Pragyan Vol.06,isu.02

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Editorial

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Letters to the Editor

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Campus Update ............................................................................../ Surjya Chutia

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The Academic World Around

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Panorama

Personality 25

Self Development and Communication ............................./ Niranjan Sukla

Examination & Education 26

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Necessity of ‘Enrichment Programme’......................................../ Ram Naresh Das

Career 35

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Science & Tech. 42

Digboi Born Asomiya Scientist ........................../ Kamaruzzaman Ahmed

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Nutrition and Health ..................................................../ Sangeeta Baruah

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Language & Literature 50 55

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Social Science 60

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Races in North East India ............................. /Bhudhor Phukan & Dr. Diganta Phukan

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Christianity and Unity – North East Echoes ................................/ Patricia Mukhim

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Some Reflections on Indian Philosophy ................................/ Dr. Bandana Puzari

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WTO and Developing Countries ...................................................../ Anita Baruwa

Students' Column 75

Inclusive Growth : The Role of Corporate India .../ Paplu Borah & Samrat Mukherjee

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Background Radiation ......................................................................./ Sanjay Saha

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³Uºîƒ¹ šå¹[oA¡ºãÚà >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ ................./ ³ì>à¹g> ³¹ào (P¡¹ç¡}) A Special Supplementary on Poetry edited by Dr. Kamalesh Kalita and Kamal Gogoi attached with this issue of Pragyan.

Editorial Board

Patron : Dr. Bhuban Gogoi Editor in Chief : Rana K. Changmai Executive Editor : Sushanta Kar Editors : Monika Devi, Rashmi Dutta, Mayuri Sharma Baruah, Manashi Rajkhowa, Monika Das, Nilimjyoti Senapati, Surjya Chutia, Dr. Kamalesh Kalita Students’ Repsentative : Pankaj Gohain (Magazine Secretary, TCSU) Published by : Assam College Teachers’ Associatiom (ACTA) Tinsukia College Unit, Tinsukia College, Tinsukia 786125 Contact : (Cell) 9954226966, email : [email protected] Web : www.perfspot.com/actapragyan05 Printed at : The Assam Computers (Govt.App ‘A’ category Press) Parbotia, Tinsukia - 781625, Dial (0374) 2330424

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/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

Surjya Chutia

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College Foundation Day Observed

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he 52nd foundation day of Tinsukia college was observed on 1st September, 2008 with a day long programme. The programme started with the hoisting of the college flag by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal in morning. It was followed by inauguration of the newly constructed commerce building by Sri R.P. Singh, Hon’ble Chairman of the college G.B and also the local MLA. The inaugural function was also graced by Sri Rajen Baruah, Chairman TDA, Sri Sujit Roy, former G.B. President, Dr. Chandrakanta Sharma, Principal, Womens’ College, Tinsukia and Sri Paim Thi Gohain, noted journalist, Dibrugarh. The whole inaugural functions conducted by Sri B.K. Lohiya, HoD, Commerce Department. The 1st Mayuri Bora Memorial Lecture & Award Giving Function was held on the occasion under the presidentship of Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal, Tinsukia College. Sri Paim Thi Gohain, noted freelance writer, Dibrugarh took part in the lecture session as the resource person. He delivered a lecture on the relevant topic ‘Social Groups of Assam — Their Entity, Source Study and Research.’ The /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

lecture session was followed by an interesting interaction session. In the same meeting Mayuri Bora Memorial Award was given to the best graduate of the college this year. Smt. Peenaz Iftekar Hussain of BBA, who is not only the best graduate of the college this year but also the topper in Dibrugarh University, BBA final examination, was awarded the honour. It is mentionable that the Mayuri Bora Memorial Trust is founded this year (2008) by her family in memory of Late Mayuri Bora who was a former student of Tinsukia College. The trust has decided to offer the ‘Mayuri Bora Memorial Award’ every year to the best graduate of Tinsukia College. It may be mention here that the 6th year 1st issue of Pragyan also was inaugurated by Sri Gohain in this very programme. A compiled volume of Pragyan from 1st to 15th Issue was also handed over to the Principal by Rana K. Changmai, Editor in Chief, Pragyan for library collection. The day long programme ended up with lighting of earthen lamps in the college campus in the evening.

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2 Smooth Students’Union Election Conducted on 29th Sept, 08

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he Tinsukia College students union election was held on 29 Sept., 2008 to constitute the students body for the session 2008-09. The Election Committee headed by Sri Someswar Hazarika conducted the whole process of election sincerely and smoothly. The newly elected members to the students’ body are : 1. President (Ex-officio) : Principal, Dr. Bhuban Gogoi 2. Vice President : Anuj Pratim Boruah 3. General Secretary : Lakhya Jyoti Boruah 4. Asst. General Secretary : Horesh Pradhan 5. Secretary, Outdoor Games: Suraj Sharma 6. ” Indoor Games : Karuna Kanta Gogoi 7. ” Cultural : Trishna Konwar 8. ” Literary and Debating : Ashok Yadav 9. ” Social Service : Jayantajeet Boruah

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First Ever Kabi Sanmilan Held at the College Premise

Kabi Sanmilan namely ‘Sharator Duporia Kabitar Edin’ was organized by Sri Kamal Gogoi, Secretary Magazine, TCSU at the Tinsukia College premises on 26 Sept., 2008. The Kabi Sanmilan was presided over by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal Tinsukia College, Smt. Bontimala Devi, HoD, Assamese Department. Sri Hari Singh Tomar, HoD, Hindi Department and Sri Rana K. Changmai, HoD, English Department, took part as observers and judged of the Sanmilan. Apart from the 19 students several teachers and non teaching staff of the college read their own poems. Addressing the sanmilan Dr. Gogoi said that as the words of poetry touches heart, similarly through the powerful words of a poem the society also can be reformed. He appealed the upcoming poets and the new generation to bring new atmosphere in the society through their power of words.

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10. ” Boys’ Common Room : Deo Prashad Sarma 11. ” Gymnasium : Prince Tiwari 12. ” Girls’ Common Room : Geetanjali Gogoi 13. ” Magazine : Pankaj Gohain This new body took over charge on 4th October, 2008 in a general meting presided over by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal Tinsukia College.

As a part of the Kabi Sanmilan the latest issue of the college wall magazine ‘Bhaskar’ was officially inaugurated by Sri Dileep Kalita, HoD, Chemistry Department of the college. The issue was edited by the Magazine Secretary, (Kamal Gogoi) TCSU.

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4th Issue of ‘Asha’ Inaugurated

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sha’ is a departmental journal of Bengali Department, Tinsukia College, published annually as a part of academic excellence of the department. The 4th issue of the journal was inaugurated by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal, Tinsukia College in a meeting held on 1st October, 2008 under the presidentship of Sri Kanak Chanda, HoD, Bengali Department, Smt Kiron Goswami, Vice Principal and Smt. Bantimala Devi, HoD, Assamese Department graced the occasion as the guests of honour. It is a humble endeavour

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to create an atmosphere of literary activities in the college campus. The inaugural function was followed by a cultural programme where student artists and the principal entertained the gathering through their performances. The function ended with vote of thanks offered by Sri Sushanta Kar, Lecturer, Bengali Department.

The College Community Condemned the Serial Terrorist Attack at the State

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he teachers, students and employees of Tinsukia College in a meeting held on 1st November, 2008 expressed deep shock at the sad killings of more than 80 people in the serial blasts in different places of Assam, including Guwahati, Barpeta, Bongaigaon and Kokrajhar on October 30, 2008. The meeting strongly condemned the inhuman and cowardly act of spineless terrorists and mourned the deaths in this m o s t unfortunate incident. The meeting also prayed to the almighty for eternal peace of the /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

departed souls and expressed deep sympathies to the next kin of the family members of those killed in the blasts. Moreover, all the teachers of Tinsukia college registered their protest against the incident by wearing black badges on 4th Oct., 2008 in classrooms. A C TA , Tinsukia Zone organised a silent procession on 4th Nov, 2008 in Tinsukia town to protest the serial blasts. All the college teachers, students and non-teaching staff under the banner of ACTA, Tinsukia zone

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took part in the protest rally. After the rally, a protest meeting was held at Women’s College, Tinsukia. The meeting demanded stringent punishment of those guilty in perpetrating the

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Annual Memorial Lecture Held

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he annual departed teacher’s memorial lecture of Tinsukia College for this year was organised by the Tinsukia College Teachers’ Unit on 20th Nov, 2008. In this respect a general meeting was held at the college auditorium where Sri Ratna Gopal Gogoi, Secy. of the Teachers’ Unit addressed the invited guests and audience in general and bid them a warm welcome to the annual event first. Then Smt. Kiron Goswami, Vice Principal, Tinsukia College kindled a lamp in memory of the departed teachers of the college. It was followed by floral tribute offered to the departed souls by Sri Mahendranath Saikia, former Principal of the college. Noted writer

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and eminent intellectual Prof. Ratan Kr. Kataky (MBBS, MD, Ph.D) Medicine Dept. Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh was invited to deliver this year’s memorial lecture on the topic ‘Paramparagato Bharatiya Chikitsa Paddhati; Prayug, Bister aru Prasangikata’ The lecture session was followed by a live and interesting interaction session. The main lecture session of the day was presided over by Smt. Kiran Goswami. The day long programme ended with vote of thanks offered by Smt. Sangeeta Baruah, Asst. Secy, Tinsukia College Teacher’s Unit.

The Hindi Department Observed Hindi Month.

he Hindi Month was observed in Tinsukia College with a great pomp and vigour. To mark the occasion, various competitions were held among the students to create awareness to the national language and also to popularise Hindi in society. The competitions included poem recitation, extempore speech, songs, dance and written competitions were poem writing and short story writing, etc. The closing ceremony and seminar on ‘Kabir, His Time and Present Day World’ was held on 25th Nov, 2008 at the college premises under the chairmanship of Sri H.S. Tomar, HoD, Hindi Department, Tinsukia

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heinous crimes and called for an environment of peace. The meeting made a fervent appeal to all the quarters concerned for adequate steps so that such incidents of violence do not recur in future.

College. Sri Raj Rup Singh, Rtd. HoD, Hindi Dept., Digboi College attended the seminar session as resource person. The special seminar session was officially inaugurated by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal, Tinsukia College, Smt. Kiron Goswami, Vice Principal, Tinsukia College and Dr. Punendu Sekhar Das, Vice Principal, Tinsukia Commerce College graced the occasion as the Chief Guest. Sri B.N. Pandey, HoD, Rtd. Digboi College; Dr. A.N. Sahay, HoD, Dibru College, Dibrugarh; Dr. Hare Ram Pathak, HoD, Digboi Mahila Mahavidyalaya; Dr. Hiralal Prasad, HoD, Tinsukia Commerce College; /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

Sri Hiralal Verma, HoD, Dept. of Geography, Tinsukia College were the special guest of the function. The winners of various competitions were

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also awarded prizes in the meeting. The ceremony ended with vote of thanks offered by Sri Ratna Gopal Gogoi, lecturer, Hindi Dept., Tinsukia College.

A Three Member Team From Tinsukia College Attended the ‘Space Talk’ at Shillong

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n response to an invitation from Dr. Rajen Baruah (Houstan, Texas) the CMD of the Friends of Assam and Seven Sister (FASS), a team from Tinsukia College comprising of three members i.e. Dr. Bulbul Gogoi, lecturer, Physics, two B.Sc. 3rd year students — Shri Gyanendra Upadhyaya and Umakanra Baruah participated the Space Talk programme with Edward Mike Finke on 1st Dec., 2008 at St. Anthony College, Shillong. The programme was organised by FASS and held in the packed auditorium of the college. Apart from the Staffs and Students of the college, enthusian students and scholars from different parts of North East India took part the unique event. Here is the detail report of the event as prepared and mailed to Pragyan by Dr Sayeed Iftikar Ahmed, FASS On 1st December, 2008 the students of St. Anthony’s College had the unique privilege of having a live interaction with the Astronauts from the International Space Station (ISS). St. Anthony’s College had a festive look today with banners of the event well displayed in the campus & the auditorium . The colourful Banners , displayed about the e v e n t organized by FASS. The event was held in the p a c k e d /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

auditorium of the college. In addition to the staff and students of the college, students from the neighbouring schools had also come to witness this unique event. Over 700 Students and Staff and guests were present in the event including few guests from Assam, a three member team from far-away Tinsukia College as well. Media Presence was significant . All the Local Media both Visual and Print Media persons were present along with some regional & national media. Visual Media like DD National, Shillong; PCN Channel; Khasi Channel covered the programme. Print Media were Present like Shillong Times, Meghalaya Guardian, Sentinel and other Khasi Local Newspapers besides national media representatives. Eleven students of St. Anthony’s College were selected to interact with the ISS, each asking one question. The participants had a ten minute question and answer session with Micke Finke, the commander of the Expedition 18 at the ISS. Prior to this event on 1st December , a dry run / rehearsal of t h e programme was done with Rajen Barua in Houston on Friday, 21st November 2008. Based

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on the experience of the dry run , all deficiencies were identified and corrected . We identified that the sound system needed to improve . We hired Mr Ba Tony , who brought in the state-of-theart Sound System of the Radio Stations used for their telephonic call in programmes. By 12.30 PM the auditorium was getting full. Fr. Ioannis Warpakma sbd, the Principal of the college welcomed everyone & requested me to make a presentation . Realising we had enough time before the actual connection, I made a presentation using my 32 Power Point Slides , I prepared for the event depicting with pictures the ISS with its history particularly highlighting Expedition 18 and its Commander Mike & the astronauts who are carrying out many researches, including some related to health and environment, at the space station. & issues related to Combustion Science, Material Science, experiments on fundamental Physics, Oxygen manufacture in ISS , growing plants in ISS. Etc. I gave the details about the family of Mike & Renita. Since we had time till 1.15 PM, the presentation kept the large audience involved. Thereafter, Fr. Ioannis requested Patricia Mukhim and Bidyananda Borkakti both on the dais to speak to the audience. Before the actual connection with ISS took place with Mike, operators from NASA ground station established the radio link between ARISS Volunteers ( Amateur Radio Volunteers) which was established from Honululu, Hawai (Nancy) & Brussels in Europe and relayed to Shillong. Nancy called us & we assisted in conducting two trial run for the interaction with the students. Nancy gave us continuous feedback about the sound level . Accordingly the students were directed to speak clearly and loudly to be audible by Mike. The live interaction began at 1.45 pm (IST). Fr. Ioannis Warpakma sdb, the Principal of the college introduced the college and greeted Mike and his team at ISS. It was then Mike’s turn and Mike began by greeting the audiences with ‘Khublei Shibun’ (thank you in Khasi) .

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He wished the gathering in Khasi, ‘Khublei’, the greeting in khasi mother tongue here at Shillong. Everyone was thrilled ! The participants then asked the questions given to them one by one and Micke had interesting answer for each. When asked by the one of the students whether he could see manmade objects like the Great Wall of China and the Pyramids from the space station, he said he could see both the structures very clearly from the space station. Asked if he could see the effects of pollution or climate change, Mike said climate change was a gradual process but the effects were indeed visible from space. “What do you do when one of you gets sick?” was a question posed by student Eti Roy. Mike’s reply was, “We try not to get sick. We are in perfect health. Even if we need some advice, the doctor is only a phone call away”. In response to a question on what type of food they eat and drink while in space, he said they took Russian and American food from the refrigerator but his wife had packed some paneer too. Mike, while responding to another query, said oxygen was made in the space using Russian technology. When asked what he missed most about the earth while in space, he said, “I miss my family and my home”. There was also a question in Assamese and he answered it rather well to the interest of all. Mike also sang a few lines on seasonal greetings in Assamese from the space station. His ability to speak the language so fluently amazed all the people who were inside the auditorium. There was an air of excitement and expectation as the audience which included visitors from Assam waited eagerly for the satellite link-up. The last part of the session was a Khasi song from the Music Department of the college. Mike and his team at ISS had thus the privilege of hearing a song of Shillong and the unique chance of having our melody from Shillong in the outer space. For the first time ever, students /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

of St Anthony’s College sang a popular Khasi song ‘Ksing Lynti’ as a token of love and appreciation for astronaut and commander of International Space Station (ISS) Expedition 18 Mike Fincke. He later said he was deeply touched by the song and that he would eventually record the song and play it while in space. Mike repeated ‘Khublei Shibun’ enthusiastically after the students sang the song from here at the college’s auditorium after eleven students of the college asked the astronaut several questions relating to space travel.

