ဆယ့္သုံးၾသဂတ္[စ္]မေမ့အပ္

&ck d i f j ynf v k H ; qk d i f & mausmif ; om;ES i f h v l i ,f r sm;tpnf ; t±k H ; All Arakan Students’ & Youths’ Congress OD;wnfcsuf (7) &yf 1? &ckdifausmif;om;ESifhvli,frsm; Av (5)wef zGH‹_zdK;wkd;wuf wkd;wufa&;? 2? &ckdifha*[pepfESifh ,Ofaus;r+tarGtepfrsm; xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smufa&;? 3? &ckdifwpfrsKd;om;vkH;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;? 4? e,fcsJ‹vlrsKd;}uD;0g'ESifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfwkdufzsufa&;? 5? tzdESdyfcHwkdif;&if;om; jynfolwpf&yfvkH; vGwfajrmufa&; 6? 'Drkdua&pDESifh vl‹tcGifhta&; &&Sda&;? 7? &ckdifwpfrsKd;om;vkH; ukd,fhuH-urRm ukd,fzefwD;cGifhESifh ukd,fykdifjy@mef;cGifh &&Sda&;?

13 -o*wf(pf) rarhtyf (41) ESpaf jrmuf ppfawGqefjy\emae‹ 0rf;enf;atmufarhz, G t f xdr;f trSwf &ckid jf ynfv;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;ESiv hf il ,frsm;tpnf;t&k;H rS xkwaf 0onf?

ykHESdyfrSwfwrf; yxrt}ud r f 2008 = ckESpf/ -o*wf(pf) tkyfa& 1000 xkwfa0ol rSwfwrf;ESifh okawoeXme &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH; (&/ u/ v/ p) All Arakan Students' & Youths' Congress (AASYC)

pDpOfol rif;okdufxGef; rSwfwrf;pkaqmif;ay;ol Ekid Ef idk (f ppfawG) pmpDpm&kduf &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH; (&/ u/ v/ p) &Jabmf/ &Jr,frsm; qufoG,f&efvdyfpm PO Box - 178 Mae Sot Tak - 63110 Thailand

Email [email protected]

aus;Zl ; wif v $ m “(13) -o*wf(pf) rarhtyf ”pmtkyftm; xkwfa0Ekdif&eftwGuf rdrdwkd‹ &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&mausmif; om;ESifhvli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;(&/u/v/p) taejzifh }udK;yrf;vmcJhonfrSm (3) ESpfcef‹ -umcJhyg_yD? okd‹aomf qENom&Sdaomfvnf; vufawG‹ taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufonfhtykdif;wGif a&S‹rwkd;EkdifbJ aemufjyef qkwfcJh&ygonf? ppfawGqefjy\emta&;awmfykHonf vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; (41) ESpfu jzpfysufcJhaom tjzpftysuftm; jyefvnfajc&maumuf&jcif;/ rSwfwrf; rSwf&mtm;enf;jcif;ESifh tjcm;aomta-umif; t&mrsm;a-umifh vufawG‹aqmif&Guf&mwGif tcuftcJrsm;&SdcJhygonf? okd‹aomf ukdEkdifEkdif(ppfawG). tm;ay;ulnDr+a-umifh ppfawGqefjy\emwGif ukd,fwkdifyg0ifcJholrsm;. wefzkd;rjzwfEkdifaom jyefvnfajym -um;csufrsm;ukd &&SdcJhygonf? xkdtwGufa-umifh ukdEkdifEkdifESifhwuG tcsuftvufr#a0ay;-uolrsm;/ tm;}udK; rmefwuf 0kdif;0ef; taumiftxnfazmfay;-uaom&Jabmf/ &Jr,frsm;tm;vkH;ukd aus;Zl;txl;wif&Sdygonf? Tpmtkyfi,fonf ppfawGqefjy\em.rdwfqufpmtkyfi,fwpftkyfom jzpfao;ygonf? tao;pdyf ta-umif;t&mrsm;onf jynfhpkHvkHavmufr+&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? pmzwfolrsm;taejzifh Tpmtkyfi,ftm; tm;rvkdtm;r&/ pdwfwkdif;rusr+rsm; trSefwu,f &Sd-uygvdrfhrnf? ppfawGqefjy\emESifhywfowfI jynfhpkHckdifvkHaompmtkyf wpftkyftm; aemufxyfxkwfa0&ef }udK;yrf;vsuf&Sdygonf? xkwaf 0&jcif;&nf&, G cf sufonf &ckid o f rkid ;f wGif aoG;pGe;f cJah omtjzpftysufwpfct k m; tzdEydS cf &H ckid f jynfolrsm;/ wkdif;&if;om;jynfolrsm; ykdrkdod&Sdem;vnfap&ef/ xkduJhokd‹aomtjzpftysuf aemufxyfwpfzef rjzpf yGm;ap&efESifh jynfolrsm;owd&Sdae-uap&ef &nf&G,fygonf? &ckdiforkdif;rSeftm; wdrfaumaysmufuG,f atmifaqmif&u G af eaom Armppftm%m&Sirf sm;/ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;vufatmufwiG f trSew f u,f jzpfysufchJ aomtjzpftysufwpfcktm; rSwfwrf;wifjcif;jzpfygonf? aemufvm aemifom;rsm;taejzifh orkdif;xJrS trSef w&m;/ orkdif;xJrS tem*wfukd &SmazGapvkdaom qENjzpfygonf? Tpmtkyfi,fonf &ckdiftrsKd;om; vGwaf jrmufa&; awmfveS af &;c&D;wGif twkid ;f twmwpfcx k d tusKd;jyKEkid rf nfqydk gu rdrw d ‹dk &ckid jf ynfv;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;ESifhvli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH; (&/ u/ v/ p) taejzifh }udK;yrf;&usKd;eyfyg_yD? Tpmtkyif ,fjzifh ppfawGqefjy\emwGif usqk;H cJ&h olrsm;ESihf touf&iS u f sef&pfco hJ rl sm;tm; *k%jf yK tyfygonf?

rif;okdufxGef; rSwfwrf;ESifh okawoeXme &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH; (&/ u/ v/ p)

