;B# D<# =E>H>H# W9B# a>aG<# BD# I?:# ;B# RX@# <# =<9H<# ;BD# Bh>;@L# P9I9BHF;@# U<SG<# cCD@EB=>;@f# ;9E<:FB# BD# X@S>BE:@# ;BD# IEBH>;B:FB# $kE^ ;B:CBEB:FBL# $kE;B::a>F<E@:#<#s=@#N#<#a>H>F<E#BD =H=9F>EJ# B:FEB# @FE@H# FBRB:=><# =@R@# B_# HB=EBF<E>@# ;B# "XE>=9DF9E<# ;B# %HF<;@H# -:>;@HL sRIEBH>@:<;@#I@E#D<#9EXB:FB#:B=BH>;<;#;B EBH@DaBE# D<# =E>H>H# B:# D<# IE@;9==>?:# @=@:<;<# I@E# BD# C

;@ H>HFBR<# Bh>;X@H# ;B# D9;<;BH# ;B# s:XF@:# N# &9Ba<# 1@EAL66 s?#=@:#&BDH@:#(@=ABCBDDBEJ#W9>B:#=@R@#hBCB ;B#D<# /)""#BHF<S<#;BHB@H@#;B#DDBa<E#<#=<S@#D<#cI@DGF>=<#;BD#S9B: aB=>:@f# ;BD# IEBH>;B:FB# (@@HBaBDFL# %:# R<Ej@# ;B# 6Kp6J# D<# /)"" =@@E;>:?#D<#X>E<#I@E#"RME>=<#!:<#;B#sH<E# D@H# EB=9EH@H# I<E<# D<# IE@;9==>?:# ;B# RB:F@H# ;B# 2M_>=@J DDBX?#<#D<#=@:=D9H>?:#;B#W9BJ#cH>#BE<#>:=EBRB:F<E#BD#EB:^ ;>R>B:F@# I@E# UB=FkEB<# ;B# Rh@D# B:# 2M_>=@J# =@:FE>S9>EG< RkH# B:BHF<E# H@=>=>;<;# ;B# H9# XB:FB# W9B =9BE# @FE@# C<=F@E# W9B# I9;>BE<# HBE# >;B<;@f# V,@H;>=AJ# 6K5]e 6np^6n5ZJ#N#&BDH@:#BHF<S<#D>HF@#I<E<#>:aBEF>E#B:#RBE@J# B:# 6Kp6J# =@:# BD# j?# D<# =EB<=>?:# ;BD# ):HF>F9F@# I<E<# D<# "XE>=9DF9E<# 'E@I>=XD:XDMHZ# I<E<# =@@E;>:<E# D<# >:aBHF>X<=>?: =>B:FGC>=<# B:# BD# UBR>HCBE>@# @==>;B:F:=>I
# &@ER<:# %L# b@ED<9X# B:# B:FEBa>HFHF@E><# @EDA>BJ# 2M_>=@J# +L,LJ# h9D>@# ;B# 6KKKL 6] #%HF<#@EX<:>j<=>?:#C9B#BHF<SDB=>;<#I@E#HBI<E<;@#=@R@#9:<# /&Q/Q IlSD>=<#BHF<;@9:>;B:HBJ#D><;<#<#D<# /)""#;B#(@=ABCBDDBEL#%HF
Capítulo 3.pmd

362

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

4[4

;BD# )'"#BE<#=EB<E#9:#:9Ba@#):HF>F9F@#):FBE=<:@#;B#$>B:=>< "XEG=@DF@# =@RIDBF@J# N# <# C>:;B:FB# 'E9R<:# DB# I9H@# C>:# ?:# (@=ABCBDDBE# D< IBF>=>?:# ;B# sX@f#B:#2M_>=@L#PB#=@:F<S<#=@:#BD#?:J#D< =9?#<#2M_>=@#B:#6Kp4#=>BE<# =<EX@# ;B# D<# /C>=>:<# ;B# %HF9;>@H# %HIB=>=9DF9E<#;B#2M_>^ =@L# q<EE<E# EB=D9F?# <# 9:# SE>DD<:FB# BW9>I@# ;B# >:aBHF>X<;@EBHe# BD ;@=F@E# %;d>:# sBDDU<9HB:# I<E<# ;BH<EE@DD<E# BD# R=<:@J LLLC9B# 9:<# BHFE9=F9E<# DBX=<# 9F>D>j<;<# I@E# &BDH@:# ;9E<:FB# D< HBX9:;<# X9BEE<# R9:;>F>?# =<:j<E# C@:;@H# ;BD ,@:;@#%RBEXB:FB#,B;BE:X# FUB# HBB;H# @C# FUB# QEBB:# (Ba@D9F>@:e 'UB#I>a@F=@#<:;#>:FBE:@:F#@EX<:>j@:H ID:# R:X# S>@FB=U:@D@XN# <:# >RI@EF<:F# C@EB>X:# I@D>=N# >HH9B C@E# FUB# ]6HF# =B:F9ENfJ# I9SD>=<=>?:# T'=# ;B# `(/,2%wJ# V'W,&3# %(. )C'# T3*+.J# 66# V<X@HF@# ;B# 6KKKZJ# dddLIE@CRB_L=@RJ# :@F<# 6[L 64 # !<# /)""# E# D@H# =@HF@H# >:>=>?:L# %D# IEBH9I9BHF@# IBER<:B:FB# ;B# D<# @EX<:>j<=>?: C9B# BRSE@H# ;B# D<# -:>?:# `<:=<:<J ;B# <=9BE;@# =@:# BD# FE<SF<;@# B:# D<# :@F<# IEBa><J# :@F<# 6YL 6p # $<EE@DDJ# B:# BD# R>HR@# FE<S;@e# c%D ):HF>F9F@# I<E<# D<# "XE>=9DF9E<# 'E@I>=?:# `<:^ =<:<# VIEB=9EH@E<# ;B# D<# /EX<:>j<=>?:# ;B# D@H# %HF<;@H# "RBE>=<:@HZ <=@E;<E@:#=@:HFE9>E#9:#>:HF>F9F@#;B#>:aBHF>X<=>@:BH#B:#$@HF<#(>=?:# EBFE:<=>?:# ;BD IE@NB=F@# U:j<=>?:# ;B# D<# HBX9:;<# X9BEE< R9:;>;B:FB#q<EEN#'E9R<: U<SG<#I9BHF@#C>:#<#D@H#IE@NB=F@H#;B#D<# /)""#N#=BEE<;@#BHF<#<XB:=>< ;B# F>BRI@H# ;B# X9BEE:# BE:@# ;B# %HF<;@H# -:>;@HJ BD#B:F9H>@;@# 6K5n^6K[\J# D@H# ;MC>=>F# IEBH9I9BHF:aBHF>X<=>@:BH# ;BD# >:HF>F9F@# <# S9H=<E# C9B:FBH# B_FBE::<:=>B:F@# ;B# @EX<:>j<=>@:BH# =@R@# D<# ")"# ;B# &BDH@:# N# D< ";R>:>HFE<=>?:# I<E<# D<# $@@IBE<=>?:# ):FBE:<=>@:<:j<#I<E<#BD#`E@XEBH@#;BD IEBH>;B:FB# 0B::B;N# EBH9=>F?# :HF>F9F@# R>B:FE@H# IE@^ XEB:=>
Capítulo 3.pmd

363

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4[p

BD# ;@=F@E# &@ER<:# b@ED<9X# I<E<# BD# ;BH<EE@DD@# ;BD# FE>X@# N# BD ;@=F@E# T@U:# &>B;BEU<9HBE# I<E<# W9B# ;BH<EE@DD<E<# D<# IRBE@H#M_>F@H#I<E<#D@H#=9DF>a@H#;B RDD@:BH#;B#2M_>=@#N#DDDa@# ;B# ID<:FDD<# W9B I9;>BE<# IE@HIBE<E# B:# F@;@:BH# ;B# 2M_>=@L# "HGJ b@ED<9X# =EB?# :9Ba@H# UGSE>;@H# C9BEFBH# N# IE@;9h@# EB:;>R>B:F@H RkH# EE>X<=>?:# N# D<# R<W9>:<E><# <XEG=@Dj@#XE<:;BH#IE@XEBH@H#B:#D<#;M=<;<#;B#D@H#=>:^ =9B:F<#N#=@:FE>S9N?#<#W9B#2M_>=@#B_I@EF<E<#D<#EBa@D9=>@:<E>< HBR>DD<# RB_>=<:<# <# ):;><# N# `HFk:# I<E<# =@RSE# D<# U<;@H# ;B# D@H# HBHB:F^ R>B:F@# ;BD# FE>X@# B:# 2M_>=@J# MHFB# ID@XE?:#W9B#DD@:BH#;B#F@:BD<;=DA>BJ# 6Knpe# 4\\ZL %:# =9<:F@# <# D<# EBHI@:H<S>D>;<;# ;BD# $)221'# ;B# RBh@E<E D<# IE@;9==>?:# ;B# R=@J# D@H# EBH9DF<;@H# :@# C9BE@: F<:# :@F@E>@H# I@EW9B# BE<# >RI@H>SDB# DDBX<E# <# D@H# Bh>;@H# H>: =@:F<E#=@:#9:<#;BIB:;B:=><#;B#B_FB:H>?:#<XEG=@D<#W9B#I9;>B^ E<# R@HFE<EDBH# DS>D>;<;BH# W9B# FB:;EG<:# W9>B:BH# <;@IF<^ E<:#DDD:#BRS<EX@J IR>B:F@# ;B# Y5\# AXgU<# B:# 6Kpn# <# 6# 54\ AXgU<# B:# 6Kn\J# =@:# D@# W9B# HB# ?:# ;B ]LY# R>DD@:BH# ;B# F@:BD<;=DA>BJ# 6Knpe# 4\6ZL65# %D XE<:# <;BD<:F@# W9B# EBIEBHB:F?# BD# ;BH<EE@DD@# ;B# 9:<# :9Ba<# HB^ R>DD<#;B#R;<;#F<E;<EG<#;M=<;EG< CE9F@H#B:#6KKKL#%HFB#:9Ba@#F>I@#;B#RD#;B#;>XBE>EJ#BH#D<#S?: OBE;B# B:# RB:F@H# SkH>=@H# I<E<# D@H# I@SEBHL $@:# EBHIB=F@# <# D<# I=@# BD# EB:;>R>B:F@# I
Capítulo 3.pmd

