September ('05)1 - Spoken English

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-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Sukanya: Hi Sumithra? I saw you at Sell All Super Market yesterday. Busy buying things? (E†’o ؈’ E†o Sell All Super Market ü¿í∫_®Ω

îª÷¨»†’. àç î√™« éÌØË-¨»¢√?) Sumithra: Mom was inside. She was buying provisions. I was waiting outside. By the by, you know we have moved. We now live in Gandhi Nagar.

(Å´’t™°æ©’çC éÀ®√ù« Ææ®Ω-èπ◊©’ éÌçô÷. ؈’ •ßª’ô wait îËÆæ’hØ√o. Ç... ņoô’d, ¢Ë’ç É©’x ´÷®√ç. É°æ¤púø’ í¬çDµ-†-í∫-®˝™ Öçô’Ø√oç.) ´÷´‚-©’í¬ É©’x, Ü®Ω’ ´÷®Ω-ú≈Eo shift Åçô’çö«ç. move ņ-úøç éπÈ®é˙d. ¢Ë’ç Í®°æ¤ É©’x ´÷®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç We are moving to a new house tomorrow

Shift Sukanya: My uncle is in Gandhi Nagar too. Where exactly is your home there? (´÷ uncle ¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ í¬çDµ-†-í∫-®˝-™ ØË Öçö«®Ω’. O’ É©’x correct í¬ áéπ\úø?) Sumithra: At 12-14-16 on Nehru Street. It is to the right of make Money Bank Ltd., if you stand in front of it. We live on the ground floor. (Nehru Street ™ Door No. 12-14-16 ™. Make Money Bank ´·ç-ü¿’ E-©’çõ‰ ü∆E

èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤). Sukanya: Hei, your place is just under my uncle's. He lives on the first floor. (O’®Ω’ç-úËC ´÷ uncle ¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀ éÀçüË. O’C ground floor, ¢√∞¡xC I floor). Sumithra: Happy to know that they are on the 1st floor just above us. Just across the road is an ice cream shop. I think it was your uncle's son sitting at the back of the shop and enjoying an ice cream.

(¢√∞¡x-éπ\úø ´÷ °j -§Ú®Ω{-Ø˛-™ Öçúø-úøç ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ®Óú˛ Å´ûª©üËüÓ ice cream shop ÖçC. O’ uncle í¬J Ŷ«sßË’ ņ’èπ◊çö«, ice cream shop ¢Á†’éπ èπÿ®ÌaE ice cream Açô’-Ø√oúø’) Ééπ\úø prepositions †’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: éÌEo≤ƒ®Ω’x ã preposition ™ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ ´÷ô©’ èπÿú≈ Öçö«®·. Eg: at the back of. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ conversation ™ prepositions: at, inside, outside, in, to the right of, on, under, above, across, at the back of. -O-öÀ-E position (-Åç-õ‰ ã ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ

ÖçúË îÓô’) -ûÁ-©°æ-ú≈EéÀ ¢√-úø-û√-´’-E -É-C-´®Ω-™ -ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. -É°æ¤p-úø’ ´’J-éÌEo N´-®√©’: at: éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ äéπ îÓô. in = äéπ îÓöÀ™  1. I saw you at the Super Market Super Market ü¿í∫_®Ω– Åçõ‰ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ Super Market ü¿í∫_-®Ω (™). In the Super Market = Super Market ™ I was at the Super Market from 5 p.m. to 6 p.m. The goods in the Super Market are expensive. °j ¢√é¬u™x at èπ◊, in èπ◊ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ؈’ 5 †’ç* 6 ´®Ωèπ◊ Super Market ™

ÖØ√o, ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ éÌçô÷. Goods in the Super Market Super Market ™E ´Ææ’h-´¤©’. °œ©x©’ School ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’ The children are at school. °œ©x©’ ¢√∞¡x Class ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’ The children are in class.

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 4 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005

There are four hundred pupils in the school Ç school -™ -Ø√--©’í∫’´çü¿© ´’çC °œ©x-©’-Ø√o®Ω’. 2. inside ÅØ√o in ÅØ√o ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË inside Åçõ‰ äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç-™ -°æ© ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. in Åçõ‰ ™ ÅE Å®Ωnç. Pranav: Where are your friends? Prabhat: They are in the car. Look inside and you will see them. They were outside the car till ten minutes ago. (Car ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ™°æ© îª÷úø’, ¢√∞¡Ÿx

éπ-E°œ≤ƒh®Ω’.°æC EN’-≥ƒ© éÀç-ü¿-öÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ω’ •ßª’ô -ÖØ√o®Ω’) 3. above = °j†. The government has the duty to see that every person has a roof above their head.

v°æA-¢√J°jØ√ äéπ éπ°æ¤p ÖçúËô’x îª÷úøôç v°æ¶µº’ûªyç NCµ (v°æA-¢√-JéÀ E¢√Ææç éπLpç-îª-úøç)

≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Â°j† éπ°æ¤p†o ¢√£æ«-Ø√™x ņ-ú≈-EéÀ, ¢√-úøû√ç. a) O’®Ω’ 鬮Óx ´î√a®√?