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Mrs. Patricia Mukhim, Editor, Shillong Times, who is a member of FASS in Shillong presided over the function. At the end of the function all participants and the singers were given Certificates of Participation by the guests. P.S: In an e-mail to Pragyan Dr. Ahmed also wrote : Dear Editor, ‘Pragyan’ I met Dr BulBul Gogoi & the two students. It was very nice to meet them & to see their enthusiasm. You can publish the report in ‘Pragyan’. Best of Luck Dr. Sayed Iftikar Ahmed Friends of Assam and Seven Sisters (FASS) [email protected];

44th College Week Held Successfully

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s per academic schedule of the Tinsukia College, the 44th annual college week was held from 16 to 22 Dec, 2008. The week long programme started on 16th Dec. morning when Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal of the College formally hoisted the college flag. The latest issue of the college wall magazine ‘Bhaskar’ edited by the present magazine secretary, TCSU was unveiled by Smt. Bontimala Devi, HoD, Assamese Dept. The schedule of the whole College Week included almost all relevant competitions and related activities that prove students’ talent in various field. On the last day, i.e. 22nd Dec, 2008 a general meeting was held under the presidentship of Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal of the College at the College Auditorium. Dr. Chandra Kanta Sarma, Principal, Women’s College Tinsukia, Dr. Badal Sen, Principal, Tinsukia Commerce College, among others, /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

graced the meeting as Chief Guest. Sri Pulak Chetia, President, Tinsukia district AASU, was also present as Special Invitee in the function. The winners of various competitions in the college week were awarded prized in the meeting. 29th issue of the Tinsukia College Magazine (Session 2006-07), edited by Sri Bidhan Moran, (Magazine Secy, 2006-07) and published by TCSU was officially inaugurated in the meeting by Smt.Kiron Goswami, Vice Principal, Tinsukia College. A colourful c u l t u r a l extravaganza marked the evening of the day, which was inaugurated by Sri Nayan Nilim Baruah, renowned artist of the state. In the cultural programme artists from students flock and invited local artists including Nayan Nilim entertained the audience.

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The Department of Physics is All Set to Organize a National Seminar on Recent Advances in Astronomy & Astrophysics

The year 2009 is going to be observed globally as the “International Year of Astronomy”. With a view to joining hands with the international community in the year long celebration of the event, the Physics Department of Tinsukia College is organizing a national seminar RAAAS – 2009 from 24th to 26th Nov, 2009. The seminar is expected to provide a larger impact to the society as it will provide the researchers as well as the students of the North-East region with ample opportunity to interact and share thoughts with the experts from different fields of science and technology. Another significant event that is going to take place during that period (9th July 2009) is the Total Solar Eclipse and it is a lucky coincidence for us that the umbra of the eclipse will be passing through Tinsukia district of Assam. This event provides us with a great opportunity for scientific observation and awareness generating programmes for the masses. The College takes this opportunity and plans to undertake various programmes throughout the year and we believe that the national seminar will be a befitting finale to the whole event. The scientific programme includes key note address, invited talks, contributed papers and interaction of the students with noted scholars in the field of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Apart from this, a special evening session on sky watching will be organized (with highly sophisticated Astronomical Telescopes under the guidance of noted Astronomers) for generating awareness among the common people. Major Fields to be covered: 1. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2. Spectroscopy in Astronomy, 3. Astronomy and Environment, 4. Amateur Astronomy, 5. Condensed Matter physics and Astrophysics, 6. Plasma physics and Astrophysics.

Call for Papers : The organizing committee invites research papers from participants for presentation in the above mentioned fields. The contributed papers after scrutiny by a panel of referees will be published in a reputed journal. The abstracts/ papers should be submitted to: 1. Dr. R. Bordoloi, Convener 2. R. Konwar & Dr. B.Gogoi, Co-Conveners, RAAAS-2009 Cell: 9435133583, 9435136623, 9954670842 E-Mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], Dead Lines for Abstract submission: Abstract submission: 24 th August, 2009. Full Paper Submission: 24th October, 2009. Registration Fee: Rs. 1000/- for employed participants of Universities/ Colleges/ Research Establishments/ Industries/ Others. Rs.500/- for student participants. Deadline for Preliminary Registration: 24th Aug, 2009. Accommodation : The registered participants will be provided local hospitality and accommodation during the seminar. The participants should be prepared to share rooms with their colleagues in a double/ triple bedded room. The accompanying person may also be accommodated in hotels/ guest houses on receiving the payments in advance. The registration fee may be sent by demand draft in favour of “Convenor, RAAAS-2009” payable at the Union Bank, Tinsukia Branch (code No………….) For detail report please visit: http:// www.perfspot.com/pragyan05. That detail report and many more about this seminar will be published in the March, 09 issue of Pragyan.

(The Updater teaches Economics in the College)

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/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

Campus Update

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anjan Das, a senior lecturer in the department of Geography of Tinsukia College and a renowned ornithologist of the state, has been an amateur bird watcher for the past 10 years, recently claimed to have spotted an endangered bird at the DibruSaikhowa National Park, 40 years after it was last seen at Kaziranga National Park. He made this declaration at a news conference on 26th Nov.,08 in Tinsukia that he had spotted the lesser whitefronted goose in the national park in Tinsukia district on 24th Nov.,08. DibruSaikhowa is a haven for migratory birds and hosts several species from Siberia and European countries during winter. He also handed out photographs of a single lesser white-fronted goose, which he had spotted amid a gaggle of other migratory birds. He said at the conference, “It is a very important development from the conservation point of view. There are less than 15,000 birds of the species left in the

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world.” He would now send the photographs and other details about the sighting of the bird to conservation experts in different global organisations, including the Bombay Natural History Society and International Union for Conservation of Nature. Das, who is doing research on grassland birds in Dibru-Saikhowa, used a Nikon digital camera with telephoto lens to shoot a few stills of the rare bird. “I could make out that it was not a very common bird. But I did not realise that it was a very rare species. Only after I came back and consulted the guide books on birds did I realise that this is an important moment,” he added. He said that the ornithologists have records of the last sighting of the bird in Assam on January 17, 1968, by a Englishman named McKenzie at Kaziranga. After that there are no records of the bird in Assam. A native of Scandinavia and Siberia, the lesser white fronted goose travels to the south every winter when its home becomes snow-bound and

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food becomes scarce. According to Ranjan Das this part of the world is not a natural migration place for the species. A few may have followed other birds to reach this place. The story bellow will clarify more on the route of this endangered bird species: In July-August 2006 6 Lesser White fronted Geese (Anser erythropus) were marked with satellite transmitters North Star on the Putorana Plateau. This is a rare Palearctic goose species with not yet clearly known migratory routes. The initiator and main executor of the project on the Lesser White-fronts migration is the Goose, Swan and Duck Study Group of Northern Eurasia. At present the Study Group and Mining and Smelting Enterprise “Norilsk Nikel” together with the State Nature Reserve “Putoransky” are working on the project on the studies of migration and conservation of Lesser White-fronts breeding on the Putorana Plateau. In 2006, within the frames of this project, the expedition to the Dyupkun Lake (south-western Putorana Plateau) was carried out. About 100 Lesser White-front pairs are breeding at this tectonic lake. Within the project the method for searching and capturing goose (Lesser White-fronts) was worked out and successfully used on the large tectonic lakes with vast area, up to 100 m depth and coast line up to several hundreds of kilometers long. Really, the method for “searching of a needle in a hay stock” has been worked out. The team of only 4 people successfully used this method. In 2006 6 local breeding Lesser White-fronts were successfully captured and marked with satellite transmitters. Birds were marked since 24.07.2006 to 02.08.2006, during post-breeding moult. All marked birds were captured from the boat on the open water area of the lake. The signals of the transmitters, working over 100 days, have already revealed the main migratory direction of birds: from the Putorana Plateau birds fly south-westwards (over West Siberian depression to Kazakhstan).

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Photo by S.V. Rupasov

Sites and dates of marking birds Collar 3Hput on 30.07.2006. 67 ° 52' cw, 91 ° 57' ε∂ Collar 4Z put on 25.07.2006. 68 ° 10' cw., 92 ° 43' ε∂ Collar 7B put on 24.07.2006. 68 ° 01' cw, 92 ° 25' ε∂ Collar 5B put on 29.07.2006. 67 ° 55' cw, 92 ° 05' ε∂ Collar 0H put on 24.07.2006. 68 ° 00' cw., 92 ° 23' ε∂ Collar 6B put on 02.08.2006. 67 ° 47' cw, 91 ° 52' ε∂

The references to interactive maps are given below in the same order. Interactive schemes of movements The recent update 02.06.2007

3H Red

OH Violet (24/07/06-13/01/07)

7B (Lilac) 24/07 - 25/09/06 4Z (green) 25/07 - 31/08/06

5B(Orange) 29/07-10/09/06

6B (gray) 02/08-20/08/06

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

Schematic map of movement

Short information on a state of marked birds on 01.04.07 At present the satellite telemetry is being received only from one bird - 3H (references are above; the other maps are not updated any more due to absence of movements). After long staging at the border between Kazakhstan and Orenburg Province of Russia, the birds 3H and 0H flew over the Caspian Sea to the border between Iran and Nakhichevan Province of Azerbaijan, where they still stayed since early November not far from each other. 0H all the time was moving along the coasts of the large water reservoir in northern Iran (since 4.11 untill the end of December), 01.01.2007 it moved to southern Iraq to Mesopotamia. Last telemetry from this bird received on 13.01.07 from densely populated region of Kut-El-Amara city in Tigr valley. It is equally possible that it died or transmitter is out of order. 3H stayed for a long time on the junction of the border between Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey and Iran, at daytime in the Araks River valley, at night in the mountains of Iran. Between 30.11 and 03.12 the latter bird flew southward /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

along the border between Syria and Iraq, where it stayed until the end of January (the Euphrates River valley). During this period, transmitters battery must have depleted, as the locations became rare and low quality. From 19.02 until 16.03 the bird stayed in Naryn-Chai river valley to the south of Mt.. Karatepe in eastern Iraq, occasionally moving to nearby mountains. After 20.03 the bird started to move to nesting area. Location from Caspian Sea (to the south of Ogurchinsky island) could be a mistake, though it has a class 0, as the previous location A was obtained from the same wintering area 2.5 hours ago (this location was considered to be a mistaken one). Since March, 27 the bird is located in Kura river valley in Central Azerbajan. Other birds: Birds 4Z and 5B – the transmitters are likely damaged. Locations are absent since early September; however there was a location of A grade of the bird 4Z from the Pura and Taz rivers watershed on 9 October, but it is likely an error. The bird 6B died between 19 and 23.08, but the transmitter works: The locations of high grades (1-3) are transmitted almost from the same point at Dyupkun Lake up till now. The bird 7B also had most likely died, since the transmitter stopped working in the area with intensive hunting. However the transmitter damage is also possible. © We have presented this story with slite modification from a project report of GIS-Lab. Initiator and executor of the project Goose, Swan and Duck Study Group of Northern Eurasia. The project is supported by Norilsk Nikel Enterprise. The leader of the project and expedition is A.A. Romanov (State Nature Reserve “Putoransky”) with the help of Bird Ringing Centre of Russia . Participants of the expedition: S.V. Rupasov, E.A. Zhuravlev, S.V.Golubev. Telemetry data processing, mapping, programming, relevant web-support: GIS-Lab.info, I.N. Pospelov — A Pragyan Presentation

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Cotton College, Guwahati

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Seminar on Job Opportunities in the Middle East

riends of Assam & Seven Sisters (FASS) and Entrepreneurship Development Cell (EDC) Cotton College successfully organized a Seminar on “Job Opportunities in the Middle East” at the Sudmersen Hall of Cotton College on August 28th, 08. Sri Bikram M. Baruah from Abu Dhabi, an Assamese NRI and International Director of FASS for United Arab Emirates (UAE), during his presentation dwelt on the present booming sectors & job opportunities in UAE, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait . He informed the participants that it is always better to go to the Middle East with a minimum of 2-3 years experience in the home country and should go with an ‘Employment Visa’ after receiving the job contract from the employer. He said that job openings are not only for Doctors and Engineers but there are also a lot of job opportunities in jobs like drivers, nurses, technicians, welders, masons etc. The real estate sector is presently booming. During question-answer session he said that organizations like FASS, Assam Association of Dubai (www.assamdubai. org) etc. have come

forward in guiding the interested job seekers to get jobs in these countries and it is now people of this region who should come forward. Sri Baruah said that in UAE 17% is local population, 60% South Asians and 23% others; law is equal for all and relatively open society. Also present in the Seminar were Sri Sankar Bora, an International Director of FASS for Saudi Arabia and FASS member Dr. Basobi Poddar Borkakoti. The Assamese NRI couple from Saudi Arabia answered questions specific to Saudi Arabia from the participants. Dr. Basobi, who works in a hospital in Saudi Arabia, informed the gathering that there are a lot of opportunities for trained nurses. Sri Sankar Bora mentioned the names of some of the reputed oil companies where interested job seekers can apply. Dr. Satyendra Choudhury, Chief Coordinator of EDC Cotton College said that FASS and EDC Cotton College would jointly organise more such seminars in future. FASS Guwahati Vice-President Sri Jayanta Barman and Executive member Sri Buljit Buragohain were present in the seminar. [PEB]

Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh

SanMilan at Dibrugarh University

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n October 25, vice-chancellor of Dibrugarh University, K.K. Deka, inaugurated the meet, titled Inclusive Growth: The Role of Corporate India. The inaugural

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session was followed by Manthan — a panel discussion. Then there was Agni, a panel for ignited minds, where students presented papers on various issues. This was followed by a /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

business quiz, Bizmantra. SanMilan also featured Rhythm, a music competition, an alumni meet and a cultural programme, Autumn Aura. A team of teachers and students from

Centre of Management Studies (CME) of Tinsukia College was also present there. The paper presented by the BBA students of the college adjudged the best one. [PEB]

Tezpur University, Tezpur

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The Two Day TechXetra,’08 at Tezpur University

he two-day TechXetra’08, the first annual technological festival of Tezpur University was held on 17th and 18th October, 08. Tech jargon floated in the air and every corner of the university housed some technological wonders starting from robotics to circuit designs to photography. The festival was being organised by the School of Engineering . The aims of the fest were to explore the frontiers of science and encourage techno geeks. The two-day event was packed with defence and science exhibitions, quiz, photography and literary programmes. Prof T.V. Ramachandran, a scientist from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore , was the chief guest at the programme. He spoke on the need to expose students to the technological developments across the world. S. Ghatak of

Tata Consultancy Services, Calcutta, graced the occasion as guest of honour. He talked on how a sound industry-academia relationship can help build future executives. A wide range of military gadgets was displayed and a lecture delivered by Col A.S. Paul of Gajraj Corps. A coding contest, a structure design event, advertisement and photography contests and a computer gaming competition drew a large number of participants. There was also an essay and science fiction writing competition, an electrical circuit design programme and a mathematical model making contest. The contests were followed by a talk by Dipak Chakravarty, director (technical), Numaligarh Refinery Limited, on the importance of natural gas as a contributor to energy demands. [PEB]

Amitabh Shukla

What comes you Credit What goes you Debit. The birth is your Opening Stock. Your ideas are your Assets. Your views are your Liabilities. The happiness is your Profit. The sorrow is your Loss. Your soul is your Goodwill. Your heart is your Fixed Asset.