#!<#=>CE<#;B#6Kpn#BH#BD#IE@RB;>@#;B#6Kpn^6K5]L

364

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

4[5

;9==>?:# F@FDD@:BH# ;B# F@:BD<;=DA>BJ# 6Knpe# 4\5ZL6[ %HF@H# D@XE@HJ# BHIB=>X@J# R<E=<E@:# BD# =@^ R>B:j@# ;B# D@# W9B# N@# DDRBE<# C?: OBE;B# B:# RB:F@H# SkH>=@HJ# I@E# D<# =9@#&@SBD#;B#D<#`<j#B:#6KY\L#!<#IE>RBE<#C?:# ;B# D@H# <;BD<:F@H# ;BD# $)221'# N# H9# R@;BD@# I<E< D@XE<E# D@H# H>X9>B:FBH# EBH9DF<;@He 6L `<E<# BD# R9:;@# B:# ;BH<EE@DD@J# B:FEB# 6K5\# N# 6Kn\J# D< IE@;9==>?:# ;B# RB:F@H# <9RB:F?# 4# I@E# =>B:F@# <:9R<# ;B# D<# FR>B:F@# ;B# D<# I@SD<=>?:L ]L %:#2M_>=@J#B:FEB#6Kp\#N#6K[\#HB#FE>ID>=?#D<#IE@;9==>?: ;B# RM:# B:# 2M_>=@J# D<# IE@;9==>?:# ;B# FE>X@# HB# =9<;E9^ ID>=?# B:FEB# 6K5\# N# 6KY\L pL %:# ):;><# D<# IE@;9==>?:# ;B# FE>X@# HB# FE>ID>=?# B:FEB# 6K[Y N# 6KK]L 5L %:# ,>D>I>:?:# ;B# <EE@j# HB# ;9ID>=?# B:FEB 6K[\# N# 6Kn\L 6Y !@H# FE>9:C@H# ;BD# $)221'# :@# U<:# H>;@# Ck=>DBH# <# =<9H<# ;B D:9:FBE:<=>@::<:=>B:F@# N D@H# IE@SDBR=@H# ;B# 2M_>=@L6n %D# $)221'#D@XE?#H9#<9F@:@RG<#;BD#X@S>BE:@#RB_>=<:@#B: 6K[[J#I<E<#=@:aBEF>EHB#B:#9:<# /P,!`#;B#>:aBHF>X<=>?:#N#=F<=>?:# =>B:FGC>=<# >:FBE:<=>@::<:=><;
#X=J." # $@:d@:fJ# $3<# 7(H'+'<# U,D 8'<J#]]#;B#;>=>BRSEB#;B#6KKYJ#IL#6YL 6n #b9B:<#I<EFB#;B#D<#U>HF@E><#;B#D@H#=@H#;B#:@RSEB#S9E@=EkF>=@H BH#=@:F<;<#B:#BD#<EFG=9D@#;B#&@ER<:#%L#b@ED<9X#cq>HF@EN#@C#FUB#/CC>^ =B#@C#PIB=>BH#CE@R#6Kp4#F@#6K[\#@C#FUB#):HF>F9F@#&<=>@:X<=>@:BH# "XEG=@DF9F@# &<=>@:X<=>@:BH# ,@EBHF=<;@#B:#6KnYL#OMRRNFL R_# @# dddL=>RRNFL=X><EL@EXL 6K# (B>RIEBH@#B:#+>D#V6KKYZL 6Y

Capítulo 3.pmd

365

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4[[

2>B:FE?# BD# ;B^ H<EE@DD@# ;B# H9# c%HFE<# I<E<# D<# =@:W9>HF<# ;BD# U?# H9# R@;BD@# I<E<# =EB<E# BD# QE9I@# $@:H9DF>a@# ):FBE:<=>@^ :X<=>@:BH# "XEG=@DXD:^ XDMHZJ#I<E<#a>:=9D<E#D@#W9B#DDBX<EG<:#<#HBE#6[#=B:FE@H#;B#>:aBH^ F>X<=>?:# <XEG=@D<# V>:=D9>;@# BD# ;B# 2M_>=@Z# B:# I:B:FBHJ#=@R@#HB#R9BHFE<#B:#BD#=9<;E@#4L6L %D# C>:<:=>B:F@# I<E<# BD# $Q)"(# =@EE>?# <# =<EX@# ;B# D@:BH# (@=ABCBDDBE# N# ,@E;J# BD# b<:=@# ):FBE=<:@# ;B +BH<EE@DD@J# BD# b<:=@# ;B# +BH<EE@DD@# "CE>=<:@J# BD# ,@:;@# vE<SB I<E<#BD#+BH<EE@DD@#%=@:?R>=@#N#P@=>kF>=@J# D<# $@R>H>?:# %9E@IB<# N# D@H# I;<;BH# ;BD# $Q)"(L (B=>B:FBRB:FB#BD# $)221'#HB#9:>?#=@:#,9F9EB#q<EaBHFJ#9:< /P,!`# ;B# %HF<;@H# -:>;@H# W9B# H>EaB# =@R@# RB=<:>HR@# XB:BE:<:=>B:F@# I<E<# F@;@H# D@H# =B:FE@H# $Q)"(L]\# ";BRkH# ;B EB=>S>E# ;@:<=>@:BH# BHF<;@9:>;B:HBH# ;B;9=>SDBH# ;B# >RI9BH^ F@H#W9B#FEB:F@# ;B# =<;<# aB:F:l<# C9:X>B:;@# =@R@# D<# HB;B# R9:;>:=9D<# 55# I<;@HJ# @EX<:>j<=>@:BH# >:FBE^ :<=>@:@:@:BH# IE>a<;:<;@# I@E# BD# b<:=@# 29:;>HR@H# ;B# D<# /&VD<#/EX<:>j<=>?:#;B#D@:BH#-:>;=9DF9E<#N D<# "D>RB:F<=>?:# 7,"/8J# BD# `E@XE@:BH# -:>;@:BH#-:>;@# "RS>B:FBZL 'EF@# ;BD# $)221'# N# BD# $Q)"(# B:# BD# <9RB:F@# ;B# D< =;<;# IE@;9=F>a<# <XEG=@D<# ;B# I=@H# N# B:# D<# IE@a>H>?:# <# SRB:F@H# ;B# ;<;#I<E<#D@H#I@SEBHJ#HB#U<:#IEBHB:F<;@#FM:#IE@SDBR
# dddLC9F9EBU<EaBHFL@EXg<S@9Fg;@:HF<J# aM<EL@EXen\g>:;B_LUFRL ]6

Capítulo 3.pmd

366

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

Capítulo 3.pmd

367

1

Las del CIMMYT son las únicas siglas que corresponden al idioma español, las demás representan los nombres en inglés. Fuente: www.cgiar.org/chron.htm, y entrevistas en el CIMMYT , julio de 1999.

Fusiones en 1994: INIBAP se fusiona con el IPGRI. Se crea el Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones del Ganado (ILRI) al fusionarse el ILCA y el ILRAD

1977 (1991) 1984 (1991) 1977 (1992) 1984 (1992) 1993 (1993)

Fundados o adoptados por el CGIAR para fortalecer su misión, 1991-1993 ICRAF, Centro Internacional para la Investigación en Agrosilvicultura IWMI, Instituto Internacional para el Manejo del Agua ICLARM, Centro Internacional para la Administración de Recursos Acuáticos Vivos INIBAP, se fusiona con el Instituto Internacional de Recursos Genéticos de las Plantas (IPGRI), de Roma, en 1994 CIFOR, Centro para la Investigación Forestal Internacional

Nairobi, Kenia, 1994

Nairobi, Kenia Colombo, Sri Lanka Manila, Filipinas Montpellier, Francia Bogor, Indonesia

Hyderabad, India Lima, Perú Nairobi, Kenia Addis Abeba, Etiopía Roma, Italia Bouaké, Costa de Marfil Alepo, Siria La Haya, Holanda Washington, D.C., Estados Unidos

1972 (1972) 1970 (1973) 1973 (1973) 1974 (1974) 1974 (1974) 1970 (1975) 1975 (1975) 1980 (1980) 1978 (1980)

Sede Los Baños, Filipinas México, D.F. Cali, Colombia

Fundación (unión con el CGIAR) 1960 (1971) 1966 (1971) 1967 (1971)

CGIAR

Miembros originales del sistema, fundados antes del CGIAR: IRRI, Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones del Arroz CIMMYT,1 Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo IITA, Instituto Internacional de Agricultura Tropical Fundados o adoptados por el CGIAR para ampliar el sistema, después de 1971 ICRISAT, Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones de las Cosechas para los Trópicos Semiáridos CIP, Centro Internacional de la Papa ILRAD, se fusionó con el ILCA para llegar a ser el Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones del Ganado (ILRI) en 1994 ILCA, se fusionó con el ILRAD para formar el Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones del Ganado (ILRI) en 1994 IPGRI, Instituto Internacional para los Recursos Genéticos Vegetales WARDA, Asociación para el Desarrollo del Cultivo del Arroz en África Occidental ICARDA, Centro Internacional para Investigaciones Agrícolas en Zonas Áridas ISNAR, Servicio Internacional para las Investigaciones Agrícolas Nacionales IFPRI, Instituto Internacional de Investigación sobre Políticas Alimentarias

Nombre

Cuadro 3.1 Cronología de los centros

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&" 4[Y

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4[n

`(/b!%2"P# %&$"("+/P# `/(# %!# $)221'# 1 %!# $Q)"(# +%P+%# 6KK\ %D# IE>RBE# IE@SDBR<# BH# D<# =EGF>=<# D<:j<;<# I@E# D@H# DD?:# R9:;>RB:F@H# R<:FB:X<# H9# :=<# BD>R>:<:;@# IBHF>=>;=>;=>;a@# ;B# CBEF>D>j<:FBHJ# S>?F>=@H# N# U@E^ R@::>HFE@# ;B# RB:F@HL]4# "DX9:@H# <:HFa<#N#'@R#b<EENJ#=@:H>;B^ E<:#W9B#F@;<#D<#(Ba@D9=>?:#OBE;B#U<#H>;@#9:#CE<=a<J#W9>B:#EBH9RB#S>B:#BD#I9:F@#;B#a>HF<#B_FEBR@J#D< (Ba@D9=>?:# OBE;B# U<# =<9H<;@# D<# EB;9==>?:# ;B# D<# ;>aBEH>;<; XB:MF>=<J# >:=EBRB:F<;@# D<# a9D:BE<S>D>;<;# <# D?:# ;B# H9BD@Hm# U<# EB;9=>;@# D<# CBEF>D>;<;# ;B# MHF@H# N# @=<^ H>@:<;@#;BC>=>B:=>=E@:9FE>B:FBHJ#BH=?:# B:# D<# ;>HI@:>S>D>;<;# ;B# =@HB=URB:F@H# :9^ FE>F>a@H# I<E<# D<# I@SD<=>?:# D@=B:F@# ;B# XE<:;BH =<:F>;<;BH# ;B# =:@H# ;B# H9H# F>BEER>B:F@ E9EB:FBH# FB:H>@:BH# N# =@:CD>=F@H# B:FEB# BDD@HL]p PBXl:#b<EENJ#W9>B:#FM:#U<SD<#B:#:@RSEB#;B#9:#XE<: XE9I@#;B#>:FBDB=F9=@HJ#2M_>=@#@CEB=B#9:#=@e#<#IBH<E#;B#D<#XE<:#IE@;9==>?:#;B#FE>X@#B:#D<#;M=<^ ;<#;B#D@H#HBFB:F<J#=9<:;@#BD#IRI@EF<E#BHFB#=BEB:@H# ;BD# Ia@# I<E<# ;B;>^ =<EHB#<#D@H#;B#B_I@EF<=>?:#Ng@#<#D<#IE@;9==>?:#;B#H@EX@L#b<EEN ER<# W9B# BHF<# R@;BE:>j<=>?:# IE@a@=?# 9:<# ;BIB:;B:=><# =EB^ =>B:FB# ;BD# =FRI@EF<=>?:# ;B RB:F@H#N#D<#c<;@I=>?:#XB:BEj<;<#;B#D@H#R@;BD@H#;B#=@:^ H9R@# D@# BHF<;@9:>;B:HBJ# >:=D9NB:;@# D<# =@RIE<# ;B# RkH RB:F@H# IE@=BH<;@Hf# Vb<EENJ# 6KK5e# 4]ZL ]4

