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tvk y f o rm;u'f r sm; 2010 –2011 twGuf ouf w rf ; wd k ; ay;rnf r[k w f
ykÀu 15 ZEM0g&/D 2009 xdkif;EdkifiHwGif;&Sd jrefrmtvkyf orm;rsm; udik af qmifaeaom tvkyo f rm; vufrSwfrsm;. oufwrf;udk 2009 ESpf wESpw f nf;wGio f m wk;d ay;awmhrnf jzpf_yD; vmr!fh 2010 –2011 twGuf oufwrf; wdk;ay;rnf r[kwf[kowif;&&Sdonf? ,if;udpPESifh ywfoufI xdkif; Edik if /H befaumufY Edik if w H umulnaD &; tzGJ@ (IRC) rufazmifa';&Sif;tzGJ@ (MAP)/ tef p D * sD , l b D / TACDB/ ytd k 0 f h azmifa';&Sif;/ a&$@ajymif; tvkyform;rsm; or*~/ FOW tzGJ@rsm;onf/ xdkif;tpdk;& ESifhppftpdk;&wdk@ yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufaom ,m,D Edik if u H ;l vufrw S f udpEP iS hf ywfouf onfh aqGaEG;yGJ w&yfudkusif;ycJh-uonf? tpnf;ta0;wGif jrefrm tvkyf orm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u xdkif;ESifhjrefrm tpd k ; &wd k @ aqmif & G u f r !f h tpD t pOf topfwiG f tcuftcJrsm;pGm &SEd idk af -umif; t"du ta-umif;rsm;rSm wdkif;&if;om; rsm;wG i f rS w f y H k w if r &S d j cif ; jref r m tpd;k &bufrS rSerf eS u f efuef vkyaf y;rnf[k r,Hk-unfjcif; rsm;a-umifh tvkyform; trsm;pku ywfpfydk@ rvkyfvdk -ujcif;rsm; jzpfa-umif;aqG;aEG; wifjycJo h nf? od@k aomf ,if; tpDtpOfukd taumiftxnfazmf&ef xd k i f ; wd k @ u qH k ; jzwf c suf csxm;_yD j zpf I ,if ; tpD t pOf a -umif h jref r ma&$ @ ajymif ; tvkyform;rsm;twGuf vmr!fhESpfrsm; wGif tcuftcJrsm;ydkrdk}uHKawG@vmrnfudk pdk;&drfae-ua-umif; pHkprf;od&Sd&onf?
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ykÀu 18 ZEM0g&D 2009
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&cdik t f rsK;d om;owif;pm Zefe0g&v D / 2009 ckEpS t f wGJ ( 3 )/ trSwf (1)
jynfo@l bufu &yfwnfaom q&m0ef}u;D (od@k ) a'guw f mapmjratmif “vl w d k @ . yif y ef ; qif ; &J a om a&m*gonf vl@t&G,f}uD;. oufwrf;ESifh tr# tdkrif;vSav+yDjzpfaom emwm&Snf a&m*g}uD ; wyg;om jzpf a vonf ? xd k a&m*gonf (96) yg;aoma&m*gpm&if;wGif ryg0if a cs? xd k o d k @ pm&if ; xJ r S y,f x m; cJ h j cif ; onf / rnf o !f h a q;orm; urS uk p m;Ed k i f j cif ; r&S d a wmh I vuf v $ w f xm;cJah oma=umifv h nf; jzpfwef &monf” [k eHrnfausmfpma&;q&m}uD; Aef;armf wifatmifu ol. “a'gufwmvGrf;a0” trnf&dS 0wˆKxJwiG f a&;om;cJo h nf? aq;ynm&Sifrsm;onf olwdk@. jzLpifaom apwemarwWm wd@k ut kd &if;cHI vlom;rsm. usef;rma&;udk apmifha&Smuf ay;cJh=uonfudk tm;vHk;todyifjzpfonf? q&m0efrsm;onf usaemfw@kd todik ;f t0ef; wGif av;pm;*k%f,l tyfaom yk*~dKvfrsm; tjzpf tpOfojzifh &SdESifhcJhonf? vlwOD; csif ; pD . usef ; rma&;ud k apmif h a &S m uf umuG,fay;aom q&m0efrsm;&SdouJhodk@ “aq;xdk;tyfudk udkifI vlwOD;csif;pD. use;f rma&;udk ukoay;jcif;xuf wdik ;f jynf wckv;kH wGif usa&muf aeaom 'kurQ sm;udk uk p m;&ef aq;xd k ; tyf u d k c sum jynf o l bufrS &yfwnfwdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom q&m0ef rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&Scd ahJ vonf? txif&mS ;qH;k yk*~dKvfum; urBmt0Srf;rS vli,ftrsm;pk tm;us av;pm;usaom a'guf w m acsa*G A m;&m; jzpf . ? od k @ aomf vl i ,f trsm;pkum; acsa*GAm;&m;onf aq;xdk; tyfudk csIaoewfudkifum vlrsm;pGm. vG w f a jrmuf a &;twG u f wd k u f y G J 0 if c J h o l q&m0efwOD; jzpfonfqjkd cif;udrk u l m; odol enf;vSayonf? olwdk@odxm; onfum; tm;uszG,f&m