Your duties are Outstanding Expenses. Your friendship is Hidden Adjustment. Your character is Your Capital. Your knowledge is Your Investments. Your patience is your Bank Balance. Your thinking is your Current Account. Your behaviour is your Journal Entry. Bad things you should Always Depreciate.

(The contributor works as an Asst. Accountant in the College) /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

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Assam Foundation of North America (AFNA) Planned to Support Orphans in Assam

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ssam Foundation of North America (AFNA)- a non-profit organization, has been supporting (and planning to support ) a number of educational institutions and orphanages for the underprivileged children in Assam . These include Parijat Academy and Snehalaya at Guwahati , Asha Darshan in Tamulpur , Prajnalaya at Jorhat and Rural Volunteer Force at Dhemaji . AFNA in collaboration with these institutions has recently started a program ‘Sponsor a Child’. With this program, an individual can sponsor the educational cost of a child, who without the sponsorship may not be able to complete his/her education. Their initial plan is to sponsor Rs 2,000 to Rs 5,000 per child per year. Any one, who will show interest

to their call, will receive the child name with photos with details information. He or she can write letter to them, can talk with them in the school telephone, and can send them greetings card and books through the school library. The objective of this initiative by AFNA is to build a bond between the NRA (Non-resident Assamese) and their people back home. In an appeal through the internet Ankur Bora from Dallas, Texas wished this good relationship between the sponsor and the sponsor child will go for ever and it will be a great blessing for the children. The AFNA is also planning to include the victims of the recent (30/10) bomb blast in Assam. There are a number of children whose parents died or gravely injured in this carnage. Many of them are staying in orphanages and they may not be able to continue with their education without help from public. AFNA is registered under section 501(c)(3) of the IRS code with Tax I.D: 61-0994468 and contribution made by any individual will be exempted from tax. ©http://www.assamfoundation.net/ html,AnkurBora ([email protected])

FulMarxx Filmed Eentertainment Co. is Flourishing

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is real life story sounds more like a reel life one. He came to Ahmedabad in 2001 to complete a degree in plastics engineering from LD College. But his first life dragged him to Los Angeles in 2005 for a film-making

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course. He however quit mid-way and get back to Delhi, struggling for work. The course , there, would have taken five years and he couldn’t afford to go there for that much time. His father’s insistence led him to clear CAT /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

and enrol himself for MBA in 2006. But he quit again. It might seem at this point that he was a quitter but this time he had heard his inner voice and wanted to get into film making. That’s when he decided to join Mudra Institute of Communications Ahmedabad (MICA) where he got his first taste of film life. The real story started here about a year back. Shiladitya Bora, a the 26-year-old lad from Jorhat, Assam and a PGP student of the MICA started ‘FulMarxx’ with a few friends. What started as a venture to organise the short film festival today has multiple verticals - they make short firms, organise the festival, have an entertainment and movie marketing arm called FulMarxx 360 Degrees and a production house too called FulMarxx Motion Pictures. Last May, his ‘New Model’ integrated filmed entertainment company FulMarxx organised a short film festival called FulMarxx Shorts Fest, which received 189 entries from 18 countries in 16 languages. Now, His first film ‘ZINDAGI 24 Frames Per Second’ is expected to hit theatres August next year. At MICA, his urge to make it big led him to experimenting with a number of opportunities, from clicking pictures to making business plans to delivering projects for various institutions. The MICA Entrepreneurship Development Centre came to his rescue and it was here that

the short films festival idea was incubated. But the funding was still a major issue. His search took him to Tina Ambani, first lady of the Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani group and one-time leading actress of Bollywood films. She gave him a cheque of Rs 10,000/within minutes. FulMarxx, which had started with just Rs 2,200 has grown into Rs 80 lakhs already and the team expects to touch a turnover of Rs 4 crore by next year. If everything goes well then they may go for an IPO by 2013. His next venture is a Bengali film Antaheen. His aim is to give Bollywood’s leading production houses a run for their money soon. © The Economics Times, Buljit Buragohain ([email protected]), Tapash Talukdar, ET Bureau

IM Members not Your Typical Terror Recruits

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he background and upbringing of members of Indian Mujahideen (IM), which is suspected of carrying out blasts across the country, are becoming a cause for concern as they do not fit the stereotype of people who can be brain-washed into committing acts of terror. They have not been educated in madrassas, are qualified to get good jobs and earn a decent living, are well-informed, wear jeans and other Western clothes, have profiles on networking sites and are believed /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

to have friendships with the opposite sex. This

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is in total contrast to the picture painted by investigation agencies of mostly poor, orthodox Muslim youths educated in madrassas being drawn to terror groups. Most of the suspects belong to the Sunni sect and some IM members had been educated at good institutes and had respectable jobs. M K Dhar, former joint director, Intelligence Bureau, says, “It seems a new group of well-educated Muslim youths has been drawn towards terror. It is a serious concern that members of IM are not products of madrassas but seemingly normal youths. No madrassaeducated youth has been found being involved at any stage of the blasts that were allegedly planned and executed by IM. These are historical mistakes that will only make the Muslims suffer in the long run.” Former IB joint director M K Dhar believes IM members are seemingly normal youths .Maulana Qasmi says not all Muslims are innocent but investigations should be ‘more transparent’. Maulana Burhanuddin Qasmi, who studied in Deoband and is director of Mumbaibased institute Markazul Ma’arif Education and Research Centre, says, “If people like Atif ( one of those killed in Delhi encounter), who are considered to be a part of the mainstream unlike madrassa-educated students, are involved in

terrorism, then the signs are bad. “The government and political machinery must get to the root of this trend and find ways to wean them away from such activities.” Moreover, prominent members of the community feel that though the ‘conventeducated’ IM members claim to be espousing the Muslim cause, they appear to be in the dark about important historical facts. They point to one of the e-mails sent to media houses by the IM in which they claim to be following in the footsteps of Maulvi Ismail and Sayed Ahmad Barelwi. “Maulvi Ismail and Sayed Ahmad Barelwi were ulemas (clerics) who fought against the British and inspired a large number of Muslims. “Their names can’t be invoked by anyone taking the lives of innocents. Their role and struggle was different,” says Qasmi. Perhaps, not all Muslims are innocent but Qasmi insists the investigation agencies must be ‘more transparent’ and prove their claims. “The Delhi encounter and the arrests of Muslim youths have not been as transparent as we would have liked to be. “A lot of questions, such as who is the mastermind and how are the bombings taking place, remain unanswered,” he (This piece was written by Danish Khan) says. ©,Mumbai Mirror, Maulana Burhanuddin ([email protected])

Qasmi

Byatikrom : An Academic & Career Oriented Bengali Magazine Started its Journey.

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ublishing industry in Assam is flourishing day by day. The state publishes daily papers & periodicals in such a quantity that probably it can be now a day acclaimed as ‘Neighbour’s Envy Ours Pride!’ ‘Byatikrom’- a Bengali academic and career oriented monthly magazine is a new feather to the state’s cap. Sri Pradyut Bardoloi, the minister of power

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and industry inaugurated the magazine on 18th October, 08 in a function held at Land Mark Hotel , Guwahati. He was being accompanied by Sri Manash Choudhuri, the education minister of Meghalaya and many more dignitaries from NE India and beyond. A Vicky Communication & Associates venture, ‘Byatikrom’ is the /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

only and probably first of its kind in Bengali in Assam. Assam has a century old history of Bengali publications. A good number of dailies and weeklies get published from two valleys of the state. But ‘Byatikrom’ probably the first commercial periodical got published from

Brahmaputra Valley. The Saumen Bharotia edited magazine though primarily planned for the college and university goers, the content, get up & the editorial excellence will surely be able to attract the common folk from any age and gender. [PEB]

Researchers Identify Mechanisms of Memory

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cientists at the University of Bristol have taken a major step forward in understanding how memory works, by identifying cellular and molecular mechanisms that may provide a key to understanding processes of recognition memory. Our ability to remember the objects, places and people within our environment is vital for everyday life, though the importance of this is only fully appreciated when recognition memory begins to fail, as in Alzheimer’s disease. Scientists led by Zafar Bashir, Professor of Cellular Neuroscience, have achieved the breakthrough by successfully preventing visual recognition memory in rats by blocking certain mechanisms that control the way that nerve cells in the brain communicate.” This is a major step forward in our understanding of recognition memory. We have been able to show that key processes controlling synoptic communication are also vital in learning and memory,” said Bashir. It is crucial that one possesses the ability to recognise elements in the surrounding environment such as faces or places, as well as the ability to learn about that environment, for a normal functioning in the world. Bashir tested a particular hypothesis behind memory mechanism, which says that changes at the specialised junctions (synopses) between nerve cells in the brain hold the secrets to learning and memory. The change in the strength of communication between synopses is called synoptic plasticity and, it is believed, the mechanisms of synoptic plasticity may be important for learning and memory. /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

“Nerve cells in the perirhinal cortex of the brain are known to be vital for visual recognition memory. Using a combination of biological techniques and behavioural testing, we examined whether the mechanisms involved in synoptic plasticity are also vital for visual recognition memory,” said Dr Sarah Griffiths, lead author on the paper. Through their experiments, they successfully identified a key molecular mechanism that controls synoptic plasticity in the perirhinal cortex. Later, they showed that blocking the same molecular mechanism that controls synoptic plasticity also prevented visual recognition memory in rats. This indicated that such memory relies on specific molecular processes in the brain. Bashir added: “The next step is to try to understand the processes that enable visual memories to be held in our brains for such long periods of time, and why these mechanisms begin to break down in old age. The research is published online in Neuron. (©ANI)

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Financial Crisis: Greatest Threat to International Security Reported Oxford Research Group

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nless global responses are made to the current economic crisis, the most serious threat to international security will be the impoverishment of hundreds of millions of people, leading to radical and violent social movements that will be met with force, resulting in still greater conflict. Oxford Research Group’s 2008 International Security Report, ‘The Tipping Point?’— authored by Professor Paul Rogers, released recently, points to some improvements in security in Iraq in the past year as well as the potential for major changes in US policy in South West Asia with an incoming Obama administration. It also finds that the recent deterioration in East-West relations may not last, but concludes that it is the global financial crisis that is the most dangerous current threat to international security. Paul Rogers is Professor of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford and Global Security Consultant to Oxford Research Group. Professor Rogers has worked in the field of international security, arms control and political violence for over 30 years. He lectures at universities and defence colleges in several countries and has written or edited 26 books, including Global Security and the War on Terror: Elite Power and the Illusion of Control (Routledge, 2008) and Why We’re Losing the War on Terror (Polity, 2008). Oxford Research Group (ORG) is an independent nongovernmental organisation which seeks to bring about positive change on issues of national and international security. Established in 1982, it

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is now considered to be one of the UK’s leading global security think tanks. ORG is a registered charity and uses a combination of innovative publications, expert round tables, residential, consultations, and engagement with opinion formers and government to develop and promote sustainable global security strategies. (see www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk ) According to Prof. Paul Rogers all the indications are that the response to the crisis of the most powerful states will be to concentrate on the immediate problems affecting their economies. “Instead, the opportunity should be taken to introduce fundamental economic reforms which reverse the wealth-poverty divisions that have got so much worse in the past three decades” according to the author. Trade reform aimed at improving the economies of third world states, coupled with debt cancellation and substantial aid for sustainable development are all required as a matter of urgency if we are to avoid a much more divided global system in which the majority of the world’s population is marginalised, and increasingly resentful and bitter. The report also points to the likely effects of climate change, especially on poorer communities, with this likely to exacerbate the socio-economic divisions. “We are facing the deepest economic crisis for two generations”, says Rogers, “we can either respond as a global community or as a narrow group of rich and powerful countries. The choice we make in the next few months will do much to decide whether the world becomes /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

more or less peaceful over the next ten years.” The report examines international security trends in relation to Iraq, Afghanistan/Pakistan, the al-Qaida movement, East-West relations after the Russian intervention in Georgian, and the probable security impact of the international economic downturn. This analysis is in the context of the US Presidential Election result. While the security situation in Iraq has improved, there remain major problems, many of them centering on the Status of Forces Agreement. An increased pace of US withdrawals combined with greater US regional engagement could be positive trends in the coming year. In relation to Afghanistan, Pakistan and the al-Qaida movement, the Obama administration may actually reinforce US military commitments in Afghanistan. This is likely to lead to an intensified war, but the attitude of allied states, including Britain, Canada and the Netherlands, may prompt a significant reassessment of US aims and

postures. The deterioration in East-West relations in the wake of the Georgian intervention is reversible – Russian economic problems, European caution and a new US administration may all combine to aid this. The global economic downturn is the biggest single threat to security across the world. On present trends many hundreds of millions of people among the poorest communities across the world will suffer most. This is likely to lead to the rise of radical and violent social movements, which will be controlled by force, further increasing the violence. The intensifying Naxalite rebellion in India and the substantial problems of social unrest in China are early indicators. Responding to the crisis in a manner which places emphasis on improving emancipation and reversing the widening of the global socio-economic divide is the most important task for the next twelve months. © [email protected] & www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk

A Look at the Six Winners of the 2008 Nobel Prizes 1.

Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine gone to French researchers Francoise Barre-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, in 1983. They shared the award with Germany’s Harald zur Hausen, who was honoured

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

Paul Krugman

2.

for finding human papilloma viruses that cause cervical cancer, the second most common cancer among women. Nobel Prize in physics gone to Japan’s Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide and American Yo i c h i r o Nambu for theoretical advances that help explain t h e behaviour of the smallest particles of matter.

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3.

4.

Nobel Prize in chemistry gone to Osamu Shimomura, a Japanese citizen who works in the United States, and Americans Martin Chalfie and Roger Tsien for discovering and developing green fluorescent protein, or GFP, that has helped researchers watch the tiniest details of life within cells and living creatures. Nobel Prize in literature gone to France’s Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio for works characterized by “poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy” and focused on the

5.

