The Arakan National Newpaper (january-2008)

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atmifausmfpdk; jzef@csDa&; atmifjrifo h ed ;f (zke;f -085 1299153) óudio f ef; (zke;f -085 1299151) udv k aS t;armif (*syef) ukad tmifviG f (rav;&Sm;) ANC (rav;&Sm;) xkwfa0onfhae&m befaumuf/ xdik ;f Edik if H qufoG,f&ef

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e,fcs@J t*Fvyd v f ufatmuf &cdik jf ynf chJonf? 1910-ckEpS w f iG f *syefjynfrS jyefvm+yD; uk;d &D;,m;/ w¶kw/f AD,uferfponhf Ekid if rH sm; uk0d if+yD; xkEd idk if rH sm;ta=umif; urBm@Eidk if aH &; ta=umif;wkd@ukd avhvm+yD; &ckdifjynfokd@ jyefchJonf? uwdrwnfaom t*Fvdyfwkd@tay: emusnf;aom q&mawmfonf tz&ckdif t*Fvdyf-&cdkifyl;wGJwyfu Armudk ppfEdkifcJh jynfvw G v f yfa&;twGuf *syefjynfrmS wpkH aomfvnf; t*Fvdyfwdk@onf uwdtwdkif; &cdkifjynfudk &cdkifacgif;aqmifrsm; vufodk@ jyefrtyfbJ olwdk@vufatmufcH e,fajr tjzpfomodrf;,l xm;=uonf// 1834 ckESpfwGif rif;om;}uD;a&$Aef;/ a'0ef;atmifausm&f /D$ òrd@o}l uD; atmifausmf ZHw@kd O;D aqmifum t*Fvyd w f @kd uwdtwdik ;f &cdkifjynftm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&efppfawGòrd Y ¶Hk;xdkifaeaom t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHrif;}uD; 'defo#ifxH awmif;qdk=uonf? t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHu &cdkifwdk@awmif;qdk csuu f kd rvdu k af vsmonft h jyif rif;om;}uD; a&$ A ef ; paom acgif ; aqmif ; rsm;tm; zrf ; qD ; um umvuwW m ;axmif w G i f ; Y tusOf;csxm;vdkufonf? Tacgif;aqmif rsm;rS m aemif t cgaxmif x J Y qif ; &J usyfwnf;pGm usqHk;=u&&Smonf? Tacgif ; aqmif } uD ; rsm; usqH k ; +yD ; aemufwGifvnf; wAdkvfus wAdkvfwuf pepfjzifh &cdik af cgi;f aqmifrsm; vGwv f yfa&; twGuf óud;yrf;}uonf? od@k aomft*fvyd f wd@k rmS qifu h J qifu h J Armtm; ppfEikd v f m q&mawmfOD;OwWr ojzifh &cdik af cgi;f aqmifrsm; awmif;qdck suf udk vH;k 0*¶krpdu k af wmhacs? 1885- ckESpfodk@a&mufv#ifum; Arm Tq&mawmf jynfudkyg t*Fvdyfwdk@odrf;,lEdkifcJhav+yD/ vrf;xGiaf y;r_a=umifh aemiftcg xdktcgrSpI ArmjynfwGifvnf; t*Fvdyf 1920-ckEp S f ausmif;om;rsm; awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ay:aygufvm oydw/f v,form;ta&;awmfykH onf? od@k aomfxt kd cgu &cdik af wmfveS af &; d yf rJG sm; qifu h J ESifhArmawmfvSefa&;onf vkH;0qufpyfr_ paom wku f J qufpyfayguf r&Sb d J uk, d ehf nf; uk, d [ hf efjzifo h mt*Fvyd u f dk qihu awmfvSefchJ=ujcif;jzpfonf? uGv J mum aemufq;Hk wGif 1887-ckESpfjyifopfu tif'kdcsKdif;em; t*Fvyd u f jrefrm uko d rd ;f ,lEidk cf o Jh nf? rav;&Sm;/ tif'edk ;D &Sm;/ f mcD abmfeD,dku|ef; ponfha'orsm;udkvnf; jynftm; 'kid t ay :wl*D/ 'wfcsfwdk@u 16-17 &mpkrsm;u (Dyarchy) ESihf 91 yifodrf;,lxm;ESifh+yD;jzpfonf? Xmetkycf sKyfa&;wk@d udk Tod@k tm;jzifh taemufEikd if o H m;rsm; ay;vm&onf? onf ppfEdkifvlrsKd; bk&m;Asm'dwf&vlrsKd; ponfjzifh ajymqdkavh&Sd=u+yD; ta&S@EdkifiH om;rsm;rSm taemufEkdifiHom;rsm;tm; w&mtaxmuftul &&m&a=umif; &Sm d csed f txif}uD;ae&csdef/ a=umufvef@OD;n$wfae aumif; &SmchaJ yvdr@f rnf? ok@d aomf xkt &aomtcsdefwGif tjzpftysufqef; wpfck u &ckid jf ynfEiS *hf syefjynfw@dk onf tzufzuf f idk ;f uGmvsu&f adS eonfh tcg ay:ayguv f monf? xkt d jzpftysuq f ef;rSm wGif uGmcsiw tjcm;r[kwf? Armjynfudk t*Fvdyfodrf; wGifjzpfonf? *syefpufr_vufr_ xGef;um; H ckjzpf+yD; &ckid jf ynfrmS r_ "g;yif ,l+yD;aemuf tESpf (20) t=um 1905-ckEpS f aeaom Edik if w wGif taemufEidk if H wpfcjk zpfaom ¶k&mS ;ukd aumif;aumif;r&Sdaom t*Fvdyf ukdvkdeD ta&S@EkdifiHom; *syefwkd@u tjywftowf u|e;f Ekid if H jzpfaeonf? tvm;wlyif Arm/ ucsi/f u&if/ rGe/f &Sr;f paomwkid ;f om;rsm; ppftEkdif&vkdufjcif;jzpfonf? f ufatmufrmS jym;jym; xkt d cg taemufEidk if o H m;rsm; ajcz0g; rSmvnf; t*Fvyd v 0yf a e=u&aom tcg jzpfI t*Fvyd u f dk (*syef atmufjym;jym;0yf usa&mufum pdw"f gwf usae=uaom tm&S w k d i f ; om;wk d @ rS m u ¶k&Sm;ukd ppfEkdifouhJokd@) ppfEkdif&efyif pdw"f gww f ufvm =uonf? *syefut dk xif pdwfrul;Ekdifaom tcsdeftcgyifjzpfonf? okd@aomf q&mawmfonf &ckdifjynf }uD;vm=uonf? dk m; *syefta=umif;ukdvnf; odcsifvm vGwaf jrmuf&efaq; aumif;wvufuu &ch . J ? xk a d q;um;tjcm;r[k w / f t*F v yd u f dk =uonf? taemufEkdifiHom;rsm;ukdvnf; d &f efjzpfonf? ta&S@EkdifiHom;rsm;u ppfwkdufI tEdkif&yg Ekid if aH &;t& vlxek nf;ESihf wku uvm;[k tod0ifvmonf? Tv_y&f mS ;r_ xkdtcsdefu t*Fvdyfukd vufeufESifhwkduf . wGe;f tm;jzpfaumif; jzpfEidk rf nf? touf v#if rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# ratmifjrifEkdif? 25-ESpfcef@t&G,f q&mawmfOD;OwWronf tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf t*Fvdyfwkd@onf f @dk xuf vufeuftiftm;/ vltiftm; 1907-ckEpS w f iG f *syefjynfo@dk omG ;um *syef &ckid w f pI wku d cf aJh om eykv d D jynf wkdusKdwuUokdvfwGif ygVdESifh ooFu tjyif 1908-ckEpS u ¶ku d b f mom uxdutjzpf (2) ESpf wm0ef ,efppfyGJY atmifyGJ&r_a=umifh wufºuGae ,lvyk af qmif;&if; *syefta=umif;ESihf tjcm; aom pdwf"gwftm; tawG@tóuHtiftm; ponfh tbufbufu omvGev f suf &Sad e urBmhEkdifiHta=umif;ukd avhvmqnf;yl; Tordkif;pOfudk 1292-ckESpfwGif &rf;+AJòrd@ awmifausmif;q&mawmf OD;pENrmvm pD&ifa&;om;ðypkcJhaom ordkif;pmtkyfrS "na&$ (&cdik t f rsK;d om;owif;pmrS ul;,l az: jyygonf? (rSwcf su?f &cdik t hf csKyf t jcm tm%musq;kH aom 'DZbFm 31 &uf ae@ txdr;f trSwjf zifh az: jytyfygonf?)