rsufpdwqkH; tpdrf;a&mifzkH;v$rf;aeaom b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf a&jyifus,f}uD;ukdjzwfausmfvsuf avajyavn‡if;uav;rsm;onf vjcrf;ajrokd‹ OD;wnfwkdufcwfvsuf&Sdonf? xkdvjcrf;ajronf uGsef;}uD;/ uGsef;i,f/ jrpf}uD;/ jrpfi,ftoG,foG,fESifh awmawmifpdrfhprf;wkd‹jzifh vlwkdif; ESpfvkdzG,f om,mvSyaom a'owpfckjzpfonf? Ta'ookd‹ (1630) jynfhESpfu -o*wfpwif c&pf,mef*kd%f;0if ay:wl*Dbkef;awmf}uD; qDbufpwD,ef rife&dwfonf tdENd,jynfrSwqifh vma&mufaexkdifcJhonf? bkef;awmf}uD;rife&dwf rSwfwrf; wifcJhaom EkdifiHum; “tm&uef” “Arracan” “&ckdifjynf” yifjzpfonf? rife&dwfa&muf&Sdvmcsdefum; &ckdifjynfonf ukd,fhrif;ukd,fhcsif;ESifh tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdif vGwfvyf aomwkdif;jynfwpfjynf jzpfcJhonf? bkef;awmf}uD;rife&dwfonf &ckdifjynf/ &ckdifbk&ifESifh &ckdifhxD;eef; crf;em; }uD;us,fr+/ &ckdifjynf.om,mvSykHtm; pmzGJ‹rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf? vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;ESpf&mausmfu EkdifiHjcm; om;wpfOD; &ckdifjynf.crf;em;}uD;us,fr+tm; rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? rife&dwf. rSwfwrf;t&qkdv#if &ckdifjynfonfum; Owk&moDr#waumif;rGefI ajray:ajratmuf oD;ESHxGufukefrsm;jzifh uHkvkHjynfhpkH_yD; rif;ESifh jynfol cspf-unf&if;ESD;pGm aexkdif-uum ppfa&;tiftm; awmifhwif;ckdifrmaom EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHjzpfayonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf “avmuedAŠmefuav;”ozG,f csrf; om-uG,f0vSaom &ckdifjynfyifjzpfayonf? okd‹aomf ,ae‹ &ckdifjynfonfum; csrf;om-uG,f0olrsm;aexkdif&m “avmuedAŠmefbkH” r[kwfbJ “qif;&JrJGaw zGwfbkd;atrsm;aexkdif&m 'kuQbkHav;” wpfckom jzpfvsuf&Sdonf? ‘'kuQbkHav;’ okd‹ tb,fa-umifh &ckdifol/ &ckdifom;rsm; usqif;cJh&ygoenf;?

tkd uGsefb0 vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;(5000)ausmfu &ckdifjynfonf ukd,fhxD;ukd,fheef;/ ukd,fhpmay/ ukd,fh,Ofaus;r+ jzifh aexkdifcJhaomEkdifiHjzpfonf? "n0wDacwf/ a0omvDacwf/ av;_rdK‹acwf/ ajrmufOD;acwf[lI acwf}uD; av;acwfukd jzwfoef;vmcJhonf? acwf}uD;av;acwfukd jzwfoef;&if; &ckdifvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf wpfjznf;jznf; wkd;wuf}uD;yGm;vmcJhonf? (1784)wGif &ckdifjynfY eef;wGif;t±+yftaxG;a-umifh trsKd;om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfr+_ydKuGJaeonfukd tcGifhaumif;,lum Armbk&ifarmif0kdif;onf &ckdifjynfokd‹0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufcJhonf? tcsKd‹aom &ckdifrif; nDrif;om;ESifh jynfolrsm;u Armbk&iftaejzifh &ckdifjynfEkdifiHa&;_idrfoufcsdefwGif jynfolwkd‹. vkdvm;ESpf oufaom rif;nD/ rif;om;wpfyg;yg;ukd eef;wifay;vdrfhrnf[k,lqum Armbk&ifarmif0kdif;.usL;ausmfr+ukd axmufc}H udKqkcd -hJ uonf? tcsKd‹aom &ckid af cgif;aqmifrsm;u Arme,fcsJ‹w‹dk &ckid jf ynftm; 0ifa&mufvmjcif;onf usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufvmjcif;jzpfonfukd &dyfpm;rdcJhonf? xkda-umifh awmifrif;}uD; ausmfxGD;onf yxrqkH;ckcH wku d cf u dk cf o hJ nf? Armwyfrsm;tvk;H t&if;ESihf 0ifa&mufvmaomtcg awmifrif;}uD;ausmfx;DG onf ajrmufO;D rif; xHrSvnf;aumif;/ &rf;_AJuGsef; tdrfa&S‹rif;a[mif; oufpHa&$xHrSvnf;aumif;/ rmefatmif_rdK‹pm; AkdvfxGef;atmif ausmfxrH v S nf;aumif; ppfual wmif;cHco hJ nf? ok‹d aomf xkt d csdet f cgu tcsif; csif;oHo,0ifaejcif;/ pnf;vk;H r+ _ydKuGJaeaoma-umifh e,fcsJ‹&efoltm; ckcHwGef;vSef&ef pkpkpnf;pnf; r&SdcJh-uacs? xkdtcsdeftcgu &ckdifjynfY ajrmufOD;bk&if orRw&mZmrif;tjyif ia-u;awmifwGif "m;rEkdifrif;/ yaEM;uGsef;wGif aumif;nGef‹&efrif;/ -uyfpifuGsef;wGif "m;ykdif}uD;oHa'rif;/ &kd;uGsef;wGif ukvm;a&$pmrif;/ wef;vGJwGif awmifrif;}uD;ausmfxGD;/ rmefatmifuGsef;wGif owkd;jzLrif;wkd‹onf olwpfvligwpfrif; jzpfaecJhonf? xkda-umifh Arme,fcsJ‹wkd‹onf (1)