# `<E<# 9:<# ;>H=9H>?:# H@SEB# ;>=U@H# IE@SDBR=9DF9EB <:;# FB=U:@D@XN# H9EaBNfJ# UC'# ;&3(38,<)J# ]4# ;B# R<Ej@# ;B# ]\\\L ]p# O<:;<:<#PU>a<J#c'UB#a>@DB:=B#@C#FUB#QEBB:#(Ba@D9F>@:L#%=@D@X>=@:#<:;#I@D>F>==F#>:#`9:h<SfJ# UC'#;&3+3H,<)J#6KK6J IL#]6L

Capítulo 3.pmd

368

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

4[K

P>:#BRS<EX@J#BHF@H#=EGF>=@H#:@#I<EB=B:#BHF<E#=@:H=>B:FBH ;B# W9B# =E>F>=<:# D<# IE>RBE<# C?:# OBE;B# :># ;B W9B# D<# HBX9:;<# CB:B# B:# =:@L# !<# HBX9:;<# CE>X>;<# <# B:=@:FE<E# DR>:<E# @# EB;9=>E# D@H IE@SDBR;B:F>C>=<;@H# I@E# PU>a<# N# b<EENJ# W9>B:BH# :@# U<: B:FB:;>;@# W9B# D<# D>HF<# ;B# B:FBH# W9B# U<:# B:<E^ S@D<;@# :9:=<# U<# =@EEBHI@:;>;@# <# F@;@H# D@H# IE@;9=F@EBHL# 2B^ h@E# U9S>BE<:# ;>=U@# W9B# D<# RI@H# ;B# IE@SDBR@:<;@H# =@:# BD 9H@# B_=BH>a@# ;B# CBEF>D>j<:FBH# @# =@:# BD# ;B:FI@# ;B# IE@SDBRHF>=<;@# N# RBH9E<;@# BH# BD# ;B# 2<E= !FF# b<>DBNJ# W9>B:BH# aB:# BD# FE<S=< ;B# D# U9S>BE<# H>;@ BD# <:FG;@F@# ;B# D<# >:XB:>BEG<# XB:MF>=<# ;B# DI=>?:#@EF@;@_<#;B#D;=<#=@R@#H>#C9BE<:8#R<E^ DDB:FGC>=:FE@;9=>;@H#;B#R<:BE<#BHF<SDBL 7%D8# IE@SDBR<# I@FB:=>I9D<;@H# D@H XB:BH#IEBH9R>SDBRB:FB#=9D<EBHL `BE@#R9=U@H#XB:BH#;B#DB;<;#;B BCB=F@H# VDD@FE@IG@H B:#D<#C@ER<#N#D<#C9:=>?:#EBH9DF<:#;B#D<#>:HBE=>?:#;B#9:#H@D@ XB:L 7P>:#BRS<EX@8J#D=a@#FE<;>=>@:;BE<=>?:#Fa@H#FE<:HXM:>=@H#VW9B#<#RB:9;@#HB#EBj<:#;BHI9MH#;B#W9B HB#=@HB=U<#H?D@#9:<#I<E=BD<#;B#IE9BSa@H#;B#=@HB^ =U=>@:;@#R9=U@#RkH#FB;>@H@Hx#<#RB:9;@ <S<E=<:#;B#FEBH#<#=9@:BH#;B#=9DF>a@L#7`@E#D@#F<:F@ D9BX@8#C9BE@:#>:FE@;9=>;B;<^ ;BHJ#;B#DX@#B:<:@#;B#&@ER<:#b@ED<9X#BH#H?D@#9: BhBRID@L

Capítulo 3.pmd

369

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4Y\

-&# $"P/# +% # %P'-+)/# `(%b)/'%$&/!.Q)$/ b@ED<9XJ#9:#=E><;@E#;B#ID<:F@:B:F@#;B#2X@#V$)221'ZJ#B:#D9;<; ;B#2M_>=@J#=9DF>a?#9:<#:@F<SDB#a<E>B;<;#;B#FE>X@#B:#D:=9B:F<#N#HBHB:F<#B:#H9H#BHC9BEj@H#I@E#>:=EBRB:F<E#BD EB:;>R>B:F@#;B#D@H#=BEBRIDBH#>:=EB^ RB:F@H#B:#BD#:>FE?XB:@#;BD#H9BD@J#HR@#F>BRI@#W9B#BHF>^ R9D<:#BD#=EB=>R>B:F@#;BD#FE>X@J#FM:#IE@;9=B:#9:<#ID<:F< I@=@#R<:Bh<SDB#R9N#a@H#N B_I9BHF<#<#D@H#;B:F@#@#BD#cB:F@fJ#;@:;B#HB R<E=U>F<EG<#D<#ID<:F<#BHF>R9D<;<#I<E<#BD#=EB=>R>B:F@L#$@: RMF@;@H#;B#=9DF>a@#S>B:#I@:;BE<;@H#B#>:FE@XEBH>?:J#b@ED<9X >:FE@;9h@#=@:#M_>F@#9:#cXB:#B:<:@f#;B#9:<#a<E>B;<;#DD<#6\L ">HD<;@#@E>X>::@H#;B#T:FE@;9=>;@#B:#2M_>=@#I@E#=:@H#:a@H#< C>:XD@#w)w#N#IE>:=>I>@H#;BD#H>XD@#wwL#%D#EB:;>R>B:F@#;BD FE>X@#HB#R9DF>ID>=?#I@E#FEBHL#b@ED<9X#H>RIDBRB:FB#FE<:HC>E>? BHFB#EHFB:FB#VB:#EB;<;#9:#XE9I@#;B#XB:BH#BHFEB=U<^ RB:FB#a>:=9D<;@HZ#<#9:<#a<E>B;<;#R@;BE:<#;B#FE>X@J#;k:;@DB ;<;#;B#=EB=BE#B:#=@:;>=>@:BH#RkH#;9E@^ ;@H#;B#=EB=>R>B:F@#RkH#=@EF@H#W9B#<:FBHL#+B#<=9BE;@#=@:#9: E?F9D@#=@D@=<;@#B:#BD#$)221'J#c6\\#R>DD@:BH#;B#a>;;@ H<#6\fLLL !@H#XB:BH#BDBX>;@H#I<E<#BD#;>HBr@#H@:#H@SEB#F@;@#R9N#;>CB^ EB:FBH#;BD#&@E><#6\#;B#b@ED<9XL#%:#D9X<E#;B#SD@W9BH#;B#XB:BH W9B#>:=EBRB:FB:#BD#EB:;>R>B:F@#@#RBh@EB:#D<#BC>=>B:=><#7=@R@ B:#BD#=B;<;BH#XB:MF>=;HBr<;=<J =@R@#D<#EBH>HFB:=><#=>;<x !<#=9BHF>?:#=DB;<;BH#XB:MF>=HBr<;#I@;Ek#@#:@#7BD#F>I@#;B#<;BD<:F@#;B#b@ED<9X8 IE@S<E#W9B#HB#I9B;B:#<:FB#D<#>:FE@;9==>?:#H>HFB^ RkF>=<#;B#XB:BH#l:>=@H#V!DBNJ#6KKne#6p^65ZL

Capítulo 3.pmd

370

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

4Y6

`BE@#BD#R>HR@#b@ED<9X#EBHI@:;B#<#D<#IEBX9:F<#;B#!DBN# =@:# 9:# ==@# (3J# N# <9:W9B# H>:# ;9;<# BHFk# <XE<^ ;B=>;@#I@E#H9H#=9RID>;@HJ#>RIDG=>F=>S<e]5 %:#BD#I<;@EBH#=@:aB:=>@::=@EI@E<S<:#D<#EBH>HFB:=><#<#D@H#>:HB=F@H#@#<#DB;<;#;B#=9DF>a@L#!@H#XB:BH#<;>=>@:<^ DBH#<#RB:9;@#FB:G<:#BCB=F@H#:BXa@HJ#N#H9#B_I9DH>?:#DBH#F@R<S< ?:L#%D#=9DF>a@#=@:aB:=>@:?:#=@:#D@H#RMF@;@H#W9B#HB#9F>D>j<: B:#D<#>:XB:>BEG<#XB:MF>=<J#B:#D<#W9B#=@RS>:DBHL#+BSBR@H#B_ID>=<E#RBh@E F;<;BH#=@#B:#XB:BEHF@EH>@:BH#<:F>S>@^ FB=:@D?X>=B:=><#BH#@:BH#IE?HIBEa>HFS>@FB=:@D@XG<#ER<:#W9B#D@H#=@:H9R>;@EBH#BHFk: H>B:;@#B:aB:B:<;@H#=@:#CBEF>D>j<:FBH#>:@EXk:>=@H#N#IBHF>=>;:FMF>=@HL#'M:#H@HF>B:B:#W9B#D:XB:>BEG<#XB:MF>=<#EB;9=B:#D<#S>@;>aBEH>;<;#N#;BXE<;<:#BD RB;>@#B:FBL#&>:X9:<#;B#BHFER<=>@:BH#BH#=>BEF<J#IBE@ D<#>:=>F<=>?:#B;@#I@;EG<#HBE#;BH@:BH#RB^ :@H#;BH<EE@DD<;B:FBRB:FBJ#B:#):;><J#=@:CE@:FM#9:#R@a>R>B:F@#I<E< IE@U>S>E#D@H#CBEF>D>j<:FBH#>:@EXk:>=@H#N#H>:FMF>=@HL#!@H#C9:^ =>@:<E>@H#;B#X@S>BE:@#U<SG<:#H>;@#>:CD9B:=><;@H#I@E#9:#=9<;E@ ;B#;>E>XB:FBH#;B#B:BR>X@H#>:FBE:<=>@:@:<E>@H#RB#;>hBE@:#W9B#<9:W9B#D<#<XE>=9DF9E<#>:;><#U<^ SG<#EBH9DF<;@#R9N#SB:BC>=><;<#I@E#D<#9F>D>j<=>?:#;B#F^ D>j<:FBH#B:#H9#(Ba@D9=>?:#OBE;B#uI@E#D<#=9<#=>B:=><#B:#XE<:@H#B:#D<#;M=<;<#;B#D@H#HBFB:F
# &@ER<:# %L# b@ED<9XJ# csB# :BB;# S>@FB=U# F@# CBB;# FUB# d@ED;fJ# Y%++ G)*'')#Z30*(%+J# [# ;B# ;>=>BRSEB# ;B# ]\\\L

Capítulo 3.pmd

371

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4Y]

