Soroslibro Olga Lazin Capitulo 5 Pdf

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Capítulo 5.pmd

440

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

!"#$%&%'()*+,'-+&*,'-*+,'!.'()#/-%0/,*+,'+1%-/()#*23/

44I

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Capítulo 5.pmd

441

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

44N

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Capítulo 5.pmd

442

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

!"#$%&%'()*+,'-+&*,'-*+,'!.'()#/-%0/,*+,'+1%-/()#*23/

445

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Capítulo 5.pmd

443

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

444

*-$/+& /$,/-'(/+-/03(

Q>:>;AC+@+.F+A?A=X+A+!9;+=PQV :X+ B9+ QA+ B9C9C?AT>Q>SA=>X;+ B9+ QA+ 9=<;X;+ D9V B>A;?9+ CP+ 9C:9=PQA=>X;[In+ ';+ P;+ B9TA?9+ >;?9F9CA;?9+ B>F>G>B< :AQE+ !=<+ @+ &A8A?8>F+ >;C>C?>X+ 9;+ YP9+ C>;+ =<;?FQ9+8A=9+DdC+B9+P;A+B_=ABAE+;>;V Ge;+ :AOC+ :C?>F+ QA+ A=BA+ B9+ RQPbBA+ F9:9;?>;A+ B9+ D>Q9C+ B9+ D>QQ<;9C+ B9+ BXQAF9C[+ !>;+ 9DTAFV G<E+ D>9;?FAC+ YP9+ &A8A?8>F+ >;C?FPD9;?ATA+ =<;?F9DTF9+ B9+ IJJlE+ .8>Q9+ @A+ 9C?ATA+ 9;+ ZOAC+ B9 B9=>B>F+ 9Q+ F9?TF9+ D9F=AB<+ B9+ B>Z>CACE+ :F9<=P:AB< :+;<+Q<+8A=OA+QAC+>;Z9FC><;9C+C9+>FOA;+A+R>=X+ A;?9+ 9Q+ .?_+ B9+ QA+ /CADV TQ9A+ tA;=AF>A+ B9+ 'C?ABB;Z9C?>GATA+ 9Q+ =AE+ :AFA+ B9=>F+ YP9+ QDV :P9C?A+?9;BFOA;+P;+9R9=?<+UB9CAC?FA+ 9=<;DAFOA;+ ?ADT>_;+ A+ Q;?AQ9C+ :9FA;+ =<;Z9F?>FC9+ 9;+ P;A+ CX;+ G9;9FAQ>SAV BA+:AFA+QX;[+!b<+AQ+.?_+B9Q .<;GF9C<+YP9+9Q+AQ>Z><+A+?FAZ_C+B9+?ACAC+B9+>;?9F_C+DdC+TAbAC+@ B9+GA;A;=>AC+9;+9Q+D9F=AB<+B9+ZAQ;9F<+C9+>Fd+B9Q+:AOC >Q9GAQD9;?9y+ 6@7+ Q?AQ>C?AC+ Q<=AQ9C+ AC<=>ABD9;+C9Fd;+=A:A=9C+B9+F9C=A?AF+CPC+;9G<=>CD<+ F_G>D9;+ C9A+ B9FF<=AB<W[II -<+YP9+!=8<+?ADT>_;+AQ+=?_+9C+YP9 CPC+ TA;=SABCA;+ 8AQ9CE+ QAC+ 9f:D:<;9C+@+Q;A;=>9F:<;AB
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Capítulo 5.pmd

444

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

!"#$%&%'()*+,'-+&*,'-*+,'!.'()#/-%0/,*+,'+1%-/()#*23/

44M

>;RX;+ :=AL+ 8ATOA;+ B9?9=?AB<+ Q<+ YP9+ c9RRF9@+ !A=8 =<;C>B9FAFOA+9;+9Q+R)S-T,%U-V'()0-=d?>=<+ HYP9+ ;<+ 9FA+ :F;A=>X;+B9+=F9=>9;?9C+=AQ9CE+=A B9+.8>;A+@+D9;<;9C+AC>d?>=AC+H9CV :9=>AQD9;?9+ 9Q9=?FX;>=ACL+ <=AC><;AFOA;+ YP9+ QAC+ 9f:D9FA+:AF?9+B9+IJJh[+!9+ZX+=QAF<+YP9+C>+Qd?>=FE+CPC+D<;9BAC ;9=9C>?AFOA;+B>CD>;P>F+CP+ZAQX;+RP9FA;+D9;_; C9+ A=QAFX+ YP9+ =<;+ QABA 9D:F9CAC+B9+T>9;9C+FAO=9C+9f>C?OA+AQG<+B9+F>9CG<+B9+YP9+QAQD9;?9+Q;A;V =>9FACE+;<+RP9FA;+=A:A=9C+B9+:AGAF+Q;?9F9C9C+B9+QAC+B9PBAC C>+9Q+?>:<+B9+=ADT><+C9+B9T>Q>?ATA[+,9C:P_C+B9+?9;9C+FAO=9C+C9FOA;+BAC+9;+D<;9V BA+Q<=AQE+D>9;?FAC+YP9+QAC+B9PBAC+C9+?9;BFOA;+YP9+:AGAF+9; BXQAF9C[IN