6.

environment, especially the desert. Nobel Peace Prize to Former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari for his efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences to American Paul Krugman for his analysis of how economies of scale affects trade patterns and where economic activity takes place.[PEB]

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/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

XOBDO Need More Volunteers on NE Languages (XOBDO : An Online Dictionary of the Languages of the North-East) (An email Letter from XOBDO to PRAGYAN : Dear Sir, I want to inform you that I am in the publicity team of XOBDO (Online Dictionary of the Languages of the North-East http://xobdo.net/). Xobdo is the brainchild of Bikram M Baruah. He is the co-ordinator of XOBDO.He is a petroleum engineer now based in Abu Dhabi.Some of the active members of XOBDO are Biraj Kumar Kakati,PriyankooSharma ,Partha P Sarmah,Anjal Borah,Rupkamal Talukdar,Prasanta Borah,Anjali Sonowal, Neelotpal Deka,Prasenjit Khanikar,Ranjita Pegu,Swapnita Kakati,Rubul Mout,Archana Rajbongshi,Rituraj Saikia,Rajib Kumar Dutta,Buljit Buragohain etc. We need more volunteers on NE languages [Khasi ,Dimasa,Bodo, Karbi, Nagamese, Garo, Ao, Mizo (Lushai) ,Mishing, Tanii (Apatani) ,Monpa, Tai, Meitei-lon, Bishnupriya, Chakma, Kok-Borok, Kuki etc. Till today (19.10.2008) following are the no of words in the Online Dictionary: English: 10841, Assamese: 18064 ,Karbi :642,Khasi :370, Bodo :325,Dimasa :282, Bishnupriya :152, Mising :148 Nagamese :138, Garo :115, Tai :78,Ao :68, Mizo(Lushai) :68, Apatani :19, Monpa :18,Meitei-lon :6, Chakma :0,Hmar :0,Kok-Borok :0 Xobdo was born 10March 2006. This web-site was inaugurated on 14 th April 2006. Thank You, Buljit Buragohain Publicity Team, www.xobdo.net)

Xobdo is Yours

X

obdo (www.xobdo.net) is your dictionary. You can add words, challenge them and thus decide its destiny. Just initiate a discussion or post your view point on any of the ACTIVE discussions about the correctness of the spellings and their meanings. At the end of the discussion, your view point will be taken into considerations to update the dictionary entries. 1.Vision : (a) To demolish the man-made language barrier and thereby fuel mutual understanding and cooperation among the people of the entire North-East India. (b) To bring the North-East languages [Khasi, Dimasa, Bodo, Karbi, Nagamese, Garo, Ao, Mizo (Lushai), Mishing, Tanii (Apatani), Monpa, Tai, Meitei-lon, Bishnupriya, Chakma, Kok-Borok, Kuki etc.] to the fore-front of the Information Technology age. 2.Mission : Cooperate constructively with all possible quarters to build multilingual dictionaries and other linguistic resources to strive to materialize the visions. 3. General Policy (for Online Dictionary): (a) Xobdo attempts to capture the languages as they are used (i.e. spoken, written and understood) today in their original forms. It does not attempt to enforce or express its own viewpoint about any spelling or semantics to be right or wrong. /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

b) Therefore, Xobdo does not want to follow any specific dictionary or any glossary/word-list published by any authority or entity; neither it accepts opinions of any expert. Rather, it considers the present-day meaning to be the standard as it is evidenced in ‘contemporary use’ i.e. i) Appear in renowned newspapers, magazines or the writings of well known authors and journalists. ii) Extensively used (spoken or written) in special fields or areas like judicial courts, govt. offices, religious institutes, traditional functions etc. c) Xobdo also attempts to record the languages as they were used in the past. d) Xobdo is not in the business of inventing or coining new words. Any word proposed to be added in Xobdo must have ‘contemporary use’ as explained above. In case of a new word coined recently, Xobdo will not add it unless it appears in at least one renowned newspaper or magazine. e) Anybody can become member and contribute words to the dictionary. He/she can also challenge the spellings or meanings entered. Through discussions with other members of Xobdo a consensus decision has to be taken within a reasonable time frame and the entry has to be updated accordingly.

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Îåì¹–ƒø KîK

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i¡à [>\à> š[¹ì¤ìÅ [¤¹à\ A¡[¹[áº[Ò k¡àÒüJ[>...¡ú "à[³ ë™> Î¹ç¡ Î¹ç¡ A¡ãi¡-št¡}K¹ Îå¹ì¤à¹¹ ³à\t¡ [¤ºã> íÒ š[¹ìáà¡ú &A¡à-ë¤A¡à š=¡ú Åà¹ã Åà¹ã ³à[i¡ W¡à[A¡¹ ëšàÒ¹t¡ "àÞê¡àì¹ [K\[K\àÒü =A¡à š[¹ì¤Åìi¡à ë™> ">审¯ A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à¹à "A¡o³à> ëÎl¡ü\ãÚà... &¹à, &ì> &i¡à š[¹ì¤Å¹ A¡à¹ìoÒü ë™> ÒàÒàA¡à¹ A¡[¹ "à[Ạ"à³à¹ ÎA¡ìºàì¹ ³>ì¤à¹¡ú "A¡o³à> Åà[”z ! ëšà¯à-ë>àìšà¯à, ÎåJ-ƒåìJÒü ÒÚìt¡à \ã¯>¡ú ³à[i¡ W¡à[A¡¹ ëšàÒì¹ l¡ü^ºàÒü tå¡[º[ẠÎA¡ìºàì¹ ³åJ¡ú ³>ìi¡àì¯* ë™> A¡àÈìt¡ [¤W¡à[¹[Ạ&A¡à”zÒü "àìšà>\>A¡¡ú ³å¹¹ *š¹t¡ ³åv¡û¡ "àA¡àÅ¡ú ³åA¡[º "àA¡àŹ t¡ºt¡ ë\à>¹ ëA¡à³º ëšàÒì¹ l¡ü\ºàÒü ët¡àºà KàìÚ-³åìJ [¤¹ [¤¹ íA¡ Aåò¡¯ºã Î[¹[ạú 14 >줴¬¹, Ç¡yû¡¤à¹ [t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚ๠"¹ç¡>ì\¸à[t¡ ¤×®¡à[ÈA¡ A¡[¤ ëKàË¡ã¹ l¡ü샸àKt¡ ‘[‹[³A¡ ‹à³àA¡ ³à[i¡W¡à[A¡¹ ëšàÒ¹t¡ ™å¹ãÚà >à³Q¹¹ ƒå¤[¹¹ [>Ú¹t¡ [\[º[A¡ìá A¡[¤t¡à¹ ³åAå¡t¡à’- ÅãÈ¢A¡ A¡[¤t¡à¹ &ÎÞ꡸à¡ú "γ¹ ¤v¢¡³à> ®¡Úà>A¡ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡t¡ ¤à¹ç¡ƒ¹ ë‹à¯àÒü Aò¡šàÒü ët¡àºà š[¹ì¤Åìi¡àt¡ ÎòW¡àÒü ¤¸[t¡yû¡³ "à[ẠëÎÒü ">åË¡à>ìi¡à¡ú ÎA¡ìºà A¡[¤¹ A¡[¤t¡àt¡ ë™> [Ò}Î๠[¤¹ç¡ì‡ý¡ \ã¯>¹ ÒüÑzàÒ๠šøA¡àÅ šàÒü[ẠÅà[”z¹ ÒüÑzàÒ๠šøA¡àÅ šàÒü[ạú ‘‘&[ƒ> &ìA¡àì¯Òü ®¡àº >ºKà íÒ "à[Ò¤ \ã¯>¹ ¹’ìƒ-¤¹Èåìo "à[\ [™ ®¡àº ºKà Ѭš—¹ "àA¡àìÅ-¤t¡àìÒ "à[\ [™ Ѭš—-ƒå@Ѭš— &[ƒ> ÎA¡ìºà [>\๠š[¹¤ ëÅÈ Îã³à”z &i¡àt¡¡ú’’ (>¤ã> ¤åØn¡àìKàÒòàÒü) ">åË¡à>[i¡îº [¤ìÅÈ ®¡àì¯ "à³”|o A¡[¹ "à[>[Ạ‘>tå¡> [W¡”zà’ >à³¹ ³àìÒA¡ãÚà "àìºàW¡>ãJ>¹ δšàƒA¡ >¤ã> ¤åØn¡àìKàÒòàÒü "à¹ç¡ [ůÎàK¹ [l¡ì³ï¹ A¡[¤ ³ì>à\ šàìr¡¡ú ÒüÚ๠l¡üš[¹* [\ºàJ>¹ [l¡K ³[>A¡à ëÅ>ìW¡à¯à, ‡ãìš> A塳๠¤Øl¡à, Kã[t¡³[o ƒàÎ ®è¡d¡à, [l¡Kî¤ A¡[¤ W¡yû¡¹ δšàƒA¡ ƒãšA¡ A塳๠ƒàÎ, Å[ƒÚ๠Îåì¹–ƒø KîK, [t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚ๠[¤A¡àÅ ë\¸à[t¡ ÅÒüA¡ãÚà, [t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚà [\ºà Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à¹ δšàƒA¡ šåºA¡ A塳๠KîK, ëšø³[\; Wå¡t¡ãÚà, "³õt¡ ¹à\ìJà¯à, 23 /

"[\t¡ ƒv¡, í®¡¹¯ ëKàÒòàÒü, "[³ ëW¡[t¡Úà "¹ç¡oì\¸à[t¡ tò¡àt¡ã ®¡à>å ®è¡Èo ƒàÎ, γ칖ƒø ƒàÎìA¡ "à[ƒ A¡[¹ šøàÚ ƒåÒüAå¡[¹ >¤ã>-šø¤ã> A¡[¤¹ Ŧ¹ c¡}A¡à¹t¡ šøàìoàƒãœ íÒ š¹à ">åË¡à>ìi¡àt¡ ¤[”z šøaº> A¡[¹[Ạ[t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚà ³Òà[¤ƒ¸àºÚ šøàv¡û¡> "‹¸Û¡ l¡0 ÎåìJ> W¡yû¡¤v¢¡ãìÚ¡ú ‘‘Kàt¡ Kàì³àW¡à º[º ¤å[ºìÚÒü "àìÚ¹àÒü ÒàA¡ [ƒ¤ ºàìKì> &ì> [A¡ l¡àR¡¹ A¡=àìi¡à Ò’º t¡Òü ë³à¹ Î’ìt¡ l¡ü³[º¤ ë>à¯à¹à Ò’[º "àìÚ¹àA¡ A¡[¤ ³ìÚà "à[\A¡à[º [t¡Ú[> [š[Þê¡ >ƒãt¡ >àì³à’’ (‡ãìš> A塳๠¤Øl¡à -ÿ- K஡¹ç¡) Åãt¡º š[¹ì¤ìÅ "àP¡¹ã =A¡à ">åË¡à>[i¡t¡ &\> ƒå\>îA¡ ƒÅ¢A¡¹ Î}J¸à yû¡³à; ¤õ[‡ý¡ Ò¤îº ‹[¹[ạú [>Åà [™³àì>Òü K®¡ã¹ íÒ[Ạ[γàì>Òü ë™> ëÅøàt¡àÎA¡º ">åË¡à>[i¡¹ íÎìt¡ &A¡àu íÒ š[¹[ạú [ůÎàK¹¹ >¤ã> ¤åØn¡àìKàÒàÒü¹ ‘‘&[ƒ> &ìA¡àì¯Òü ®¡àº >ºKà íÒ "à[Ò¤’’ A¡[¤t¡à[i¡ìÚ ë™> ëÅøàt¡à¹ Òê¡ƒÚ Wå¡Òü íK[ạú [l¡ì³ï¹ A¡[¤ ³ì>à\ šàìr¡¹ ‘‘l¡üšÒ๒’ >à³¹ A¡[¤t¡à[i¡ "à[Ạ&ì>‹¹o¹‘‘¤åA塹 š=à¹t¡ ëA¡àì> ¤à¹ç¡ W¡ÒàÒü W¡¹àÚ ëÎl¡ü\ãÚà ÅîW¡¹ Òòà[Ò [W¡º[³º ëi¡àš[> ®¡à[R¡’’ í®¡¹¯ ëKàÒàÒüìÚ [³k¡à [³k¡à Ŧ ¹à[\ì¹ "à[W¡¹ {Î[W¡ Îå³‹å¹ A¡ìq¡ì¹ "òàt¡ ‹¹à ">åË¡à>ìi¡àt¡ [¤[®¡Ä\> >¤ã>šø¤ão A¡[¤¹ A¡[¤t¡à šàk¡¹ ºKìt¡ ëÎï¹®¡ ¤¹à, A¡à[³>ã A塳๠ëKàÒòàÒü, Òü[–ƒ¹à ëKàÒòàÒü "à[ƒ ¤×\> A¡q¡ [Å¿ãìÚ Kãt¡ š[¹ì¤Å> A¡[¹ ëÅøàt¡à¹ ³¹³ ¤åi¡ºà¹ ºKìt¡ ">åË¡à>[i¡ l¡ü³àº A¡[¹ tå¡[º[ạú [t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚà ³Òà[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ šø¯v¡û¡à ÎåÅà”z A¡ì¹ "àì¤[KA¡ ®¡àì¯ íA¡ìÚ ëšºàÒü[Ạ‘‘ë³à¹ &Òü ">åË¡à>ìi¡à Òü³àì>Òü ®¡àº ºà[Kìá ë™, ™à¤îº l¡ü[k¡* šå>¹ ¤[Ò š[¹ìáà, /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

A¡àì¹à¤àA¡ A¡àì¹à¤àA¡ ëó¡à>ìt¡Òü, ">åË¡à>[i¡¹ A¡=à íA¡ìáà "à¹ç¡ Ç¡>àÒü [ƒìáà ëó¡à>ìt¡Òü¡ú’’ šàÒ[¹¤ Jå[\* ëƒìJà> ët¡à³àA¡ šàÒ[¹¤ š¹à >àÒü ¤åA塹 &ìA¡à>t¡ l¡üº[³ =A¡à ƒåJì¤àì¹ ë³à¹ [>ìt¡ A¡–ƒå¯àÚ¡ú (>Êàº[\Úà -ÿ- "[³ ëW¡[t¡Úà) ‘‘tå¡[³ [A¡ šW¡à A¡àk¡¹ >ò௹ ÎÒ™àyã Ò’¤à [A¡ìÒ šàìº ët¡à³àA¡ Òü³à> ÎàÒÎã Ò’¤îº’’ (šåºA¡ A塳๠KîK) t¡¹à} šà>ãt¡ Îàtå¡[¹¤ >à\àì>à ¤àì¤Òü šà¹ A¡[¹ [>[>ºà [W¡>à[A¡ í>¹ "[W¡>à[A¡ ³àt¡

[Κ๹ "¹o¸¹ Îå×¹ã &[i¡ íÒ šå>¹ Qè[¹ "à[Òáà tå¡[³ ëA¡à¯à¡ú ëA¡ì>îA¡ šà¹ Ò*ò &Òü í> W¡Aå¡t¡ ™[ƒ* >à[³ìá ®¡¹ ¤à[¹È๠n¡º ¤åAå¡ ë™ t¡¹à} &[t¡Úà (A¡[¤t¡à -ÿ- ³[oA¡à ëÅ>ìW¡à¯à) ët¡à³àA¡ ëƒ[Jìºà šø=³¡ú A¡à\º Î>à Î\º ƒåW¡Aå¡t¡¡ú tå¡[³ ët¡[t¡Úà [>ìW¡Òü A塳ºãÚà¡ú ΃¸ Ñ÷àt¡à J[¹A¡à\àÒü ("àÅ๠A¡[¤t¡à -ÿ- Kã[t¡³[o ƒàÎ ®è¡d¡à) "à[Ò>¹ ëÎl¡ü\ãÚà šàt¡ì¤à¹ "àìQòào¹ ëÎòàoàºã ¤¹o ‹[¹ìº ³Òü ¤à¹ç¡ ®¡à[¯³ ëÎÒü A¡=à [™ A¡=à A¡*ò ¤å[º* A¡’¤ š¹à >àÒü &[t¡Úà A¡[¤t¡à, ³Òü ët¡à³àA¡ ®¡àºìšà¯à¹ A¡=àìi¡à &Å Åt¡à}ÅÒü ÎòW¡à¡úú (®¡àºìšà¯à -ÿ- ëšø³[\; Wå¡t¡ãÚà) &ì>îA¡ìÚ &i¡à¹ [šát¡ &i¡àîA¡ A¡[¤ÎA¡ìº ³åJt¡ íº[Ạ[šøÚ Å¦ì¤à¹¡ú A¡’¤ ë>à¯à¹àîA¡ìÚ "à[³ ÎA¡ìºàì¯Òü ëÒ¹àÒü íK[áìºà Ŧ¹ ³à\t¡¡ú "à[Ò¤ Jå[\* ë™> ³>ìi¡àì¯ "à[Ò¤ ëJà\à >àÒü Ŧ¹ ³àÚà³Ú \ູ š¹à, yû¡ì³ A¡[¤t¡à¹ ëši¡à[¹ ë³[º *ºàÒü "à[Ò[Ạ¹Î¹ [>\¹à- A¡[¤¹ W¡e¡ºt¡àt¡