awmfvSefa&;orm; [lI om? tvm;wl aoewfurkd udik af omfvnf; ,H k = unf c suf vuf e uf u d k u d k i f p G J u m "g;udk"g;csif; wkwfudkwkwfcsif; wdkufcdkuf &aom vuf&Hk;&nf wdkufyGJxuf trsm; jynf o l twG u f rd r d w d k @ ud k , f u sd K ;ud k vHk;0riJhuGufbJ ydkIjyif;xefaom “ESvHk; &nfwdkufyGJ” wGif a&ukefa&crf; pD;csif; xdk;0Hhaom q&m0ef}uD;rsm;vnf; ay:xGef; cJ h z l ; av+yD ? ,if ; txJ w G i f q&m}uD ; a'guf w mapmjratmif o nf wOD ; tyg t0if jzpfayonf? a'guf w m apmjratmif . twÎ K y'f w W d tusOf ; a'gufwm apmjratmif tm; &cdkifjynf &cdkif+rdK@a[mif; ajrmufOD;+rdK@wGif zcif OD;apmvSatmifEiS hf rdcif a':yef;pH wd@k rS arG;zGg;cJhonf? q&m}uD;onf ajrmufOD;+rdK@ wGif rlvwef;/ ppfawGwGif tv,fwef;/ &ef u k e f w G i f txuf w ef ; ynmrsm;ud k oif = um;atmif j rif c J h o nf / 1942 ck E S p f 'kwd, urBmppfjzpfyGg;csdeftxd &efukef+rdK@ wGif aq;ynm oif=um; atmifjrif cJo h nf/ qufvuf+yD; 1943 ckESpfwGif tdENd,EdkifiH
bH k a b+rd K @Y aq;ynmud k (4) ES p f = um oif=um;cJh&m trfbDbDtufpf (bHkab) udk&&SdcJhonf? 1947 ckESpfrSpI EdkifiH0efxrf; tjzpf (2)ESpfxrf;aqmifcJhI +AdwdefEdkifiH wG i f ( 4)ES p f = um vuf a wG @ tr_ x rf ; &if ; aq;ynm oif=um;cJ&h mrS bG@J veG f 'Dyvdrk m 'DpDtdyfcsfbGJ@ vef'efESifh tufzftm&fpDyDbGJ@ ES i f h *vyf p ud k yg&*l b G J @ toD ; oD ; ud k &&SdcJhonf/ a'gufwm OD;apmjratmifonf 1954 ckEpS w f iG f Edik if 0hH efxrf;/ 1955 ckEpS rf S 1963 ckEpS t f xd rE aW v; c&dik f q&m0ef}uD;/ aq;&Hktkyf}uD;/orm;awmf}uD;ESifh rE Wav; aq;wuUodkvf aq;ynmÏgerSL;/ 1975 ckESpfrS 1978 ckESpf txd &dkx&Dtoif; rE Wav; ÏgecGJOuUÏ/ 1983 rS 1988 ckESpf txd &efukef+rdK@&Sd &cdkifo[m,toif; OuUÏ/ &cdkif"rRm&Hk aqmufvkyfa&;em,u ponf@ vlr_a&;/ bmoma&; toif;rsm; wGiv f nf; OD;aqmifyg0ifco hJ nf? 1958 ckEpS f wGif urBmh aq;ynm &Sifrsm; zvS,faom tpDtpOft& tar &duefEdkifiHwGif (2) vESifh +AdwdefEdkifiHwGif (3)ywf avhvmcGi&hf cJo h nf/ 1972 ckEpS w f iG f w&kwjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if . H zdw=f um;csuf t& yg&*lrsm;tzG@J ukd OD;aqmifI &ufowW (3)ywf oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhonf/ 1978 ckESpf wm0efrsm;rS t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;aemuf 1979 ck E S p f rS 1982 ck E S p f t xd a[mif a umif & S d aq;&H k } uD ; ES p f c k w G i f oGm;a&muf tr_xrf;cJo h nf/ 1982 ckEpS w f iG f EdkifiHjcm;rS jyefa&mufvmjyD; &efukef+rdK@&Sd A[ef ; +rd K @e,f ZD 0 d w 'geoH C mh a q;&H k E S i f h oD v &S i f r sm;aq;&H k w G i f apwem orm; awmf}uD; tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? q&m}uD; a'guw f mapmjratmif onf 1989 ckEpS f &cdik 'f rD u kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd zG J @ pnf ; wnf a xmif a omtcg OuU Ï jzpf v mcJ h o nf / 1990 jynf @ ES p f ygwD p H k 'Dru kd a&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumufyw JG iG f &cdik f 'D r d k u a&pD tzG J @ csKyf u d k ud k , f p m;jyK+yD ; 0if a &muf ,S O f + yd K if c J h & m ajrmuf O D ; +rd K @ rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) rS cdkifvHkrJ 17322 rJ(wpfaomif; ckepfaxmifoHk;&mESpfq,f@ ESprf )J &&Su d m pkpak ygi;f rJ &mcdik Ef e_ ;f 62 'or 09 &mcd k i f E _ e f ; jzif h jynf o l @ v$ w f a wmf trwf t jzpf a&G ; cs,f wif a jrS m uf j cif ; cHcJh&onf? 1998 