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Capítulo 5.pmd

445

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

44K

*-$/+& /$,/-'(/+-/03(

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Capítulo 5.pmd

446

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

!"#$%&%'()*+,'-+&*,'-*+,'!.'()#/-%0/,*+,'+1%-/()#*23/

44h

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Cuadro 5.1 Subtotal del desembolso de las fundaciones nacionales de Soros, 1994 Año de fundación 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990

1991 1992

País

Millones de dólares Hungría 16.0 China1 Rusia 25.9 Polonia 5.0 Bulgaria 6.5 Estonia 3.0 Lituania 4.5 Romania 12.4 Ucrania 12.6 Yugoslavia 11.5 Albania 2.8 Bielorrusia 3.2 Bosnia-Herzegovina 4.7 Croacia 4.9 República Checa 1.3 Estonia 3.0 Letonia 2.9 Macedonia 8.0 Moldavia 2.7 Eslovenia 3.0

Año de País Millones fundación de dólares 1993 Kazajistán 0.2 Kirguizistán 0.2 Eslovaquia 2.4 Sudáfrica 5.0 1994 Georgia 0.1 Roma (gitano) 22.7 Subtotal 164.5

Forzados por el gobierno chino a cerrar en 1993. Fuente: Open Society Institute (1995). 1

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Cuadro 5.2 Desembolso total de la Fundación Soros, 1994

Fundaciones nacionales (cuadro 5.1) CEU Budapest y Praga Fundación Internacional de la Ciencia Programa Internacional de Educación en Ciencias Sociales Instituto de Investigaciones de los Medios de Comunicación Abiertos Fundación Soros París Instituto de Administración Este-Oeste Capacitación Soros para la Red de Transformación Económica Fundación Soros Nueva York Donaciones presidenciales Intercambios de universidades virtuales Programas para los niños y la juventud Proyecto Birmania Internet Apoyo a afiliados Programa Este-Este Programas del Idioma Inglés Programa de Artes y Cultura Programas Médicos y de Salud Base de datos sobre crímenes de guerra en la ex Yugoslavia Otros Transferencias internas menores entre oficinas Total 1994

Millones de dólares 164.5 39.9 51.3 25.0 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.2 36.6 6.8 5.0 9.6 1.2 0.7 6.7 1.0 0.7 0.5 3.2 0.3 0.9 -22.4 300.0

Fuente: Calculado a partir de Open Society Institute (1995).

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Cuadro 5.3 Las 31 fundaciones nacionales de Soros, 20001 País Albania Armenia Azerbaiyán (Bielorrusia) Bosnia-Herzegovina Bratislava (Eslovaquia) Croacia (Estonia) (Georgia) Guatemala (Haití) Hungría Kazajistán Kirguizistán Letonia Lituania Macedonia Moldavia (Mongolia) Praga (República Checa) Eslovenia Sudáfrica Sur de África Tayikistán (Ucrania) (Romania) Rusia Sofía (Bulgaria) (Polonia) Uzbekistán Yugoslavia

Nombre Fundación de la Sociedad Abierta para Fundación de Asistencia del Instituto de la Sociedad Abierta de Instituto de la Sociedad Abierta de Fundación Bielorrusa Soros Fondo de la Sociedad Abierta de Fondo de la Sociedad Abierta de Instituto de la Sociedad Abierta de Fundación Estonia Abierta Fundación Sociedad Abierta de Georgia Fundación Soros de Fundación Conocimiento y Libertad Fundación Soros de Fundación Soros de Fundación Soros de Fundación Soros de Fondo de la Sociedad Abierta de Instituto de la Sociedad Abierta de Fundación Soros de Fundación Mongola para la Sociedad Abierta Fondo de la Sociedad Abierta de Instituto de la Sociedad Abierta de Fundación de la Sociedad Abierta para Iniciativa de la Sociedad Abierta para el Instituto de la Sociedad Abierta de Fundación Renacimiento Internacional Fundación por una Sociedad Abierta2 Instituto de la Sociedad Abierta de Fundación de la Sociedad Abierta de Fundación Stefan Batory Instituto de la Sociedad Abierta de Fondo para una Sociedad Abierta