&ckdifjynftm; tvG,fwulodrf;ykdufEkdifcJhum (1784) 'DZifbm (31) &ufae‹wGif &ckdifjynf tcsKyftjcmtm%m usqkH;um ol‹uGsefb0ukd usa&mufcJh&onf? ESpfaygif; (5000)ausmf “avmuedAŠmef”tjzpfrS ted@m&kHrsm;pkaygif;qkH&m “'kuQbkHuav;”tjzpf a&muf&Sdaponfh Zmwfvrf;tp yrm%yifjzpfonf? Arme,fcsJ‹w‹dk onf &ckid jf ynfudk odr;f yku d _f yD; “usLyifcw k f usLikwrf usef”qko d vkd &ckid v f rl sKd; tajrmuf tjrm;tm; zrf;qD;owfjzwfcJhonf? Arme,f c sJ @ owf j zwf c J h a oma=umif h aoqk H ; cJ h & r_ r sm; aygif;wkwfjyifwGif 1000 o&uftkyfwGif 1000 -uuf&kd;awmif 1000 pHum;awmifwGif 2000 ajrmufOD;_rdK‹ay:wGif 37000 ykcufwGif;rS uav;rsm;tm; "m;upm;ojzifh uav;aygif; 10000 bk&m;ay:/ 'kdif;usD/ armif;aqG;/ i&aumuf/ acgif;_ydK/ yk&drf/ &wemjyif/ vufrawmwef;/ ukd;q,fhukd;awmif/ oHwGJ/ &rf;_AJ/ rmefatmift&yf 184000 pk p k a ygif ; 2360000 &uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfcHcJhonf? &ckdifjynfoljynfom;rsm;onf ‘ausmcsrS "m;jrrSef;’ odcJh-uonf? rdrdEkdifiHukd wkdufckdufodrf;ykduf &efvmoltm; 0rf;omtm;& qD;}udKcJhaomtjzpf? xkd‹aemuf Arme,fcsJ‹rsm;onf &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdk‹. ZmwdaoG;/ Zmwdrmefudk csdK;ESdrf&ef &ckdifbk&ifr[morRw&mZm/ rdzk&m;jroEWm/ rif;nDrif;om;rsm;/ ynm&Sdtrwfrsm;ESifh &[ef;ynm&Sifrsm;/ ukd,f&Hawmfrsm;ponfjzifh a,musfm;/ rdef;rpkpkaygif; (7700) ukdvnf; zrf;qD;ac: aqmifoGm;cJhonf? ydËuwf (3) ykHESifh aA'if (56 ) usrf;t0if aq;usrf;/ "mwfusrf;/ ppfusrf;/ Adokumusrf; aygif;rsm;pGmukdvn;f odrf;,lchJ-uonf? ajrmufOD;_rKd‹ay:&dS ausmif;}uD; (30)/ ausmif;i,f (3000) cef‹ESifhwuG apwDyx k ;dk tajrmuftjrm;udk Armrif;trde‹f jzifh zsuq f ;D cJ-h uonf? ajrmufO;D a&$_rdK‹awmfEiS w hf uG &rRm0wD_rdK‹awmf/ arC0wD_rKd‹awmf/ 'Gg&m0wD_rKd‹awmf&Sd _rdK‹t*Fgtm;vkH;ukdvnf; zsufqD;cJh-uonf? &ckdif&[ef;awmf ax&f}uD;/ 0g}uD;rsm;ukd oduQmcs_yD; 'kef;/ [m&Dpaom ,kwfnHhaom trsdK;tEG,f0ifrsm;xHwGif jyefvnf &[ef;cHapjcif;/ tr&yl&rS yifhaqmifvmaom 0gi,fonfh &[ef;ysdKrsm;xHwGif jyefvnf&[ef;cHapjcif;jzifh omoemudkygrusef csdK;ESdrfcJh-uonf? Arme,fcsJ‹wdk‹ yifhaqmifvmaom omoemjyKq&mawmf (12) yg;uvnf; &ckdif&Sd Ak'
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t*F v d y f e ,f c sJ ‹ v uf a tmuf u sa&muf j cif ; xkdacgif;aqmif (3) oHk;OD;onf (1824) wGif usL;ausmfol Armwdk‹udk wdkufxkwf&ef t*Fvdyfwkd‹ ESifhr[mrdwfpmcsKyf csKyfqkdcJh-uonf? xkdpmcsKyfwGif (1) &cdkifESifh t*Fvdyf yl;aygif;I Arme,fcsJ‹wyfudk &cdkifjynfrS wdkufxkwf&ef? (2) t*Fvdyfwdk‹xHrS vufeufESifhppftiftm; wcsdK‹xuf0ufulnD&ef? (3) ppftoHk;p&dwfudk t*Fvdyfwdk‹xHrSuscH&ef? (4) Arme,fcsJ‹wyfudk &ckdifjynfwGif;rS armif;xkwfjyD;v#if &ckdifrif;om;rsm;vufodk‹ &cdkifjynfudk jyefvnftyfESif;&ef? (5) ppf_yD;qHk;aomtcg ppftwGif;ukefusp&dwf. (2) qudk &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;rS jyefvnfay; qyf&ef? (6) t*Fvdyfwdk‹aejzifh &cdkifjynfol/ jynfom;rsm;tm; zdESdyfI qufqHjcif;rjyK&ef? (7) ppf_yD;v#if_yD;csif; t*Fvdyfwdk‹onf &cdkifjynfrS vHk;0xGufay;&ef? (8) ppfwdkuf&mwGif &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdk‹u OD;aqmifvrf;n$efjy&ef? (9) -unf;wyf/ a&wyfESpf&yfpvHk;wGif (2)bufpvHk; nDnmwuf-uGpGm wm0ef,l-u&ef? (10) ppftwGif;&duQmudk &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;u axmufyHh&ef wkd‹yg0ifonf? pifppftm;jzifh t*Fvdyfwdk‹onf Armya'o&mZfudk acsr+ef;&efESifh &cdkifjynfudk u|efjyK&eftwGuf enf;y&d,m,fqifcJhjcif;omjzpfayonf? &cdkifjynf ArmvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufaomtcgrSom &cdkif trsdK;om;wdk‹onf t*Fvdyfwdk‹. oabmxm;rSefudk od&SdcJh-uonf? xdk‹a-umifh (1827) wGif jyifopf tultnD&,lI t*Fvdyfwdk‹udk jyefvnfqef‹usif&ef rif;om;}uD;a&$bef;/ a';0ef;atmifausmf&$DESifh_rdK‹ol}uD; atmifausmfZHwkd‹onf ajratmufpnf;&kH;a&;ESifh ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;rsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf? odk‹aomf pH&azGacgif;aqmifaom opPmazmuftcsdK‹a-umifh acgif;aqmif (3)OD;onf 'uUm;axmifwGif axmif oGif;tusOf;csjcif;cHcJh&on?f Tacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ‚if;wkd‹. aowrf;pmukd 'umU;axmifeH&HwGif vuf armif;aoG;jzifh a&;xdk;vsuf aoonftxd tpmiwfcHwdkufyGJ0ifum &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdk‹. ZmwdaoG;/ Zmwd rmefudk azmfxkwfjyocJh-uonf? acgif;aqmifrJhoGm;aom &cdkife,fcsJ‹qef‹usifa&;wdkufyGJrsm;rSm enf;ynmt&m/ vufeuftiftm;/ vltiftm;t&mwGif tzufzufrSomvGefaom e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyfwdk‹. zdESdyfr+atmufwGif rD;cJjymzHk; jzpfcJh&onf? &ckdiftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyfudk qef‹usifwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;wGif tjcm; xif&Sm;aomacgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf? (1828) wGif &ckdifjynfajrmufykdif; av;_rdK‹acsmif;wGif Akdvf csKdufpH/ (1829) wGif oHwGJe,frS AkdvfatmifomOD;/ (1831) wGif usdE WvDq&mawmf/ (1870=71) wGif ajrmuf OD;_rdK‹wGif AkdvfarmifOD;jzLtrsKd;om;awmfvSefa&;wpf&yfukd qifEGJcJhonf? okd‹aomf vufeuftiftm;rr#aom a-umifh wkdufckdufzrf;qD;cH&_yD; owfjzwfcHvdkuf&onf? (1890) wGif oHwGJusdE WvDwGif aiGausmufpdrf;Akdvf x-uGawmfvSefcJhonf? xkdESpfrSmyif oHwGJq&mawmf}uD;OD;aqmif_yD; Ak'm_Adwdo#e,fcsJ‹ vufatmufu u,fwif&eftwGuf awmfvSefykefuefcJh-uonf? oHwGJjrpfwpf&kd;rS &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;ukd pnf;&kH; (3)