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vlxek nf;ESiw hf u dk &f mwGiv f nf; taz: rsm;&J q d k o nf h t wk d i f ; vl x k r sm;avav aumif ; avjzpf & mum; q&mawmf o nf umva'ot& xk d t csd e f u vl x k E S i f h taygif;toif;wnfhrnfhol &nf&G,fcsuf jcif;wlrnfhvlrsm;ukd vkduf&Sm&jyefonf? TuhJokd@aom vlxkukd &ckdif¶kd;rawmif ta&S@buf&Sd ucsif/ u&if/ Arm/ rGef/&Srf; paom ta&S@jynfom;rsm;ukyd g awG@&ojzihf vlxkESifh Tta&S@jynfom;rsm;ESifh wom; wnf; pnf;vk;H nDnw $ pf mG t*Fvyd u f w dk u dk yf JG 0ifchJ=uonf? aemiftcg b0wltzdEf ydS cf H tEd, N wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;ESifhyg yl;aygif;I awmfvSefchJ onf? Tokd@tusKd;oifh ta=umif;oifh/ jzpfoifh jzpfxdkufaom udpPrsm;udk aqmif &Gu+f yD; vlxt k ºHk uGr_ tawmftwef aumif; vmonfESifh wòydifeuf q&mawmfonf t*Fvyd u f kd ay:vpDyidk ;f t& tmcHwu dk yf 0JG if vmawmhonf? vlrsKd;aygif;pkH jynfolvlxkuvnf; q&mawmfaemufrSm tkHºuGum vkduf=u onf? xk@d a=umifh t*Fvyd o f nf q&mawmf tm; xifwidk ;f r}uJ0b hH J tvGe@f tvGejf yif; vmrS wcgw&H zrf;qD;axmifcsaom vky&f yf rsm;ukd vkycf o Jh nf// Tq&mawmf vrf;xGifay;r_a=umifh aemiftcg 1920-ckESpf ausmif;om;rsm; oydwf/ v,form;ta&;awmfyHk paom wkdufyGJrsm; qifhuJ qihfuJ qufpyfayguf uGv J mum aemufq;Hk wGif t*Fvyd u f jrefrm jynftm; 'kdiftmcD (Dyarchy) ESifh 91 XmetkyfcsKyfa&;wkd@ukd ay;vm&onf? q&mawmf.tm;ay; n$efjyr_a=umifh yif *sDpDbDat/ 'kd@Armtpnf;t¶Hk; ponfh EkdifiHa&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ay:aygufvm+yD; t*Fvyd t f pk;d &tm; xda&mufaom Ekid if aH &; wku d yf rJG sm; qifEidk v f monf? atmifqef;ESihf &Jabmfo;Hk usyd w f @dk *syefjynfomG ;um tul tnD &,lEidk jf cifonfyif q&mawmfvrf;cif; ay;r_. tusK;d aus;Zl;ESiu hf if;onf[k qkEd idk f rnf r[kwaf y?

aqmif;yg;

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“rif;}uD;vm&if bkef;}uD;vkyfrvm;/ bkef;}uD;vkyfr,fqdk&ifvnf; pmwwfatmifoif? pmwwfaywwf usrf;*efwwfjzpfatmif vky?f vlvyk rf ,fq&kd if pmayxl;c|eaf tmif oif&r,f/ 'grS vl@ atmufwef;rusbl;? rif;óuuf&ma&G; b,fvrf;a&G;a&G; ynmawmh wwfatmifoif&r,f” q&m}uD;onf ordkif;ynm&yfudk t"du bmom&yftjzpf oif,cl . hJ ? ol.q&mrsm; rSm a'gufwmoef;xGef; OD;xGef;atmifcsdef paom tvGefxl;c|efonfh ordkif;ynm&Sif }uD;rsm;jzpfovdk jrefrmpm q&mrsm;wGif vnf; jrefrmpmay. tvGefxif&Smaom OD ; armif a rmif } uD ; (rG e f t rsKd ; om;)/ OD;ausmf&if (&cdkiftrsdK;om;) a'goef;aqG/ OD;wifarmifaX; (oHw)JG wd@k jzpf=u.? ygVpd m aywG i f u m; q&m}uD ; p0f x G e f ; rS w f 0 if ; jzpfonf? Tq&morm;rsm;onf &efukef wuUodkvfwGif ynm&ifEdk@ aomufpdk@pOfu q&m}uD;arhr&Edik af om aus;Zl;&Sif tmp&d ,rsm; jzpf=uayonf? 1959 ckESpfwGif bDat (ordik ;f ) bG@J u&kd &Scd +hJ yD; 1960 jynfEh pS f wGif bDat (ordkif;*k%fxl;) bGJ@udk quf vuf qGwfcl;EdkifcJhonf? q&m}uD;onf ynmESifhywfoufI avmb}uD;¶Hkr#ru ¶l;oGyfol[kvnf; qdkEdkifygao;onf? ol. t"d u vrf ; !$ e f r S m qEN m "d y wd / 0d & d , m "dywd/ pdwWm"dywd/ 0drHom"dywd [laom jrwfAk'<. rSm=um;csufjzpf.? wuUodkvf ausmif;om;b0u olaqmif;aom zJxD; wGif at;ausmf (B.A, M.A, Ph.D) a&;xd;k um av#mufomG ;avh&o dS jzifh trsm; ol i g [m;p&m jzpf c J h y gonf ? od k @ aomf q&m}uD;um; olwyg; &,foGrf;aoG;onf udk vH;k 0rr_? *¶kvnf; rpdu k cf ?hJ xdo k @kd a&;xd;k xm;jcif;onf rdru d , kd u f kd rdr. d yef;wdik o f @kd ra&mufa&mufatmif oGm;&ef pdw"f gwcf eG f tm;ay;aejcif ; jzpf o nf [ k ,l q onf ? olwyg; &,foGrf;aoG;av q&m}uD;rSm ydkrdkóud;pm;av jzpfcJh&onf? rdrdonf ¶l;I Tpmwrf ; ud k csd w f q G J x m;jcif ; r[k w f a=umif; oufaojyEdkif&ef tm;xkwfcJh& onf? 1960 jy!fhESpfwGif ordkif;XmewGif enf;jytjzpf pwifwm0ef xrf;aqmifcJh onf? ol. r[m0dZ…mbGJ@pmwrf;twGuf oH;k ESpw f w d d jyifqifc&hJ onf? awmom;av; wa,muftbd@k aiGa=u;tydt k v#H roH;k Edik f I rdrdzwfvdkaom pmtkyfpmwef;rsm;udk olwyg;xHwiG f iSm;&rf;zwf¶c_ &hJ onf? ol@b@JG twGuf ta&;w}uD;zwfc&hJ aom pmrsm;pGm xJrS ol&d,owif;pmonf wcktygt0if jzpf o nf ? 1910 ck E S p f 0ef ; usif u pwifxkwfa0cJhaom ol&d,ae@pOfowif; pmrsm;udk OD;wifat;qdkolu vtvdkuf ESpftvdkuf pHepfwus csKyfum odrf;qnf; xm;avonf? xdyk *k Kd~ vfonf q&m}uD;tm; vdkvdkvm;vm; iSm;&rf;cJhygonf? ESpfaygif; av;ig;q,fpm&Sdaom owif;pm xkyf}uD; rsm;udk q&m}uD;onf rysi;f r&d r+iD;raiG@bJ oHk;ESpf=umatmif &ufrysuf zwf¶_cJhav onf ? Tr#rsm;jym;vS a om owif ; pm apmifa& axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudk wapmifr usef tptqHk; qufwdkufzwfjzpfolrSm jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;xJrS q&m}uD;wa,mufu