Se reorganizan aquí para mostrar el país donde están establecidas; oficialmente el nombre del lugar por lo regular sigue al «de» o viene después del «para». 2 Para los propósitos de trabajo se le llama «Fundación para una Sociedad Abierta de Romania», lo mismo que para todos los países que aparecen entre paréntesis. Fuente: www.soros.org/natfound.html, diciembre de 2000. 1

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Capítulo 5.pmd

456

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

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Capítulo 5.pmd

457

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

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Capítulo 5.pmd

+ xxx[F>AFQ>;G?<;[=
458

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

!"#$%&%'()*+,'-+&*,'-*+,'!.'()#/-%0/,*+,'+1%-/()#*23/

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Capítulo 5.pmd

459

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

4Kn

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Capítulo 5.pmd

460

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

!"#$%&%'()*+,'-+&*,'-*+,'!.'()#/-%0/,*+,'+1%-/()#*23/

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Capítulo 5.pmd

461

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

4KN

*-$/+& /$,/-'(/+-/03(

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Capítulo 5.pmd

462

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

!"#$%&%'()*+,'-+&*,'-*+,'!.'()#/-%0/,*+,'+1%-/()#*23/

4K5

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Capítulo 5.pmd

463

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

4K4

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Capítulo 5.pmd

464

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

!"#$%&%'()*+,'-+&*,'-*+,'!.'()#/-%0/,*+,'+1%-/()#*23/

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Capítulo 5.pmd

465

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

4KK

*-$/+& /$,/-'(/+-/03(

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Capítulo 5.pmd

+R)S-T,%U-V'()0B-5+B9+9;9F<+B9+NnnI[

466

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

!"#$%&%'()*+,'-+&*,'-*+,'!.'()#/-%0/,*+,'+1%-/()#*23/

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Capítulo 5.pmd

467

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

4Kl

*-$/+& /$,/-'(/+-/03(

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Capítulo 5.pmd

468

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

!"#$%&%'()*+,'-+&*,'-*+,'!.'()#/-%0/,*+,'+1%-/()#*23/

4KJ

29F<+ Z9ADA+ (ACAFE+ B9+ QA+ ";>Z9FC>BAB+ B9 .ADTF>BG9E+ YP>9;+ 9C=F>T9+ P;+ Q>TF<+ A=9F=A+ B9+ Q=GQ<+ }}E+?>9;9+YP9+B9=>F+9;+CP+TF>QQA;?9+A;dQ>V C>C+ B9+ QA+ R>Q=A+ B9+ !TF<+YP9+9Q+A>F=AB<+8A=9+CXQ<+BTF< !9bAC+=<;=QPC><;9C[+'C+P;A :9;A[+';?9FFAB<+TAb<+??A=><;9C+R>Q=AC+ZAV GACE+RFAC9C+:F9?9;=>Z>BABWE+URAQ>T>Q>BAB+FAB>=AQWL+@ :F<:=><;9C+GFA;B>9;9+P;+AFGPD9;?<+ZdQ>B=9+YP9+QAC+9=<;?AQ>C?AC+?>9;B9;+A+C9F+>;9C?ATQ9C+@+YP9+QA+RP9;?9+B9+>;9CV ?AT>Q>BAB+:P9B9+F9D<;?AFC9+PCPAQD9;?9+A+QA+QXG>=A+g<+RAQ?A+B9 9QQAg+B9+Q;A;=>9FB9A+B9+YP9+Q;A;=>9FF+ AQ?>TAb9;?<+>D>?A?>Z<+@+Q=R>=A;+A+CO+D>CDX;+B9 YP9+Q;Z9FC><;>C?AC+:P9B9;E+A+D9V ;B;?9FZ9;=>X;+GPT9F;AD9;?AQE >;RQ>G>F+BAmTQ9C+@+ATC;bPC?>R>=ABC?A+TF>?AV ;>=<E+YP9+=ACPAQD9;?9+?ADT>_;+9FA+P;+>;Z9FC><;>C?A+AQ?AD9;?9 9f>?S<+:F9=>CAD9;?9+9C?AC+<;9C+AQ+=9;S<+B9 QA+GFA;+B9:F9C>X;E+=PA;B<+>;C?X+A+QAC+AP?BAB9C+R>;A;=>9FAC+A YP9+AB<:?AFA;+P;+:A:9Q+A=?>Z<+9;+QA+9C?AT>Q>SA=>X;+B9+QAC+9f:9=V ?A?>ZAC+B9+Q;Z9FC><;>C?AC[ &>9;?FAC+YP9+9Q+AFGPD9;?<+B9+!G>;AQE+CO ?>9;B9+A+C9F+BAB<+9;+Q9D:+wAQQ+!?F99?+CXQ< C9+ZAQ>9FA+B9+CPC+:F<:>=9+P;+<:?>D>C?A+@+A+D9;PB< 5h