_yD; _rdK‹ukd0ifpD;cJh-uonf? xkdwkdufyGJwGif q&mawmfESifh &[ef;awmftrsm;tjym;ysHvGefoGm;-u_yD; usef&[ef; rsm; tzrf;tqD;cHcJh-u&onf? (1890) wGif &ckdifjynf ajrmufOD;/ ausmufawmf/ &aohawmif_rdK‹rsm;vnf; awmfvSefx-uGr+ tajrmuftjrm; ay:aygufcJhonf? Akdvf-umxGef;/ Akdvfa&$vS/ Akdvfbwkd‹onf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹tm; awmfveS cf -hJ uonf? oHweJG ,frS Akv d af usm0f onf awmifyidk ;f rSajrmufyidk ;f txd awmufav#muf awmfveS w f u dk cf u kd f cJhonf? okd‹aomf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹wkd‹. zrf;qD;owfjzwfjcif;cHcJh&onf? (1891) wGif Akdvfcsif;zkd‹ESifh om;armifazmf atmifwkd‹onf awmifolv,form;rsm;ukdpnf;&kH;_yD; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹tm; wkdufyGJ0ifcJhonf? t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹tm; armif;xkwf_yD; rif;qufxlaxmif&ef}udK;yrf;cJh-uonf? (1892) azazmf0g&DvwGif om;zESpfOD;vkH;zrf;qD;cH&_yD; ppfawGtusOf;axmifwGif wkdufydwfxm;cJhonf? tusOf;om;wpf&mausmfcef‹onf axmifwGif;wGif wuf-uG ykefuef_yD; om;tzESpfOD;tm; v$wfay;vkduf-uonf? xkd‹aemuf axmifukd azmufxGif;&ef wkdufckdufcJh-uonf? e,fcJs‹u wefjyef wkdufckdufr+a-umifh zrf;qD;rdum om;tzESpfOD;vkH; }udK;ay;_yD; owfjzwfcHcJh&onf? &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;.awmfvSefa&;onf wpfrsKd;om;vkH;yg0ifpkpnf;xm;aom awmfvSefa&; rjzpfcJhaomfvnf; wpfyg;olvufatmufwGif acgif;ikH‹rcHcJhbJ &J&J0Hh0hH wkdufyGJ0ifcJh-uonf? ukd,fhjynfukd jyef&zkd‹twGuf &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf toufaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmay; qyfcJh-u&onf?

Armwpf j ynf v k H ; uG s ef b 0usa&muf j cif ; t*Fvdyfwdk‹onf (1824) wGif atmuf Armjynf/ (1885) wGif txufjrefrmjynftm; wdkufcdkuf odrf;ydkufvsuf Armjynf&Sdwdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;udk u|efjyKtkyfcsKyfcJh-uonf? e,fcsJ‹ t*Fvdyfwdk‹. enf;ynmESifh vufeuftiftm;udk txif-uD;pdwfESifh jyif;xefaomzdESdyfr+rsm;a-umifh ArmtrsdK;om;wpf&yfvHk;. t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹qef‹usifa&;pdwf"mwfrSm wjznf;jznf; r+ef0g;vmcJhonf? (1917)wGif &ckdiftrsKd;om; q&mawmf OD;OwWronf tm&SwdkuftESH‹vSnfhvnfvsuf Oa&myudkvdkeDpepfudk t-urf;rzuftEkenf;jzifh qef‹usif-u&ef wdkufwGef;v+H‹aqmfcJhonf? q&mawmf. aus;Zl;a-umifh jynfolwpf&yfvHk; EdkifiHa&;tod Edk;-um;vm_yD; qENjyyGJ/ oydwfarSmufyGJESihf awmif;yGJ/ wdkufyGJrsm; EdkifiHtESH‹ay:aygufvmcJhonf? q&mawmfum; 0dkiftrfbDtoif;}uD;u t*Fvdyfbk&ifrudk bk&m;ocifapmifrygap[laom _Adwd o#tifyg,m. EdkifiHawmfoDcsif;udk oDqdkae&csdef/ jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk; _Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;wGif tr+xrf;aeonfh ArmvlrsdK;ykvdyfudkyif acgif;armfI r-unfh0HhcsdefwGif bk&ifcHqm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'gufudk t*FvefjyefomG ;[k owif;pmwGif ajAmifta&;qdk wdu k yf 0JG ifco hJ nfh tm*owW&d iS jf zpfayonf? (1917) rS (1939) twGif; q&mawmf. EdkifiHa&;pmayESifh rdef‹cGef;rsm;onf Armjynfwpf0Srf;vHk;&Sd vlxk/ vlwef;pm; tv$mtoD;oD;udk v$rf;rdk;xm;EdkifcJhonf? t*Fvdyftpkd;&onf q&mawmfudk (4) }udrfwdkifwdkif axmifoGif; tusOf;csI n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufcHcJh&aomfvnf; q&mawmfum;ysHvGefcsdef (1939) pufwifbm (9) txd 'l;r axmuf/ vufrajr‡muf tav#mhray;cJhay? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; Armjynf.vGwfvyfa&;AdokumjzpfI q&mawmfum; ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;.rD;&+;wefaqmifjzpfayonf? Armjynf. r[wWr*END[k wifpm;

“tpkd;&[lonf rnfr#yif &ufpufapumrl jynfolwkd‹.wpfvkH;wpf0wnf;aygif;pnf; }uHpnfI vGwfvyfa&;&Sm-uawmhrnf[laomt"d@mefjzifh vkyf}uHjcif;ukd wm&SnfpGm rcH r&yfEidk jf zpfacsonf?”

q&mawmfOD;OwWr (4)

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(10)

&ckdifjynf. yxrqkH; tiwfab; bm;bl[d,ifh qef&Sd,ifh 'kdif;usD[d,ifh qef&Sd,ifh [lI &ckdifjynf. qefa&pyg;aygrsm;ykHtm; pmzGJ‹rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf? &ckdifjynfwGif qef&Sm;I tiwfab;ESifh }uHKawG‹cJh&onf[k orkdif;wav#mufrnfonhftcgwGifrS rawG‹zl;/ r-um;cJh&zl;acs? ae0if;ppftkyfpkvufxuf (1967) ckESpfwGif &ckdifjynfol/ jynfom;rsm; yxrOD; qkH;aom }uHKawG‹cJh&aom tiwfab;jzpfonf? qef&Sm;yg;r+a-umifh aiGa-u;wwfEkdifolrsm;awmif qefukd 0,fr&jzpf-u&onf? qef&Sm;yg;r+a-umifh jydef;OESifh csOfaygif}udKaomuf&onfhtxd qefpyg;&Sm;yg;cJhonf? tusKd;quftjzpf 0rf;avsmum aoolrsm;owif;/ &SufI tqdyfaomuf owfaoolrsm;owif;ukd &ckdif jynftESHr-um;csifqkH;-um;ae-u&onf? ppfawG_rdK‹vrf;}udK vrf;-um;rsm;wGif “xrif;usefay;yg [if;usefay;yg” [k wpmpmESifh vkduf vHawmif;pm;ae-uolrsm;ukd ae‹wkdif;vkdvkdawG‹jrifae&onf? &ifcGifxJwGifvnf; Ekd‹pkd‹t&G,fuav;i,f rsm;ukd csDykd‹xm;-uonf? TuJhokd‹jrifuGif;tm; &ckdifjynfwGif rnfonfhtcsdeftcgr# rawG‹jrifcJh&acs? jrif&oltaygif; a-uuG0J rf;enf;p&mjrifuiG ;f jzpfonf? rde;f rysKd/ vlysKdrsm;onfyif awmif;&rf;pm;aomuf&onfh tjzpf jzpfonf? qef&mS ;yg;r+a-umifh aus;vufrsm;wGif csrf;omaomtdrrf sm;uk0d if_yD; qefvo k nft h jzpf rsm; jzpfymG ;vsuf&o dS nf? Armppftpkd;&onf &ckdifjynfolrsm; iwfjywfaeaomfvnf; at;at;aq;aq; yif? &ckdifjynfolvlxk&ifqkdifae& onfh tiwfab;tm; ajz&Sif;ay;jcif;r&SdbJ &ckdiftcsif;csif; owfjzwf jcif;ukd tomw-unf apmifh-unfhvsuf &Sdonf? “,ufvnf; nufap/ -uufvJ armap”qkdonfh rlukdvuf ukdifjyKxm;aomae0if;tpkd;&onf qefvk yGJtjzpftysufrsm;tm; OyuQmjyKxm;cJhonf? ppfawG_rdK‹wGif qyvkdif[kac:aom or0g,rqkdifrsm;rSS aus;&Gm&yfuGufwkdif;wGif u'fjym;rsm;jzifh qefa0iS a&mif;csay;onf? vlwpfOD;v#if ,cifuEkd‹qDAl; (60) ay;&mrS qef&Sm;yg;onf[k qkdum Ekd‹qDAl; (40) xdavsmhcs_yD;a&mif;csay;cJhonf? &ckdifjynfolrsm;rSm ykHrSefrpm;aomufEkdifbJ ravmufrijzifh r0a&pm pm;aomufvm-u&onf?