vGv J #if &St d rhH xif? 1963 ckESpfwGif r[m0dZ…m (ordkif;) bGJ@udk atmifjrifcJhygonf? q&m}uD;onf jrefrmhacwfopfordkif;udk rsuf0g;xifxif awG@jrifcJhbl;aom ouf&Sdordkif;[kqdku vnf ; rS m ;tH h r xif y g? enf ; jyb0wG i f OD;ae0if;. vufoHajymifvSaom emrnf ausmf wuo taqmuftOD rdik ;f AH;k azmufcJG pOfu wuUov kd t f 0dik ;f t0ef;wGif ud, k w f ikd f &Scd o hJ rl @kd rsujf rif'Xd jzpf&yfrsm;udk aumif;pGm ajymjyEdkifpGrf;&Sdygonf? xd@k aemuf q&m}uD;onf wm0eft& armfvòrdif'D*&Daumvdyf awmif}uD;'D*&D aumvd y f y nma&;wuU o d k v f &ef u k e f wuUodkvfwdk@wGif vS!fhvnfI pmayydk@cs oif=um;ay;cJyh gonf? armfvòrdiw f iG f aepOf wke;f u weoFm&DtrsK;d om; ausmif;aqmif wGif taqmifrª;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhygonf? q&m}uD;ESihf twl waqmifwnf;aeolrsm; rSm ,cktcg jrefrmjynfwiG f tvGex f if&mS ; ausmf = um;aom q&mOD ; atmif o if ; / OD;xGe;f jrifh (wuUov kd f rif;armf) ESihf aemif wGif tqifjh rifyh nmOD;pD;XmewGif !$e=f um; a&;rª;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom q&m}uD ; OD ; apmvG i f w d k @ jzpf = uonf ? xdk@aemuf awmif}uD;wuUodkvfodk@ a&G@ ajymif;wm0efxrf;aqmif&m emrnfausmf pma&;q&m}uD ; wOD ; jzpf a om q&m OD;cifarmifwifh (wuUov kd f bke;f Edik )f ordik ;f ynm&Siw f OD;jzpfaom a':eDejD rifh (aemifwiG f OD ; ae0if ; uawmf jzpf v mol ) wk d @ ES i f h &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifcJhygonf? awmif}uD;wuU odv k w f iG f pmayoif=um;yd@k csay;&if; jrefrm Edik if t H rsK;d om;ynma&;ordik ;f udk a&;om;cJh ygonf? q&m}uD;. 0goemrSm rvkyv f #if rvky/f vkyrf v d #iv f nf; tpGr;f ukef tifwu kd f tm;wdu k f pHepfwusvyk w f wfaom tusihf &Syd gonf? Tpmtkyu f dk ðypkaepOf vkyaf zmf udkifzuf q&mq&mrrsm;u okawoe tvkyfjzifh ¶_yfaxG;aeaom q&m}uD;udk tydkawG vkyfraeygeJ@ at;at;aeprf;yg? cif A sm;yd k v k y f v d k @ vnf ; xrif ; ES p f x yf b J pm;EdkifrSm[k vmajymavh&Sd=uaomfvnf; q&m}uD;um; &nfrSef;csuf }uD;rm;olyDyD rdrdtvkyfudk taumif;qHk;vkyfavh&Sdojzifh bmbJvyk v f yk f atmifjrifrt _ xGwt f xdyu f kd a&muf c J h o nf c snf ; om? ,if ; pmtk y f u k d 1971 ck E S p f t wG u f trsKd ; om;pmayqk csD;jr‡ifhjcif;cHcJh&ygonf? xdk@aemuf EdkifiHjcm; ynmawmfoif v$wf&eftwGuf av#muf v$ m ac:cJ h a yonf ? ajzqd k r !f h o l r sm;rk m jref r mwEd k i f i H v H k ; twd k i f ; twmt& oH;k axmif&adS yonf? OD;ae0if;vufxufu Ed k i f i H j cm; ynmawmf o if q k qk d o nf r S m tvG e f & awmif h & cJ a om 'k v † b w&m; wck j zpf a yonf ? vl w d k i f ; vd k c sif a om qkwckvnf; jzpf.? q&m}uD;um; i,fpOf

q&m}uD;a'guw f mat;ausmf touf 70 jynft h xdr;f trSwf *k%ðf ypmrsuEf mS olwum &,foGrf;aoG;cHI xD;wacsmif; f ;l wGif Ph.D [laom bG@J uakd &;um pdwu wGif a&;qGJcJhaomtdrfrufonf trSefw u,f jzpfvm&ef vrf;pawG@+yD;jzpfI t&if xuf tqrsm;pGm óud;pm;cJhygonf? The Nation owif;pmESifh The Guardian owif;pmyg t,f'w D mhtmabmf acgi;f }uD; ydik ;f rsm;ukd }udrzf efrsm;pGm a&;om;avhusihf tm;xkwfcJhonf? Edik if jH cm;ynmawmfoiftwGuf ajzqdk aom atmif p m&if ; xk w f j yef a omtcg q&m}uD ; onf ajzqd k o l oH k ; axmif . xdyq f ;kH u eHygww f pfpI JG yxr &cJah vonf? awmom;av;. tdrfrufonf trSefyif taumiftxnfay:cJhav+yD? ynmoifqk &+yD;aemuf =opa=w;vs Edik if &H edS mrnfausmf rdek mh(cs)f wuUov kd Yf yg&*lb@JG ukd wufa&muf oif=um;cJyh gonf? 1978 ckEpS w f iG f q&m}uD; tifrwefvv kd m;cJah om ordik ;f ynmqdik &f m yg&*lb@JG ukd rdek mh(cs)f wuUov kd rf S atmifjrif pGmqGwfcl;EdkifcJhygonf? q&m}uD;i,fpOfu rdrdvdkvm;csufudk trsm;wum tavSmif ajymifcI H a&;xm;cJah om rdred mrnfaemuf em;u bG@J rsm;tm;vH;k ukd ydik q f ikd f odr;f ydu k Ef ikd f cJyh gonf? tydak qmif;onft h aejzifh Oya' ynmbG@J wckuykd if t&,lvu kd yf gao;onf? q&m}uD;ordkif;ynmudkom wwfonfr [kwf? Oya'ynmudkvnf; aumif;rGefpGm oif , l w wf a jrmuf x m;ol jzpf o nf ? vl@b0qdo k nfum; tpOfojzifh acsmarG@ae wwf a om yef ; arG @ &m a&$ a umf a Zm r[kwfwwf=u? wcsdefr[kwf wcsdefawmh cvkww f u kd v f &JS ef acsmif;aeaom tukov kd f w&m;onf tvpfuakd pmifah e.? rdrq d ENukd jynfah jrmuf atmifjrifatmif taumift xnf azmfEikd cf o hJ nft h jyif wuUov kd af jrudk