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Capítulo 5.pmd

469

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

4hn

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Capítulo 5.pmd

470

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

!"#$%&%'()*+,'-+&*,'-*+,'!.'()#/-%0/,*+,'+1%-/()#*23/

4hI

6!?9i7+U';+F9?FZAE+D9+9YP>ZF 9Q+B9CAC?F9E+@+A8+=AFAW[+/+B>R9F9;=>A B9+QA+GP9FFA+B9Q+\:PF+B9+IJh5+<+B9+QA+F9ZX;+>FA;O+B9 IJhJE+QA+?PFTPQ9;=>A+9;+QA+:AF?9+DdC+A:AF?ABA+B9Q+DP;B<+;< :FX;+9;+'C?ABB+9;+'PF<:A[+&>9;?FAC ?A;?<E+QAC+9=<;=<+8A;+SAB<+P;+F9GF9C<+CB<[+&_f>=<E+QA+:F>V D9FA+ZO=?>DA+B9+Q?AQ9C+G;QQ9;?<+B9+=F9=>D>9;?< @+B9+?9;9F+P;A+?ACA+B9+>;RQA=>X;+B9+D9;9;?<[ .9;?<E+A;PQA;B<+QA =AOBA+B9+h+:9;?<+9;+CP+:FX;+YP9+?PZ<+BPFA;?9+QA =F>C>C[+!>;GA:PFE+^<;G+a<;G+@+1>Q>:>;AC+?ADT>_;+B>9F<;+P;+F9V TQA;B>A+9+%;B<;9C>A+?G;X;[+tFAC>QE+YP9+QQ<;9C+B9+BXQAF9C+A+R>;AQ9C+B9+IJJlE+=F9=9+A+P;A+?ACA B9+4+:9;?<+B9C:P_C+B9+BD>9;?<+=9F<[ (>+C>YP>9FA+QAC+:F=AC+DdC+=AQAD>?b9+YP9+QAC+RP9FSAC+;A=><;AQ>C?AC+C9+Z>;V =PQAFOA;+9;+P;A+A=><;9CWE+B>=9+_Q[+';+QPGAF+B9 ATFASAF+9Q+RAC=>CD<E+=;<+B9+QA+;P9ZA+?9=;=>9F<;+CP+D9b;Z9FC>X;+9f?FA;b9FA+RQP@9FA+=><;9C+A=?PAQ9C+C>D:Q9D9;?9+;<+=<;Z>9;9+<:?AF :FC9+B9Q+C>C?9DAWE+9C=F>T9+A8T<;9CE+:9F<+;<+9f>C?9+QA+:FQ>BAB+B9+YP9+B9FFPDV T9;+9Q+C>C?9DA+=A:>?AQ>C?A[+'Q+R>;+B9Q+C>C?9DA+;<+9C?d+A=?PAQD9;?9 A+QA+Z>C?AW[ ';+QA+9f:Q>=A=>X;+B9+CPC+;ABAC+:F9B>==><;9CE+!=9 YP9+CPT9C?>DX+QA+Z9Q<=>BAB+@+CPAZ>BAB+=<;+QA+=PAQ+QAC+AP?BAB9C R>;A;=>9FAC+g>;=QP@9;B<+9Q+DP@+>;bPC?AD9;?9+?FA?AB<+1<;B< &<;9?AF><+%;?9F;A=><;AQg+B9?9;BFOA;+QA+=F>C>C[+H/QGP>9;+:F DdC+Q9bF+YP9+QAC+CAQZAGPAFBAC+R>;A;=>9FAC+>;?9F;A=>
Capítulo 5.pmd