DBH#IEB@=9I<S<#W9B#BHF@H#IE@;9=F@H#I9;>BE<:#FB:BE#BCB=F@H#:B^ Xa@H#<#D<EX@#ID<j@L#t9BEG<:#EBXEBH<E#a@#;B#D@H DDD>j<:FBH#@EXk:>=@HL %HF<S<:#B:#D@#=@EEB=F@#B:#9:<#=@H<e#):;><#C%#H>;@#D<#SB:B^ C>=><E><#;B#D=<;@H#;B#D< ;M=<;<#;B#D@H#HBHB:F<J#F<:F@#`HFk:#=@R@#):;><#IEBHB:=><E@: 9:<#Uj<;E <#BE:@H#;B#W9B#IE@S<E<:#BD#FE>X@#B:<:@#a@#N#D=:>HFE<=>?:#;B#=@HB=U:FB^ XE<;H#=@DBXHR@HL#%:#6K[5J#D@H#EB:;>^ R>B:F@H#;BD#FE>X@#C9BE@:#;B#pL[#R>DD@:BH#;B#F@:BD<;H^ Fk:#N#6]L4#R>DD@:BH#B:#):;>:FE@;9==>?: ;B#:9BHFE@#:9Ba@#FE>X@J#`HFk:#IE@;9h@#=#BD#;@SDB#;B#BH< =<:F>;<;J#R>B:FE<#>:=EBRB:F?#H9#EB:;>R>B:F@#<#]\ R>DD@:BH#;B#F@:BD<;<#=@:F>:lHFk: =@HB=U?#]6#R>DD@:BH#;B#F@:BD<;<#Y4L5#R>DD@:BH#u9: EM=@E;#;B#F@;@H#D@H#F>BRI@HL %HF<#H<#HB#EBaBEF>Ek#H>#D@H#S9E?=EB:F<;@H#HB#H< IE@I9H@#U<SEG<#;>HR>:9>;@#HBE>;<;#;BD#IRB:F<E#<#H9H#R>D#R>DD@:BH#;B#IBEH@:SDB#=<SBj9;<;<:@H#;B#:<=>@:BH#IE?HIBERB:F@H#IE@;9=>;@H#=@:#RMF@;@H#c:=@HfL#!=>?:#=E?:>=<#;B#D@:BH BRI@SEB=>;F>EHB#aBE#D< IE@RBH<#;B#D<#:9Ba<#FB=:@D@XG<#<XEG=@D<#=@EF<;<#;B#Ea>HFS>@FB=:@D@XGR@H#U<:#BHF<;@#;BSB:;@#<=BE=<#;B#DRB:F@H#;BH<EE@DD<;@H#RB;><:FB#S>@FB=:@D@XG^ RB:F@H#:@#EBIEBHB:F<:#9:<#;@H#I@E#RMF@;@H#=@:aB:=>@:
Capítulo 3.pmd

372

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

4Y4

RB:FB#HB<#>:=D9H@#RB:@EL#2>B:FEa>HFRIEB=<=>@:BH#=@:FE<#D<#>:FE@;9==>?:#;B#9:#XB:#;B#9:<#ID<:F< @#9:<#BHIB=>B#B:#@FE<J#:@#HB#;<:#=9B:F<#;B#W9B#D@H#=E><;@EBH =@:aB:=>@:B:;@#B_<=FHR@ I@E#R9=U@H#HF@#B:FB#HB#W9Bh<:#;BD#9H@ ;B#D<#R@;>C>=<=>?:#XB:MF>=<#W9B#U<=B#W9B#D@H#=9DF>a@H#HB<: EBH>HFB:FBH#<#D@H#UBES>=>;FB:#<#DE#H9#IE@I>@#>:HB=F>=>;BEB: W9B#D<#EBH>HFB:=><#=>;<#HB#I@;EG<#IB:FBH H>DaBHFEBH#;B#D@H#=9DF>a@HJ#N#W9B#D:^ HB=F>=>;<#;>BjR<Ek:#D<#I@SD<=>?:#;B#>:HB=F@HJ#=@:#D@#W9B#;>H^ R>:9>Ek#D<#S>@;>aBEH>;<;L !<#aBE;<;#BH#W9B#D@H#XB:BH#;B#EBH>HFB:=><#EBIE@;9=>;@H#B: D@H#=9DF>a@H#I@E#RB;>@H#=@:aB:=>@:HBR>:<E FM:#B:FEB#D@H#I<E>B:FBH#H>DaBHFEBH#D<#IE@I><#R<;EB#:BEF@H#IE#R@#D<#I@^ H>S>D>;<;#;B#W9B#BHF@#@=9EE<#;B#W9B#D:HB=F>=>;<#B_FBER>:<Ek:#F<:F@#D@H#>:HB=^ F@H#=@R@#DI@HI@H?: ;B#H9#UkS>F:a>BE:@#:=@EI@E<E#F>BEEa@#B: 2M_>=@L !@#W9B#D@H#<=F>a>HFBEB:#W9B#D<#XB:FB#HBI<#BH#W9B 9:<#R9N#S9B:<#R<:BE<#;B#IE@FBXBE#BD#UkS>F?:#I<E<#W9B#DBEE^ ::=@EI@EB:#<#D<#<XE>=9DF9E<#B:#9:#>:FB:F@#;B#RB:^ F<E#<#D<#I@SD<=>?:#=EB=>B:FBL#%:#6K[\#B:#%HF<;@H#-:>;@H#D< IE@;9==>?:#;B#D@H#6Y#RkH#>RI@EF<:FBH#=9DF>a@H#RB:F>=>@H I<E<#C@EESECE< U<SG<#DD@:BH#;B#F@:BD<;RI@EF<:FB ;BHF<=<E#W9B#D<#=@HB=U<#;B#6KKK#@=9I?#=9DD@:BH#;B UB=FkEBa<;@H#;B#6K[\L#P>#U9S>MEE#D<#=@HB=U<#;B#6KKK#=@:#D<#FB=:@D@XG<#;B 6K[\#FB:;EG:=EBRB:F<;@#BD#kEB<#=9DF>a<;<#B:

Capítulo 3.pmd

373

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4Yp

=BE=<#;B#6n[#R>DD@:BH#;B#UB=FkEBBEE<#;B#D<#R>HR<#=^ ;<;J#IBE@#:@#F9a>R@H#W9B#U<=BED@L %HFB#F>I@#;B#<E>FRMF>=<#BH#H9RRI@EF<:FB#=9<:;@ HB#I>B:H<#B:#D<#R<:BE<#;B#RB:F<E#<#D<#H>BRIEB#=EB=>B:FB I@SD<=>?:#R9:;>DD@:BH#;B#IBEH@:^ DD@:BHJ#<#D@H#W9B#HB#H9R<:#DD@:BH#=<;<#RB:F<E#<#DDB:>@ =@:#D==HF>E#B:#W9B I@;BR@H#U<=BED@#BH#9:#B:XDD@:BH#;B BDD=>?:#N#D<#>:<:>=>?:J#=@#N#I@DGF>=@L O>H>FM#(9H><#EB=>B:FBRB:FB#N#IBRI@#B:#BD#EB=>M: EBS<9F>j<;@#):HF>F9F@#;B#QB:MF>=<#N#$EG<#;B#$9DF>a@H#&L)L#OD@a B:#P<:#`BFBEHS9EX@L#$9<:;@#RB#EBF>E<S<#;B#D<#HF@#RB#U>j@#<#9:#D<;@#N#HBr< D<#H>DD<#E@h<#W9B#BHF<S<#CEB:FB#<#D<#RBH<#;B#=@:CBEB:=>?:L#c"UG#BH#;@:;B 'E@C>R#!NHB:A@#HB#HB:F?#6]#:aBHF>X<=>?:#<XEG=@D<#N#B:a>?#<#R9=U@H#;B#:9BH^ FE@H#RBh@EBH#=>B:FGC>=@H#<#=H>@:BE@HfL 'L+L#!NHB:A@J#I@E#H9I9BHF@J#BE<#BD#IHB9;@XB:BF>HF<#W9B#>:^ H>HFG<#B:#W9B#D<#<XE>=9DF9E<#H@a>MF>=<#H>X9>BE<#D=;@L#29=U@H#W9B#:@#BHF9a>BE@:#;B <=9BE;@#=@:#! NHB:A@J#B:FEB#BDD@H#&L)L#OD@aJ#IBEB=>BE@:#B: =H>@:BE@HL#2B#FBR@#W9BJ#=@R@#!NHB:A@J#W9>B^ :BH#F>B:B:#9:<#>;B@D@XG<#@I9BHF<#<#D@H#=@H >:CD9>Ek:#>:;BS>;BE:@#N#B:#D@:BH B:#;BH<EE@DD@J#D@#W9B#=#D@XE<E@:#B:#BD#=#D@#U<^ =B:J#:9BHFERB:F<E#E#D@H#RB:F@H :B=BH<E>@H#I<E<#RB:F<E#<#D<#I@SD<=>?:#;B#=BE=<#;B#n#4\\ R>DD@:BH#;B#IBEH@:M: =EB@#W9B#BHF@#HB#I9B;B#D@XE<E#=@:#9:#IBW9Br@#>RI<=F@#:BXa@ H@SEB#BD#RB;>@#B:FBL#`BE@#:@#HB#I@;Ek#=@:HBX9>E#H>#:@#HB

Capítulo 3.pmd

374

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

4Y5

IBER>FB#BD#9H@#;B#DHI@:>SDBHJ#@#H>:#>:^ aBHF>X<=>?:#I<E<#RBh@E<E#D>j<E#:9Ba:=D9NB:;@#D<#S>@FB=:@D@XG<#N#D<#EB=@RS>:<=>?:#;BD#+&"L

b@ED<9X#HB#U<#S9ED<;@#I@E#R9=U@#F>BRI@#;B#D@H#>:FBDB=^ F99;<;BHJ#W9B#<EX9NB:#W9B#D<#<XE>=9DF9E<#@EXk:>^ =<#BH#IEBCBE>SDB#<#D<#<XE>=9DF9E<#SF<# BCB=F@H# =@Da@HL "DX9:@H#B:F9H>:BEG<#@EXk:>=<#>:H>HFB:#B:#W9B BD#9H@#@#;B#CBEF>D>j<:FB#@EXk:>=@#I@;EG<#HHC<=BE#F@;;<;BH#;B#CBEF>D>j<:FBHL#P>:#BRS<EX@J#BHF@#:@ F>B:B#HB:F>;@L !<#=<:F>;<;#;B#=@RI@HF<#;B#BHF>ME=@D#;B#<:>RB:^ F@# ;B# :>FE?XB:@# H@SEB# 9:<# S< I<E<#IE@;9=>E#DDD@:BH#;B#F@:BD<;=FE?XB:@ W9GR>=@#W9B#HB#9F>D>j<:#U@N#;G<#HBEG<#;B#=BE=<#;B#PO#NNN#8,++3D ('<#.'#)3('+%.%<[#@%6%#83()1(#.'#'<),9*&3+#6#@%6%#%*38%\ 7`BE@#pY#\\\#R>DD@:BH#;B#F@:BD<;HI@:>SDBHL %HFB#a@D9RB:#;B#R<#@EXk:>=<#7HBEG<8#>X9?:#R9:;>:=EB^ RB:F@#;B#FEBH#<#=9?:#<:>RRB:F<=>?:#;B#XE<:@H#N#I=U@#>:=EB^ RB:F@#EBW9BE>EGHFB:#R9=U;@H IE@SDBR?:#Vb@ED<9XJ#6KnYe#]5YZL

,>:^ DBN# ;B# W9B# @H# EBaBD<:# W9B# D@H# =9DF>a@H# XB:MF>^ =HFB:FBH# =>;<# (@9:;9I (B<;N'2# R9BHFE<:# *'(.,8,'()3<# *'.0&,.3<J# N# :@# D@H# RBh@E<: V!DBNJ# 6KKne# 65ZJ# b@ED<9X# R9BHFE<# >RIDG=>F<# ;B# ;>=U@# E<j@:B:F@# =9<:;@# BH=E>SBe][ ][ # &@ER<:# %L# b@ED<9X# B:FEBa>HF<;@# B:# 2'%<3(# 3(+,('J# <SE>D# ;B ]\\\J# UFFIeggdddLEBDD>@:HLUFRDL