'by'

Did you come by car? b) ¢√úø’ bus ™ -´-î √a-úø’. He came by bus Å™«Íí by train, by plane, by ship c) Ææ®Ω-èπ◊©’ ™«K™ ´î√a®·

é¬-ü¿’.. move The goods came by lorry. Top (éπ°æ¤p) ™‰E

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 42 The fan is just above you Fan correct í¬ - -F °jØË ÖçC. 'above' Åçõ‰ ã ´Ææ’h-´¤èπ◊/ ´’E-≠œ above your head Åç-õ‰ ûª©èπ◊, fan èπ◊

°j†. fan éÌçûª ë«S

Öçü¿E. äéπ-ü∆-E°j éÌç-ûª ë«S Öçõ‰ ÅC 'above'. Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπ-ü∆-E-°j äéπöÀ dž’-èπ◊E Öçõ‰, ÅC 'on'. Pen, table O’ü¿ ÖçC the pen is on the table. Table O’ü¿ lamp ÖçC There is a lamp above the table. (Åçõ‰ table O’ü¿ light °æúË-ô’xí¬ lamp table

°j† ÖçC). 'On' í∫’Jç* ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. ´’†ç ûÁ©’í∫’™ Ææ÷n©çí¬ Â°j†, O’ü¿ -Å-ØË ¢√-ôEoç-öÀéÀ 'on' ¢√-úø-û√ç. ™, ™°æ© ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'in' ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Å®·ûË English ¢√úø’-éπ™– ™, ™°æ© Å--E ûÁ©’í∫’™ ÅØË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'on' ´Ææ’hçC. eg: a) ؈’ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô ÅûªEo train ™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ I first met him on a train. (In a train é¬ü¿’) b) ñ«G-û√™ Åûª-úÕÊ°®Ω’ ™‰ü¿’ His name is not on the list. c) ¢√úø’ team ™ ÖØ√oú≈? Is he on the team? d) Ç É©’x ´’çô™x ÖçC The house is on fire. e) Plane ™ 50 ´’çC v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊-©’-Ø√o®Ω’ There are fifty passengers on the plane. f) ÅûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’ £æ…ï®Ω’ °æöÃd™  ™‰ü¿’ = His name is not on the row. ÉN spoken English ™ ñ«ví∫ûªh °æú≈-Lq†N.

-v°æ-¨¡o:

Have form

¢√£æ«-Ø√© ´·ç-ü¿’ 'on' ´Ææ’hçC. on cycle, on scooter, on bike, on camel, on elephant on horseback. 4. under, below:

M. SURESAN

Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç™ éÌçûª ûËú≈ ÖçC. ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁô’d éÀçü¿ èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√o®Ω’ They sat under a tree.

(Åçõ‰ îÁô’d éÌ´’t©’ ¢√∞¡x-°jéÀ ÖØ√o®·) From the helicopter, the minister saw below him the areas under water Helicopter †’ç* ´’çvA- éÀçü¿èπ◊ îª÷ÊÆh F∞¡x-éÀçC

v°æüË-¨»©’ éπ-E°œç-î√®·. Correct í¬ äéπ ü∆E-éÀçü¿ ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ Öçõ‰ under. äéπ-ü∆E éÀçü¿ ÉçÈé-éπ\-úø-®·Ø√ Öçõ‰ below. From the window of the II Floor, he saw below a man or the road. Road ™ E-©’†o Çߪ’† Correct í¬ éÀöÀéà éÀçü¿ Öçúø-úø’ éπü∆. éÀ-öÀéÃéÀ ûªèπ◊\´ level ™ é¬Ææh

ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öçö«úø’. ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ: The ground floor is under the first floor. (ground floor ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ÅçûªÆæ’h éÀç-ü¿ Öçô’çC) 5. Across = Å´-ûª-L-¢Ë°æ¤. My home is across the road from the bank Bank †’ç* road èπ◊ Å´-ûª-L-¢Ë°æ¤ ´÷ -É©’x. †C-éÀ -Å´-ûªL -¢Áj°æ¤ = across the river.

Çé¬-¨¡ç™ äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ-¢Áj°æ¤ = across the sky.