arSmifrkdufaom ae‹&ufrsm; -o*wf ( pf ) (11)/ (1967) rkd;onf;xefpGm &Gmvkduf/ pJvkdufjzpfaeaom -o*wf(pf) (11) &ufae‹wGif c&kdifvkH_cHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyf a&; aumfrwD (c/ v/ u) &kH;a&S‹wGif vltrsm; qENjyawmif;qkdae-uonf? awmif;qkdaomta-umif;t&m rSm vuf&o dS w l ‹dk &ifqidk }f uHKawG‹ae&aom qefjy\emtm; ajz&Si;f ay;&efjzpfonf? (c/ v/ u) &k;H rS qefjy \emtm; ajz&Sif;ay;aeonf[k owif;rsm;xGufaeaoma-umifh vma&muf pka0;-ujcif;jzpfonf? okd‹aomf xl;jcm;r+um; r&Sdacs? ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh a&muf&Sdvmolrsm;onf tdrfrjyefbJ wpfckckajz&Sif;ay;avrvm;pdwfjzifh quf v uf a pmif h q k d i f ; ae-u&m naeom wjznf ; jznf ; apmif ; vmcJ h o nf ? xk d t csd e f w G i f (c/v/u) wm0ef&Sdolrsm;xGufvm_yD; “tdrfjyefygawmh” qkdaoma-umifh olwkd‹vm&mvrf;twkdif; toD;oD;jyefoGm;cJh -uonf? tpkd;&tm; odrhfarG‹aomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh olwkd‹. touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf ajz&Sif;ay;&ef awmif; qkdcJh-ujcif;jzpfonf?

(11)

-o*wf ( pf ) (12) c&kdifvkHjcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwD (c/ v/ u) &kH;wGif qefjy\emESifh ywfowfI _rdK‹rd/ _rdK‹z rsm;ukd ac: _yD; tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfusif;yvsuf&Sdonf? xkdtpnf;ta0;rS aeI vlwpfa,mufukd qefEkd‹qD Al; (14) Al;pDjzifh wpfvpmjzef‹jzL;a&mif;csay;rnf[k owif;rsm;xGufay:vmcJhonf? vlwpfOD; qef (14) Al;tm; wpfvtxd pm;&rnfh tpDtpOfjzpfonf? vlwpfa,muf reufwpfAl;/ nwpfAl; wpfae‹tenf;qkH; (60) Al;vkdtyfayonf? ‚if;ukd qefEkd‹ qD;Al; (14) Al;ukd vlwpfOD;taejzifh wpfvpm;&rnfqkdonfrSm rnfokd‹enf;ESifhr# jzpfEkdifp&mta-umif; vkH;0 r&Sdacs? xkdtpDtpOftm; vufcHonfh vlwpfcsKd‹vnf;&Sd-uonf? Tokd‹qkdygu iwfI aozkd‹om usefawmh onf? qefvkH;0r&SdI ao&rnfqkdv#if [kwfao;onf? qef*kda'gifrsm;/ EkdifiHjcm;oabFmrsm;wGif &ckdifjynfrS xGuf&Sdaomqefrsm; tjynfh&Sdaeygvsuf tb,fa-umifh Armppftpkd;&onf &ckdifjynfolrsm;. tiwfab; jy\emukd tb,fa-umifh ajz&Sif;ray;ygovJ? nae (3) em&D qiful;vrf;&yfuGuf/ (OD;apmjzL) qefpuf qyf&kd;usacsmif;_cH0if;. aemuf qdyfurf;azmifawmfwGif vlrsm; &+yf,Sufcyfvsuf&Sdonf? (C B 28) trnf&Sd EkdifiHjcm;qefwifoabFmonfvnf; qdyfuyfvsuf &Sdonf? vlrsm;onf oabFmay:rS qefrsm;ukd wpfykdifwpfEkdifo,fcsae-uonf? wpftdwfEkdifol wpftdwf/ wpf0ufEkdifol wpf0uf o,f,lae-uonf? wpfcsKd‹rSm oabFm0rf;acgif;xJrS rEkdifreif;xrf;vmI a&xJokd‹ qeftdwfa&m/ vlyg vdrfhqif;oGm;onfrsm;ukdvnf; awG‹jrifae&ygonf? vkH_cHKa&;&Jom;rsm;uvnf; qef ,laeolrsm;tm; rnfonfh [ef‹wm;r+r# rjyKvkyfbJ onftwkdif; &yf-unfhae-uygonf? qdwfurf;wpfck vkH;onf qef,laeolrsm;jzifh tkwfatmfaomif;eif;jzpfvsuf&Sdayonf? n (7) em&Dcef‹wGif (C B 28) rS qefrsm;ukefoGm; onf? vltrsm;vnf; wpfjznf;jznf;uG,faysmufoGm;cJhonf? pm;p&m qefr&Sd_yDjzpfaoma-umifh eD;&m qef*kda'gifrsm;/ oabFmrsm;rS qefrsm;ukd azmuf,lae-ujcif;jzpfonf? n (9) em&Dcef‹wGif urf;rSxGufcGm oGm;aom (CB) oabFmwGif rdef;uav;wpfOD;ygoGm;a-umif;/ aoqkH;oGm;a-umif; owif;xGufvmonf? (CB) rS ,laqmifvmaom qefrsm;onf tqDcGsJum tvGefpm;I aumif;a-umif;ajymqkdae-uonf? -o*kwf (12) &ufnaewGif touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf qefukd &onfhae&mrS azmuf,laeol rsm;&Sdovkd/ qefjy\emtm; tpkd;&rS ajz&Sif;rS ajyvnfrnf[k ,kH-unfum qENjyawmif;qkd&ef }udK;yrf;ae olrsm;vnf;&Sdonf? vrf;rawmfawmif&yfuGuf ausmif;q&mr aetdrfwpftdrfwGif vli,f (30) ausmf qENjycsDwuf &efpka0;um n (7) em&DwGif aetdrfrS pwifxGufcGm-uonf? “qefjy\em ajz&Sif;ay;/ ta&;awmfykH atmif & rnf ” “jyKwf q ef r pm; &ck d i f o m;/ qef u G J r pm; &ck d i f o m;/ qef t jynf h t 0 a&mif ; csay;” [ka-uG;a-umfum vrf;r}uD;vrf;twkdif; pwifcsDwufvm-uonf? olwkd‹csDwufaeaom aemufqkH;ae&mrSm jrLeDpyg,fOuU@ OD;armifausmfOD; tdrfokd‹jzpfonf? OD;armifausmfOD;tdrfokd‹csDwufaejcif;rSm qefjy\em ajz&Sif;ay;aeI r[kwf? olu tm%mykdifrsm;tm; vlwpfOD;v#if wpfae‹qefwpfAl;/ jyKwfqefESifh qefuGJay; v#if &onf[k wifjycJhaoma-umifhjzpfonf? jynfolrsm;onf ol‹.wifjycsufrsm;tm; cHjyif;um ol‹qDokd‹ csDwufaejcif;jzpfonf? tdrfa&S‹ta&mufwGif qENjyolpkpkaygif; (200) cef‹&Sdrnf[k cef‹rSef;&onf? olwkd‹ onf OD;armifausmfOD;aetdrftm; tkwfcJrsm;jzifh ypfayguf-uonf? xkduJhokd‹ ypfaygufaepOf vufeuftjynfhESifh (12)