Capítulo 3.pmd

375

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4Y[

'?RBHB#BD#=aBD#;B#F@DB^ E<:=><#=>;<#(@9:;9I'2L#(@9:;9I'2#RI@#;B RB:B#:>:Xl:#BCB=F@#EBH>;9HF<#BH#HBX9E@#I<E<#D@#B:FBL#%D#XB:#I<E<#D<#F@DBE<:=><#=>;<#HB >:=@EI@E<#<#D<#a<E>B;<;#=9DF>a<;<#;B#F:@#D@#=<#Ra@HL#!<#H@N< N#BD#RD>j<:#;@H#N#"EXB:F>:D>j<;@#7B:#vCE>=<8#a<E>B;<;BH#=@: F@DBE<:=><##:>:Xl:#@FE@#UBES>=>;<J#IBE@#F>B:B#9: Ia@H#B:#W9B#HB#U<#9F>D>j<;@ (@9:;9I#(B<;N'2#I@;EG<:#HBE#9H<;@H#B:#D@H#;B#D<SE<:j<#=BE@#B: I=<:@HL#%:#D<#D<SE<:j<#=BE@#HB#;Bh<#B:#BD#H9BD@#D<#IX@#H>#F>B:B#9:<#@#I<E<#RB:F<E#<#D@H#<:>REB=F:#<E<E8J#I<E<#EB;9=>E#D<#BE@H>?:L !@H#=:@H#;B#vCE>=<#=B:FE?:#<:>^ RRHFB:#<:>^ RE@#N#F@;<#D<#<XE>=9DF9E<#HB#U<=B#R<:9B:FB:FaaBES=:a<;B:#:@ERBE^ SBEFD<;:SDBHL ):a<;B:#D@H#=:@H#;BSB:#<S<:;@:<E#D@H#=@:<;@#I@E#H>XD@HJ#<XE>=9DF9E<#;B#E@j< N#W9BRI@#;B#UBES>=>;<J#BD#(@9:;9I'2J#I9B;B:#;BH^ IBh<E#D@H#=BES:aEB=F#F>B:B:#BD#XB:#F@DBE<:FB#=>;<#B:#Da<;
2kH# 9;<;<:@H# I<E< W9B# :@# U<X<:# =B:# >:FB:=>@:<;:XB:9
Capítulo 3.pmd

376

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

4YY

=EGF>=:<:j@:BH ;B# 9:# $Q)"(# B:# B_I<:H>?:J# U<# H>;@# IBEh9;>=<;@# ;BH;B# 6KK4 IEB=>HF@H<#EBa@D9=>?:#B:#D<#IE@;9==>?: ;B#RB:F@HL#%D#D9h@#;B#D@#W9B#I<EB=B#HBE#9:#H9IBEka>F#<XEG=@^ D<#DBH#IBER>FB#<#R9=U@H#=EGF>=@H#>:H>HF>E#B:#cD@H#RB:F@H#@EXk^ :>=@H#I<E<#F@;@HfJ#H>:#>RI@EF<EDBH#W9B#D@H#I@SEBH#;B#D@He#IE@;9=>E#=9DF>a@H @EXk:>=@H#XB:BEE# D@H# =9DF>a@H# :@ER;B<# ;B# F@;@:BH# W9B# U<:# HB^ X9>;@#D<#EB=BF<#;B#D<#,9:;<=>?:#(@=ABCBDDBE#;B#c=a>;<;BH# B:# =9EH@# W9B# HB# U<: C>:<:=><;@L# `BE@# H># F@;@:BH# IE>a<;:=>;B: B:# S9H=<E# :9Ba@H# =B:F@H# ;B# R@F@EBH# N# EB;9=>E# BD C>:<:=>B:F@# ;BD# $)221'# N# ;BD# $Q)"(J# yW9>M:# I<X<Ek# D:^ aBHF>X<=>@:BH#B:#=9EH@#I<E<#W9B#D<#HBX9:;<#C?:#OBE;B#E>:;<#CE9F@H#;B#R<:BE<#W9B#=@:F>:lB#<9RB:F<:;@ D<# IE@;9==>?:# ;B# RB:F@H# N# HB# H9IBEB:# D@H# IE@SDBRRBE<#Ca<^ ;E>XB:FBHJ# FBR>B:;@# W9B# BD# C>:<:=>B:F@# ;B# D< IE@;9==>?:# ;B# RB:F@H# S>@FB=:@D?X>=<# EB=>S<# =EGF>=:FBDB=F9DD<;@H#>RIDG=>F:<:=><E# IE@XE;@HL !<#,9:;<=>?:#(@=ABCBDDBEJ#W9B#B:#D@H#>:>=>@H#;B#6Kp4#@F@E^ X?#nY#I@E#=>B:F@#;B#D@H#C@:;@H#VBD#EBHF@#D@#BE:@ RB_>=<:@ZJ# I<EF>=>I<S<# =<;<# aBj# RB:@H# B:# BD# C>:<:=>B:F@ U=>I<=>?:#F@FB:^ F@#B:#6K5\J#=@R@#HB#R9BHFE<#B:#BD#=9<;E@#4L]L#%:#6K[\#D<#I<E^ F>=>I<=>?:#;B#D@H#(@=ABCBDDBE#BE<#;BD#]K#I@E#=>B:F@J#N#=B:F@# B:# 6K[pL# ":FBH# ;BD# XE<:# :<:=>BE@# ;BD $)221'#;B#6KK4J#=9<:;@#BD#C>:<:=>B:F@#=@:;DD@:BH# ;B# ;?D<EBHJ# BD# C>:<:=>B:F@ ;B#D@H#(@=ABCBDDBE#B:F@L

Capítulo 3.pmd

377

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4Yn

Cuadro 3.2 Participación de la Fundación Rockefeller en los ingresos del 1943-1997 Año 1943 1950 1960 1964 1997

CIMMYT,

Porcentaje 87 54 29 8 1

Fuentes: Calculado con base en datos de Nicolás Ardito Barletta, Costs and social benefits of agricultural research in Mexico . Tesis doctoral en economía, cuadro presentado en Cynthia Hewitt de Alcántara, La modernización de la agricultura mexicana , p. 34; CIMMYT , Annual report , 1998.

!<# I<EF>=>I<=>?:# ;B# D@H# (@=ABCBDDBE# B:# D@H# >:XEBH@H# ;BD $Q)"(#BE<#;B#6K#I@E#=>B:F@#B:#6KY]J#=B:F@#B:

6KY[#N#<#6L5#I@E#=>B:F@#B:#6KYnL#+BH;B#D<#;M=<;<#;B#D@H#:@^ aB:F<# H9# I<EF>=>I<=>?:# U<# H>;@# ;B# =BE=<# ;B# \L6# I@E# =>B:F@J =@R@#HB#R9BHFE<#B:#BD#=9<;E@#4L4L Cuadro 3.3 Participación de la Fundación Rockefeller en los ingresos del CGIAR,1 1972-1997 Año 1972 1976 1978 1982 1993 1996 Total2

Porcentaje 19.3 6.1 1.5 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1

El total absoluto es de 4 294.9 millones de dólares. 26 años. Fuente: Calculado con base en datos del CGIAR, Annual report , 1997. 1 2

2>B:FE:^ aBHF>X<=>?:#=@R@#I<EFB#;BD# $Q)"(J#=<;<#9:@#;B#D@H#=9
Capítulo 3.pmd

378

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

4YK

I>FB#=@:#BD# $)221'#N#D@H#;BRkH#=B:FE@H#I@E#C@:;@H#W9B#=@RB:^ j<E@:# <# B:=@XBEHB# <# IE>:=>I>@H# ;B# D<# ;M=<;<# ;B# D@H# :@aB:FHR@J#=<;<#:9Ba@#=B:FE@#;B#>:aBHF>X<=>?:#F>B:B#W9B#=@R^ IBF>E# I@E# BHI<=>@H# S9E@=EkF>=@H# N# I@E# IEBH9I9BHF@# ;B:FE@# ;BD $Q)"(L `<E<# EBH@DaBE# BHF@H# IE@SDBR:FBE:@HJ# BD# $Q)"(# =@:;9^ h@J#<#IE>:=>I>@H#;B#D<#;M=<;<#;B#D@H#:@aB:F<J#<#9:<#EBBa?: >:FBE:<#I<E<#D<#cEB:@a<=>?:#;BD# $Q)"(fJ#D<#=9@H#EB^ H9DF<;@H# >RI@EF<:FBHL# %:# 6KKp# BD# $Q)"(# EB;9h@# BD# :lRBE@# ;B H9H#=B:FE@H#<#6[#RB;><:FB#C9H>@:BH#VaM?:# ;BD# $Q)"(# U<# >:CD9>;@# B:# BD# B:C@W9B# ;B >:aBHF>X<=>?:#I<E<#W9B#;BhB#;B#HBE#9:#RBE@#=B:FE@#;B#=EB<=>?: ;B# a<E>B;<;BH# N# FM:# =@:FBHFB# IEBX9:F:aBHF>X<=>?: EBD<=>@:<;@L $@:# EBHIB=F@# <# D@H# @ShBF>a@H# ;B# D<# =EB<=>?:# ;B# :9BaB;<;BHJ#BD# $Q)"(#S9H=<#E#D<#a9D:B^ E<S>D>;<;# XB:MF>=<# B# >:=EBRB:F<E# D<# BHF<S>D>;<;# ;B# D<# IE@;9=^ =>?:# B:# D@H# =HFB:=><# ;9E<;BE<# <# D=>B:FB# ;B# :9FE>B:FBH# VB:# DB;<^ ;BH#R@;BE:<#RI@EF<:FBH#;B#BHFB#IE@=BH@#;B#>:aBH^ F>X<=>?:L# $@:# D<# EBH>HFB:=><# ;9E<;BE<# <# DSDB#D@XE<E#aBDBH#;B#IE@;9==>?:#=@:#9:#9H@#EB;9=>^ ;@#;B#IBHF>=>;=>B:FB#;B#D@H#:9FE>B:FBH#B:#a<E>B;<^ ;BH# R@;BE:B:B# =@R@# EBH9DF<;@# R>B:F@H# =@: 9:# :>aBD# SFE?XB:@L# `<E<# @SFB:BE# a<E>B;<;BH# =@:# F@DB^ E<:=><# <# D@^ :<ED=>@:BH# ;B# BHFEMHL]Y %D# $Q)"(# U<# >;@# RkH# :aBHF>X<=>?:# I<E<# =@:^ FE<;B=>E# <# H9H# =EGF>=@H# R@HFE<:;@# W9B# HB# U<:# =@RIDBF<;@# D?:#OBE;BJ#BHIB=>H=9F>;@# IkEE^ ;@#FM:#W9B#;BS>;@#<#W9B#D<#IE>RBE<#C?: ]Y

Capítulo 3.pmd

# dddL=X><EL@EXg=UE@:LUFRL

379

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4n\

OBE;B#HB#=@:=B:FE?#B:#D@H#IE@;9=F@EBH#<#XE<:#BH==@H#B: EB=9EH@HJ#D<#HBX9:;<#C=><E#<#D@H#=:@H# ;B# BH=:FB:F<# RBh@E<E# DB;<;BH# ;B# HBR>DDR>B:F@# ;B# D<# EB;<;# H@=>@B=@:?R>=<# N# I@DGF>=<J# ;B# D< <XE>=9DF9E<# FE<;>=>@:D>:aBHF>X<=>@:BH# <;@IF<# =@R@# FBR<# D<# CBEF>D>;<;# ;BD# H9BD@J# D@H H>HFBR=@H# ;B# =9DF>a@# V=BEE@H# BH=<EI<;@H# B# >EE>X<^ ;@HZ# N# D@H# IE@SDBR?:# ;B# FB=:@D@XGM:# BHFEB=U@:BH# =@:# D:<:=><E# H9H# <=F>a>;<;BH# I<E< @SFB:BE#>:H9R@H#I<E<#D<#>:aBHF>X<=>?:#:B=BH<E>:aBHF>X<=>?:# ;BD# $Q)"(# HB# >;B:F>C>=<:# =<;<# aBj# RkH# =@:# IE@^ XE=@HZJ# B: IE@XE=@H# EBX>@:X@# I<E<# DBEE=<# N# "RME>=<# !:@:SDB# ;B# D<# R@:F
Porcentaje 71.4

Países en desarrollo Fundaciones Organizaciones internacionales y regionales No miembros del CGIAR

1.5 2.4

Neto después de fuertes recortes presupuestarios cuyo monto llegó a los 17.4 millones de dólares en 1993-1996 Incluyendo México: 0.1 por ciento

24.4 0.3

Fuente: Calculado con base en datos del CGIAR, Annual report , 1997.

