Review Questions Pg. 275

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 2/19/09

Review Questions pg. 275 1. Reading Focus a. What were the key obstacles to Italian unity? i. The settlements reached in 1815 at the Vienna Congress had restored Austrian domination over the Italian peninsula but had left Italy completely fragmented. The Congress had divided the territory among a number of European nations and the victors of the Napoleonic Wars. The nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy, a secret society to constitute Italy as one, free, independent nation. But, French forces soon toppled it. Mazzini spent much of his life in exile. Nationalist attempts to expel Austrian forces from Northern Italy were repeatedly crushed. b. What roles did Count Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi play in the struggle for Italy? i. Count Camillo Cavour was made Victor Emmanuel’s prime minister. The man favored liberal goals. Once in office, Cavour moved first to reform Sardinia’s economy. He improved the agriculture, had railroads built, and encouraged commerce by supporting free trade. Cavour’s long term goal was to end Austrian power in Italy and annex its provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. Cavour led Sardinia and Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean war, and won. He later provoked another war and defeated Austria and annexed Lombardy. Giuseppe was a long time nationalist, and an ally of Mazzini that was ready for action. He did not hesitate to accept aid from Cavour. Garibaldi’s forces won control of Sicily and marched triumphantly towards Naples. Italy acquired Venetia after the AustroPrussian war and then later gained Rome. c. What challenges faced the new nation of Italy? i. There were great divisions between the north and the south. The north was richer and had more cities than the south. The north flourished as centers of business and culture. The south on the other hand, was rural and poor. Hostility between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church further divided the nation. Only a small number of men had the right to vote in the lower house of the two house legislature. Radicals struggled against a conservative government. The population explosion created tensions. 2. Identify a. Giuseppe Mazzini i. The nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy, a secret society to constitute Italy as one, free, independent nation. Mazzini helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome, but French forces soon toppled it. Mazzini spent much of his life in exile. b. Risorgimento

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 2/19/09

i. Italian nationalist movement. After 1848, leadership of the Risorgimento passed to the kingdom of Sardinia. Its constitutional monarch, Victor Emmanuel II, hoped to join other states to his own, thereby increasing his power. c. Victor Emmanuel II i. After 1848, leadership of the Risorgimento passed to the kingdom of Sardinia. Its constitutional monarch, Victor Emmanuel II, hoped to join other states to his own, thereby increasing his power. He made his prime minister Cavour. d. Camillio Cavour i. A shrewd and ruthless politician that was made prime minister of Victor Emmanuel II. The man favored liberal goals. Once in office, Cavour moved first to reform Sardinia’s economy. He improved the agriculture, had railroads built, and encouraged commerce by supporting free trade. Cavour’s long term goal was to end Austrian power in Italy and annex its provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. Cavour led Sardinia and Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean war, and won. He later provoked another war and defeated Austria and annexed Lombardy. e. Giuseppe Garibaldi i. Giuseppe was a long time nationalist, and an ally of Mazzini that was ready for action. He did not hesitate to accept aid from Cavour. Garibaldi’s forces won control of Sicily and marched triumphantly towards Naples. 3. Define a. Anarchist i. People who want to abolish all government b. Emigration i. Movement away from his/her country