ppfom;rsm;vkdufygvmaom ppfum; (2) pD;a&muf&Sdvm_yD; ppfum;rsm;ESifhtwl AkdvfrSL;apmjzLvnf; vkdufygvmcJhonf? tkd;wef;&yfuGufESifh &ly&GmcGqkHrS qENjyvli,frsm; ppfum; (2) pD;tm; 0kdif;vkduf-uonf? AkdvfrSL;apmjzLonf vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;tm;ac:um qefjy\emukd olajz&Sif;ay;rnf[k uwday;_yD; qENjyolrsm;tm; vlpkcGJ_yD; tdrfjyef&efajym-um;cJhonf? qENjyolrsm;vnf; qefjy\emajz&Sif;ay;rnfqkdaom uwdtm; ,kH-unfum toD;oD;jyefoGm;cJh-uonf? tcsdefum; nOfh (10) em&Dcef‹&Sdae_yD?

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_rdK‹rtrSwf (1) &Jpcef;wGif &Jrsm; ywfywfvnf vkHjcHKa&;,lxm;-uonf? okd‹aomf qENjyaeolrsm;tm; taESmifh t,Suf vkH;0 ray;bJ onftwkdif; &yf-unfhae-ujcif;jzpfonf? vrf;r}uD;twkdif;csDwufvm-u&m ppfawGjynfol‹aq;&kH}uD;okd‹ a&muf&Sdvmonf? xkdrS }wd*HcGqHk/ jynfawmfomrlvwef;ausmif;a&S‹rS jzwfum ppfawGtusOf;axmifbl0wnfhwnfhvrf;twdkif;csDwufvmcJh -uonf? vrf;wav#muftm;ay;aeolrsm;onf qENjyolrsm;tm; aomufa&rsm;wkdufauGs;um qENjyyGJ tm; axmufcHtm;ay;-uonf? jynfolwpf&yfvkH;. vkdvm;csufukd awmif;qkdaom qENjyyGJjzpfaoma-umifh wpf_rdK‹vkH; tm;ay;-uonf? xkd‹aemuf taemufpHjy/ (7) Xgevrf;twdkif; axmiftaemufbuf Adkvf}uD;zdk; om&Gmvrf;twdkif; bkrvufzuf&nfqkdif (,ck avmueENmcGqHk)/ abmvHk;uGif;vrf;twdkif;av,OfuGif;rS csDwufvm&m rD;puf}uD;cGqkH emZD&Gm (vuf&Sdpuf&kHpk) ukefweff;vrf;okd‹ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? emZD&GmrS rGwfq vifrsm;vnf; qENjycsDwuf&mwGif yg0ifvm-uonf? qENjycsDwufyGJonf vlv+dif;rsm; vdrfhqif;vmonfh tvm; rsufpdwpfqkH;vSrf;jrifae&_yD; vltiftm;onf odef;ausmfcef‹&Sdrnf[k cef‹rSef;&onf? vlwkdif; touf qufvuf&Sifoefa&;twGuf qef&&Sda&;onf t"dujzpfaoma-umifh ,ckuJhokd‹jynfoltajrmuftjrm;yg0ifcJh -ujcif;jzpfonf? a-uG;a-umfoHum; ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdacs? xkduJhokd‹csDwufvm-u&m r-umrSD puf&kHpkvrf;ESifh uoJ&Gmvrf;xdyfwGif “jr” qefpufa&S‹okd‹ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? qENjycsDwufvmolrsm;onf xkdae&mta&mufwGif a&S‹qufrwkd;EkdifbJ &yfwef‹oGm;cJh& onf? tb,fa-umifhqkdaomf qefpufaa&S‹Y oHql;}udK;rsm;jzifh umqD;xm;aoma-umifhjzpfonf? xkd‹tjyif qefpufvuf,mbufwGif (TE) [D;Ekd;um;}uD; (6) pD; &yfvsuf&Sd_yD; jrqefpuf_cH0if;ESifh vrf;b,fnmwGif ppfom;rsm;onf &yfI ae&m,lxm;-uonf? ppfom;rsm;vufxJwGif (G-3) armif;jyefaoewfrsm; toifh ukdifaqmifxm;-uonf? jrqefpufteD; [lar&mqefpuf_cH0if;wpfckvkH;wGifvnf; aoewfarmif;wifxm;_yD; vkH_cHKr+cvkwfukd ydwfxm;um owd}uD;pGm &yfapmifhaeolppfom;rsm;ukdvnf;awG‹jrifae&onf? okd‹aomf qENjyolrsm;um; a-umuf&GH wkefv+yfaemufqkwfjcif;um; vkH;0 r&Sdacs? okd‹aomf qENjyolrsm;tm; a&S‹quf wkd;I r&atmif umqD;xm;aomt&mum; oHql;}udK;rsm;yifjzpfonf? oHql;}udK;. wpfbufwGif vuf euftoifhukdifqkdifxm;aom ppfom;rsm;&Sdae_yD; tjcm;wpfzufwGif vufeufrJhjynfolrsm;/ xrif;iwfI ao&rnfhjynfolrsm;? wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf Armppftm%m&Sifae0if;tvkdus trdef‹emcHae&aom jynf ol‹om;orD; ppfom;rsm;ESifh iwfI ao&rnfhtpm; wkdufyGJ0ifI aornf[k qkH;jzwfxm;aom jynfolrsm;? rnfolu tEkdif&&Sdrnfenf;qkdonfukd rnfolr#rajymEkdif? tm%m&SifESifh jynfol xdwkdufawG‹r+ aemufqkH; tqifhokd‹ a&muf&Sdaeay_yD? xkdtcsdefwGif AkdvfrSL;apmjzLonf aemufxyfwpfzefa&muf&Sdvm_yD; qENjyvltkyfxJrS wpfOD;xGuf vmyg[k ac:,lvkdufonf? a&S‹qkH;wef;rS wpfOD;xGufoGm;_yD; AkdvfcsKyfapmjzLqDokd‹ oGm;cJhonf? AkdvfrSL; apmjzLonf xkdoltm; pm&Gufwpf&Guf ay;tyfvkdufonf? xkdolonf AkdvfrSL;apmjzLay;vkdufaom pmtm; ,lvmum wHxm; tkwfckHxufrS &yfI zwf&efjyifvkdufonf? xkdtckduftwef‹wGif a&S‹qkH;wef;rS a&mufae olrsm;xJrS wpfOD;u xkdpmonf trdef‹pmjzpfa-umif;/ rzwf&efajymaomfvnf; aemufuscJhay_yD? pm&Gufzwf jyaeolonf pum;ttjzifh “(1967) -o*wf(pf)(13) &uf/ Tae‹rSpI yk'f yk'f yk'fr wpf wpf wpf&mh av; av; q,fhav;ukd xkwfjyefvkdufonf h h h h” [k zwfjyvkdufonf? yk'fr 144 qkdonfrSm nrxGuf&/ vl (5) OD;xufykdrpk& trdef‹jzpfonf? xkdtrdef‹pmtm; zwfjyaepOfrSmyif qENjyvltkyfonf a&S‹okd‹wjznf;jznf; ydI zdI odyfonf;vmaeonf? xkdtcg AkdvfrSL;apmjzLu “&Jabmfwkd‹ &Jabmfwkd‹awmif;qkdaom qefAl; 60 ukd ay;r,f/ [kdvrf;rS at;at;qENjyoGm;-uyg? Tvrf;ukd rausmfygESifh”[k ajymaepOf vltkyfu a&S‹okd‹ wa&G‹a&G‹ (14)