rnfvm;[k ar;vmcJo h jzifh q&m}uD;onf &mxl;rSE_wfxGufcJhayonf? jypfr_usL;vGefoludk jypf'%frusapbJ tjypf r usL;vG e f o l r sm;ud k axmif c s? jy\emudk ajy+idr;f atmif jzefajzay;oltm; &mxl;cs tjypfay;aom pHepfatmufu wuUodkvfonfvnf; ynmuef;aeaom t&yf[, k q l um tvGew f &m jrwfE;kd wG,f wmcJ h a om wuU o D v m jru|ef ; omud k ausmcdkif;cJh&ayonf? odk@aomf q&m}uD; um; rqv ,E &W m;xJu ckid ;f aumif;¶Ho k m avhusio hf if=um;ay;xm;aom bG@J & ynm rwwf trsKd;tpm;xJu r[kwfI rqv u tvk y f ð zwf v d k u f a omf v nf ; uH q d k ; rdk;arSmifusjcif;rsKd; r[kwfbJ “a=umifukd ig;ajcmufyHkay:odk@ ypfcsvdkufonfESifhom tvm;o¿mef wlavawmhonf?” rsm; r=umrD xdkif;EdkifiH zm,ufwuUodkvfodk@ ygarmuQ&mxl;jzifh oGm;a&muf tr_xrf;cJ&h ayonf? jru|e;f ndKndKwuUov kd rf S cGcJ mG cJ&h aomfvnf; 0rf;enf;p&mr&SdbJ ynmudk ynmESifhwlatmif avhvmqnf;yl;olrsm; oif=um;jyoolrsm;&Sd&m urBmhwuUodkvf rsm;od@k ajcOD;vSnchf iG &hf cJah yonf? tu,fI rqvu &mxl;rS rz,f&Sm;cJhaomf tifr wef atmhESvHk;emp&maumif;aom etz ppftkyfpk vufatmufu wuUodkvf[k qdik ;f bkwcf sw d x f m;aomfvnf; wuUov kd . f tESpfom& bmwckrSr&Sdaom t&yfwGif tpdrf;0wf ppfaumifrsm;. trdef@tm%m atmuf r S m ynm&S i f ynm&S d b 0uae ynmao ynmwwf tem;jymb0od k @ t&Siv f wfvwf b0ajymif;cJ&h ayrnf? xdik ;f Edik if w H iG f pmayoif=um;ay;ae&if; tquf toG,af umif;rsm;&&Sv d mum tar&duef&dS aumfeJvfwuUodkvfwGif ygarmuQ tjzpf

“ightazrSmcJhwm&Sdw,f? ighom;jzpfcsifwJhtm¶Hkudk rysuaf peJ@w/hJ tJ'g q&m}uD; ESv;kH om;rSm oHrEd_ u S o f vdk pGaJ ewJh t&mbJ”

eif;bl; ajccsbl;olwdkif; pGJvef;wG,fwm wwf=uonfh uHhaumfòrdifwef;/ t"dywd vrf;/ bG@J EiS ;f obif/ opfyw k yf ifEiS hf *syq f iftkd eHab;rSm vlvmav#mufvSrf;&if; wynfh rsm;udk ynmEdk@csKdwdkufau|;um xm0& &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;}uD; vkyf awmh r nf [ k awG ; &if ; =unf E l ; aeom q&m}uD;. b0xJodk@ 1980 jynfhESpfwGif &efuek w f uUov kd f a&$bakd qmifwiG f &ckid jf ynf e,f ajrmufOD;òrd@rS &ckdifausmif;om;wOD; jzpfonfh pdex f eG ;f cdik f "g;xd;k cH&+yD; aoqH;k r_u 0ifa&mufvmcJhygonf? 0if;rif; trnf&Sd Armausmif;om;u vli,fcsi;f &efjzpf&mwGif "g;jzifh tvpfacsmif;xd;k I &ckid af usmif;om; aoqHk;&um jy\emay:cJh&onf? &cdkif ausmif;om;rsm;u rauseyfI qlqlylyl vkyv f m=u&m pD;yGm;a&;wuUov kd f ygarmuQ csKyf a'gufwmcifarmif!Gef@u tultnD awmif ; I ausmif ; om;rsm;t=um;wG i f jzpfyGm;cJhaom ra=ueyfr_rsm;udk q&m}uD; a'guw f mat;ausmu f 0ifa&muf jzefajzI jy\emrD;udk at;+idr;f apcJo h nf? od@k aomf rat;cJhonfrsm;uawmh "g;xdk;r_usL;vGef onfh ausmif;om; 0if;rif;udk rnfonfh ta&;,lrr_ sK;d rS rðyvkyb f J &ckid af usmif;om; (12) a,mufudk qlyrl j_ zifh axmif'%f ESpEf pS f pD csrSwfcJhayonf? xdk@jyif Tjy\emESifh ywfoufI q&m}uD;a'gufwmat;ausmf tm; tvkyrf S E_wx f u G rf nfvm; &mxl;cscH

wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef tcGio hf mcJah vonf? xd k @ aemuf ajrmuf y d k i f ; tD v D E G d K uf wuUodkvf/ e,l;a,mufwuUodkvfwdk@wGif ygarmuQ w m0ef r sm;ud k xrf ; &G u f u m jrefrmausmif;om;rsm;. q&m}uD;jzpf&Hk omru Ed k i f i H w umausmif ; om;rsm;. q&m}uD;ygjzpfcJh&avonf? q&m}uD;onf pmayoif=um;ydk@csay;¶Hkr#ru EdkifiHjcm;rS jref r mbmomjzif h xk w f v $ i f h a eaom a&'D,t kd pDtpOfrsm;wGiv f nf; jrefrmvli,f rsm; tusKd;&Sd&m &Sda=umif;udk tvsOf;oifh ovdk a[majymyd@k csv#u&f o dS nf? q&m}uD; ,ckuo hJ @kd atmifjrifvmatmif pGr;f aqmif Edik af om v#K@d 0u S cf surf sm;pGmxJu b,f[m u q&m}uD;udk t"du tm;ay;aecJyh govJ vd@k ar;jref;=u!fah omtcg olu “ightaz rSmcJhwm&Sdw,f? ighom;jzpfcsifwJhtm¶Hkudk rysufapeJ@wJh/ tJ'g q&m}uD; ESvHk;om;rSm oHrEd_ u S o f vdk pGaJ ewJh t&mbJ” [k jyefajzcJh onf? wcsed u f aus;vufwiG f yifyef;cufcJ pGm ynmoifc&hJ aom q&m}uD;onf ,ckol wwfEikd af om tcsed w f iG f ud, k &hf yfu, kd &hf mG rS ynmoifcsiaf omfvnf; ynmroif Edik &f mS aom vli,fav;rsm;udk taxmuftyHh ay;I tar&duefwuUodkvfrsm;wGif ynm oifay;vdkpdwf wzGm;zGm; ay:aygufaeyg onf? q&m}uD;um; ZGJvHk@tusKd;a=umif; trSeyf if òcH=um;rS bHzk sm;od@k wufvrS ;f Edik cf hJ oljzpfygonf?