471

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

4hN

*-$/+& /$,/-'(/+-/03( ;AQ9C+@+QA+>;?9FZ9;=>X;+RP;=><;AF<;+DP=8<+D9bC>C+B9+QAC+B9PBAC+B9Q+?9F=9F DP;B<+B9+QA+B_=ABA+B9+QACD<+YP>b?9+YP9+9f>C?9+:<=A+A=9:?A=>X;+:=A+B9+CPC++:F<:=>AQ+<+P;A+*)/(+9=<;XV D>=A[+'C?A+:P9B9+C9F+P;A+9FA+B9+R>;A;SAC+GQ9F;<+GQ=9+:9;CA+YP9+Q:;?9F;A=><;AQ9C+DdC+BPFX;+R>;A;=>9FA+GFABPAQ+9;+QAC+9=<;<;AQ+B9+F9GPQAF+Q;+9C?FA;GPQAFQ;?9F9CA;?9C+B9+W5)*-#,1')+;+C<;+Q;?FZA+R;A;=>9F;>C?FA=>X; B9+=A:>?AQ+A+QAFG<+:QAS<E+!;AQ>SX+=<;+AQG<+DdC+YP9+8P9Z< 9;+CP+=AFA[+'Q+8QQAC+9Q+tA;=<+B9+%;GQAV ?9FFA+9;+IJJN+6@+A:QA;B_Cy+C9+=<;Z>F?>X+9;+QA+ZO=?>DA+:F>;=>:AQ+B9+CPC :F<:>AC+?9C?AC[+U.<;=9TO+=AOBAC+B9+ZAF>AC+RB9A+B9+YP9+9Q+D9F=AB<+B9+ZAQA+;P9ZAC+AQ?PFAC+;<+9;?FX+9;+D>+=AD:<+Z>CPAQWE+9C=F>T9[

-A+ GFA;+ =<;?FAB>==>X;+ B9+ QA+ R>Q;=PQA+ AQ+ ?>:<+ B9+ :FSA=>X;+ A+ QA =PAQ+CP+UD9;?F?>X+YP9+;<+C9+Z>;=PQAFAE5l+C>;< 5l + ';+ VQ)- 5,K)%+;- ,4- Q'0+,%'1'0(+ B9+ 2<::9F+ HG>;AQD9;?9+ :PTQ>=AB< 9;+<1,*,('12E+IJ44kIJ4MLE+2<::9F+;<+CXQ<+:F9C=F>T9+QA+F9RCABA+:AFA+9Q>D>;AF+9FF;<+ YP9+ :FT9+ QA+ F9R<;AF>A+ :CAF+ Rd=>QD9;?9+ FAD>R>=A=><;9C+ ?A;+ AD:Q>AC =9BAB+ ;>+ F9Z9F?>F+ QC?XF>=A+ =<;+ QA+ :F9B>==>X;+ =>9;?OR>=AE+ AFGPD9;?A;B<+ YP9+ QA[[[

Capítulo 5.pmd

472

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

!"#$%&%'()*+,'-+&*,'-*+,'!.'()#/-%0/,*+,'+1%-/()#*23/

4h5

YP9+=9BAB+/T>9F?A+=<;Z<=A+9;AC+ ;P9ZAC+ 9+ >;=QPC<+ A+ P;A+ U$FA;+ /Q>A;SA+ B9+ 2AOC9C+ ,9V D<=Fd?>=AQE+ QZ>CAC+ @+ 9Q+ =<[ /P;+ ACOE+ A+ R>;AQ9C+ B9+ NnnnE+ =PA;B<+ C9+ Q9+ 9;?F9Z>C?X+ 9; .8>Q9E+ :AF9=OA+ P;+ 9f=9Q9;?9+ =A;B>BA?<+ :AFA+ YP9+ 'F;9C?<+ 09V B>QQ<+ Q<+ >;Z>?AFA+ A+ P;>FC9+ A+ QA+ .C>X;+ B9+ QAC+ (A=><;9C+ ";>V BAC+C;A;=>AD>9;?<+B9+QA+$QSA=>X;+B9+QC>X;E+ =D;A;=>AD>9;?<+ B9+ QA+ AC>CV ?9;=>A+gA:F9=>ABA+B9+=;Z9FC>X;[+ !D:QO=>?AD9;?9+ =<; 'F;9C?<+ 09B>QQ<E+ 9Q+ 9f+ :F9C>B9;?9+ B9+ &_f>=<+ YP9+ B>F>G>X+ B>=8A =C>X;E+ 9;+ YP9 9Q+:F?AQ+>;AB9V =PABR9F>A[+uA+A+C9F+P;A =F>C>C+=FX;>=AE+;<+?9D:;?AF+P;A+=F>C>CE+:9F<+=F9<+YP9+C9+:P9B9;+=F9AF+>;=9;?>Z?>Z;Z9FC><;9C+9;+:AOC9C+9D9FV G9;?9C+@+YP9+AYP_QQAC+B9T9FOA;+C9F+:P9C?AC+9;+CP+QPGAF+:;C?>?P=><;9C+R>;A;=>9FAC+>;?9F;A=><;AQ9C[5J