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t&Sifvwfvwf i&Jjynfykd‹jcif; ypfowfr+a-umifh yGJcsif;_yD; aoqkH;olrsm;&Sdovkd t&Sifvwfvwf ajrjrKyfcH&olrsm;vnf; &Sdayonf? tcif;jzpfyGm;&mae&mwGif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqkH;olrsm;/ raobJ a0'emjyif;xefpGm cHpm;ae&olrsm;/ ajcaxmuf/ vufwkd‹wGif usnf xdrSefI rajy;Ekdifolrsm;onf pk_yHKusefcJhonf? xkdolrsm;tm; ppfwyfrS um;rsm;jzifh odrf;usKH; wifaqmifum wpfae&mwnf;wGif usif;wl;I ajrjr‡yfo_*dKvfcJh-uonf? Armppftpkd;&onf qENjyolrsm;tm; ypfowfjcif;/ t&Sifvwfvwf ajrjr‡yfESHjcif;jzifh rmefrajyEkdif bJ touf&Sifusef&pfcJholrsm;tm; vkdufvHzrf;qD;cJhonf? qENjyyGJwGif yg0ifcJholrsm;vnf; tzrf;rcHbJ vGwfajrmufatmif xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcJh-uonf? zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;rSm ppfawG_rdK‹ vrf;opf&yfuGufrS OD;vkH; armifESifh abmufoD;pk&yfuGufrS OD;pHomausmfwkd‹jzpfonf? Armppftpkd;&onf &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;.awmf vSefvkdpdwftm; tjrpfjywfacsr+ef;&ef olwkd‹ESpfOD;tm; erlemtaejzifh &uf&ufpufpufESdyfpufcJhonf? olwkd‹ ESpfOD;tm; zrf;qD;um tusOf;axmifwGif t±l;aq;xkd;_yD; jyefvnfvGwfay;cJhonf? olwkd‹ESpfOD;&l;oGyfaeykH tm; &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;awG‹jrifum Armppftpkd;&tm; rawmfvSef&Jatmif/ awmfvSef/ tefwkv#if olwkd‹vkd jzpfrnfqkd_yD; &uf&ufpufpufvkyfjycJhonf? ppftm%m&Sif.o&kyftm; yDjyifpGmzGifh[ jyocJhjcif;jzpfonf?

owfjzwfr+aemufykdif; ppfawG_rdK‹wpf_rdK‹vkH;onf wdwfqdwf_idrfoufvsuf&Sdonf? TuJhokd‹wdwfqdwfr+rsm;u _rdK‹ol/ _rdK‹ om;rsm;tm; ajcmufjcm;p&m/ a'goxGufp&m/ rauseyfp&mrsm;tjzpf a'G;a&m,Sufwifjzpfvsuf&Sdonf? qENjy&mwGif yg0ifcJholrsm;onf ntdyfcsdefwGif ypfcwfoHrsm;/ ikda-uG;oHrsm; em;xJ-um;aea-umif; ajymjy -uonf? a-umuftm; vSef‹tm;jzifh tdyfraysmfEkdifbJ vSef‹Ekd;olrsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf? wpfcsKd‹rSmvnf; xkdtjzpf tysufa-umifh wpfa,mufwnf; *a,mifacsmufjcm; pum;ajymaeolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf? _rdK‹ay:ae&ckdif trsKd;om;rsm;rSmvnf; ppfawG_rdK‹wGif rae&J-uawmhbJ aus;vufrsm;qDokd‹ xGufajy;-u&onf? -o*wf(pf) (13) &ufae‹ tpkvu dk t f _yHKvku d v f o l wfyaJG -umifh a-umufveS ‹f aeolrsm;&So d vkd tm%m&Sif tpkd;&tm; awmfvSef/ jzKwfcs&ef v#Kd‹0SufwpfrsKd;/ ajAmifususwpfzkH }udK;yrf;aeaom &ckdifrsKd;cspfrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmcJhonf? Armppftpkd;&uvnf; &ckdifjynfolrsm; _idrf0yfydjym;aeatmif vufukdifwkwfrsm;jzpf onfh ppfom;rsm;ESifh &Jrsm;tm; ppfawG_rdK‹wGif ae‹a&mnyg ykdufpdyfwkduf csxm;vsuf&Sdonf? &ckdifrsKd;cspfrsm;uvnf; “&efol‹vufeuf wkd‹vufeuf” rltm; ESvkH;rlum ntcsdefwGif ppfom;/ &Jom;rsm;xHrS aoewfvk&ef }uHpnf -uonf? aoewfvkI atmifjrifcJhonfrsm;vnf;&Sdovkd tzrf;cH&onfrsm;vnf;&SdcJhonf? aoewfrsm;tm; a&$apwDbkef;}uD;ausmif; teD;w0kdufwGif vk,lcJh-uonf? ta&twGufrsm;rsm; rvk,lEkdifcJhaomfvnf; -o*wf(pf)(13) aemufykdif;wGif Armppftpkd;&tm; &ckdifjynfwGif awmfvSefykefuef&ef tiftm;rsm;wkd;yGm; apcJh onf? ppftpkd;&uvnf; awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm; raygufzGm;vmap&ef enf;rsKd;pkHokH; zrf;qD;axmifcscJh onf? ajratmufwGif v+yf&Sm;aeaom &ckdifausmif;om;/ vli,frsm;vnf; _rdK‹ay:wGif qufvuf&yfwnfwkduf yGJ0if&ef cufcJvmaoma-umifh awmckdcJh-uonf?