&cdik t f rsK;d om;owif;pm Zefe0g&v D 2008 ckEpS f

q&m}uD; ygarmuQa'gufwmat;ausmf a& æ &cdik t f rsK;d om;wdxu J txifu& yk*Kd~ vfwa,muf jzpfyga&/ &cdik v f rl sK;d wdtm;vH;k twk,l wefz;kd xm;oifah & yk*Kd~ vfx;l / yk*Kd~ vfjrwfwa,muf. *k%ft*F geef@vnf;jynfhpHkyga&? q&m}uD;eef@wdGwdkif;/ pum;ajymjzpfwdkif; usaemf¶@kd vil ,fwu d kd t+rJwrf; qH;k r=o0g' yD;wwfyga&? ,if;txJu tm;vH;k eef@ oifah wmfz@kd xifa& q&m}uD;. qH;k r=o0g' pum;w cGe;f udk q&m}uD;ud, k pf m;/ q&m}uD; rD;G ede@f rmS ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d a=umifh ud, k w f ikd ef m;axmifciG hf r&vdu k u f wfaw &cdik o f /l &cdik o f m;tm;vH;k udk wqifh ajym=um;csifyga&? ,if;csiu hf awmh “qENm"dy"d” qdak & pum;jzpfyga&? t"dyg` ,u f awmh “ud, k t f jzpfcsiq f ;kH qENwckukd pdwrf mS ppJrG +rJ rSwAf smvf rqkwrf epfvyk v f m;au jzpfujkd zpfaw” vd@k q&m}uD;u ol@b0eef@,OS yf em t+rJwrf;ajymjywwfyga&? ,if;Zl;eef@ &cdik o f /l &cdik o f m;tm;vH;k ud, k ¶f @kd Zmudk vdck siu f wfawvJqkd pGmudk pdwrf mS pJAG smvf q&m}uD;qH;k r=o0g' yD;a&twdik ;f rdrt d usK;d twGufaomf‚if; udk,fhwdkif;jynf/ udk,fhvlrsKd;tusdK;twGufaomf‚if;/ vkyfaqmifEdkifuwfygpDvdk@ q&m}uD;rDG;edef@rSm q&m}uD;udk,fpm; vufqifhurf;qENðyvdkufyga&? ? q&m}uD; oufawmf&mausm&f n S yf gpD æ cdik x f eG ;f xGe;f (aemfa0)

q&m}uD; a'gufwmat;ausmf &&Scd ahJ ombG@J rsm; (1) B.A ( History and Religion ) &efuek w f uUov kd ?f 1959 (2) B.A ( Honors) Oriental History. &efuek w f uUov kd f 1960 (3) M.A (History of Asia) &efuek w f uUov kd f 1964 (4) B.L ( law) &efuek w f uUov kd f 1966 (5) Ph.D (History of Southeast Asia) Monash University. Vic. Australia. (rdek mhcsw f uUov kd /f =opa=w;vs/ 1979)

q&m}uD;a'gufwmat;ausmf a&;om;xkwaf 0cJo h nfh pmtkypf mwrf; tcsK@d (1) Shan Tradition and Culture (in Burmese) Co- author published by Burma Socialist program Party, Rangoon. 1968 (2) A History of National Education in Burma (in Burmese) Rangoon. Pale Sape. 1970. This book was awarded the National Literary First Prize by the Government of Burma in 1971. (3) Arakanese Tradition and Culture (in Burmese) (Co-author) published by Burma Socialist Program Party, Rangoon. 1973 (4) On the birth of Modern Family Law in Burma and Thailand Southeast Asian Studies Program. Singapore June 1990 (5) The Voice of young, Burma Southeast Asia Program Cornell University. March 1993 (6) Code and Custom in Burma and Thailand. To be published by Kiscadale, Scotland. 1993

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ol (od@k r[kw)f ordkif;*k%fa&mifajymifwJhol ol &cdkifjynfe,f&Jh &Gmi,fav;rSm rxifr&Sm; arG;zGm;cJah yrJh &nf&, G cf sujf rifrh m; óud;pm;cJo h rl kd h ud, k yf ikd o f wd t+rJay;vdk h &nfrSef;csufawG jznfhcJhw,f// ol b0vrf; tauG@tajymif; i,fpOfup ynm&SmcJo h rl kd h óud;pm;or#t&mxifcJh& ordik ;f ynm ygarmuQ ol@ordkif; ol@vlrsKd;twGuf *k%fwifcJhw,f// ol rif;qd;k rif;npf tkycf sKyfwhJ acwfrmS ynm&Su d kd tvdrk &So d rdk h Ekid if u H cGm urBm}uD;&Jh wpfae&mrSm ordkif;wm0ef jznfhqnf;aew,f// ol ordik ;f wm0ef r+iD;raiG h jrefrmausmif;om;awGomru urBmhausmif;om;awGtwGuf }uD;rm;wJh arwWm q&m ol *h % k af &mifajymifco hJ rdk h q&m vlrsKd;eJ@EdkifiHtwGuf q&mcspw f hJ ordik ;f xJrmS q&mhemrnf *k%fwifygw,fq&m// (ordkif;ygarmuQ q&m}uD;a'gufwmat; ausmf touf(70)jynfh arG;ae@trSwfw&) q&mtouf&mausmf&Snfygap? &nfreG x f yd x f m; (rJaqmuf- xdik ;f Edik if )H

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q&m}uD; a'gufwmat;ausmf wm0ef,al qmif&u G cf ahJ om &mxl; wm0efrsm; a'gufwmat;ausmf oleJ@usaemfu w&Gm 1962-80 Lecturer in the Department of History, University of Rangoon, Rangoon 1980- 82 Practicing Lawyer, Rangoon, Burma 1982-84 Associate Professor in the Department of History Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. 1984-89 Fellow/ Lecturer in the Department of Modern Language and Linguistics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 1991-92 Special Translator, Department of Sanskrit, Harvard University. 1993-95 Assistant Professor of Asian Studies School of Continuing Education Division of Adult Degree Program New York University, New York 1996-99 Associate Professor of Asian Studies 1997-2004 Editorial Consultant, Radio Free Asia ( Burmese Service)

yg0ifaqmif&u G cf hJ aqmif&u G q f J tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf wm0efrsm; (1) Director, Students Residential Life Moulmein Degree College. 1963-66 (2) Director, Students Residential Life Taunggyi Degree College. 1968- 63 (3) President. The Arakanese Students Association University of Rangoon. 1959-63/ 1978-80 (4) Founder/ Member of the Central Committee Universities Ethnic Students Federation, Rangoon ( Faculty position for the student organization) (5) Adviser to the Arakan League for Democracy 2000 to date. (6) President, America-Burma Institute, Inc., New York. 1998 to date. (7) President/ Director The Burma Action Committee, New York. 1966 to date. (8) Vice –President, The Burma Buddhist Association. New York. 1993-95. (9) Vice-President, Buddhist Rakhaing Cultural Association U.S.A. 1996 to date.

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q&m}uD;a'guw f mat;ausmf touf 70 jynft h xdr;f trSwf *k%ðf ypmrsuEf mS

“u|eaf wmf&h hJ rD;tdr&f iS f q&mtdk od@k ---”