!<# HBX9:;<# (Ba@D9=>?:# OBE;B# B_ID@E<# D;<;BH# N @I@EF9:>;<;BH# ;B# >:aBHF>X<=>?:# <XEG=@D<# >::@a<;@E<# ;B# R<^ N@E# ?:# N# F@R<# RB;>;=
Capítulo 3.pmd

380

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

4n6

C@EF<=>@:BHJ#=@:#BD#>:FBEMH#;B#IE@R@aBE#BD#;BH<^ EE@DD@# <XEG=@D<# H@HFB:>SDB# I<E<# RB:F<=>?:L `<E<#;<E#B_ID>=<=>@:BH#<#D<#P@=>B;<;#$Ga>=<J#DBE:@J#BD# $Q)"(#@EX<:>j?#BD#,@E@#QD@S=U@#C@E@#H>Ea>?#I<E<#D@XE<E#9:<#R<=>?:#;BD#$Q)"(#=@: D@H#H>HFBR:aBHF>X<=>?:#<XEG=@D<#:<=>@:XD:XDMHZJ#Dj<=>@:BH#EBX>@::HF>F9=>@:BH ;B#>:aBHF>X<=>?:#aBEH>;<;BH#N#BD#HB=F@E#IE>a<;@J BF=LJ#:=EBRB:F<E#D<#I<EF>=>I<=>?:#B:#BD#IE@=BH@#;B F@R<#;B#;B=>H>@:BH#;BD#$Q)"(J#=@:H>;BE<:;@#W9B#D<#FE<:HI<EB:=>< BH#9:#D>;<;#W9B#B:CEB:F<#D<#>:aBHF>X<=>?:L#%D IE@=BH@#W9B#=@:;9h@#:=D9N?#=@:H9DF<# ;B# =@D<S@E<=>?:# B:# D<# >:aBHF>X<=>?:J# BD# H9SHB=9B:FB H9EX>R>B:F@# ;B# XE9I@H# EBX>@:a@H# NJ# C>:@# ,@E@# QD@S:<:=>B:F@J#BD# $Q)"(#9F>D>j?#;@H#BHFE<^ FBX>RBE<J#9:>?#C9BEjD>F<E D@:BH# BHF<;@9:>;B:HBH# ;B;9=>SDBH# ;B# >RI9BHF@H# ;B =>9;<;<:@H# N# =@RIa<;h@# <:FBHL# PBX9:;<J# =@R@# =@:FE=<# EB;9==>?: B:#BD#C>:<:=>B:F@#;BD#X@S>BE:@#;B#%HF<;@H#-:>;@H#W9B#F9a@ D9X<E#B:#6KK4#VYL5#R>DD@:BH#;B#;?D<EBH#RB:@H#BHB#DD@:BH# RB:@H# B:# 6KKpZJ]K# BD# $Q)"(# U<# =@@E;>:<;@# H9H BHC9BEj@H#=@:#D@H#;B#@EX<:>j<=>@:BH#=@R@#BD#$B:FE@#):FBE:<=>@^ :XD:XDMHZ# ;B# q@D<:;<# I<E< W9B# H>Ea>BE<# =@R@# @C>=>:<# ;B# B:D<=B# ;BD# $Q)"(L# !^ :<:=>B:F@#;BD# $Q)"(#V=BE=<#;B#66#R>DD@:BH#;B#;?D<EBH#<:9<^ DBHZJ# R9D<E# D<# >:FBE<==>?:# B:FEB# D<# =@R9:>;<;# ;B >:aBHF>X<;@EBH# >:FBE:<=>@:
#%:#BD#=9?:#N#ID<:#;B#<==>?:#I<E<#D< <=>?:# XD@S:aBHF>X<=>?:# <XEG=@D:< dBSe# UFFIeggdddL=X><EL@EXgXC@E9RgXD@SC@E;LUFRL ]K # $Q)"(J#7((0%+#*'>3*)#KMMOL

Capítulo 3.pmd

381

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4n]

!"# P/!-$).&# +%!# $)221'# "# !"# (%+-$$).&# +%! ,)&"&$)"2)%&'/ # )&'%(&"$)/&"!

%!# $)221'# U<# <;@IF<;@# 9:<# BHFE<# B:# ;@H# CD<:=@He 6L (B=@E;<E# E# :9Ba@H =:@H# B:# D<# IE@;9==>?:# ;B# RB:F@HL ]L +BH<EE@DD<E# H9H# IE@I><=>@:BH# ;B# >:aBHF>X<=>?: B:# F@;@# BD# R9:;@m# >E# RkH# =@# V=@R@# D@# U>j@ <:FBH#;B#BHF<SDB=BE#BD# $Q)"(Z#I<E<#XBE<E#^ ;<;# ;B# =EB<E# :9Ba@H# N# =@HF@H@H# $Q)"(# B:# F@;RBE@J#=@R@#:@H#EB=9BE;<#D<#;>EB=F>a<#;BD# $)221'J#D@H =9DF>a@H#;B#RX@#HB#B:=9B:FE<:#B:FEB#D@H#FEBH#RB:^ F@H#SkH>=@H#RkH#>RI@EF<:FBH#;BD#R9:;@#B:#;BH<EE@DD@L4\#`<E< RBh@E<E# D<# IE@;9=F>a>;<;J# EB:F<S>D>;<;# N# H@HFB:>S>D>;<;# ;B D@H#H>HFBRX@#HB#;BSB#I@:BE#BD#M:CH#B:#D< =@:HBEa<=>?:# ;B# D@H# EB=9EH@H# XB:MF>=@HJ# BD# RBh@EB:F@# ;BD R=@J# D<# IE@FB==>?:# ;B# D@H# EB=9EH@H# :@B=@:?R>=<:FB# D< =F<=>?:# ;B# D@H# H@=>@HJ# IBE@# BHIB=>:=>I?:# ;B# RB:F@H# B:# BD# R9:;@# C>X9E<:# D<# ;>HR>:9=>?: B:# D<# IE@a>H>?:# N# DHFB:=>HR>:9=>?: ;B# D<# CBEF>D>;<;# ;BD# H9BD@J# D<# =<;<# aBj# RB:@E# kEB<# ;B# F>BEE< <E<SDB# I@E# IBEH@:<# N# BD# BHF<:=B:F@# ;B# D@:BH ;B# D@H# ;@:<:FBHL &@# @SHF<:FBJ# D@H# Ia<;@#RkH#;B#5\#R>DD@:BH#;B#UB=FkEBB;<;BH#;B FE>X@# EBD<=>@:<;B:F@#;BD#kEB<#=9DF>a<;<#=@:#FE>X@#B:#D@H#I:B:F@#;BD#R=@ F>B:B# =@R@# @E>XB:# BD# $)221'L 4\

#%D#;@=F@E#'>R@FUN#(BBaBHJ#;>EB=F@E#XB:BE=F<E#D< =@:CBEB:=><#c'UB#QEBB:#(Ba@D9F>@:e#!B<E:>:X#CE@R#FUB#C>EHFJ#HFE>a>:X C@E#FUB#HB=@:;fJ#s<XB:>:XB:J#q@D<:;<J#p#;B#h9:>@#;B#6KK[J# ]XVVAU T3*4# *'>3*)J# :lRL# KL

Capítulo 3.pmd

382

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

4n4

"D# R>HR@# F>BRI@J# BD# $)221'# U<# C9:;>E# D< S>@;>aBEH>;<;#;B#9:<#R<:BE<#:@#R9N#=@:@=>;<e#6Z#=@:#BD#<9^ RB:F@# ;B# D<# ;>aBEH>;<;# ;B# D@H# FE>X@H# I<E<# I<:m# ]Z# 9F>D>j<:;@ 9:#XE<:#:lRBE@#;B#=9DF>a@H#N#ID<:F<:;@#=<;<#9:@#;B#BDD@H#B: 9:# kEB<# =<;<# aBj# RkH# IBW9Br<m# 4Z# =@:# 9:# <9RB:F@# @# ;>aBE^ H>C>=<=>?:# =@:HF<:FB# ;BD# D>:CBEB:FBH# B:# D@H# IB;>XEGBHm# 5Z# RB;><:FB# BD >:=EBRB:F@# B:# D<# BHF<S>D>;<;# ;B# D@H# EB:;>R>B:F@HJ# N# [Z# <# FE<^ aMH# ;B# D<# ;>HR>:9=>?:# ;B# D<# a9D:BE<S>D>;<;# X@L !<# BHFE<# <=F9a@H# I<E<# IBW9B^ rHFB:=><#;9E<;BE< RB;><:FB# D<# <=9R9D<=>?:# ;B# XB:BHJ# =@:# BD# $)221'# =@R@# c=E>^ H@Df# ;B# D@H# EB=9EH@H# XB:MF>=@H# ;B# F@;@# BD# R9:;@L# %D# S<:=@# ;B HBR>DD#:@#BH#W9B#BD#RkH XE<:;BJ#;B#D@H#S<:=@H#;B#HBR>DDB:^ F@H#;B#a<E>B;<;BH#W9B#N<#:@#HB#=9DF>a<:L +<;@#F@;@#BD#R9:;@#BHFk#;B#<=9BE;@#B:#W9B#D<#IE@;9==>?: ;B#RB:F@H#=9<:;@#RB:@H#F>B:B#W9B#;9ID>=<EHBJ#(BBaBH#U<=B#9: DD:@H#=@:#kEB:=><;@H#W9B#D@H#=^ :@H#RkH#IE?HIBE@Hm#BD#R@:@=9DF>a@#>:FB:H>a@#U<#IE@a@=<;@#W9B#D< IE@;9==>?:#HB<#RkH#H9H=BIF>SDB#RI<=F@H#RB;>@^ B:F;B:FB#;>HR>:9=>?:#;B#D@H#EB:;>^ R>B:F@H#B:#D<#IE@;9==>?:#<9_>D><;<#I@E#<XE@W9GR>=@HJ#>:FB:H>a<#N B_FB:H>a<J#D@#W9B#HB#:B=BH>F<#BH#9:<#:9Ba<#BHFE<#>X9@:<E><#IBE@#;>CBEB:FB#B:#H9H#>;BD@L PBX9:;@J# BD# $)221'# BRIEB:;B# :9Ba<=>@:BH# B: D9X<EBH#<>HD<;@H#;B#F@;@#BD#R9:;@J#=@:#D@#W9B#Ba>F<#BD#BHF<SDB=>^ R>B:F@#;B#:9Ba@H#$Q)"(#=@RIDBF@H#B:#9:#F>BRI@#B:#W9B#;>HR>^ :9NB#BD#C>:<:=>B:F@L#%D#EBI@EFB#<:93*)#KMMMD RNNN_# ;BD# $)221'# <:j<# j<# BD# $)221'# N# <# D@H# W9B# U<# X:<;@# IBEH@:
Capítulo 3.pmd