ck E S p f =o*k w f v (21) &ufae@wGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk EdkifiHa&; ygwD acgif;aqmif wpfOD;jzpfol q&m}uD; a'guw f m apmjratmiftm; ppftpd;k &rS (3) ES p f a usmf = um zrf ; qD ; xd r f ; od r f ; xm;cJ h ygonf/ 1998 ckEpS f pufwifbmv (17)&uf ae@ &ufpjJG zifh jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;jyK aumfrwDrS a'guw f m OD;apmjratmiftm; jynfo@l vw $ af wmfOuUÏ tjzpf a&G;aumuf wif a jrS m uf v d k u f a =umif ; a=ujimcJ h o nf / q&m}uD;onf zrf;qD; xdr;f odr;f xm;jcif;cHchJ
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&mrS 2001 ckESpf ZGefv(13) &ufae@wGif jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmcJhonf? 1992 ckESpf rwfv(6) &ufae@ wG i f &cd k i f ' D r d k u a&pD tzG J @ csKyf t m; y,fzsufvdkufa=umif; ygwDpHk 'Drdkua&pDt axGaxG a&G;aumufyJG usi;f ya&; aumfr&Sif rSa=unmcJhonf/&cdkif'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyf onf q&m}uD;. pGr;f aqmifcsurf sm;a=umifh &cd k i f j ynf e ,f & S d rJ q EN e ,f (11) ck w G i f tEdkif&&SdcJh+yD; jrefrm wEdkifiHvHk;wGif rJqEN e,fajr wwd, trsm;qH;k tEdik &f Edik if aH &; ygwDjzpfvmcJhonf? q&m}uD;.ZeD;rSm a':apmwif jzpf+yD; om;orD;(5)OD;xGef;um;cJhygonf? jref r mEd k i f i H . tES p f ( 20)=um Ed k i f i H a &;rk e f w d k i f ; =um;uyJ h u d k i f & S i f &Spaf v;vH;k jynfo@l ta&;awmfykH }uD;jzpfyGg;+yD;aemuf wdkif;jynfwGif ygwD rsm;pGm awmfveS af &; Edik if aH &; tzG@J tpnf; rsm;pGm ay:xGef;cJhygonf? xdktzGJ@tpnf; tm;vHk;wGif ta&;ygaom EdkifiHa&; tzGJ@ tpnf;tm;vHk; pkpnf;xm;aom jynfol@ v$wfawmf udk,fpm;jyK aumfrwDjzpf.? jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;jyK aumfrwDukd urBmhukvor*~ uvnf; todtrSwfjyK xm;onf ? ,if ; aumf r wD w G i f vl x k acgif ; aqmif a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf tygt0if wdkif;&if;om; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS trSefwu,f pGef@v$wf tepfemcH0Hhaom xl;c|ef xufjrufaom acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh yl ; aygif ; zG J @ pnf ; xm;aoma=umif h ,if ; aumfrwDonf wkdif;jynftwGuf tvGef ta&;}uD ; aom tzG J @ tpnf ; jzpf o vd k ppftm%m&Sirf sm; twGuv f nf; +zdKcGi;f &ef tcuftcJq;kH aom aumfrwD w&yfjzpfav onf ? ta=umif ; rl u m; yg0if a eaom acgif;aqmif tm;vHk; onf wdkif;jynfESifh vlrsKd ;twGuf t&m&mudk tyfEiS ;f xm;aom EdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm;. qHk&yf jzpfaom a=umifhyif? xdk@a=umifh a'gufwm apmjr atmifonf jrefrmEdik if . H tESp(f 20) =um EdkifiHa&; rkefwdkif;=um;u yJhudkif&Sif wOD; vnf;jzpfayonf? udkvdkeD u|efb0rS vGwfajrmuf a&;twGuf jrefrmhEikd if aH &; rsupf u d kd pwif zGifhvSpfay;cJhol q&mawmfOD;OwWr arG;zGg; oef@pif&majr/ tm%m&Sifrsm;udk qef@usif awmfvSef&mwGif ESvHk;aoG; apG;apG;eDaom &cd k i f j ynf r S acwf o pf awmf v S e f a &; ordik ;f wGif ta&;ygaom wm0efrsm;udk rdrd bmom wm0efay;um xrf;&Gucf =hJ uaom ol&Jaumif; taygif;udk xm0pOf OD;!Gwf ouJhodk@ rdrd. aemufqHk; xGufoufxd ,H k = unf c suf u d k +rJ + rH p G m qk y f u d k i f u m wdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom q&m0ef}uD; a'gufwm apmjratmifudkvnf; OD;!Gwf tav;jyK vdkufygonf? &cd k i f ' D r d k u a&pD t zG J @ csKyf ( jynf y ) *syef
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