ordik ;f topfukd a&;xd;k ol

a'gufwmat;ausmfaygif;rsm;pGmvdktyf

raocsmr_rsm;pGm jynfEh u S af ewJh tem*wfukd &ifrmS axG;ydu k +f yD; ra,mif rvnfjzifh ouU&mZf 2000 ckEpS rf ukecf ifav;rSm u|eaf wmf tar&duefEikd if u H kd ajccs 0ifa&mufvmcJyh gw,f? od@k aomfvnf; ac:p&mzke;f eHygwrf &d?S tquftoG,q f I kd wOD;wpf a,mufrS r&dcS ahJ wmh a&mufpae@u avqdyrf mS qD;óudr,fo h l r&dcS b hJ ;l ayg?h 'gayr,fh tdu k pf yfpyf &moDOwkEiS hf awmifcyef;udk cyf=urf;=urf; a0h&rf;wdu k f cwfvu dk af om avylaEG;av;wcsu&f @J E_wq f uf terf;udak wmh owdxm;rd vdu k yf g&?hJ 'Dvekd @J ar#mv f ifch suu f if;rJah ecJw h hJ ae@awG w&uf+yD; w&uf cl;qGwf jzwfoef;&if;eJ@ tJ'aD e&mav;rSm u|eaf wmfaexdik v f mcJ&h wm wae@u|ef awmf&h hJ rD;tdrf&Sifq&mtdkeJ@pwifod&dSpum;ajymcGifh&cJhwJhae@xdaygh? q&mvdk apwem arwWm}uD;rm;vS+yD;/ ^m%ftajrmfjriftjyif trsm;t usK;d twGuf bmrqdk &ifqikd af jz&Si;f &Jwo hJ wWEd iS hf jynfph w kH hJ yk*K~ v d x f ;l wpfO;D eJ@ u|eaf wmf 'Dtar&dum;rSm awG@&vdrrhf ,fv@kd u|eaf wmf b,fwek ;f urS rxifchJ bl;? q&m&Jrh a&wGuEf idk w f hJ ulnv D rf;jy OD;aqmifrr_ sm;u u|eaf wmf&h hJ tar&d uefrmS aexdik w f hJ b0udk wdk;wufajymif;vJzdk@twGufrsm;pGm taxmuftul jzpfapw,fqdkwm u|efawmfhxufydk+yD; b,folodEdkifrSmvJ? b0twGuf a&S@qufz@kd tm;tifawGuakd y;/ aemuf+yD; tawG@tóuH &ifu h surf a_ wGukd &&daS povd/k a0zeft}uHay;r_ tydik ;f awGrmS vnf; u|eaf wmfh twGuq f &mu t+rJ&Sd aejyefygw,f? twlw+JG yD;vky&f r,ft h ydik ;f awGrmS vnf; q&m[m yGiv hf if;¶d;k om;+yD;/ u|efawmfh&Jh aqG;aEG;wifjycsufawGudk tav;ay;em;axmifw,f? vufcHw,f? q&m[m wu,fqkd ol@touf t&G,ef @J rvdu k af tmifub kd J t+rJwrf; vef;qef;wufºuGaew,f? usef;rma&;udk t+rJ*¶kpdkufovdk/ bmomw&m; vnf; txl;udik ;f ¶di_ ;f ol wpfa,mufjzpfw,f? tm0Z…e;f &$io f vd/k rSw^f m%f vnf; tH=h o&avmuf atmifaumif; w,f? wu,fqkd q&mh&*hJ % k yf w k af wGukd cs;D rGr;f cef;zGiv hf @kd rukeEf ikd o f vd/k q&m&J@aus;Zl;w&m;[mvnf; u|eaf wmfh tay:rSm trsm;}uD;&daS eygw,f? 'ga=umifh q&m&Jh touf 70 ESpf ajrmufarG;ae@rmS q&m[m u|eaf wmf&h b hJ 0 a&Sah qmifr;D tdr&f iS q f &mtdk tjzpf *k%fðyuAsnf;wifvdkuf&ygw,f? q&m &$iv f ef;csr;f ajr@I/ oufawmf&mausm&f n S yf gap?

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aZmfaZmf e,l;a,mufòrd@? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk

vSat;armif 'kOuUX &cdik 'f rD u kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (jynfy) *syefEikd if H “ArmjynfrmS bma=umifh pkwjf ywfowf&ovJq&kd if ynm&Sif ynm&Su d kd vufrcH? olwdk@ajymwmudkvufcH&vdk@jzpfw,f? ,QKjzpfaewmu (17) &mpkEpS u f *syefrmS vdk Edik if aH &;vkyw f o hJ u l o kd wf/ axmifcsw,f? ArmrSma&m usefvlrsKd;wdkif;rSmvnf; ,Ofaus;r_wuUov kd f &So d ifw h ,f? twdu k f tcHawGu aqG;aEG;zd@k awmif;qd=k uw,f? ppfwyfu vufrcHb;l ? Armjynf[m w¶kwjf ynf rD;zdak csmiftwGuf pdu k cf if;wpfco k mjzpfw,f? bmvkyv f yk f trsKd;om;a&;rysuf=uapeJ@” a'gufwmat;ausmf

q&m}uD;a'gufwmat;ausmf touf (70) jynfh arG;ae@qkawmif; q&m}uD;a'guw f mat;ausm[ f m&cdik v f rl sK;d xJrS xl;cGseaf jymifajrufwhJ yk*K~ v d f wOD;jzpf+yD;/ &cdkifvlrsKd;[email protected]/ tawG; tac:rsm;udk wd;k wufvmatmif qk;H r=o0g'rsm;/ a[majymaewJyh *k Kd~ vfvnf; jzpfygw,f? q&m}uD;&Jq h ;kH r=o0g'rsm;udk em;axmif&wJt h wGuf q&m}uD;&J&h cdik v f rl sK;d awG tay:rSmxm;&Sw d hJ rGejf rwfwahJ pwem/ arwWmawGukd av;pm;*k%, f yl gw,f? ,ckusa&mufrnfh q&m}uD;&Jt h ouf (70) jynfh arG;ae@yrJG S aemifEpS af ygi;f rsm;pGm rdom;pkeJ@twl aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajrhpGmaexdkif+yD;/ aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm &cdkifvli,frsm;udk qHk;rpum;ajymqdk oGefoifEdkifygapvdk@qkawmif; arwWm ydk@ovkdufygw,f?

ckid rf if;ZH (ajrmufO;D ) acwW zl;uuf/ xdik ;f Edik if aH wmifyikd ;f

óuifoef; (&cdik t f rsK;d om;owif;pm)

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q&m}uD;a'guw f mat;ausmf touf 70 jynft h xdr;f trSwf *k%ðf ypmrsuEf mS

&cdik t f rsK;d om;owif;pm Zefe0g&v D 2008 ckEpS f pmrsuEf mS 11

orkid ;f ynm&Sif ygarmuQ a'gufwmat;ausm. f touf (70) jynfEh pS f arG;aeŒo0%fvm$ Arakan League for Democracy (In Exile) Malaysia

