Review Questions Pg. 225

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 2/11/09

Review Questions 225 1. Reading Focus a. What caused discontent in Latin America? i. During this time period discontent was caused in Latin America. The discontent was rooted in social, racial, and political system that had emerged during 300 years of Spanish rule. Other reasons included ethnic and social hierarchy, enlightenment ideas and Napoleon Bonaparte. There were many differences between the classes, they distrusted and feared one another. Napoleon Bonaparte was the spark that ignited widespread rebellion in Latin America. HIs invasions made people discontent. b. How did Haitians, Mexicans, and people in Central America win independence? i. Haitians, Mexicans, and the people in Central America won independence. They gained their Independence from strong leaders, hard work, and not giving up. They pushed and pushed until the country governing them gave in. c. How did nations of South America win independence? i. The nations of South America won independence. In Brazil Dom Pedro had a large impact on gaining their independence. He followed his father’s words to achieve the goal. The king states, “If Brazil demands independence proclaim it yourself and put the crown on your own head.” The nations of South America also fought hard for they were tired of being bullied around by the Spanish. 2. Identify a. Toussaint L’Ouverture: i. An intelligent and skillful leader. He was a self educated slave. L’Ouverture was a brilliant general and an inspiring commander. He led the revolts of Haiti’s slaves. b. Miguel Hidalgo i. A creole priest in Mexico. He rallied a ragged army that marched to the outskirts of Mexico City. c. El Grito de Dolores i. Hidalgo’s speech on September 15. This startling urgent appeal rallied a ragged army. d. Jose Morelos i. A priest that picked up the banner of revolution. He was a mestizo who called for wide-ranging social and political reform. He led rebel forces to improve conditions for the Mexicans. e. Tupac Amaru

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 2/11/09

i. He claimed descent from Incan kings. He led the strongest challenge to Spanish rule by Native Americans. He led a Native American revolt. f. Simon Bolivar i. An educated creoles that admired the French and American revolutions. He was known as “The Liberator.” He led many uprisings and his new republic led to a civil war. g. Dom Pedro i. Son of the Portuguese king. He became emperor of an independent Brazil. 3. Define a. Peninsular i. Those that could hold top jobs in government and the Church. They were Spanish-born and they dominated Latin America political and social life. b. Creole i. The European-descended Latin Americans who owned the haciendas, ranches, and mines. c. Mestiz i. People of Native American and European descent. d. Mulatto i. People of African and European descent. e. Truce i. Temporary peace