/Q+ D9;QQA;?9D9;?9+ =<;C>C?9;?9[+ ';+ CP DP;B<+ B9+ R>QA;?F<:OA+ 8A+ =F9AB<+ P;A+ 9;A+ YP9 >;=QP@9+ 5I+ RP;BA=><;9C+ ;A=><;AQ9C+ 9+ >;;PD9FATQ9C+ :F;AQ9C+B9+QA+B_=ABA+B9+QBSA;+CPC+RP;BA=><;9C ;A=><;AQ9C[ [[[:F9B>==>X;+ B9+ 9Z9;?AQ9C+ 9C?d+ Q>D>?ABA+ C9Z9FAD9;?9+ :D:A=?<+ YP9+ ?>9;9+ 9;+ QA+ C<=>9BAB+ P;+ ;P9Z<+ =<;<=>D>9;?<+ >D:F9Z>V C>TQ9[ 5J +U!=?C+~T;G+R=>9DTF9+B9+Nnnn[

Capítulo 5.pmd

473

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

4h4

*-$/+& /$,/-'(/+-/03(

.*&'()/#%*!+ /,%.%*(/-'!+ !*t#'+ !*#*! -AC+RP;BA=><;9C+B9+!AB<+P;A+9FA+9;+QA+YP9+QA F9C:<;CAT>Q>BAB+ C<=>AQ+ @+ =PQ?PFAQE+ =<;?FA+@+9;+'PF<:A+9;?AQE+9C+B9R>;>BA+:X;+:F>ZABA[+-AC+B<;A=><;9C+B9+QAC+RP;BA=><;9C+B9+!9;?AQ+ C<;+ DA@BAB9C+ =<;=9B>V BAC+ :<;9C+ =ZAC+ <==>B9;V ?AQ9C+ 9;+ 'PF<:A[+ 'Q+ R>;A;=>AD>9;?<+ B9+ !F>G>B< D9;F+9Q+=A:>?AQ>CD<+YP9+A+F9B9C=PTF>F+QAC+F>YP9V SAC+ 8PDA;AC+ B9Q+ >;?9Q9=?<+ YP9+ CAYP9X+ 9Q+ =CD<[ 'Q+ QQADAB<+ YP9+ !S<+ 9;+ IJlJ+ A+ P;+ 2QA;+ &AFC8AQQ :AFA+ 'PF<:A+ 9;?AQ+ @+ #PC>A+ =<;+ 9Q+ R>;+ B9+ =<;C?FP>F+ QA+ C9BAB+=>Z>Q+B9CB9+CPC+TAC9CE+B9CAR9F;B9;?AQ9CE+YP9+:F9R>F>9F<;+:F=AE+ =<;+ 9fV =9:=>X;+ B9+ /Q9DA;>A+ :G;>R>=X+ F9P;>R>=AF+ QA :AF?9+ 9;?AQ+ =<;+ QA+ <==>B9;?AQ+ 9;+ P;+ CA+ YP9+ 9Q+ 2QA;+ &AFC8AQQ+ CPG9F>B<+ :T>B<+ =<;+ B>Z9FC>X;W+ :9;9C =AF9=OA;+ B9+ QA+ >DAG>;A=>X;+ @+ QA+ ZAC+ :AFA+ 9;V ?9;B9F+ QA+ :FBAB+ B9+ QB<+ .C?A[+ /P;YP9 !F+ QA+ C<=>9BAB+ =>Z>QE+ _Q+ D>CD<+ 8A+ R>;A;V =>AB<+ Q<+ YP9+ @<+ QQAD<+ QA+ !<=>9BAB+ .OZ>=AE+ 9f=9:?<+ 9;+ 9Q+ =AC< B9+ QQQ<;9C+ B9+ BXQAF9C+ YP9+ =<;=9B>X+ AQ+ ;P9Z<+ 'C?AB< DA=9B<;><+ :AFA+ CAQZAFQ<+ B9+ QA+ TA;=AFFDSAF+QB<+>D:A=?<;A;+ C>9D:F9+ B9+ QA+ DA;9FA+ 9;+ YP9 !<;9C+ ;A=><;AQ9C+ Q<+ 9C:9FATA;LE+ Q<;AF<;+9;+.8>;A+;>+9;+t>9QA[+/B9DdCE+9;+B<+ =<;?FA?>9D:
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Capítulo 5.pmd

