Review Questions Pg. 153

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 11/22/08

Review Questions pg. 153 1. Identify a. Candide i. Voltaire’s humorous novel published in 1759. The hero of this book travels across Europe and even to the Americas and the Middle East in search of “the best of all possible worlds.” Voltaire slyly uses the tale to expose the corruption and hypocrisy of European society. b. Joseph II i. The most radical of the enlightened despots, and the Hapsburg emperor. He was the son and successor of Maria Theresa. He traveled among his subjects in disguise to learn of their problems. He granted toleration to the Protestants and Jews in his Catholic Empire. He ended censorship and attempted to bring the Catholic Church under royal control. He abolished serfdom. Unfortunately, the measure was cancelled after his death. c. Johann Sebastian Bach i. One of the towering musical figures of the era. A devout German Lutheran. He wrote complex and beautiful religious works for organ and choirs. d. George Fredrick Handel i. Another German-born composer. He spent much of his life in England. There, he wrote Water Music and other pieces for King George I, as well as many operas. His most celebrated work, the Messiah, combines instruments and voices. Today, it’s a standard at Christmas and Easter concerts. e. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart i. At six years old, this person burst onto the European scene to gain instant celebrity as a composer and performer. His brilliant operas, graceful symphonies, and moving religious music helped define the new style of composition. f. Daniel Defoe i. An English novelist wrote an exciting tale about a sailor shipwrecked on a tropical island in one of his popular works. 2. Define a. Censorship i. Restricting access to ideas and information b. Salon i. Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas. c. Enlightened despot i. Absolute rulers who used their power to being about political and social change. d. Baroque

Villalobos Period C

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Eamon Barkhordarian 11/22/08

i. Ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s. e. Rococo i. Personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s, featuring fancy design in the shape of leaves, shells, and scrolls. Explain how each of the following affected the spread of new ideas: a. Censorship i. Censorship caused books to be banned and burned, and writers to be imprisoned. This slowed down the spread of new ideas because books, one of the main databases of new ideas, were being taken away and burned, causing a slowdown of the spread of ideas. b. Salons i. This increased the spread of ideas because it allowed for many different types of people like writers, artists, philosophes, and others to exchange ideas. This was one way ideas were spread so quickly between people. What were the goals of enlightenment despots? a. Enlightenment despots were the monarchs that accepted Enlightenment ideas. They used their power to being about political and social change. They helped tremendously for these people had so much power, making way for Enlightenment ideas to spread so quickly. How did the Enlightenment affect: a. Arts and literature i. In the 1600s and 1700s, the arts evolved to meet changing tastes. As in earlier periods, artists and composers had to please their patrons, the men and women who commissioned works from them or gave them jobs. b. The lives of the majority i. Most Europeans were untouched by either courtly or middle-class culture. They remained what they had always been-peasants living in small rural villages. In Western Europe, serfdom had largely disappeared and instead some peasants worked on their own patches of land. In central and Eastern Europe, however, Serfdom was firmly rooted. In Russia, it spread and deepened in the 1700s. How did the Enlightenment being together ideas of both the Renaissance and the Reformation? a. The Enlightenment was a strong mix of the Renaissance and Reformation. The Enlightenment reflected the Renaissance because new ideas were spread so quickly, education flourished, leading thinkers came about like John Locke and Rousseau, and progression began. The Enlightenment also reflected the Reformation because many things were being changed. The style of music, architecture, and writing took a different course. Also, during the Enlightenment, many monarchs resented the new Enlightenment ideas, waging wars of censorship, to protect the old order. The same happened during the Reformation when the Church did everything they

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 11/22/08

could to retain the old order of the Church being right, where indulges were good, etc.