ë™> Î๠šàÒü "à[ẠQ¹³åJã W¡¹àÒü &\àA¡¡ú "àÒü ë™[t¡Úà ët¡àîº ³> šì¹ ë³à¹ ƒåKàìº[ƒ ëºàt¡A¡ ¤Ú..... A¡q¡ [Å¿ã "³õt¡ ¹à\ìJà¯à¹ Îå³‹å¹ A¡q¡t¡ &Òü Kãt¡[i¡ Ç¡[> {ÅÚ[¹ l¡ü[k¡[áìºòà¡ú ºìK ºìK ®¡à[Ò "à[Ò[Ạë³à¹ "àÒü¹ ëÒt¡àš¹à ³åJJ[> íº¡ú "àÒü¹ ¤åA塹 l¡ü³¹ š¹à [Åۡ๠Îèìy [>ºKA¡ "òàt¡[¹ =A¡à¹ ¤àì¤Òü ÒÚìt¡à ¤¹îA¡ "à³[> A¡[¹[ẠKãt¡[i¡¹ Ŧ ëA¡Òüi¡àÒü ‘‘A¡=à "à[Ạ"àÒü "à¹ç¡ [št¡àÒü¹ ÎåJã A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤Òü ³Òü κ[> A¡[¹³ [>\A¡ κ[> A¡[¹³ [šøÚ ÎA¡ìºà ¤ài¡ &Òüì™, K‹å[º W¡à[A¡ìi¡à¹ ëšàÒ¹t¡ "àÒü¹ ëÒt¡àš¹à ³åJJ> ë™> Òà\๠Îìšà>¹ ƒàìšà>¡ú (A¡=à =A¡à A¡=àì¤à¹- Îåì¹–ƒø KîK) "à>Òàìt¡ A¡[¤ t¡=à ‘>tå¡> [W¡”zà’ >à³¹ ³àìÒA¡ãÚà "àìºàW¡>ãJ>¹ δšàƒA¡ >¤ã> ¤åØn¡àìKàÒòàÒüìÚ Åøã γ칖ƒø ƒàÎ ¹àÚ¹ ‘Jåòì\ [ó¡[¹ \>>ãì¹’ >à³¹ A¡[¤t¡à "à¹ç¡ Wå¡[i¡ K¿¹ Î}A¡º>J[> l¡üì–µàW¡> A¡ì¹¡ú l¡üv¡û¡ ">åË¡à>[i¡t¡ [t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚ๠[¤[ÅÊ ¤¸[v¡û¡ ³ì>à\ ¤¹à l¡àR¡¹ãÚàÒü l¡üš[Ñ‚t¡ =à[A¡ ">åË¡à>[i¡ l¡üšì®¡àK A¡ì¹¡ú [t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚ๠&J> >ãºà ¹ç¡³àìº ë³àA¡ ¹à[t¡ ¹à[t¡ A¡–ƒå¯àÒü, ¹à[t¡ ¹à[t¡ A¡–ƒå¯àÒü ëÎÒü >ãºà ¹ç¡³àº, ¤Kà Îèt¡àì¹ ™’t¡ [ºJà "à[Ạë³à¹ >à³.......... ([t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚ๠&J> >ãºà ¹ç¡³àìº- [¤A¡àÅ ë\¸à[t¡ ÅÒüA¡ãÚà) "¹ç¡oì\¸à[t¡ tò¡àt¡ã¡ú ët¡ìJt¡ &\> W¡àÒ \>ìKàË¡ã ™å¯A¡¡ú [t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚ๠A¡’i¢¡ [t¡[>"à[ºt¡ ët¡ìJt¡¹ &J> Î¹ç¡ W¡àÒüìA¡º ë³¹à³[t¡ A¡¹à ëƒàA¡à>¡ú ÒüÚàìt¡Òü ëºà¯à ÒÚ "¹ç¡oì\¸à[t¡ A¡[¤ ëKàË¡ã¹ A¡à™¢¸ÎèW¡ã¹ [¤[®¡Ä [·ý¡à”z, "àK³> ÒÚ [¤[®¡Ä k¡àÒü¹ A¡[¤¡ú \[³ l¡üìk¡ A¡[¤t¡à¹ "àm¡àú [™Î³Út¡ "γ¹ [¤[ÅÊ š[r¡t¡ ¤å[‡ý¡\ã[¯ÎA¡ìº "γãÚà Î}`¡à¹ 󡺚øÎè Τ¢Î–µt¡ γà‹à> Îèy l¡ü[ºÚठë>à¯à¹à [¤š¹ãìt¡ "¹ç¡oì\¸à[t¡ t¡òàt¡ãìÚ ë™> Îà[Òt¡¸¹ ³àì\ì¹ [¤W¡à[¹ šàÒü[Ạ"àÅ๠ë¹R¡[>¡ú "¹ç¡oì\¸à[t¡ ¤×®¡à[ÈA¡ A¡[¤ìKàË¡ã¹ ë™àìK[ƒ "¹ç¡oì\¸à[t¡ìÚ ë™> ÎA¡ìºà \à[t¡-‹³¢-¤o¢-®¡àÈà [>[¤¢ìÅìÈ &ìA¡ºìK ¤à[Þê¡ ¹à[J¤ Jå[\ìá¡ú ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ &Òü Îå–ƒ¹ šøÚàÎ ë™> Îó¡º ÒÚ t¡àìA¡ A¡à³>à A¡[¹ šå>¹ Q¹³åJã íÒ[áìºòà [Î[ƒ>à¡ú

([ºJA¡ [t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚà ³Òà[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ šøàv¡û¡> áày "à¹ç¡ l¡üƒãÚ³à> A¡[¤) /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

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Niranjan Shukla

C

ommunication skills are essential to each & every person in their day to day life. The success in any business, profession a service is largely dependent on our ability to communicate. If we communicate well we advance is career & with every advancement is the career. We need still better communication skills improvs our chances for success every walk of life. Communication skills are especially essential to those who work i s organisation. What we write & how we speak, especially the language we use determine the impact of our personality on our colleagues, superious

friends, relatives, neighbour & even the members of our family, people judge us by the way we communicate. In the words of Peter Drucker, the great management thiker, ‘‘Colleges teach one thing that is perhaps the most-valuable for the future employee to know. But very few students bother to learn it. This one basic skill is the ability to organise and express the ideas in writing and speaking. As soon as you move our step from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to read others through spoken on written words. And the further away you job in from manual work. the larger the organisatiom of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing a speaking. In the very large organisation........ this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a person can possess’’. Role of Communication Skills in the advancement of career an self development : a) Getting the job you want b) Good perfomance in employment interview c) Boosting the chances of promotion d) Develops leaderships skills. e) Enhances our life skills. Thus, is this era of globalisation, every establishment demands effective communication skills on the past of the (Contd on 34)

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/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

Œ˜±1 ¤˝◊√ õ∂¬ıg1 ¸5˜ [7] ’Ò…±˚˛1 ’±1yøÌ1¬ ά◊¬Û˙œ¯∏«Ú±˜ ’±øÂ√˘ – ë¤øÓ¬˚˛± øfl¡Â≈√ ’√1fl¡±¬1œ fl¡Ô±ºí Œ¸˝◊√ ’√1fl¡±1œ fl¡Ô±À¬ı±À1˝◊√ ˝◊√˚˛±1 ’±·1 SÀ˚˛±√˙ [13] ’Ò…±˚˛Ó¬ Œ˙¯∏ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√± øfl¡c ë√1fl¡±1œí fl¡Ô±À1˝◊√ º ˜˝◊√ øfl¡ ø˘ø‡øÂ√À˘±“ ’±Àflà ¤¬ı±1 Œ‰¬±ª± ˚±›fl¡ – ì ’±˜±1 fl¡Ô±1 Œ¬Û±Ú¬ÛøȬ˚˛± ’Ô« ˝√√í˘ ’±˜±1 ¸À¬Û±ÚÀ¬ı±1 ‡≈¬À√√¬ı˝◊√ √ Ê√1n∏1œº . . .’±˜±1 ø˚˜±Ú ¬ ø¬ı˙±˘ ¸À¬Û±Ú , ø¸˜±Ú ¬ ø¬ı˙±˘ ’±1n∏ ø¬ıø‰¬S ˘é …À¬ı±1  , ø˚˜±Ú¬ ø¬ıø‰¬S ˘é¬… ø¸˜±Ú¬ ø¬ıø‰¬S Δ√ÚøμÚ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ’±1n∏ ø¸˜±ÀÚ˝◊√ ¬ ø¬ı˙±˘ ’±1n∏ ø¬ıø‰¬S fl¡±˜1 ¬Ûø1˜±Ì  , Ó¬ÀÓ¬±øÒfl¡ ø¬ıø‰¬S ’±˜±1 Ó¬Ô… Ó¬Ô± ø‰¬˝√√ê1 ¸—¢∂˝√º S꘱i§À˚˛ ¬Û1ªÓ¬π fl¡±˜√ ’±1n∏ ˆ¬±ªÚ±1 ˜±ÀÊ√ø√ ø˚À¬ı±À1 ¸˜‘X fl¡ø1 ˚±¬ı ’±˜±1 :±Ú1 ˆ¬±G±1 , ά◊ißÓ¬ fl¡ø1 ˚±¬ı ’±˜±1 fl¡˜« Œfl¡Ã˙˘ º ’±˜±fl¡ ˆ¬±˘ Â√±S Œ˝±ª±1 ¬Û1± 1‡±¬ı Œfl¡±ÀÚ ∑ . . . ø¬ı˙±˘ ø¬ı˙±˘ ¸À¬Û±Ú Ø Ó¬±1 ø¬ÛÂ√1 fl¡±˜À¬ı±1 ¤ÀÚ˝◊√ ˝í¬ı , Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± õ∂ª±À˝√√ fl¡À1±∏ª±˝◊√ ˘í¬ı º . . . ’±˜±1 ˝√í¬ı˝◊√ ˝í¬ı ØØØ î ˚ø√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±¬ı±˝◊√ Œ¸±ÀÒ Œ˚ √œ‚˘œ˚˛± õ∂¬ıgÀȬ±1 ø¬ı·Ó¬ ŒÓ¬1Ȭ± ’Ò…±˚˛1 ¸±1 fl¡Ô±ÀÚ±¬ øfl¡ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± Œ˜±1 ά◊M√ 1 ¬˝√√í¬ı ›¬Û11 ¤˝◊√ ά◊X‘øÓ¬ÀȬ± º ¬˚ø√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±¬ı±˝◊√ fl¡Ô±ÀȬ±¡ ¤È¬± ˜±S ¬ı±fl¡…À1 õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡¬ø1¬ıÕ˘

fl¡˚˛¬ ŒÓ¬ÀôL Œ˜±1 ά◊M√1 ¬˝√√í¬ı , ë ¸À¬Û±Ú Œ√‡± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Ø í ’±1n∏ ¬˚ø√ ¡¤È¬± ˜±S ˙sÕ˘ ¸±˜ø1¬ı ˘·± ˝√√˚˛ , ŒÓ¬ÀôL Œ¸˝◊√ ˙s ˝í¬ı , ë ¸À¬Û±ÚØ í √ ˆ¬±˘ Â√±S ¬ Œ˝√±ª±1 ’±È¬±˝◊√Ó¬Õfl¡¬ ¸˝√√Ê√ ¬ÛÔ√√ ’±1y ˝√√˚˛ ¤˝◊√ ë¸À¬Û±Úí ˙sÀȬ±1 ¬Û1± º ø‰¬˝√√ê±˚˛fl¡ [Signifier] ø˝√‰¬±À¬Û ¤˝◊√ ˙søȬÀ˚˛ ’±˜±fl¡ ø˚ ø‰¬˝√√ê Ó¬Ô± Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± õ∂¬ı±˝Õ˘√√ õ∂À¬ı˙ fl¡À1±ª±˚˛ ø¸ ’±˜±fl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ø‰¬˝√√ꬱø˚˛Ó¬1 [Signified ] ˘·Ó¬ ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡À1±ª±˚˛ ’±1n∏∏ Œ¸˝◊√ õ∂øSê˚˛±Ó¬ ’±˜±1 Œ˜Ò± ¸˜‘X ˝√√˚˛ º ëŒ˜Ò±í ˝√í˘ ¸À¬Û±Ú Œ√‡±1 ¬Ûø1̱˜ , ëŒ˜Ò±í ’Ú… Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ıd ¬ı± ‚Ȭڱ1 fl¡±1Ì Ú˝√√˚˛ º ¸˝√√¬Û±Í¬œ¸fl¡˘1 ˜±ÊÓ¬ Œ˜Ò±1 ø˚ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ‰¬fl≈¡Ó¬ ¬ÛÀ1 Ó¬±1 fl¡±1Ì ˝√√í˘ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ë¸À¬Û±ÚÀ¬ı±1í ¤Àfl¡ Ú˝√√˚˛ º ë¸À¬Û±Úí1 ¬ı…±ø5 ’±1n∏ ·ˆ¬œ1Ó¬± Œ¬ıÀ˘· Œ¬ıÀ˘· º ¤Ê√Ú Â√±S, ø˚ Œfl¡ª˘ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±¬ÛÀÒ… ¬Û±Â√ ˜±fl«¡ ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1 ’±1n∏ ¤Ê√Ú Â√±S ø˚Ê√ÀÚ Œ|Ìœ1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ õ∂Ô˜ ˝√í¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1 ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ≈√À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ¤Àfl¡±Ê√Ú √ ø˙éfl¡1 ¤Àfl¡È¬±√√ ¬ıMê‘√Ó¬± qøÚ¬ı ’Ô¬ı± ¤Àfl¡√‡Ú øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 ¤øȬ ¬Û‘ᬱ ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ı ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ˜ÀÚ±À˚±·1 ˜±S± ¤Àfl¡ Ú˝í¬ı , ’±1n∏ ¬ı≈Ê√±1 ˜±S±› ¤Àfl¡ Ú˝√√í¬ı º ’±Ú øfl¡, Ú≈¬ı≈Ê√±¬1 ¬ı±À¬ı ˜Ú1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ø˚À¬ı±1 õ∂ùü1 ά◊æ√ª Œ˝√√±ª± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Ó¬±1 ¬Ûø1˜±À̱ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Â√±SøȬ1¬ Œé SÓ¬ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ˝√√í¬ı º Ó¬±1 fl¡±1Ì, ’±1n∏ Œ¬ıøÂ√Õfl¡ Ê√Ú± , ’±1n∏ Œ¬ıøÂ√Õfl¡ ¬ı≈Ê√±ÀȬ± ŒÓ¬›“1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬›“1 ’±¢∂˝√ Œ¬ıøÂ√ º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Â√±SÊ√ÀÚ øÚÊ√1 ˝◊√øf˚˛À¬ı±1fl¡ ’ø√√Òfl¡ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ’±1n∏ ¸øSê˚˛ fl¡ø1 1±ø‡¬ı º ˝◊√˚˛±1 ’Ô« øÚÊ1 ¸À¬Û±Úfl¡ ¸•ú≈‡Ó¬ ΔÔ ŒÓ›“ fl¡1± fl¡±˜1 ¬Ûø1˜±Ì Œ¬ıøÂ√ ’±1n∏ ø¬ıø‰¬S ˝√√í¬ı º ŒÓ¬›“ Œfl¡¬ª˘ ¬ıÊ√±11 õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬¬ ŒÚ±È¬ ¬ÛøϬˇ ¬Û1œé ±Ó¬ ¬ı˝√√±1 ¸±˝√√¸ Úfl¡ø1¬ı¬ º ø¸ø√Ú± ’±˜±1 ¬ı±—˘±1 ¤Ê√Ú¡ Â√±S˝◊√ flv¡±‰¬Õ˘ ¬ ŒÚ±È¬ ¬ı˝œ√√ Δ˘ ’±ø˝√√øÂ√˘ º ŒÓ¬›“ fl¡íÀ˘ , ˜”˘ ¬Û±Í¬… øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û‡Ú ¬ıÊ√±1Ó¬ ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ Ú±˝◊√ , ’±1n∏ ¬ŒÛ±ª± ·íÀ˘› ŒÓ¬›“1 øfl¡Ú±1 ¸±Ò… Ú±˝◊√ º ˜˝◊√ ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ ¡ ŒÚ±È¬ ¬ı˝œ√√‡Ú1 ¤È¬± ’Ò…±˚˛ ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ıÕ˘ ø√À˘±“√ º ø˚˜±Úø‡øÚ ¡ ’—˙ ŒÓ¬›“ ¬ÛøϬˇÀ˘ Œ¸˝◊√ ¸fl¡À˘±ø‡øÚ ŒÓ¬›“ ˝√√+√˚˛e˜ fl¡¬ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸˜Ô« ˝√√í˘ ŒÚ Ú±˝◊√ ¸≈øÒÀ˘±“ ∑ ά◊M√1 ’±øÂ√˘, Ú¤û±Ô«fl¡ º ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¬Û±Â√1 Œ˜±1 õ∂ùü ’±øÂ√˘ , ¤˝◊√ Ú≈¬ı≈Ê√±