&ufpJG ouU&mZf 2007ckEpS f 'DZbFmv (30)&ufae@ æ ,ae@onfum; &ckdif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (jynfy) A[dkXmecsKyf. t}uHay;/ em,u (1) jzpfI &ckid o f rkid ;f ynm&Siw f OD;vnf;jzpfonfh q&m}uD;. tESpf (70) jynfah jrmuf/ arG;ae@ r*Fvm tcgor,jzpfayonf? &'z (jynfy) rav;&Sm;Edik if t H aejzifh q&m}uD; .,ae@us a&mufaom arG;ae@r*Fvm tcgor,wGif “q&m}uD; oufawmf&mausmf &Snfygap a=umif;” qkawmifywWemðyv#uf “ylaZmfxdkufoludk ylaZmfjcif;onf r*Fvmrnf.” [laom r*Fvmawmfw&m;awmft& To0%fv$mjzifh ylaZmfuef@awmh vkdufygonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd taejzifh q&m}uD;tm; trsm;jynfow l @kd . qENEiS t hf nD ylaZmfxu kd o f t l jzpf a&G; cs,=f ujcif;rSm atmufyg ta=umif;w&m;rsm;a=umifh jzpfayonf? q&m}uD;onf jrefrmEdik if YH aexdik pf Of &efuek w f uUov kd f ordik ;f XmeY Edik if . H tem*wf &ifaoG;rsm;tm; ynm&nfE@kd wu kd af u|;jcif;jzifh rdrEd ikd if EH iS hf vlrsK;d twGuf tvkyt f au|; ðycJh onf? od@k &mwGif wdik jf ynfY rSm;,Gi;f pGm pDrt H yk cf sKyfaeaom ppftpd;k &. vky&f yfEiS hf o[Zm w rjzpfI aemifwiG f tar&duefEikd if o H m;tjzpf cH,cl o hJ nfrmS q,fpEk pS f (4) pke;D yg; =umjrifch hJ av+yD? ,cktcg tar&duefjynfaxmifp. k vl0ifr}_ uD;=uyfa&;XmewGif jrefrmha&;&m u|r;f usio f l (Burma Expert) tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifqjJ zpfonf? q&m}uD;onf jrefrm EkdifiHY tr_xrf;cJhpOf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tvGefta&;}uD;vSonfh “jrefrmEdkifiHynma&; orkdif;” pmtkyfudk a&;om;ðypkcJhojzifh 1971 ckESpfwGif trsKd;om;pmayqkudk qGwfcl;& &SdcJhonf? q&m}uD;onf &ckdiftrsKd;om; wa,mufjzpfonfESifhtnD &ckdiftrsKd;om;a&; wm 0efukd xrf;&Gu&f efvnf; rysuu f u G cf yhJ g? &ckid 'f rD u kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (jynfy) A[dXk mecsKyfwiG f em,u (1) tjzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ uJo h @kd &ckid Ef ikd if aH &;ygww D ckEiS hf &ckid af wmfveS af &;ygwD (3) ck pkpak ygi;f ygw}D uD; (4) ckw@kd yl;aygi;f I &ckid v f rl sK;d wd@k . tem*wf Edik if aH &;udk OD;aqmifO;D &Guf &ckid jf ynftrsK;d om;aumifpD (Arakan National Council-ANC) wGiv f nf; em,u tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufaeqJjzpfygonf? 2005ckEpS w f iG f q&m}uD;onf xdik ;f Edik if H csLvmavmif;aumifwuUov kd Yf &ckid o f rdik ;f &Si;f vif;yGv J yk u f m &ckid o f rkid ;f qdik &f m ar;jref;csurf sm;udk jynfjh ynfph pkH kH ajz=um;ay;cJo h nf? wzef 2007 ckESpfwGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHY &cdkiforkdif;qdkif&m a[majymyGJudk pnf;um;odkuf òrdupf mG usi;f ycJo h nf? xdpk Of q&m}uD;onf tem*wf &ckid v f il ,frsm;twGuf ta&;}uD; onfh =o0g'rsm; ay;cJo h nf? xd@k tjyif y&dowfrsm;rS ar;jref;=uonfh ar;cGe;f aygi;f rsm;pGmudk wdwu d sus &Si;f vif;ajz=um;ay;cJo h jzifh vli,frsm;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom orkid ;f tcsuf tvufrsm;ESihf tzd;k xdu k af om tawG;tjrifrsm; todynmrsm;udyk g &&Scd =hJ uonf? wzef rav;&Sm;a&muf jrefrmEdik if H wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;jzpf=uonfh ucsi/f u,m;/ u&if/ rGe/f Arm csi;f / o#r;f wd@k EiS hf awG@qI kH aqG;aEG; ar;jref;r_rsm; ðyvkycf o hJ nf? xdrk #omruao;? rav;&Sm; EdkifiHrS (NGOs) tzGJ@wck jzpfonfh (SUARAM) ESifh (UNHCR) odk@oGm;a&mufI jrefrmEdkifiH'kuQonfrsm;udpPudk wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhonf? Tum; q&m}uD;. trsm;tusKd; o,fy;kd csuf wpdww f a'o jzpfonf? vlwOD;. b0wefzdk;udk csrf;omºuG,f0r_/ "eOpPmykdifqdkifr_ bGJ@'D*&D/ &mxl; tqifh twef;jzihf wkid ;f wmI r&paumif;ay? ta&;óuHvmwdik ;f trsm;tusK;d twGuf ud, k u f sK;d rzufyJ tepfemcH aqmif&Gufwwfjcif;onfom [email protected];/ tESpfom& jzpfonf? pifppf q&m}uD;onf rdrw d wf ajrmufonfh ynmjzifh Áa¹EN/ odumQ &S&d dS rylryif/ ra=umifh r=u/ rawmifrh wif;yJ aeEdik cf o hJ nfom? od@k aomf q&m}uD;onf olwyg;. aumif;usK;d csr;f omudv k nf; vpfvsLr¶_@y/J wwfprG ;f oa&G@ aqmif=uOf;ay;cJo h nf? “a&$ppfrppfukd rSwaf usmufwifI ppfaq;=unfrh o S m od&EdS ikd o f nfenf;wl ynmonf vnf; jynfol@tusKd;ðy rSwfausmufY wif=unfh+yD;rSom ynmppf/ ynmrSef jzpfvmEdkif

q&m}uD; ygarmuQ a'gufwmat;ausm. f touf(70)jynft h m; *k%ðf yjcif; q&m.tajym ta[mESit hf &G;D nDyg.? jynfph . kH ? ra=umufrvef@ rwkefrv_yf yuwd¶kyf ar;cGef;xkwfv#if ºuGif;csefrxm; ajz=um;trSef yDojyefonfh ynm[d/ ynm orm tmbm ewˆ?d ynmESiw hf al om tvif;a&mifr&Sd [laom Ak'. < w&m;awmfEiS hf tnD q&m}uD;. ynm&Siyf D ojcif;udv k nf;aumif; ordik ;f ygarmuQwOD;jzpfonfEiS t hf nD ordik ;f ynm&yfrsm;udk cGjJ crf; pdyjf zmEdik jf cif;a=umifv h nf;aumif;/ *k%jf yKylaZmfjcif;udk txl;cHxu kd o f nfh yk*Kd~ vfyifjzpf.? jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;wd@k tygt0if txl;ojzifh &cdik w f ikd ;f &if;om;wd@k . tem*wf twGuf ud, k af &m pdwyf g OD;aqmifO;D &Guf ðyvky¶f o kH mru rdr. d use;f rma&; ,d, k iG ;f aer_uydk if riJu h u G f bJ Edik if w H umod@k vSnv fh nfa[majymjcif; ynmay;pmwrf;rsm; jyKpkonft h jyif &cdik o f rdik ;f ta=umif;udk urBmjh ynfow l @kd od&adS p&ef usr;f *efpmayrsm; a&;om;jyKpkaecJah oma=umifh q&m}uD; ygarmuQO;D pHomatmifEiS hf &cdik jf refrmy¾dwf q&m}uD; OD;OD;omxGe;f wd@k uG,v f eG f +yD;onfh aemufyikd ;f wGif q&m}uD;a'guw f mat;ausmrf mS jynfwiG ;f jynfyrS &cdik o f l &cdik o f m; wd@k . axmufcjH cif; av;pm;=unfnKd jcif;udk tjynft h 0&&Sx d m;aom yk*Kd~ vfvnf;jzpfonf? od@k jzpfygI q&m}uD; 'kw, d ajrmuf &cdik jf refrmy¾dwf OD;OD;omxGe;f [k yifwifpm;vdu k f csifygonf? tar&duefEdkifiH e,l;a,mufòrd@&Sd okc0wDaetdrfrS ygarmuQ}uD; oufawmf &mausm&f n S I f wdik ;f usK;d jynfusK;d Edik if t hH usK;d udk qufvufI &$iv f ef;csr;f ajrhpmG &Guaf qmif Edkifygapa=umif; qkrGefawmif;vdkufygonf? cdkifeDausmf aumhawmifu|ef; xdik ;f Edik if aH awmifyikd ;f