éÀ ing form ÖçC éπü∆. Has éÀ ing áçü¿’èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’? – ú≈éπd®˝ °æ®Ω’-îª÷J íÓ§ƒ-©-éπ%≠æg, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ -ï-¢√--•’: Has ÅØËC He, She, It ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç (éπL-T-Öç-úøúøç, A†úøç, û√í∫úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ). Have ÅØËC Verb form. ü∆EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ing ´Ææ’hçC. Has éÀ ®√ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ He, She, It ûÓ Speak ÅØË verb – speaks Å´¤ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ ing form speak éÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Speaks éÀ ¢√úÕ speaking ņç éπü∆. Å™«Íí Have éÀ •ü¿’©’ He, She, It ûÓ has ¢√úøû√ç. Speaks éÀ ing îË®Ωa-†ô’d has èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ing îË®Ωaç. Å™«Íí talk. Talk- He, She, It ûÓ talks Å´¤-ûª’çC. ing form talk éÀ îË®Ω’≤ƒhçí¬F talks éÀ îË®Ωaç éπü∆.

-v°æ-¨¡o: -ï-¢√--•’:

The plane flew at great speed across the sky plane Çé¬-¨¡ç™ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç*

ÉçéÓ-¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á-R}çC. 6. at the back of = ¢Á†-éπ-¢Áj°æ¤ (back side é¬-ü¿’, backside

èπ◊ Å®Ωnç °œ®Ω’-ü¿’©’,

ÅE) Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤p-úø÷

class ™ ¢Á†éπ¢Áj°æ¤ èπÿ®Ω’aç-ö«úø’ He always sits at the back of the class. Bus ¢Á†é𶵫í∫ç™ èπÿ®Ω’a†o v°æߪ ÷- ùÀèπ◊©’

Íé~´’çí¬ -Ö-Ø√o®Ω’. The passenger at the back of the bus were safe. at the back of the room = í∫C™ ¢Á-†éπ behind the room = í∫CéÀ ¢Á†éπ some one at the back of the hall was shouting Hall ™ ¢Á-†éπ á´®Ó Å®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. There is a tap behind the hall Hall ¢Á-†éπ ã °æç°æ¤ ÖçC. (Åçõ‰ Hall •ßª’ô) Practice the following aloud in English. a) Stella: O’®Ω’ E†o Í®≠æØ˛ Card B-Ææ’éÓ™‰ü∆? Nikhila: E†o ؈’ Ü-∞ } ™‰†’. £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ 

ÖØ√o†’. Stella: O’È®-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«®Ω’? Nikhila: í∫´-®Ωo-®˝-Ê°-ô™, ÇM-¶‰í˚ O-Cµ™ . Stella: O’ ÉçöÀéÀ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ road èπ◊ Å´-ûª-L-¢Áj°æ¤ -School ÖçC-éπü∆? Nikhila: Å´¤†’. ü∆E áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ØË ´÷ É©’x. Stella: Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ Ñ application O’ü¿ Ææçûªéπç °ôdçúÕ. Yours faithfully ÅØË ü∆E-éÀçü¿. Application èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤. ANSWERS: Stella: Didn't you (Did you not) take your ration card yesterday? Nikhila: I was out of town yesterday (Out of station é¬ü¿’). I was in Hyderabad. Stella: Where do you live? Nikhila: In Governorpeta; in / on Alibaig Street (Road ´·çü¿’, Street ´·çü¿’ in, on àüÁjØ√) Stella: Isn't there a School across the road from your place? Nikhila: Yes. My home is just opposite the school. Stella: Please sign on this application, below the 'yours faithfully' line. on the right side.

'Over', 'above'

© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ àC ¢√ú≈L? – -áÆˇ.-öÀ.£«-î˝ -v°æ≤ƒ-ü˛, Æœ-ü∆l¥ç-ûªç, °æ-Pa-´’íÓ-ü∆-´-J ->-™«x Prepositions í¬ Over, above - Ñ È®çöÀF °j† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

1) Our class room is above / over your class room. b) My father wants to have two roomed portion above / over the first floor. Éô’-´çöÀîÓôx above, over ™ àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. ii) He is over 35 years of age but looks younger.

(Çߪ’† ´ßª’Ææ’q 35 à∞¡}-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-®·Ø√, *†oí¬ éπ-E°œ≤ƒhúø’.) Ééπ\úø over ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Above é¬ü¿’. iii) éπü¿-Léπ™  °jéÀ ņo-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Over Åçö«ç. He jumped over the wall. (íÓúø O’CéÀ Èíçû√úø’. Ééπ\úø above ®√ü¿’) iv) Ææçêu©’, úø•’s, time èπÿú≈ éÌçûª-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ over ¢√úøû√ç. The book costs over Rs. 300 = Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç êKü¿’ ®Ω÷. 300éπØ√o áèπ◊\´. He waited over three hours = ´‚úø’í∫çô-©-éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢Ë wait î˨»úø’. There are over 30 students = 30 students éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢Ë ÖØ√o®Ω’.