Ó¬±1ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ¬Û1œé ±Ó¬ ø˘ø‡¬ıº ø˙øfl¡ Œ˘±ª±1 ’Ô« ˝√√í˘ ŒÓ¬›“ ˜≈‡¶ö fl¡ø1 ˘í¬ı º ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ˜˝◊√ ŒÓ¬›“ ¬ÛϬˇ± ’—˙ÀȬ±1 Û1± Œfl¡˝◊√Ȭ±˜±Ú ø¬ıø26√iß ˙s, ¬ı±fl¡… ˜≈À‡À1 Δfl¡¬ ˚±› √’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘ fl¡›“ º ŒÓ¬›“ ’±Ò±Ó¬Õfl¡ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ¬ı±Ú±Ú ˆ≈¬˘ fl¡À1º ˜˝◊√ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± fl¡íÀ˘± ¤˝◊√ ŒÚ±È¬ ¬ı˝√√œ‡Ú ¬ ¬ıÊ√±1Ó¬ Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛, √±À˜± ¸ô¶±º øfl¡c ˘±ˆ¬ øfl¡ ¬˝í˘ ∑ ŒÓ¬›“ Úœ1Àª Ô±øfl¡˘º ˜˝◊√ ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ ¬Û1±˜˙« ø√À˘±, ¬Û±Â√ø√Ú± ŒÓ¬›“1 ˘±˝◊√ À¬ıË1œfl¡±Î«¬‡Ú Δ˘ ’±øÚ√√¬ı º ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ˜˝◊√ ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ ˘·Ó¬ Δ˘ Δ· Œ¸˝◊√ øÚø«√©Ü ø¬ı¯∏˚˛1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ õ∂±¸øefl¡ ’Ú… Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¢∂Lö ˘±˝◊√ À¬ıË1œÓ¬ Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛ ŒÚøfl¡ ‰¬±˜º ŒÓ¬›“ ’±øÚøÂ√˘ ŒÚ Ú±˝◊√ Œ¸˚˛± ’Ú… õ∂¸e, ’±¬Û±Ó¬Ó¬– Ô±fl¡fl¡ º ˘í1±Ê√Ú1 ¸˜¸…± ¤˝◊√ÀȬ± √Ú˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ıÊ√±1Ó¬ ˜”˘ ¬øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û‡Ú Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛ ŒÚ ŒÚ˚±˚˛ ¬ı± Œ¬Û±ª± ·íÀ˘› Ó¬±1 ˜”˘… Œ¬ıøÂ√ ˝√√˚˛ ŒÚ Ú˝√√˚˛º ˚ø√› ŒÓ¬›“ õ∂fl¡±À˙… Œ¸˝◊√ ’Ê≈√¬˝√√±ÀÓ¬˝◊√ Œ√‡≈ª±À˘º ŒÓ¬›“1 ’±‰¬˘ ¸˜¸…± ˝√√í˘√ Œ˚ ŒÓ¬›“ Œfl¡ª˘ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 ›¬Û1ÀÓ¬ øÚˆ«¬1 fl¡ø1 ¬Û±1 ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1Ø fl¡±˜1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ˜±ÀÔ± ˜≈‡¶ö fl¡1±1 fl¡±˜À√Ȭ±Àª ŒÓ¬›“ √ fl¡ø1¬ı ØØ ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª± ˜ÀÚ±¬ı‘øM√√ ÚÔfl¡± ˝√√íÀ˘ ŒÓ¬›“ øÚÊ√1 ø‰¬Ú±øfl¡ ¬ıg≈ø¬ı˘±fl¡1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ ¬Û≈1Ú± øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 ‡¬ı1 fl¡ø1À˘À˝“√ÀÓ¬Ú, ÚÓ≈¬¬ı± ¬ıg≈ √ ¬ ı± ø˙é¬fl¡¸fl¡˘fl¡ ¸≈ ø ÒÀ˘À˝“ √ À Ó¬Ú ¤˝◊ √ ø¬ı¯∏ ˚ ˛ 1 õ∂±¸øefl¡ [reference] ¬øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÀ¬ı±1 fl¡íÓ¬ ’±1n∏ Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ˜”˘… ø√¬ı± ø¬ıÚ±˜”˘…Ó¬ Œ¬Û±ª± ¬˚±¬ıº ŒÓ¬›“ Ê√±øÚ¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1À˘À˝“√ ÀÓ¬Ú Œ¸˝◊ õ∂±¸øefl¡ [reference] øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÀ¬ı±11 ¸g±Ú Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±À·, Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ¢∂Lö±·±1 ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±1 fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±À·, Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ √1fl¡±1œ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 Ó¬±1¬Û1± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1 ˝◊√Ó¬…±ø√ ’±1n∏ ’ÀÚfl¡ õ∂ùü º ¤˝◊√ ¬ı≈øXÀ¬ı±1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ¬ı±˝◊√ ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ Δfl¡ ø√¬ı ˘í·± Ú˝√√í˘À˝“√ÀÓ¬Ú, Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± õ∂¬ı±˝1 ¬Û1± Œ¸˚˛± ¤ÀÚ˝◊√ ά◊æ√±ø¸Ó¬ ˝√í˘À˝√√“ÀÓ¬Úº ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√ ŒÓ¬›“ ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¡ø1À˘À˝√√ÀÓ¬“Ú Œ˚ ˆ¬±˘ Â√±S Œ˝√±ª±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¬ıÊ√±11 ¸ô¶œ˚˛± øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û Œ¬Û±ª±Ó¬Õfl¡¡ &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì« fl¡Ô±ÀȬ± ˝√√í˘ ¬ıg≈Q fl¡ø1¬ı Ê√Ú±, ø˙é fl¡1 ˘·Ó¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¸˝√√Ê√ fl¡1±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ fl¡Ô± Œfl¡±ª±1 ¸±˝√√¸ Œ·±ÀȬ±ª±, ’Ò…˚˛Ú-’Ò…±¬ı¸±˚˛1 õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ÛÔ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 ά◊ø˘›ª±º ŒÓ¬›“ Ê√±øÚÀ˘À˝√√ÀÓ¬Ú ŒÓ¬›“1 ø˚˜±Ú ø¬ı˙±˘ ¸À¬Û±Ú, ø¸˜±Ú ø¬ı˙±˘ ’±1n∏ ø¬ıø‰¬S ¸fl¡À˘± ˘é¬… ø˚˜±Ú ¬ ø¬ıø‰¬S ˘é… ø¸˜±Ú ø¬ıø‰¬S Δ√ÚøμÚ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ’±1n∏ ø¸˜±ÀÚ˝◊√ ø¬ı˙±˘ ’±1n∏ ø¬ıø‰¬S ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬˝√√±Ó¬1 fl¡±˜1 ¬Ûø1˜±Ìº Œ¸˝◊√ fl¡±˜À¬ı±1 øfl¡ øfl¡ ¬˝√í¬ı Œ¸˚˛± øÚø√«©Ü fl¡ø1 Δfl¡ ø√¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1±º ˚ø√› øfl¡Â≈√ fl¡±˜1 fl¡Ô± fl¡í¬ı ¬Û1± ˚±˚˛√º Ó¬±1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬¬ õ∂Ô˜ÀȬ±Àª˝◊√ √ ˝√í˘ ¤˝◊√ ˜±S ø˘ø‡ ’˝√√± fl¡Ô±ÀȬ± – 1] ¬ıg≈Q fl¡ø1¬ı Ê√±øÚ¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı º ¬ıg≈ ¬ıϬˇ±¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı º ¬ıg≈1 ά◊¬Ûø1› ’øˆ¬ˆ¬±¬ıfl¡1 ˘·Ó¬, ø˙é fl¡1 ˘·Ó¬, ¢∂Lö±·±ø1fl¡1 ˘·Ó¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¸≈¶ö ’±1n∏ ¸˝√√Ê√ fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı º õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÚÓ¬ øÚÊ√1 ‰≈¬¬ı≈1œ, ‰¬˝1 ¬ı± ˜˝√√±ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±˜Ó¬ ’—˙ ˘í¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı º ¤˝◊√ À¬ı±1 ŒÓ¬›“ fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı, øfl¡˚˛ÀÚ± ŒÓ¬›“1 ‰¬±ø1›fl¡±¯∏1 ˜±Ú≈˝√À¬ı±À1˝◊√ √ŒÓ¬›“1 õ∂À˚˛±¬Ê√Úœ˚˛ ¸˜ô¶ Ó¬Ô…1 õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ά◊»¸ º ¤˝◊√ À¬ı±1fl¡ ¬ı±√ ø√ ŒÓ¬›“ ø˘‡±¬ÛϬˇ±1 1±Ê√…‡ÚÓ¬ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡ø1¬ı√√ ŒÚ±ª±À1º 2 ] ø˚ ˆ¬±¯∏± ˜±Ò…˜Ó¬ ¤Ê√Ú Â√±S ¬ı± Â√±SœÀ˚˛ ø˘‡± ¬ÛϬˇ± fl¡À1 Œ¸˝◊√ ˆ¬±¯∏± ˜±Ò…˜1 Ú”…ÚÓ¬˜ ¤‡Ú ˝√√íÀ˘› ¬ı±Ó¬ø1 fl¡±fl¡Ó¬ ¬ı±

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ø‰¬˝√√êÀ¬ı±1fl¡ [Sign] Œ¸˝◊√ À¬ı±11 ¸øͬfl¡ ¶§1+¬ÛÀÓ¬ ø¸˜±ÀÚ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ¸—¢∂˝√ fl¡¬ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1˜º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√, √ ’±ø˜ ¤È¬± ¬Û±Í¬ Ú”…ÚÓ¬˜ ¬Û“±‰¬¬ı±1 ¬ÛϬˇ±1 ’±1n∏ ø˘‡±1 ¬ ¤fl¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬1 fl¡Ô± ø˘ø‡øÂ√À˘±º 6ᬠ’Ò…±˚˛1 Œ¸˝◊√ fl¡Ô±À¬ı±11 ¸fl¡À˘±ø‡øÚ ¤øÓ¬˚˛± ’±1n∏ ¬Û≈Ú1n2‰¬±1∏Ì Úfl¡À1±º ˜±ÀÔ± ˜ÚÓ¬ À¬Û˘±˝◊√ ø√¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1± Œ˚, ˜˝◊√ ø˘ø‡øÂ√À˘±, ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ √ Ó≈ø˜ ¤È¬± ø¬ı¯˚˛1 ¬Û≈1̱ õ∂ùüÀ¬ı±1 ¸—¢∂˝√√ fl¡ø1 Œ¸˝◊√ À¬ı±11 ¤‡Ú Ó¬±ø˘fl¡± õ∂dÓ¬ fl¡ø1 ’±1n∏ ˜ÚÀÓ¬ 1±ø‡ √ ¬Û±Í¬…¬øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û‡Ú √ ¤¬ı±1 ¬¬ÛøϬˇ Œ¬ÛÀ˘±ª±º õ∂Ô˜¬ı±1 ¤ÀÚ˝◊√ ¬ÛϬˇ±º øÚø«√©Ü ¤øȬ õ∂ùü1 [’±È¬±˝◊√ Ó¬Õfl¡ Ê√øȬ˘ õ∂ùüÀ1 ’±1y ˝√√í¬ı] ά◊M1 ø¬ı‰¬±ø1¬ıÕ˘ Δ· Œ¸˝◊√ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û‡Ú ’±1n∏ õ∂±¸øefl¡ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û’±À˘±‰¬ÚœÀ¬ı±1 ’±Àfl¡Ã ¬ÛϬˇ± º Œ¸˚˛± ˝√√ë¬ı ¡ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬ º Œ¸˝◊√ ¬õ∂ùüÀ¬ı±11 ά◊M√ 1 ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘ Δ· ˝√√í¬ı Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬ º ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ø˘‡± ¸fl¡À˘± ά◊M√11 ˆ≈¬˘À¬ı±1 qX fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ Δ· ˝√√í¬ı ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ۱ͬº fl¡È¬±fl¡øȬ fl¡ø1¬Œ˘ÀÓ¬1± Δ˝ Œ˚±ª± ά◊M√1 ¬ıø˝√‡Ú ¬Ûø126√iß fl¡ø1 ¸Ê√±˝◊√ ’±Àfl¡Ã ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘ Δ· ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û=˜ ¬Û±Í¬ º Ó¬±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ¬Û1œé ±Õ˘Àfl¡ ’øÚø«√©Ü¬ı±1 Ó≈¬ø˜ ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ı ’±1n∏ ø˘ø‡¬ı ¬Û±1±º ¤øÓ¬˚˛± ¤˝◊√ ëø˘‡±í ’±1n∏ ¬ëÛϬˇ±í ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ≈√Ȭ±fl¡ ≈√Ȭ± √ˆ¬±·Ó¬ ˆ¬·±˝◊√ ˘í˜º ø˘ø‡˜, Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ¤˝◊√ ëø˘‡±í ’±1n∏ ¬ëÛϬˇ±í 1 Ê√øȬ˘ fl¡±˜À√Ȭ±fl¡ ¸˝√√Ê√ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1º ¤ÀÚ√À1 ’±ø˜ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡ø1˜ ’±˜±¬1 ¤˝◊√ √œ‚« õ∂¬ıg1 Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ Ó¬Ô± Œ˙¯∏ ¬Û¬ı«Ó¬¬ º Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1¬ı ˘í·± ˝√√˚˛ øÚÊ1 ŒÚ±È¬ – ’øÓ¬ ¸—øé5 õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ŒÚ±È¬ – ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ ¤˝◊√ ’Ò…±˚˛Ó¬ ø˚À¬ı±1 fl¡Ô± ¤˝◊√ ¬Û˚«ôL ø˘‡± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ Ó¬±1 ¬Û1± ø˚À¬ı±1 ˙s Ó¬Ó¬±ø˘Àfl¡ ˜ÚÓ¬ ¬ÛÀ1 Œ¸˝◊√ À¬ı±11 øfl¡Â≈√ ˙s ’±1n∏ ¬ı±fl¡… √¸—¢∂˝√ fl¡1± ˚±›fl¡ – √1fl¡±1œ fl¡Ô±, ¸À¬Û±Ú, Œ˜Ò±, ë¸À¬Û±Úí1 ¬ı…±ø5 ’±1n∏ ·ˆ¬œ1Ó¬± ¤Àfl¡ Ú˝√√˚˛, ’±¢∂˝√ , õ∂À˚˛±¬Ê√Ú, ø˙øfl¡ Œ¬Û˘±¬ı, fl¡±˜1 Δ¬ıø‰¬S…, ¬ı±—˘±1 Â√±S, ¬ıÊ√±1Ó¬, ŒÚ±È¬, ÛøϬˇ¬ıÕ˘, ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘, ¬ı±Ú±Ú √ˆ≈¬˘, ˘±ˆ¬ øfl , ˘±˝◊√ À¬¬ıË1œ fl¡±Î«¬, ŒÓ¬›“ Œfl¡ª˘ øfl Ó¬±¬Û1 ›¬Û1ÀÓ¬ øÚˆ«¬1 fl¡ø1 Û±1 ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1, fl¡±˜1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“ ˜±ÀÔ± ˜≈‡¶ö fl¡¬1±1 fl¡±˜À√Ȭ±Àª √ fl¡ø1¬ı ø¬ı‰¬±À1ØØ ¬ıg≈, ø˙é fl¡, ¢∂Lö±·±ø1fl¡, ¬ı≈øXÀ¬ı±1, ά◊æ√±ø¸Ó¬, ˝√√±Ó1 fl¡±˜√, øfl¡Â≈√ fl¡±˜√, 1. ¬ıg≈Q, 2. ¬ı±Ó¬ø1 fl¡±fl¡Ó¬, 3. õ∂±¸øefl¡ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û√√, 4. ¬õ∂±À˚˛±ø·fl¡ 5. ¤øÓ¬˚˛±À1 ¬Û1± ¬ÛϬˇ±-qÚ± Œ˙¯∏ ’±1n∏ ø˘‡±-¬ÛϬˇ± ’±1y ØØ ¬Û“±‰¬¬ı±1 ¬ÛϬˇ±1 ¬ÛXøÓ¬ º Œ˜±1 ˜ÚÕ˘¬ ’˝√√± ¬ÛÂ√¬μ1 Œfl¡˝◊√Ȭ±˜±Ú ˙s ’±1n∏ ¬ı±fl¡… Ó≈¬ø˘ ø√À“√±º ¬Û±Í¬Àfl¡ ŒÓ›“1 øÚÊ√± ¬ÛÂ√¬μ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ› Ó≈¬ø˘ ˘í¬ı ¬Û±À1º ’±ø˜ øÚø(Ó¬ Œ˚ ¤˝◊√ ˙s ’±1n∏ ¬ı±fl¡…À¬ı±1 ¬ÛøϬˇÀ˚˛˝◊√ ˝◊√øÓ¬¬Û”À¬ı« ø˘‡± fl¡Ô±À¬ı±1 ’±Àfl¡Ã ¬Û±Í¬fl¡1 ˜ÚÕ˘ ’±ø˝√√ Δ·ÀÂ√º ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª±˝◊√ √˝√˚˛ ,  ’±˜±1 Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± õ∂¬ı±À˝ √¤ÀÚ√À1 fl¡À1±ª±˝◊√ ˘˚˛˛ º ˙sÀ¬ı±À1 Œ¬ıÀ˘· Œ¬ıÀ˘·Õfl¡ ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ1 ¬ı¬U øfl¡¬ı± øfl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ¬ı≈Ê√±¬ı ¬Û±À1º Ó¬±1 ’ÚôL ’Ô« ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º ˜˝◊√ Œ˚ÀÚÕfl¡ ø˘ø‡øÂÀ√˘± – ‘A B C D = ¬Û≈ø˘Â√1 ·±Î¬ˇœíº øfl¡c ˙sÀ¬ı±1fl¡ ¤È¬±¬1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ¤È¬±Õfl¡ ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1 ˜˝◊√ ˝◊√˚˛±1 ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬ ¤È¬± Ú”…ÚÓ¬˜ ˙‘∫˘± ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1ÀÂ√±¬º Œ¸˝◊√ ˙‘∫˘±˝◊√ ¬Û±Í¬fl¡1 ˜ÚÓ¬ õ∂¬ıgÓ¬ ø˘‡±1 √À1 ¸fl¡À˘± ˙sfl¡ ¶ú1Ì fl¡À1±ª±˝◊√ øÚø√À˘› ø˚ø‡øÚ fl¡À1±ª±˝◊√ ø√¬ı Œ¸˚˛± Œ˜±1 ¤˝◊√ ø˘‡±ÀȬ±1 ›‰¬1± ›‰¬ø1 øfl¡¬ı± ¤È¬± ˝√√í¬ı, Œ¬ıÀ˘· ¤Àfl¡± Ú˝√√˚˛º Œ¸˝◊√ ˙‘∫˘±¬ ˚ø√ ¤È¬± ø‰¬˝√√ê±˚˛fl¡