474

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

!"#$%&%'()*+,'-+&*,'-*+,'!.'()#/-%0/,*+,'+1%-/()#*23/

4hM

B9+ QBAB+ 9f?FA;AF>A+ B9+ ?>9DV :X+ 9;+ !9FT>A+ 9;+ IJJK+ =PA;B< 9Q+F_G>D9;+B9+&>Q=+9;+t9QGFAB<+AC9C?X+P;+G;A;=>9V F<+ A+ CP+ RP;BA=>X;+ ;A=><;AQ+ @+ CPC+ CPTC>B>AF>AC+ B9+ Q=A=>X;+ B9+ BBAB+ B9+ Q=A=>X;+>;B9:9;B>9;?9C+AQ+F9Z<=AF+9Q+F9G>C?F< B9+QA+1P;BA=>X;+!GX+A+=9FFAF+CPC+<:9FA=>A+@+&<;?9;9GF<[+'C?<+?ADT>_;+8A+B9CA=9Q9FAB<+9Q ?FATAb<+B9Q+%;C?>?P?<+B9+QA+!<=>9BAB+/T>9F?A+9;+t9QGFAB<E+B<;V B9+B9CAFFD:=A[4N+ /Q+ R>;AQE+ !;+ AQ+ F_G>D9;+ B9+ &>Q=+ 9;+ Nnnn[ ';+IJJME+9D:<+C9+Q<+:FAC RP;BA=><;9C+ ;A=><;AQ9C+ 9;+ 9Q+ 9;=P9;?F<+ 9;+ )AQQO;+ H'C?<;>AL+ B9 CP+ 2F9;+ QAC+ 8ATOA+ >;C?AB<+ A+ YP9 TPC=AFA;+ B<;A=><;9C+ B9+ RP;BA=><;9C+ 9C?ABB9;C9C+ @+ 9PF9FA+=F9AF+P;A+C<=>9BAB+=>Z>Q+F9C:<;CATQ9 YP9+ RX;+ @+ RP9FA+ =A:AS+ B9 AP?;A;=>AFC9+ gAQG<+ YP9+ QQ9ZAFOA+ DP=8<+ ?>9D:X;+B9+'PF<:A+9;?AQ+@+#PC>A+=<;V =QP>F+Q<+<:P9C?<[+%FX;>=AD9;?9E+QA+bP;?A+B9Q+%;C?>?P?<+B9+QA+!<=>9V BAB+ /T>9F?AE+ YP9+ 9C?PZ<+ R>;A;=>ABA+ B9CB9+ 'C?ABB;X+ YP9+ U9Q+ R>;A;=>AD>9;?<+ >;?9F;A=><;AQ+ ;<+ 9C+ QA+ CX;+:AFA+9Q+RP?PF<+A+QAFG<+:QAS<W+B9Q+C9=?A @+'PF<:A+9;?AQE+:A 9Q+ >;?9F>;A;=>AD>9;?<+ :F>ZABAC 9;+=ABA+:AOC+B9+QA+F9G>X;[45 -A+=<;=QPC>X;+B9Q+2FTA+9;+=<;V ?FA+ B9+ QA+ :F<:>A+ 9f:9F>9;=>A+ B9+ !
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Capítulo 5.pmd

