Review Questions Pg. 316 And 319

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 3/3/09

Review Questions pg. 316 and 319 Page 316 1. Reading Focus a. What were the causes of the “new imperialism?” i. The industrial revolution created need and desires that spurred overseas expansion. Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources such as rubber, petroleum, manganese for steel, and palm oil for machinery. They also hoped for new markets where they could sell their factory goods. Steam-powered merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world to take on coal and supplies. Ruling a global empire increased a nation’s prestige around the world. Many westerners felt a genuine concern for their “little brothers” beyond the seas. Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials believed that they had a duty to spread their blessings of western civilization. Europeans argued that European races were superior to others, and imperial conquest and destruction of weaker races were simply nature’s way of improving human species. This concept was known as Social Darwinism. b. Why was western imperialism so successful? i. Several older civilizations were in decline while European nations had grown. In West Africa, wars among African peoples and the draining effect of the slave trade had undermined established empires, kingdoms, and city-states. Newer African states were not strong enough to resist the western onslaught. Europeans had the advantage of strong economies, well organized governments, and powerful armies and navies. Superior technology and improved medical knowledge also played a role. Advances such as the Maxim gun persuaded Africans and Asians to accept western control. c. How did governments rule their empires? i. The French practiced direct rule, where they sent officials and soldiers from France to administer their colonies. Their goal was to impose French culture on their colonies and turn them into French provinces. The British, on contrast, relied on indirect rule, where they used sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers. They encouraged the children of the local ruling class to get an education in Britain. In a protectorate, local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisers on issues such as trade or missionary activity. A protectorate cost less than a colony did, and usually didn’t require a large commitment of military forces. The sphere of influence was an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges. 2. Identify

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 3/3/09

a. New Imperialism i. By the 1800s, Europe had gained considerable power. Strong centrally governed nation states had emerged, and the industrial revolution had greatly enriched European economies. Encouraged by their new economic and military strength, European embarked on a path of aggressive expansion called the “new imperialism.” The new imperialism exploded out of a combination of causes. b. Direct Rule i. The French practiced direct rule, where they sent officials and soldiers from France to administer their colonies. Their goal was to impose French culture on their colonies and turn them into French provinces. c. Indirect Rule i. The British, relied on indirect rule, where they used sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers. They encouraged the children of the local ruling class to get an education in Britain. 3. Define a. Imperialism i. Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another region. b. Protectorate i. In a protectorate, local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisers on issues such as trade or missionary activity. A protectorate cost less than a colony did, and usually didn’t require a large commitment of military forces. c. Sphere of Influence i. The sphere of influence was an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges.

Page 319 1. Reading Focus a. What forces were shaping Africa in the early 1800s? i. On the grasslands of West Africa, an Islamic reform movement had brought change. Leaders like Usman dan Fodio preached jihad to revive and purify Islam. In the forest regions, strong states like the Asante Kingdom had arisen. The Asante traded with European and Muslims, and had controlled several smaller states. Islam had long influenced the east coast of Africa, where port cities like Mombasa and Kilwa carried on profitable trade. The cargoes were often slaves. Captives were marched from the interior to the coast to be shipped as slaves to the Middle East. In the early 1800s, southern Africa was in turmoil. Shaka united the Zulu nation, yet he set off mass

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 3/3/09

migrations and wars, creating chaos. By the 1830s, the Zulus were also battling the Boars, who were migrating north from the Cape Colony. While European nations began to outlaw the transatlantic slave trade, the east Africa slave trade continued to the Middle East and Asia. b. How did European contact with Africa increase? i. European explorers began pushing into the interior of Africa. Daring adventurers like Mungo Park and Richard Burton set out to map the course and sources of the great African rivers. Catholic and protestant missionaries followed the explorers. All across Africa, they sought to win people to Christianity. They built schools and medical clinics alongside churches. The best known explorermissionary was David Livingstone. For 30 years he crisscrossed Africa. He wrote about the many peoples he met with more sympathy and less bias than did most Europeans. He relentlessly opposed the slave trade, which remained a profitable business for some African rulers and foreign traders. The only way to end this cruel traffic was to open to interior of Africa to Christianity and trade. c. How did Leopold II start a scramble for the colonies? i. In the Berlin conference, European powers met and called for free trade on the Congo and Niger rivers. They further agreed that European powers could not claim any part of Africa unless they set up a government office there. These principles led European to send officials to exert their power over local rulers and peoples. Leopold and other wealthy Belgians exploited the riches on Congo, including copper, rubber, and ivory. d. How did Africans resist Imperialism? i. The Algerians battled the French for years. The British battled the Zulus in southern Africa and the Asante in West Africa. Successful resistance was mounted by Ethiopia. In the late 1800s, a reforming ruler, Manelik II began to modernize his country of Ethiopia. He hired European experts to plan modern roads and bridges and set up a western school system. He imported the latest weapons and European officers to help train his army. Thus when Italy invaded Ethiopia, Manelik was prepared. At the battle of Adowa, Ethiopians smashed the invaders. Ethiopia was the only African country other than Liberia that preserved its independence. During the age of imperialism a western-educated African elite emerged. Some middle class Africans admired western ways and rejected their own culture. 2. Identify a. Asante i. In the forest regions, strong states like the Asante Kingdom had arisen. The Asante traded with European and Muslims, and had controlled several smaller states. However, these tributary states

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 3/3/09

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

were ready to turn to Europeans or other that might help them defeat their Asante rulers. Liberia i. Some free blacks from the United States settled in nearby Liberia. By 1847 Liberia became an independent republic. Liberia was the only African country other than Ethiopia that preserved its independence. David Livingstone i. The best known explorer-missionary was David Livingstone. For 30 years he crisscrossed Africa. He wrote about the many peoples he met with more sympathy and less bias than did most Europeans. He relentlessly opposed the slave trade, which remained a profitable business for some African rulers and foreign traders. The only way to end this cruel traffic was to open to interior of Africa to Christianity and trade. Berlin Conference i. In the Berlin conference, European powers met and called for free trade on the Congo and Niger rivers. They further agreed that European powers could not claim any part of Africa unless they set up a government office there. These principles led European to send officials to exert their power over local rulers and peoples. Boer War i. In the early 1800s, southern Africa was in turmoil. Shaka united the Zulu nation, yet he set off mass migrations and wars, creating chaos. By the 1830s, the Zulus were also battling the Boars, who were migrating north from the Cape Colony. Nehanda i. A woman who became a military leader of the Shona in Zimbabwe. Although a claver tactician, she was captured and executed. However, the memory of her achievements inspired later generations to fight for freedom. Manelik II i. In the late 1800s, a reforming ruler, Manelik II began to modernize his country of Ethiopia. He hired European experts to plan modern roads and bridges and set up a western school system. He imported the latest weapons and European officers to help train his army. Thus when Italy invaded Ethiopia, Manelik was prepared. At the battle of Adowa, Ethiopians smashed the invaders. Ethiopia was the only African country other than Liberia that preserved its independence.

3. Define a. Jihad i. A holy struggle b. Missionary i. Someone sent on a religious mission c. Elite

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 3/3/09

i. Upper class