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tarSmifukd _zdK tvif;aqmifrnfh awmfvSefa&; (1967)wGif yDwmbcsKdacgif;aqmifaom &ckdifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD;onf (1969) wGif &cdkifh trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ‹ESifh yl;aygif;um &ckdiftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ygwDudk xlaxmifvsuf vuf eufudkifawmfvSefa&;jzifh rqvtpdk;&udk qef‹usifwdkufyJG0ifcJh-uonf? OuU@xGef;a&$armifOD;aqmifaom ppfa-umif;onf (1972) wGif &cdkifjynfodk‹ atmifjrifpGm csDwuf EdkifcJhonf? odk‹aomf (1977) wGif csDwufvmaom twGif;a&;rSL;pHausmfxGef;OD;aqmifonfh ppfa-umif;onf csif;jynfe,fwGif vufeuftiftm;/ vltiftm; tqrwefomvGefaom rqvppfwyf. ESdrfESif;r+a-umifh usqHk;cJh&onf? (1973) OuU@ckdifrdk;vif;OD;aqmifaom &cdkifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;ygwDukd u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf; t±Hk;.tultnDjzifh u&ifjynfwGif zGJ‹pnf;xlaxmifcJhonf? u&iftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfESifh vufwGJI bHk&efolrqvudk (3) ESpfwdkifwkdif wdkufcdkufcJhjyD;aemuf (1976) wGif &cdkifjynfodk‹jyefvnf csDwuf vm&m csif;awmifwef;wGif tqrweftiftm;rsm;aom&efol rqvwyf. acsr+ef;jcif; cHcJh&onf? OuU@ cdkifrdk;vif;rSm &efol‹vufwGif; tusrcHbJ rdrdudk,fudk tqHk;pD&ifcJhonf? “rdk;vif; &mZm”trnf&Sdaom Tppf a-umif;wGif &cdkiftrsdK;om;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf u&ifjynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ ucsif jynfe,f/ ppfudkif;wdkif;ESifh csif;jynfe,frsm;udk jzwfausmfum rdkifaygif; (2000)ausmfcef‹ csDwufcJh-u&onf? vrf;c&D;wpfav#mufwGif &efolrqvwyf. vdkufvHacsr+ef;jcif;udkt}udrf}udrfcHcJh&&m csif;jynfe,fwpf ckwnf;rSmyif wdkufyGJ}uD;i,f (100) ausmf wdkufcdkufcJh&onf? (1974) wGif ae0if;tpkd;&onf zGJ‹pnf;ykHtajccH Oya'opfwpf&yfudk ‚if;wdk‹pdwfwdkif;usa&;qGJum twkkta,mifvlxkqENcHyGJjzifh twnfjyKcJhonf? TzGJ‹pnf;yHk onf wdkif;&if;om;wdk‹. trsKd ;om;wef;wla&;udkomru Armjynfolvlxktm;vHk;. 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl‹tcGifh ta&;udkyg vspfvsL±lvsufwpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepfjzifh wpfwkdif;jynfvHk;.pD;yGg;a&;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfI jynfolvlxkudk w&m;0if*kyfaoG;pkyfonfh wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepf zGJ‹pnf;yHkjzpfayonf? TzGJ‹pnf;yHka-umifh EkdifiHt0Srf;wGif rqvtpdk;&udk rauseyfr+rsm; wdk;yGg;vm-uonf? (1986) wGif OD;armifapm&ifOD;aqmifaom &ckdifjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf rif;jym;udkodrf;ydkufI &ckdifjynfvGwfvyfa&; a-unmcJhonf? &cdkifjynfolvlxk trsm;tjym;u axmufcHcJh-uaomfvnf; &efol rqv ppfwyftm; vufeuftiftm;/ vltiftm; r,SOfom ojzihf(2) &uftwGif; qkwfcGgcJh&onf? rqvtpdk;&onf &Suf&rf; &rf;onfhtaejzifh ppfOya'xkwfjyefum tjypfrJhjynfoltrsm;tjym;udk enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh pGJcsufwifvsuf zrf;qD;axmifcscJhonf? n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufcJh onf? xdkodk‹ tzrf;qD;/ tESdyfpufcH&olrsm;xJwGif ,ckwdkif oufawmfxif&Sm;&Sdaeom ykodrfq&mawmfvnf; yg0ifay onf? (18)

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cJhonf? 1997 ckESpfwGif av;ygwDaygif;pnf;jyD; zGJŒpnf;aom &ckdifjynftrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;ygwD (NUPA)wGif (&/ u/ v/ p)onf tdENd,rSty xkdif;ESifhb*Fvm;a'h&SfwGif&Sdaom tpnf;t&kH;tm; zsufodrf;jyD; yg0ifcJhonf? 1998 ckESpf Akdvf&mZmusqkH;_yD;aemufwGif tpnf;t&kH;. A[kdaumfrwDwpf&yfvkH; ysufpD;cJh&onf? (1995) ckESpfwGif zGJŒpnf;cJhaom A[kdtvkyftr+aqmiftzGJŒonf tpaumif;cJhaomfvnf; taESmif;raocsmjzpfcJhonf? (2001)ckESpfwGif &Jabmfausmf[ef OD;aqmif_yD; 'kwd,t}udrfnDvmcHusif;yum tpnf;t&kH;ukd jyefvnfxl axmifcJh onf? okd‹aomf xlaxmifcJhaom A[dkaumfrwDwGif pkaygif;acgif;aqmifr+/ wm0efcHr+ tm;enf;onfh twGuf tpnf;t&kH;onf ar#mfrSef;oavmuf c&D;ra&mufcJhacs? (2005) ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;rSausmif;om;/ vli,frsm;ESifhqufpyfr+&&Sdvm_yD; tpnf;t&kH;tm; jyefvnftm;aumif;apcJhonf? okd‹aomf (2005) A[dkaumf rwDxJwGifvnf; tacsmiform;vkyfenf;vkyf[efESifh wpfudk,faumif;qefaom vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsm;/ tzsuf orm;qefaom vkyfenf;/ vkyf[efrsm;a-umifh tpnf;t&kH;. pnf;&Hk;a&;onf rsm;pGmxdcdkufcJhonf? (2007) ckEpS w f iG f pwkwt ˆ }udrn f v D mcHudk usif;y_yD; A[dt k vkyrf a+ qmiftzG‹J tm; jyefvnf zG‹J pnf;cJo h nf? wwd,t}udrf nDvmcHrS csufrSwfxm;aomOD;wnfcsuf (5) csuftjyif aemufxyf&ckdifausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; Avig;wef zGH‹_zdK;a&;/ &ckdifha*[pepfESifh ,Ofaus;r+tarGtESpfrsm; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&; OD;wnfcsuf (2)csuftm; wdk;csJ‹csufrSwfcJhonf? xkdokd‹jzwfoef;vmcJh&m ,ae‹tcsdefwGif (&/u/v/p). oufwrf;rSm (13) ESpf-umcJh_yD? a&S ‹ q uf I vnf ; trsKd ; om;a&;wm0ef / ork d i f ; ay;wm0ef t m; ausyG e f p G m xrf ; aqmif E k d i f & ef t wG u f (&/ u/ v/ p) taejzifh }udK;yrf;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf?

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rS D j irf ; pmtk y f r sm; 1? Arakanese Nationalism and the Struggle for National Self-determination by Khaing Aung Win

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