onf” [laom tqdktrdef@ESifhtnD q&m}uD;onf olwwfajrmufxm;onfh ynmudk jynfoltusKd;ðy rSwfausmufY prf;oyfcHcJhav+yD;? q&m}uD;onf rw&m;r_EiS hf óuHvmv#if a&iH/k E_wq f w d rf aewwf? trSew f &m; twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&JaomowWd olY tjynfh t0&Sdonf? acwftqufquf rSm;,Gif;cJh=uaom ArmvlrsK;d }uD;pd;k / óud;udik /f cs,v f , S af &;0g'udk axmufjyrdwikd ;f / vlrsK;d a&;tpGe;f a&muf0g'[ D k wHqyd u f yfc&H onf? od@k wikd f q&m}uD;um; trSm;udk axmufjy&ef wGe@f qw k rf aecJah y? ,ae@ 'Drdkua&pD0g'ukd tajccHI zuf'&,fEdkifiH xlaxmif&ef óud;yrf;aecsdefYyif jynfya&muf Armtrsm;pkum; b0wl wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;twGuf xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;jcif;rðybJ rdrw d @kd vrl sK;d wcktwGufom uGufI=unfhwwfaom tusifhqdk;udk yGifhyGifh vif;vif; axmufjya0zef cJhonf? pmqdkawmfae@ usif;ywkdif;vnf; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; ta=umif;/ OD;yknta=umif;/ Armpmayynm&Sirf sm; ta=umif;udo k m aqG;aEG;ch=J u+yD;/ rGeyf nm&Si/f o#r;f ynm&Si/f &ckid f ynm&Sirf sm;ta=umif; vH;k 0pdw0f ifpm;r_ rðycJ?h jynfwiG ;f Yvnf; Armorkid ;f udo k m oif=um; cGi&hf +yD; tjcm;vlrsK;d . orkid ;f udk vH;k 0 ydwyf ifwm;jrpf xm;cJo h nf? xd@k a=umifh jrefrmEdik if . H ynma&;onf “wvrf;armif; ynma&;pepf” jzpfonf vlrsK;d aygi;f pkaH exdik o f nfh Edik if w H iG f ,if;od@k “wvrf;armif;pepf” udo k mqufvuf usio hf ;kH aernfqv kd #if Edik if o H nf rnfonfh tcgrS }uD;yGm;wd;k wufvrd rhf nfr[kw[ f k ajymifajymifwif;wif; a0zefaxmufjycJo h nf? ed*;Hk csKyftaejzifh TtESpf (70) jynfh ajrmuf q&m}uD;. arG;ae@o0%fvm$ wGif &'z (jynfy) rav;&Sm;taejzihf wdkif;jynf odk@wifjyvdkonfh pum;rSm atmufyg twdkif; jzpfonf? ynmonf vli,fESifhEdkifiH. tem*wfjzpfonf? xkdvli,frsm;. ynma&;onf/ Ed k i f i H . tem*wf u d k ðypk y sKd ; axmif a ejcif ; yif jzpf o nf ? xd k v l i ,f r sm;. ynma&;Y vl@tzG@J tpnf;wdik ;f . wefz;kd jzpfaom/ vGwv f yfjcif;/ w&m;r#wjcif;/ tcGit hf a&; wef;wlnrD # r_&jdS cif;ponfh pHEe_ ;f rsm; ay:wGif tajccH&ayrnf? u|Eyfk w f @kd . Edik if o H nf (Multi-ethnic, multi-religious, multi cultural society) jzpfojzifh w&m;r#wI wef;wlnrD #r&_ rdS S pnf; vH;k nD!w G af om vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk wnfaqmufEikd rf nf? od@k ro S mv#if om,m0ajym aom wd;k wufz@HG òz;onfh Edik if aH wmfopfqo D @kd csw D ufEikd rf nf jzpfonf? jrefrmEdik if . H vuf&dS tajctaewGirf l tkycf sKyfol vlenf;pku Oya'. txufo@kd a&muf&adS e=u+yD; pdw¶f ;l ayguw f ikd ;f xifovd/k jrifovd/k cs,v f , S af e=uonf? xd@k a=umifh jynfot l rsm;pkrmS vGwv f yfjcif; tvsOrf &S/d rw&m;zdEydS /f cs,v f , S cf aH e &onf? wzef xdktkyfcsKyfolonf rdrdvlrsKd;rSvGJI tjcm;wyg;aom vlrsKd;/ bmom/ ,Ofaus;r_udk vHk;0xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;jcif; rðyay? wEdkifiHvHk;wGif wckwnf;aom Arm (jrefrm) vlrsK;d jzpfa&;od@k om OD;wnfaeonf? xdrk w S zef bmoma&;bufwiG rf l Ak'b < mom onf Edik if aH wmf. t}uD;qH;k bmomw&m;jzpfI useb f momw&m;ESihf ud;k uG,rf r_ sm; t wGuf rsm;pGmxnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;jcif; rðyay? od@k jzpfI q&m}uD;. TarG;aeŒ tcgor,ESit hf wl tem*wfY jrefrmEdik if w H iG f vGwf vyfjcif;/ w&m;r#wjcif;ESifh omwlnDr#&Sdjcif;w&m; xGef;um;I om,m0ajymaom vl@abmifopf}uD; ay: ayguaf p&ef óud;pm;=uzd@k oH"Xd mef ðyvku d &f ygonf? tvkyftr_aqmifaumfrDwD &ckid 'f rD u kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf (jynfy) rav;&Sm;EdkifiH 25-3B, Jalan Bandar-12, Pusat Bandar Puchong, 47100 Puchong Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: [email protected] / Tel: 603-5882 2720

ynm&SEd iS hf ynmwwf avmuwGif ynm&SEd iS hf ynmwwf[I ESprf sK;d ESppf m; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;avonf? ynmwwf[lonfum; rdrdwwfu|rf;onfh ynm&yfjzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;Edkifa&;udk tav;ay;um rSejf cif;rSm;jcif;udk a0zefyikd ;f jcm;jcif;xuf ud, k t hf a&;udk OD;pm;ay;avh&o dS nf? tca=u;aiG&v#if qifjcifww kH &m; uif;aysmufum wdik ;f jynfrsuEf mS vlrsKd ;rsuEf mS udk wpufuav;r# iJu h u G jf cif;r&Sb d J ocifhrsufESmwckwnf;twGuf cdkif;or#udk vkyfay;avh&Sdavonf? xdo k @kd aom vlrsK;d rsm;xGe;f um;I ,ae@jrefrmjynfonf ppftm%m&Sif tqufqufw@kd . vufatmufwiG f jym;jym;arSmufc&hJ jcif; jzpfayonf? ynm&Sq d o kd rl sm;um; xdo k @kd r[kw/f trSeEf iS t hf rSm; taumif;ESit hf qd;k ta=umif;ESit hf usK;d udk a0zefqifjcif oH;k oyfum rvkyo f ifh rvkyx f u kd af om tvkyrf sK;d udk toufyifaoao/ iwfIv#myif jrufayguyf gap/ bk&m; &[E mW olawmfaumif;wd@k rcs;D r$e;f aom uJ&h ahJ om tvkyu f kd vkyaf vhr&Syd g? wHawG; tefzwfozG,f &G&H mS ayonf? ynm&Srd sm;onf ud, k u f sK;d &Smorm;rsm; r[kw=f u? avmuudk aumif;usK;d jyK&ef/ avmuudk tvSqif&ef oufouf vljzpfvm=ujcif;jzpfonf? ynm&Sw d yg;udk &&Sjd cif;onf t&m&mudk &&Sjd cif; rnfygayonf? jrefrmjynfwiG f ynm&Srd sm;pGm ay:xGe;f &efvakd yonf? usaemf^m%frDoavmufajym&v#if q&m}uD; a'gufwmat;ausmfonf rif;cpm;vkyf¶Hkoufouf ynmwwftrsKd;tpm;xJur[kwfbJ rdrd. vlrsKd;ESifh wdkif;jynftusKd;udk o,fydk;&efarG;zGm;vmaomynm&Sdwyg;jzpfonf[k !$ef;qdkcsifygonf? OD;ausmfausmf zl;uuf/ xdik ;f Edik if aH wmifyikd ;f

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(diplome de chimiste analyst)

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Photo-AFP

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Photo-AFP

Photo-AFP

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