# dddL=>RRNFL@EXgdUH=>RRNFg"(KK{]\\\L

383

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4np

6L

]L 4L pL 5L [L

"9HFE<e# >:aBHF>X<=>@:BH# =@:h9:FaBEH>;<;# ;B# t9BB:HD<:;# I<E<# ;BH<EE@DD<E# BD# R@^ ;BD@# ;B# H>R9D<=>?:# ;BD# cXB:# t-f# ;B# FE>X@J# W9B# 9F>D>j< ;HR@H# F?:# ;B# FE>X@# ;BD P>HFBR<# ):FBE:<=>@:?:# ;B# $9DF>a@H# N# BD P>HFBR<# ;B# ):C@ER<=>?:# QB@XEkC>=<# ;BD# $)221'# I<E<# H>^ R9D<E# =@:;>=>@:BH# B:# ;>CBEB:FBH# ^ R<# U=D@H# ;B# =9DF>a@J# =@:# D<# C>:;<; ;B#aBE#=9kD#BH#BD#EBH9DF<;@#B:#kEB==HFB:=><# B:# <XE@:@RGh>:Xe# >:aBHF>X<=>@:BH# H@SEB# 2`$L b@D>a><e# HFB:=><# B:# <XE@:@RG@IG<e# HFB:=><# B:# <XE@:@RG<J# =9DF>a@# ;B# FE>X@L ,E<:=><e# B:# 6KKK# BD# $)221'J# BD# ):HF>F9F@# ;B# ):aBHF>X<^ =>?:#I<E<#BD#+BH<EE@DD@#V)(+J#I@E#H9H#H>XDDD@:BBE# q>^bEB;# ):FBE^ :@:R<XE<>:# N# &@a<EF>H# PBB;HZ# C>ER<: 9:# <=9BE;@# ;B# =>:=@# j<E# >:aBHF>X<=>?: H@SEB# D<# %>3W,8,
#%:#BD#:@EFB#;B#vCE>=<J#I@E#BhBRID@J#=9:=@#:@H#H>BRSE<:#H9#FE>X@J#N#H>#aB:#W9B#BD#a@#=EBj=<#I<E<#=@HB=U<ED@J#H>:@#W9B DB# IBER>FB:# <# H9# X<:<;@# IF<:# 9:<# a<^ E>B;<;# ;B# FE>X@# W9B# IE@;9j=<# R9=U@H# FB;<; F>B:B#W9B#IE@;9=>E#R9=U@H#XE<:@H#FM:J#N<#W9B#D@H#=:@H BHIBE<:# @SFB:BE# 9:<# =@HB=U<# <S9:;<:FB# 9:# :=@J =9<:;@# D<# DD9a><# BH# H9C>=>B:FBL# %:# BHFB# =R9D<^ =>?:# h<E# D@E>;<;BH# =D@H# ;B =9DF>a@# R>B:FERI@EF<:=><# ;B# ;>CBEB:FBH# C<=F@EBHJ ;BIB:;>B:;@# ;B# D;<;BH# BHIB=GC>=RB:F@HZ B:# BD# RB;>@# B:FB# BHIB=GC>=@# ;@:;B# D<# a<E>B;<;# HBEk# =9DF>a<;3W,8,<# BH# D<# =;<;# :E# ;BH=B:;B:=><# >;M:F>=<# <# D<# ID<:F<# IE@XB:>F@E<# <# FE?:#:@#aBXBFBHJ#D< R:Xl:# I@FB:=>=@J# I@HBB:# BHF< =<E<=FBEGHF>=R>B:F@# <=BE=<# ;B# BHFB# RB=<:>H^ R@# :@:<E# D
Capítulo 3.pmd

384

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

YL nL KL 6\L 66L 6]L 64L 6pL

4n5

&BIHFB:=><# ;BD# &"(P# ;BD# H9EBHFB# ;B# "H><m# Ia@L %HIa@#;B#FE>X@#N#=B:FB^ :@ZL P>E><e# >:aBHF>X<=>@:BH# =@:# )$"(+"# H@SEB# BD# I<:# N# BD# =9D^ F>a@# ;B# FE>X@# .0*08# I<E<# EBX>@:BH# HBR>kE>;HFB:=><# B:# BD# >:a>BE:@# N# =9DF>a@# C<=9DFa@ ;B# FE>X@L -E9X9HFB:=><# B:# =9DF>a@# ;B# FE>X@# I<E<# FBRIB^ E=D@H# D<EX@H# ;B# IE@;9==>?:L -jSBA>HFk:e# :9BaDDX@# I<E<# BD# ;>HFE>F@ ;B# b<>FA9EX<:# 0>SE<EN# ;B# D<# EBX>?:# ;B# 'RS<SdBe# HFB:=><# B:# BD# =9DF>a@# N# B:# D<# XBHF>?:# ;B EB;BHL O>BF:?:# =@:# BD# ):HF>F9F@# &<=>@:X<=>@:BH# ;BD# 2a `<:;BNJ# ;>EB=F@E# ;BD# IE@XEBE@:# B: 6KK4# D<# 2B;HF<;# ;B# O>BF:J# `<:;BN# ;B=D<E?e# c`@=@H I?:# ;BD# RBRI@fL

%D#lDF>R@#EB=@:@=>R>B:F@#EB=>S>;@#I@E#BD#$)221'#C9B#=9<:^ ;@# H9# =EB<;@E# ;B# a<E>B;<;BH# ;B# R:;BE# 0L# O=<# ;B# =BEB:<# O>DDBXBE@:# BD# `EB^ R>@#29:;>RB:F@H#]\\\#I@E#H9#?: ;BD# R=@# ;B# =;<;J# 9:# FE<Sj<EL %D# U>:;l# O:aBHF>X<=>@:BH# B:# 6KY\ =9<:;@#BD# $)221'#D@#=@:FEB:FGC>=@#=@:#BHF9;>@H#;@=^ F@E@# ;B# =BEB<# <# a@H# <XEG=@D;@# VdddL=>RRNFL@EXg (BHB<E=UgdUB
Capítulo 3.pmd

385

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4n[

FBG:>=@H# ;B# =;<;# =@:# BD# C>:# ;B# ;BH<EE@DD<E# 9:# IE@;9=F@# lF>D S;@# ;BH=9S>BEF@ B:#6K[4#I@E#=>B:FGC>=@H#;B#D<#-:>aBEH>;<;#;B#`9E;9B#W9BJ#=9<:^ ;@#BHF9;><S<:#9:#=@:h9:F@#;B#E<j::<E><E# =@:# c9:# :9Ba@# a=@f#W9B#>:=EBRB:F<S<#B:#C@ER<#H>X:>C>=a<#D@H#:>aBDBH#;B ;@H# :@k=>;@H# B:# D@H# XE<:@He# D<# D>H>:<# N# BD# FE>IF?C<:@L# %HF@H H@:# BDBRB:F@H# BHB:=>B:FGC>=@H# ;B# `9E;9B# DB ;>BE@:#B:=><# =SDB H9IBE<E#H9#SR>B:F@#:>#D<#H9H=BIF>S>D>;<;#W9B#R9BHFE< <#R9=Ua@J# I@E# D@# W9B# D:aBHF>X<=>@:BH# C9BE@: <S<:;@:<;?# O>DDBXB:# FE<SX9>B:FBHm# h9:F@H# ;BH<EE@DD<E@:# 9:# :9Ba@ D<S@E@# N# IE@=B;>R>B:F@H# ;B# =B:;@#;B#UBEEB:F@FB=:@D?X>=Fj? D=a@#FE<;>=>@::=@EI@E<E#9:<#HBE>B ;B#XB:BH#BHIB=>B^ E<#BD#E=@J#O>DDBX@#I<E<#RB;>E#=9>;<;@H;@#;B#:@k=>;@H B:#D<#IE@FBG:<#;B#R<;BE@:#D< I@H>S>D>;<;#EB<E#I@E#=@RIDBF@#D<#B:=><#;BD#:l^ =DB@#;BD#@I<=@^]#9F>D>j<:;@#XB:BH#I<E<#=@:HBEa<E#D<#=;<; IE@FBG:>=
Capítulo 3.pmd

# dddL=>RRNFL@EXg(BHB<E=UgsUB
386

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

4nY

P9# :9Ba@# IE@;9=F@J# ;BH<EE@DD<;@# =@:# 9:# C9BEFB# @:BH# -:>;=@# ;B# =;<;f# V2`$Z# I@E# BD# B_# ;>EB=^ F@E#;BD#IE@XEB:B# H9# H<S@EJ# IBE@# =@:F>B:B =#BD#;@SDB#;B#D>H>:<#N#FE>IF?C<:@J#N#:@k=>;@H#XB:BEF>a@L# !@H# BHF9;>@H UB=U@H# B:# F@;@# BD# R9:;@# U<:# B:=@:FE<;@# W9B# BD# 2`$e 6L $@:FE>S9NB# <# EB;9=>E# D=>B:=>=9D<ERB:FB#B:#:>r@H#IBW9Br@Hm#BD#aF>a@#B:#D< IE@FBG:<# ;BD# 2`$# HB# <=BE=<# r@H#I9B;B:#HHC<=BE#BD#K\#I@E#=>B:F@ ;B#H9H#:B=BH>;<;BH#IE@FBG:>=#=@RB:#6Y5#XEX9>B:FB#I:=J#U>BEE@#N#a>F:< "# I<E<# SB:BC>=><E# <# 9:@H# ]# \\\# R>DD@:BH# ;B# IBEH@:<#=<9H<;<#I@E#;BC>^ =>B:=><# ;B# U>BEE@J# D@H# R9=U@H# :>r@H# ;B# IBHX@#;B#W9B;<E#=>BX@H#I@E#D<#CF:< "#N#D@H#R<;DD@:BH#;B#IBEH@:=>B:=><# ;B# j>:=L45 ]L "N9;<# <# EBHF<9E<E# D<# Hr@H# ;BH:9FE>;@HL 4L ):=EBRB:F<# BD# FF;<;# ;B# =BE;@HJ# R?:#=@:#<W9BDD@H#B: W9B# :@# HB# 9F>D>j<# 2`$# B:# H9# RB:F<=>?:L +9E<:FB# D@H# lDF>R@H# <;@EBH# 2<X:># bh<E^ ::# `>_DBN# N# q9X@# $?E;@a<# ;BH<EE@DD<E@:# B;<;BH# ;B# R>B:F@# ;BD# 2`$L `@E# ;BHXE<=><# B:# 6KK4^6KKpJ# <:FB# D<# =@:FE<==>?:# C>^ :<:=>BE<# W9B# B:=<E<S<# BD# $Q)"(J# BD# $@:HBh@# ):FBE:<=>@:EB=F@EBH# ;BD# $)221'# a@F?# I@E# H9HIB:;BE# D:aBHF>X<=>@:BH 45

# c $)221'# EBHB<E=U# @:# R<>jBfJ# 6]# ;B# ;>=>BRSEB# ;B# ]\\\J# dddL =>RRNFL=X><EL@EXg(BHB<E=UgR<>jBg):aBHF):^&9FE>%:E>L