475

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

4hK

*-$/+& /$,/-'(/+-/03(

R<;BA+ 'PF<:A+ 9;?AQ+ @+ #PC>AE C>;<+YP9+B9T>B<+A+QA+RAQ?A+B9+R>QA;?F<:OA+;A=><;AQ+B9+9C?;A;=>AD>9;?<+ =<;?>;P<+ B>F9=?AD9;?9+ CTQ9D9;?9+9Q+:FCD<+!9;E =;B>=X+ A;?9CE+ ;P;=A+ 8A+ F9=<;<=>B<+ =ZAD9;?9+ QA+ ;9=9C>BAB+ B9+ B9CAFF=>AFd+ QA+ ARQP9;=>A+ B9+ R<;BB;+ QFd+ C>;+ RP;=><;AFE+ =<;+ 9f=9:=>X;+ B9Q+ R<;B<+ 2^/#' B9+ QA+ ";>X;+ 'PF<:9AE+ YP9+ A+ D9;PB<+ D9S=QA+ CPC+ :F<:>AC+ B<;9C+ R>QA;?FX:>=AC+ =<;+ QAC+ B9+ :9YP9mB9;C9+ B9+ QAC+ *!1-2[+ (>+ Q9F;+ QZABA+ @+ Q9;?AQ+ =P9;?A;+ =<;+ Q?P>F+ @+ APD9;?AF+ 9Q+ R>;A;=>AD>9;?<+ B9+ !D>?AB<+ :Q>BAB+ :9FC<;AQ+ B9+ _C?9+ :AFA+ DA;?9;9F+ CP+ :AC<[ 'Q+:F9F9+AQ+89=8<+B9+YP9+C>;+P;+DAF=<+Q9V GAQ+B9+QAC+ *!1-2+:AFA+R;Z9FC><;9CW+9;+RP;BA=>9;?ABAC+>;?9F;A=><;AQD9;?9+AQ+=A:>?AQ+8PDA;<+B9+'PF<:A 9;?AQ+ @+ #PC>A+ ;<+ 9C+ Rd=>Q+ C9GP>F+ 9Q+ DX; !=<+ :A?F<=>;ABX;[+'Q+F9?<+B9+!=< :A?F<=>;AB;<+YP9+QA+?AF9A+B9+C9;?AF QAC+ TAC9C+ B9+ QA+ C<=>9BAB+ =>Z>Q+ B9DA;BA+ 9Q+ GAC?<+ B9+ D>Q9C+ B9 D>QQ<;9C+ B9+ BXQAF9C+ A+ :A?F<=>;ABQ9C+ B9 B9=>C><;9C+ YP9+ ;<+ ?;GP;A+ SA=>X;[ &dC+ AQQd+ B9Q+ PC<+ B9+ QRPC>X;+ B9+ QA+ >;RX;E+ _C?9+ B9T9+ A8V D>9;?<+ B9+ RP;BA=><;9C+ =B;+ =AE+ QAC B9=>C><;9C+B9+QA+1P;BA=>X;+!_;+R>;A;=>AF ?>9;9;+ QA+ =<;C9=P9;=>A+ :=A+ B9+ AQ>9;AF+ A+ Q;A;=>AV BC:<;9;+B9+9F;<E+P;+89=8<+B9+QA+Z>BA+B>AF>A+YP9+9;=AFA;+QAC+RP;BAV

Capítulo 5.pmd

476

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

!"#$%&%'()*+,'-+&*,'-*+,'!.'()#/-%0/,*+,'+1%-/()#*23/

4hh

=><;9C+ ;A=><;AQ9CE+ YP9+ A+ D9;PB<+ C<;+ A=PCABAC+ B9+ RAZ?>CV D<[+&>9;?FAC+YP9+QAC+ *!1-2+B9+'C?ABBF+ =A;B>BA?;A;=>AB=>?A;+ R>;A;=>AV D>9;?<+A+P;A+RP;BA=>X;+=<;+QA+YP9+=?9;E+QAC+RP;BA=><;9C ;A=><;AQ9C+ =P9;?A;+ =<;+ :<=?A+ 9C+ 9C?ATQ9=9F+ P;A+ Q9G>CQA=>X;+ :AFA QAC+ *!1-2+ B9Q+ ?>:<+ D9f>=A;B9;C9+ YP9+ RA=>Q>?9+ QA ARQP9;=>A+ B9+ R<;BBSA;+ B<;A=><;9CE+ ACO+ =;Z9FC><;>C?AC 9f?FA;b9F<;9C+ B9+ CPC+ =9;?AQ+ @+ #PC>A+ AQGP;AC+ B9+ QAC GA;A;=>AC+ BAC[+ 'C?A+ 9C?FA?9G>AE+ C9GP>BA+ :X;+ #<;AQB+ &=,<;AQB+ 9;+ #A+ HYP9+ ?>9;9+ P;A+ 9f:9V F>9;=>A+C>;+>GPAQ+9;+?AQ9C+9D:F9CACLE+A@PBA+A+9Z>?AF+9Q+A?AYP9 B9+ Q<;AQ>C?ACW+ YP9+ B9;P;=>A;+ 9FFX;9AD9;?9+ H9C<+ 9CV :9F9;B<+ CAYP9AB<+ :?AQ>C?AC+ 9fV ?FA;b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bA+P;A+9Q>?9+D9F>?<=Fd?>=A H:?A+DP=8<+?>9D:<+:AFA+B9CAFF
Capítulo 5.pmd

477

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

4hl

*-$/+& /$,/-'(/+-/03(

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478

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

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Capítulo 5.pmd

479

26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

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480

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26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

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26/09/2007, 02:46 p.m.

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