Capítulo 3.pmd

387

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4nn

H@SEB# BD# 2`$J# BRI@ I<E<# :# >RI@EF<E# W9B# D@H# >:aBHF>X<;@EBH I<EB=G<:#BHF<E#=BE=<#;B#D@XE<E#BD#:^ F@H@L#$@:#9:#I9:F@#;B#a>HF<#R>@IBJ#BD#=@:HBh@#<9F@E>j?#BD#;BH^ R<:FBDB:F@# ;BD# $)221' J# =9DI<:;@# ;B# H9H# IE@SDBR@H# :<:=>B:F@# ;BHIBE;>=><;@f# B:# BD# 2`$L $9<:;@# +@::ADBR<:J# B:F@:=BH# ;>EB=F@E# XB:BE?#H>:#D9=U<E#=@:FE<#D<#a>H>?:#BHFEB=U<#;BD#=@:HBh@J BHF@#;BF9a@#B:#HB=@#:<EHB# U<=><# H9# B_F>:=>?:L4[ "C@EF9:<;R<#>:HF<:=><#I<E< BD# $)221'uJ# ;@H# C9:;<=>@:BH# h?:# P?:# &>II@:J# HBE@:# ;<# ;B# C>:<:=>B:F@# ;BD# 2`$# B:# 2M_>=@J4Y# ;@:;B B:#6KKp#BD#X@S>BE:@#FB:G<#IE@SDBR:aBHF>X<=>@:BH#<XEG=@D;@#<#9:<#HBE>B#;B =E>H>H# I@DGF>=:;;B:=>;@# (Ba@D9=>@:<E>@# ):HF>F9^ =>@:R>B:F@# ;B# 9:# XE9I@# X9BEE>DDBE@# B:# $U>?:# PE# D:aBH^ F>X<=>@:BH# ;BD# 2`$# ;B# 2M_>=@# <# /SF<;# ;B# DDD<# ;B# R?:# P:<:=>?# D<# EBj<=>?: ;B# B_IBE>RB:F@H# B:# @FE@H# I=<m# N# 9:<# @EX<:>j<^ =>?:# ;B# >:aBHF>X<=>@:BH# SEDBr<# V%2b("`"Z# ;BH<EE@DD?# N# =@^ RBE=>j?# a<E>B;<;BH# ;BD# 2`$# B:# BD# I=<:@L4n 2>B:FEB;<;BH#;BD#$)221'#q9X@ $?E;@a<# N# H9H# =@DBX;@H# ;B# ^ R>B:F@# ;BD# 2`$# =@:# C>:<:=>B:F@# ;B# D<# ,9:;<=>?:# &>II@:J 4[

# %:FEBa>HFHF@E><# @EDA>BJ R@# ;B# 6KKKL 4Y #X=J.L 4n #X=J.L

Capítulo 3.pmd

388

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

4nK

W9B#U<SG<#?:#B:#BD#R9:;@#B:FB^ E@L# %:# =9<:F@# <# D<# aB:FR>B:F@H# ;B# D@H# :9Ba@H UGSE>;@H#;BD# 2`$J#W9B#B:#IE@RB;>@#H9IBE<:#B:#6\#I@E#=>B:F@#< D@H#UGSE>;@H#=@RBE=>=B#W9B#BD# 2`$#U<#=?:# ;B# D@H# C>F@FB=:>HF==:<J4K#;@:;B#HB#BHF>R<#W9B#Ua<;:F@#=@#C9BE<#;B BHFB# I@# BHF<S<# D>HF@# I<E<# W9B# <# C>:F<E<#S>BE< :9Ba@H#C@:;@H#;B#@EX<:>j<=>@:BH#;B#2M_>=@#B#>:FBE:<=>@:@:BH# IE>a<;?:# H?D@ I@;G<# aB:>E# D9BX@# ;B# W9B# BD# ;B=BI=>@:<:FB# ;>EB=F@E# XB:BE:ADBR<:# U9S>BE<# H>;@# cIE@R@a>;@f# C9BE<# ;BD# $)221'# N# ;B W9B# C9BE<# cEBR@a>;@f# ;B# H9# I9BHF@# BD# R>BRSE@# ;BD# =@:HBh@# W9B U<SG<# >:=>F<;@# BD# ;BH=EM;>F@# ;BD# 2`$Lp\ )E?:>=:# 2M_>=@# I@;G<# =@RB:j<E# <# EB=>S>E D@H#SB:BC>=>@H#;B#H9#IE@I>@# 2`$L#%:#R<Ej@#;B#6KKK#BD#;>EB=F@E XB:BER@FUN# (BBaBHJ# N# BD# HB=EBF<E>@# ;B# "XE>^ =9DF9E<# ;B# 2M_>=@J# (@RkE>=@# "EE@N@J# <:9:=><E@:# 9:# <=9BE;@ I<E<#=9DF>a<E#]Lp#R>DD@:BH#;B#UB=FkEBBEE<#B:#]\\\#<#C>: ;B# @SFB:BE# @=U@# R>DD@:BH# ;B# F@:BD<;F9F@# &<=>@:X<=>@:BH# ,@EBHF=@# <;R>:>HFE<:# 9:# :9Ba@# IE@XED@# I@E# A>D@fJ# W9B IBER>FB# <# D@H# =:@H# >:FBE=<E# 9:<# =<:F>;<;# >X9DDBh@#RDD:# BRS<EX@J# <# C>:BH# ;B# ]\\\# HB# U>j@# I=@#F<E;<EG<#:HFE9RB:^ 4K

# dddL=>RRNFL@EXgdUH=>RRNFg"(KK{]\\\L # %:FEBa>HFHF@E><# @EDA>BJ R@# ;B# 6KKKL p6 #;W&9+<,3*J#][#;B#R<Ej@#;B#6KKKL#OMM:#$<EE@DD#7b@<E;R<:8J cP@d>:X# FUB# HBB;H# @C# FUB# QEBB:# (Ba@D9F>@:fL p\

Capítulo 3.pmd

389

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4K\

F<EHB#I@E#;@H#E<j@:BHe#I@E#9:#D<;@J#D@H#IEB=>@H#BHF<;@9:>;B:^ HBH# ;BD# R@:BH# ;BD XE<:@# <# 2M_>=@m# I@E# @FE@J# D<# R:@H# RB^ _>=<:@H# H>X9B:# H>B:;@# =@:HBEa<;@EBH# N# BE<# ;>CG=>D# =@:aB:=BE^ D@H# ;B# W9B# ;BSG<:# =<E# H9H# HBR>DD=>@:B;<;BH# ;B# 2`$L !<# RBF<# ;B# H>BRSE<# ;BD# 2`$# B:# 2M_>=@# BE<# ;>CG=>D# ;B# =>@ ;B# B_FB:H>?:# <XEG=@D<# =@R@# BD# W9B# BD# $)221'# U<SG<# W9BE>;@ j<=>?:# ;BD# X@S>BE:@# N# D<# =<EB:=><# ;B# C>^ :<:=>B:F@ZJ# @# =@R@# BD# W9B# &BDH@:# (@=ABCBDDBE# U<SG<# >:FB:^ F<;@# N# :@# U<SG<# I@;>;@# =< !:<# ;BH;B# D@H# ?:# OBE;BJ C@RB:F<;<# I@E# D<# ,9:;<=>?:# (@=ABCBDDBEJ# U<# H>;@# 9:# M_>F@# < :>aBD#R9:;>=<# ;B# D<# C9:;<=>?:# BHF<;@9:>;B:HB# W9B# DDX:<E# C@:;@H# H?D@# I<E<# c=<EHB# <# :9BaF<:# D@# R>HR@# N# ;Bh<E# BD C>:<:=>B:F@# ;B# D<# =@:HBEa<=>?:# B:# @FE:# BRS<EX@J# =@:# IE@XEBRSE@H# ;B# D<# C9:;<=>?:# W9B# D@# =EB<E@: V=@R@#D@H#(@=ABCBDDBEZ#N#D@H#C9:;<;@EBH#;BD# $Q)"(#V=@R@#%HF<^ ;@H#-:>;@HZ#;BSB:#U<=BEHB#<#HG#R>HR@H#BH#H>e 6L yPB# c=X>:# F@;@H# D@H# C9:;<;@EBH# H?D@# W9>BEB:# C>^ :<:=><E# D@# c:9Ba@fJ# yW9>M:# C>:<:=><Ek# /P,!`# @IBEa:FBE:<=>@:RI@EF<:FBH# =@R@# BD# $)221'z 4L P>#D<#>:aBHF>X<=>?:#;B#=;<;#;9E<#;M=<;H^ I9BHF@H# D@H# ;@:<:FBH# <# HBE# I<=>B:FBHz

Capítulo 3.pmd

390

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

!"#$%&'("!)*"+"#,-&+"$).&#(/$0%,%!!%(#1#"23()$"#!"')&"

4K6

!<#(Ba@D9=>?:#OBE;B#>RI9DH<;<#I@E#D<#,9:;<=>?:#(@=AB^ CBDDBE# B:# 6Kp4# U<# FE# HB>H# ;M=<;Fj<E BD#C

;@#H>HFBR<#Bh>;=@J#BE<#BD ;B#D<#IE@;9==>?:#;B#R?:#;B#FE>X@#HBEG<#BD <;BD<:F@# ;B# D<# IE>RBE<# C?:# OBE;BJ# D<# =9=>@H#<#I<#N#`HFk:L#P?D@ [\#=@J# =@R@# I<EFB# ;B# D<# HBX9:;<# C?: OBE;BJ#I@E#D@#=9BEFj<;<# B:# W9B# D@H# C@:;@H ;B# D<# ,9:;<=>?:# (@=ABCBDDBE# U<SG<:# DDBX<;@# =@# :@# H>@:BH# ;>^ CG=>DBH# I<E<# EB;9=>E# D@H# C@:;@H# ;BHF>:<;@H# <# 9:@# ;B# D@H# RkH >RI@EF<:FBH# IE@XE:>=><;@L# "I<EB:FBRB:FB D@H#S9E?=E=>:<#=B:FE?:#;B#&9Ba< 1@EA# FBRG<:# >:aBEF>E# ;>:BE@# B:# 9:<# BHFE9=F9E<# ;B# >:aBHF>X<^ =>@:BH# <XEG=@D# H>W9>BE<# >:FB:F<E# <;R>:>HFE<E# <# :>aBD# R>=E@J# =@R@ F@;@:BH# H@DG<:# U<=BED@L# "# FE:aBH^ F>X<=>@:BH# B:# H=<# N# RB:F<=>?:J# D<# ,9:;<=>?: (@=ABCBDDBE# U<# B:BHF<E#;B#D<#U9R<:>;<;#B:#F@;@#BD#R9:^ ;@fL# "U@E<# FBEB# >:aBEF>E# R9=U@# B:# BD# $)221'# N# BD $Q)"(# 9:<# aBj# RkH# I<E<# D@XE<E# D<# RBF<# ;B# IE@;9==>?:# R9:^ ;>RB:F@H# SkH>=@H# B:# D<# HBX9:;<# C?: OBE;BL !@H# cI<;EBHf# EBHI@:H<SDBH# :@# <S<:;@:<:# <# H9H# U>h@H# :> D@H#;Bh<:#=#R9E>M:;@HB#;B#URB:F<E# <# D<# XB:FB# I@SEB# ;B# F@;@# ;BD# R9:;@L

Capítulo 3.pmd

391

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.

/!Q"#2 "Q+"!%&"#!"*i&

4K]

Capítulo 3.pmd

392

26/09/2007, 02:42 p.m.