[Signifier] ˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬ÀôL Œ˜±1 ¤˝◊√ 1‰¬Ú±øȬÀfl¡˝◊√ ø‰˝√√ê±ø˚˛Ó¬ [Signified] ø˝‰¬±À¬Û √ ά◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ fl¡1±ÀȬ±Àª˝◊√ Œ˜±1 ά◊ÀV˙…º ’Ú… ¤Àfl¡± Ú˝√√˚˛º ’±˙± fl¡ø1À“√± ¬Û±Í¬Àfl¡ Œ˜±1 ˝◊√ øeÓ¬ÀȬ± ¬ı≈øÊ√ ¬Û±˝◊√ ÀÂ√ º ˜≈‡¶öø¬ı√…±ø¬ı˙±1√ Â√±S-Â√±SœÀ˚˛ ¬ı≈øÊ√ Δ·ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ˜˝◊√ ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡˜ |˜Ó¬ Œ¬ıøÂ√Õfl¡ ˜ÚÓ¬ 1‡±1 ά◊¬Û±˚˛1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ flí¬ıÕ˘ Δ· ’±ÀÂ√± º ø˚Àfl¡±ÀÚ± øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û√√ ¬ı± õ∂¬ıg ¬ı± ·äfl¡ ˜ÚÓ¬ 1‡±1 ¤˝◊ÀȬ±Àª˝◊√ √ ’±È¬±˝◊√ Ó¬Õfl¡ ¬õ∂Ô˜ ’±1n∏ ¸˝√√Ê√ ¬ÛÔ º ¤ÀÚ ŒÚ±ÀȬ˝◊√ ’±˜±1 õ∂Ô˜ ŒÚ±È¬º Œ|øÌÀfl¡±Í¬±Ó¬ ø˙éÀfl¡ ø√˚˛± ¬ıMê‘√Ó¬±1 ŒÚ±È¬› ¤ÀÚ√À1˝◊√ 1‡± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬º ’±ø˜ ¤ÀÚ√À1˝◊√ √˜ÚÀÓ¬ 1±À‡±º ø‰¬ÀÚ˜± ‰¬±À˘› ’±ø˜ ’Ú… õ∂fl¡±À1 ø‰¬ÀÚ˜±‡Úfl¡ ˜ÚÓ¬ ŒÚ1±À‡±º fl¡±À1±¬ı±fl¡ fl¡í¬ıÕ˘ ˝√√íÀ˘› ’±ø˜ ø‰¬ÀÚ˜±‡Ú1 ¸•Û”Ì« ·äÀȬ± fl¡í¬ı ¬Û±À1± Ê√±ÀÚ± ∑ ŒÚ±ª±À1±º ’±ø˜ ˜ÚÓ¬ 1±À‡± ø‰¬ÀÚ˜±‡Ú1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ±√ ‰¬ø1S1 ˜≈‡, øfl¡Â≈√ ‚Ȭڱ, øfl¡Â≈√ ·±Ú1 ¬Û—øMê√ ’±1n∏ Œ˜±È¬±˜≈øȬ Œ˚ÀÚ√À1 ·äÀȬ± ’±&ª±˝◊√ Δ·øÂ√˘, ˝√√ ø˜øÚȬӬ fl¡í¬ı ¬Û1±Õfl¡ Œ¸˝◊√ ¬ ·ä1 ¸±1¸—Àé ¬Û º ’±˜±1 ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ˝◊√ ˚˛±Ó¬Õfl¡ Œ¬ıøÂÕfl¡ ˜ÚÓ¬ 1‡±1 ˝◊√ 26±√ ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º Ó¬±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ’±ø˜ Œ˚˝◊√ À˚˛˝◊√ Úfl¡À1“± øfl¡˚˛, ˜ÚÓ¬ 1‡±1 ¤˝◊√ ¸—øé5 ’±1n∏ ¸±¬ı«Ê√Úœfl¡ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ¬ÛÔÀȬ±1 ’ø¬ı˝√√ÀÚ Œ¸˚˛± ’¸y¬ıº ¶ú‘øÓ¬Ó¬ ˝◊√˚˛±Ó¬Õfl¡ Œ¬ıøÂ√ Òø1 1±ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ¬˝√í√À˘ ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ø‰¬ÀÚ˜±‡Ú ’±ø˜ ’±1n∏ Œfl¡˝◊√¬ı±1˜±Ú ¬‰¬±¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ¬Û≈Ú1 Ú±‰¬±À˘› ≈√˝◊√ ¤È¬± ‘√˙∏… ¬’Ô¬ı± ·±Ú1 ¬Û—øMê√ ’±˜±1 ˜ÚÓ¬ øͬÀfl¡˝◊√ Ô±øfl¡¬ı º Œ√‡± ˚±¬ı ˆ¬øª¯∏…ÀÓ¬ Œ¸˝◊√À¬ı±1 fl¡í1¬ı±Ó¬ fl¡±ÚÕ˘ ¬’±ø˝√√À˘ ¬ı± ‰¬fl≈¡Ó¬ ¬Ûø1À˘ ’±˜±1 õ∂±˚˛ ¬¸•Û”Ì« ø‰¬ÀÚ˜±‡Ú1 fl¡Ô± ˜ÚÓ¬ ¬Ûø1 Δ·ÀÂ√º Œ˜±1 ’Ú≈˜±Ú ’±øÊ√1 ¬Û1± ˝È¬± √¬ıÂ√1 ¬Û±ÂÓ¬ ˝√√˚À˛ Ó¬± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Û±Í¬fl¡À1 Œ˜±1 ¤˝◊√ ø˘‡±ÀȬ±1 ¸•Ûfl«¡Ó¬ õ∂±˚˛ ¤Àfl¡±Àª√˝◊√ ˜ÚÓ¬ ŒÚÔ±øfl¡¬ı, øfl¡c fl¡±À1±¬ı±1 ˆ¬±˘ ˘±ø·À˘ ŒÓ¬›“ ˜ÚÓ¬ 1±ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1, ë ¸À¬Û±Úí, ë¬Û=˜ ¬Û±Í¬í ’Ô¬ı± ø˚À˚˛ ŒÚ±È¬ ¬ÛÀϬˇ ëŒÓ¬›“ Œfl¡ª˘ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 ›¬Û1ÀÓ¬ øÚˆ«¬1 fl¡ø1 ¬Û±1 ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1Ø fl¡±˜1 ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“ ˜±ÀÔ± ˜≈‡¶ö fl¡¬1±1 fl¡±˜À√Ȭ±Àª √fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1ØØí ¤ÀÚ ≈√˝◊√ -√¤È¬± ¬ ˙s ¬ı± ¬ı±fl¡…º ŒÓ¬›“ Œ¸˝◊√À¬ı±1 ˜ÚÓ¬ 1ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1¬ı ’±1n∏ ˜ÚÓ¬ ¬1±ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ŒÓ¬›“ ¸˜Ô«› ˝√√í¬ıº ø¬ÛÀÂ√, ŒÓ¬›“ ø˘‡fl¡1 Ú±˜ÀȬ±Àfl¡ ¬Û±˝√√ø1 ¬˚±¬ı ¬Û±À1º¬˜ÚÓ¬ 1‡±1 ¤˝◊√ ø¬ı√…±ÀȬ±1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ø¬ıù´±¸ 1‡±ÀȬ± ’±˜±1 ¬ÛÀé ‡≈À¬ı˝◊√ √1fl¡±1œ˛º ¤ÀÚ√À1 õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡1±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ø˚ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Â√±S1 ˘·Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Œ√‡±Ó¬ øÚÀ‰¬˝◊√ ¸±˜±Ú… øfl¡c ‡≈À¬ı˝◊√ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ¤‡Ú ¬ı˝√√œº ø˚ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û √¬ı± ’Ò…±˚˛ ¬ÛϬˇ±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ˘À· ˘À· ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜ÚÕ˘ ¬’˝√√± ˙s-¬ı±fl¡…À¬ı±1 ŒÓ¬›“ ¬ı˝√√œ‡ÚÓ¬ ø˘ø‡ ˘í¬ı º ø˚ ˜ÚÕ˘ ’±À˝√√ Ó¬±Àfl¡ √ ø˘ø‡¬ıº ˝◊√ ˚˛±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ‡≈¬ı ¤È¬± ˆ¬íª±1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Ú±˝◊√º ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ¬˝í√√À˘ ˝◊√˚˛±Ó¬ Œ˚±· ø¬ıÀ˚˛±· fl¡1± ˚±¬ı ¬Û±À1, øfl¡c Œ¸˝◊√ ø¬ıÀ˚˛±·Ó¬ ˜Ú fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı ˚±ÀÓ¬ õ∂Ò±Ú õ∂Ò±Ú ˙sÀ¬ı±1 √¬ı±√ ¬Ûø1 Ú±˚±˚˛ º ’Ô¬ı± Œ˚±·1 ŒéSÀÓ¬± ‰¬±¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı, ¬ı±øϬˇ ¬ı±øϬˇ Δ· Œ¸˝◊√ ÀȬ± ¬Û”Ì« ¤fl¡ ¶§Ó¬La ø¬ıª1ÌÒ˜π õ∂¬ıgÕ˘¬ 1+¬Û±ôLø1Ó¬ ¬Δ˝√√ Ú¬ÛÀ1º õ∂Ô˜ ’±1n∏ øZÓ¬œ¬˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¤‡Ú ¸•Û”Ì« øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û √¬ÛϬˇ±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ’±Àfl¡Ã Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ¤È¬± ’Ò…±˚˛1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¬ıdfl¡ Ô”˘˜”˘√ˆ¬±À¬ı ˜ÚÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀ˘±ª±1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ¬˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±› ¤˝◊√ Ò1Ì1 õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ŒÚ±È¬ ˆ¬±˘Õfl¡ ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡ ˝√√˚˛√ º ø¬ıª1ÌÒ˜π ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ŒÚ±È¬ –

Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û±Í1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¬¤Ê√Ú Â√±S ¬ı± Â√±SœÀ˚˛ ø˚ ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1¬ı Œ¸˚˛± ’±˜±1 Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ ø¬ıª1ÌÒ˜π ŒÚ±È¬ º ŒÚ±È¬ ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘ Δ· ¤˝◊√ fl¡Ô±ÀȬ± ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ √ ˜ÚÓ¬ 1‡± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Œ˚ ¤È¬± õ∂ùü1 ά◊M1Ó¬ ¤È¬± ŒÚ±È¬ ˚ø√ √˝√ ¬ı±1˜±Ú ø˘‡± ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û› õ∂Ô˜ ’±1n∏ √˙˜ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ŒÚ±ÀȬ˝◊√ ¸•Û”Ì« qX ’±1n∏ ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±ôL Œ˝±ª±1 ¸y±ªÚ± fl¡˜√º ˝◊√ ˝í√˘ qXÓ¬±1 ø¬ÛÀÚ fl¡1± ¤fl¡ ’ÚôL ¬˚±S±º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ 눬±˘Õfl¡ ø˘ø‡¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1±, qXÕfl¡ ø˘ø‡¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1±Øí ¤ÀÚ ø‰¬ôL±À1 ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ ˜Ú Œ¬ı˚˛± fl¡¬1±1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± fl¡±1Ì√√ Ú±˝◊√ º ø˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ Œ˙¯∏Ó¬ Δ· Û1œé ±1 ¬ı˝√√œÓ¬ ø˘ø‡¬ı˝◊√ ˘±ø·¬ıº ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ˜≈‡¶ö fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø˚˜±Úø‡øÚ |˜ ø¬ı ˘í·± ˝√√˚˛ ø¸˜±Úø‡øÚ ˚ø√ ø˘‡±1 ¬ı±À¬ı fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬ÀôL Œ¸˚˛± ˜ÚÀÓ¬± Ô±øfl¡¬ı ’±1n∏ √Û1œé ±1 ¬ı˝√√œÓ¬ ø˘ø‡¬ı ¬Û1±1 é˜Ó¬±› ¬ıU ’ˆ¬…±¸1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¬Ûø1¬Û$¡¡ Δ˝ ά◊øͬ¬ı ó- ¤ÀÚ√À1 ˆ¬±ø¬ı øÚÊ√fl¡ õ∂dÓ¬ fl¡ø1À˘ ˆ¬˚˛, ˙—fl¡±, ≈√¬ı«˘Ó¬± ’±“Ó¬ø1 ˜ÚÕ˘ ά◊»¸±˝√√ ’±ø˝√√¬ı, Œ˚±·±Rfl¡ ø‰¬ôL±› ¬ı±øϬˇ¬ı º ø¬ıª1ÌÒ˜π ŒÚ±È¬ ø˚˜±ÀÚ ¬¸1n∏ ¬¬ı± ¬Î¬±„√√1 ˝√›fl¡ Œ¸˝◊√ À¬ı±1 ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¤Àfl¡± ¤Àfl¡±È¬± õ∂¬ıgº õ∂¬ıg Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ø˘ø‡¬ı ˘±À· Œ¸˚˛± ’±˜±1 ¬ı…±fl¡1Ì1 øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÓ¬ ø˙Àfl¡±ª± √˝√ ˚˛º øfl¡c ’±ø˜¬ Ó¬±fl¡ ‡≈¬ı√√ fl¡˜ &¬1n∏Q ø√›“√ º ‡≈¬ı ¸1n∏¬ŒÚ±È¬ ˝√í√À˘› Ó¬±1 ¤È¬± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì (Analysis] ’—˙ Ô±øfl¡¬ı˝◊√ º ø¬ıÀ˙¯Õfl¡ ∏ø˚À¬ı±1Ó¬ ¸—:± ’Ô¬ı± Ó¬±»¬Û˚« Ê√±øÚ¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬1± ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±ÀÓ¬±Õfl¡› ά±„√√1 ŒÚ±È¬ ˝√√í¬ı ˘·± ˝√√íÀ˘¡ ¤È¬± ¸—Àù≠¯∏Ì [Synthesis] ’—˙› Ô±øfl¡¬ıº Œ˚ÀÚ Ò1±, √ õ∂ùü fl¡1± ˝√√í˘ ¤ÀÚ√À1 – ë¬ıÊ√±1 ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ fl¡œ ∑ Ó¬±1 Œfl¡˝◊√Ȭ±˜±Ú¬ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…1 ¬Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1±ºí Ó¬±ÀÓ¬±Õfl¡› ά±„√√1 ˝√√íÀ˘ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À1 ’±1yøÌÓ¬ ¤È¬±¡ ¬Û±Ó¬øÚ ’—˙ ’±1n∏ Œ˙¯∏Ó¬ ¤È¬± ά◊¬Û¸—˝√√±1 ’—˙ Ô±øfl¡¬ı√√º õ∂ùü ’±1n∏ ø¬ı¯˚˛ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ¤˝◊√ ¸fl¡À˘± ’—˙À1 øfl¡Â≈√ ά◊¬Ûø¬ıˆ¬±· Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û±À1º ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Õfl¡ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì ’±1n∏ ¸—Àù≠¯∏Ì ’—˙1 º Œ¸˝◊√À¬ı±1fl¡ ά◊¬Û˙œ¯∏«Ú±˜ (Sub-Headline) ø Œ¬ıÀ˘À· Œ¬ıÀ˘À· ø‰¬ø˝√√êÓ¬ fl¡1±À1± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º ø¬ÛÀÂ√, Ó¬±ÀÓ¬±Õfl¡ ’±·ÀÓ¬ ’±˜±1 ¬ı≈Ê√± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ¤ÀÚÒ1Ì1 õ∂ùü øfl¡˚˛ fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛ ’±1n∏ ά◊M√ 11 ‰¬ø1S Œ˝√√ÀÚ±√√ øfl¡˚˛ ¤ÀÚÒ1Ì1 ˝√√˚˛∑¬¬ıUÓ¬1 √Ò±1̱, ¤È¬± øÚø«√©Ü ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±˜±1 :±Ú1 ¬Ûø1˜±Ì ¬ı≈Ê√±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¤˝◊√ Ò1Ì1 õ∂ùü fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛º ¤ÀÚ Ò±1̱ ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ’±—ø˙fl¡ˆ¬±Àª ¸Ó¬… º ¤˝◊√ Ò1Ì1 õ∂ùü fl¡1±1 ¤fl¡ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ά◊ÀV˙… ˝√√í˘ ¬Û±øÔ«¬ª Ê√œ¬ıÚÓ¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ά◊¬Û˘t :±Ú1 &1n∏Q Ó≈¬ø˜ øfl¡˜±Ú ¬Ûø1˜±ÀÌ ¬ı≈øÊ√ ¬Û±˝◊√ Â√± Œ¸˝◊√ ÀȬ±› ¬Û1œé¬Àfl¡ Ê√±øÚ¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1º ø˚ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± :±ÀÚ˝◊√ ’Ô«˝√ œÚ ˚ø√ Ó≈¬ø˜ Œ¸˚˛± ’±Ú1 ˘·Ó¬ ˆ¬±· fl¡ø1¬ı ŒÚ±ª±1±º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡, ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ά◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ±1 &À̱ ¬Û1œøé¬Ó¬ ˝í¬ı º ¤È¬± õ∂ùü1 ά◊M√1 ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡¬1±1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¤˝◊√ øÓ¬øÚȬ± fl¡Ô± ’ªÀ˙…˝◊√ ˜ÚÀÓ¬ 1‡± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ óó [1] ŒÓ¬±˜±1 :±Ú, [2] ά◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ±1 鬘Ӭ± ’±1n∏ [3] :±Ú1 õ∂±À˚˛±ø·fl¡ &1n∏Qº ¤˝◊√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ˝◊√ —¬1±Êœ √ 1‰¬Ú± [essay]ø˘‡±1 ‘√©Ü±ôL ø√ ¤È¬± Ò±1̱ ø˚˛±1 Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√±º Ò1± ˚±›fl¡, 1‰¬Ú±1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ëSocial Concern on Excessive Violence on Television.í ¬ıU ¸±Ò±1Ì Â√±S1 ¤ÀÚ õ∂ªÌÓ¬± ’±ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ø‰¬ôL± fl¡1±1 ˛¬Ûø1|˜ Úfl¡ø1 ˙œ¯∏«Ú±˜ ’Ô¬ı± õ∂ùü1 fl¡Ô±1 ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬ √ά◊M√11 ë¬Û±Ó¬øÚí ’—˙ ’±1y fl¡À1º Œ˚ÀÚ Â√±S˝◊√ ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ √ø˘ø‡¬ı ¬Û±À1 – There is excessive

violence on television ’Ô¬ı± There is many arguments for and against the topic that there is too much violence on television. ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛øȬӬ ˚ø√›¬ı± ≈˝◊√ ¤øȬ ˙s¬¬ı±

ı±fl¡…±—˙ Œ˚±· fl¡1±1 ¬Ûø1|˜1 ø‰¬Ú ’±ÀÂ√ õ∂Ô˜øȬӬ Œ¸˚˛±› Ú±˝◊√ º ¬ı≈øÊ√ Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛, ˝◊√ ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±ôL ’˘¸ ˜øô¶©®1 fl¡±˜º Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û› ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ÀȬ± ά◊ißÓ¬º ø¬ÛÀÂ√ ’±È¬±˝◊√ Ó¬Õfl¡ ˆ¬±˘ ˝√√í¬ı ˚ø√ ¤Ê√Ú ’±Rø¬ıù´±¸œ Â√±S˝◊√ ¤ÀÚ√À1 ’±1y fl¡À1, When I was young, if I arrived at her house with a new toy, my grandmother would say darkly, ì You get to much bought for you.” She never made it clear though just how much was ‘too’ much or why she disapproved. The public opinion on violence on television is rather similar. ˝◊√ ˚˛±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ¬ÛÂ√μ1 fl¡Ô±À¬ı±1 Œ˚±· fl¡ø1 Œ˚±ª± º

˚ø√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ÀȬ± ¬Ûé -ø¬ı¬Ûé ≈À˚˛±Ù¬±À˘˝◊√ √˜ôL¬ı… fl¡1±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Ô±Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬ÀôL ¬ı≈øX˜±Ú ø˘‡Àfl¡ øÚÊ1 ˜Ó¬ÀȬ± ø√˚˛±1 ¬ı±À¬ı Œ˙¯∏¬ı±fl¡…øÈ¬Õ˘Àfl¡ ’À¬Ûé ± fl¡ø1¬ı, ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ √ fl¡Ô±ÀȬ± ø˘ø‡ øÚÊ1 ’ª¶ö±Ú ≈√¬ı«˘ Úfl¡À1º ’ªÀ˙… øÚÊ√1 ’ª¶ö±Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤È¬± ˝◊√ øeÓ¬ ’±1yÌœ1 ¬Û1±˝◊√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ› Œ·±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1 º ëø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ìí ˆ¬±·ÀȬ±› Ú±Ú±õ∂fl¡±À1 ’±1y ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º ¸˜˚˛ ¸±À¬ÛÀé ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ÀȬ±1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ Ó≈¬ø˜ øÚÀÊ√˝◊√ øfl¡Â≈√ ’Ú≈¸g±Ú fl¡ø1 ˘í¬ı ¬Û±1±º ’±1n∏ Ó¬±1 ¬Û1± Œ¬Û±ª± Ó¬Ô…ø√ ¸Ê√±˝◊√ ø˘ø‡¬ı ¬Û1±º Œ˚ÀÚ – During one recent weekday evening the three channels between them broadcast approximately eight hours of programmes in which some violence was shown. This was out of about sixteen hours’ total viewing time ... ’Ô¬ı± ¬¬ıg≈¸fl¡˘1 ˜≈‡Ó¬ qÚ±, ¬ı±Ó¬ø1fl¡±fl¡Ó¬

’Ô¬ı± ¬øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÓ¬ ¬ÛϬˇ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ ‚Ȭڱ1 ø¬ıª1Ì ø√ ¤ÀÚ√À1› ø˘ø‡¬ı ¬Û1± – Our readers might recall that, it was in the early part of nineties in a widely-published and well known suicide case a teenage boy, who luckily had survived, said that he got the idea to jump down from a multi-storey building from a TV programme called ‘Shaktiman’. It was a most popular children’s series of those days ... Ó≈¬ø˜ ó- ”√¬1√˙«Ú1

Œ‰¬ÀÚ˘À¬ı±1ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ø˝√√—¸± Œ√‡≈›ª± ˝√√˚˛ ó¤˝◊√ ˜Ó¬1 ø¬ı¬Ûé 1 ˜ôL¬ı… ø√› ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ÀȬ±fl¡ ·ˆ¬œ1Õ˘ Õ˘ ˚±¬ı ¬Û±1± º ø¬ıÀ˙¯Õfl¡ 븗Àù≠¯∏Ì투±·Ó¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ø‰¬ôL±1 Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡Ó¬± ¤ÀÚÒ1ÀÌ› õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±1± – If ‘Shaktiman’ can instigate a teenage boy to jump down from a multi-story building then so can ‘Hanuman’. Should we resist them to view Ramayana as well? So, it is possible that the real problem is elsewhere. ’Ô¬ı± ø˘ø‡¬ı ¬Û±1± – As we have told earlier in our investigation we also found that, out of those sixteen hours’ viewing time they had broadcasted romantic films and serials for about nine hours. A good number of Indian parents have grievances against that as well. If we have to agree with them than the only way out is to keep TV

off. That we are not going to do in practice... ¤ÀÚ ’±fl¡¯∏«Ìœ˚˛ ˜ôL¬ı…À1 ˚ø√ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 øÚ¬ıgÀȬ± ¸Ê√±¬ı ¬Û±1±, ŒÓ¬ÀôL ø¸ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 :±Ú1 ¬Ûø¬1‰¬˚˛ ø√˚˛±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ά◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ±1 ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Q õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1¬ı º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬√√ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ø‰¬ôL±1 Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡Ó¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡› ¬Û±Í¬fl¡ [¤˝◊√ ŒéSÓ¬ ø˙é fl¡] ’±ù´ô¶ ˝√í¬ıº Œ˙¯∏±—˙Ó¬, ’Ô±«» ëά◊¬Û¸—˝√√±1í ’—˙Ó¬ ’±Àfl¡Ã Ó¬≈≈ø˜¡ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û ¬Ûé - ø¬ı Ûé¬1 ˜Ó¬À¬ı±11 ά◊X‘øÓ¬ ø√ øÚÊ1 ˜Ó¬ÀȬ± ¶Û©Ü fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ¸±˜1øÚÕ˘ ’±ø˝√√ ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª± ˆ¬±¬ı ˝√√í¬ı ŒÚ˘±À· Œ˚ Ó≈¬ø˜ ’˝◊√ Ú ¤Àfl¡± ˆ¬±øª ŒÚ¬Û±˝◊√ ˝√√ͬ±» Δ1 Δ·Â√±º Œ¬ıøÂ1 ˆ¬±· Â√±S˝◊√ ŒÓ¬ÀÚfl≈¡ª± √fl¡À1º Ó¬≈ø˜ Δ1 ·íÀ˘ Ú˝√√í¬ı, Œ˙¯∏ fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ¤ÀÚ√À1 ø˘ø‡¬ı ¬Û±1± – “Now, having looked at some of the arguments, my own conclusion is that yes, there is excessive violence on television and those people are quite right to be concerned about it ; but if the only way to change this is by imposing censorship, I would rather accept the risks and leave the freedom of broadcasting untouched.”

ø¬ÛÀÂ√, ¤ÀÚfl≈ ª± ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ Œ˚±ª±1 ’±·ÀÓ¬ ó ó¤Ê√Ú Â√±S1 ¬Û1± øfl¡ Ê√±øÚ¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬1± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√, ’Ô«±» õ∂ùüÀȬ± ŒÚ± øfl¡ó Œ¸˝◊√ fl¡Ô±ÀȬ±1 õ∂øÓ¬ Â√±SÊ√Ú ›‰¬1Ó¬ ¶Û©Ü Œ˝±ª± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ º ˜≈‡¶ö ø¬ı√…±Ó¬ ¬Û±1√˙π Â√±S-Â√±Sœ1 Œ¬ıøÂ1ˆ¬±À· √ ˝◊√ ˚˛±ÀÓ¬˝◊√ √ ˆ≈¬˘ fl¡À1º ŒÓ›“À˘±Àfl¡ ¬õ∂ùüÀȬ±Àfl¡ ¬ı≈øÊ√ ŒÚ ¬Û±˚˛º õ∂±˚˛ ¸fl¡À˘± õ∂ùü1 ŒéSÀÓ¬ ø˚À¬ı±1 ά◊M√ 1 ø˘À‡ Œ¸˚˛± ¤Àfl¡ ά◊M√ 11 ¬Û≈Ú1n∏øMê√ Δ˝√√ ¬ÛÀ1, ø˚ÀȬ± ˝◊√ øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ ˜≈‡¶ö fl¡ø1 ’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√ º ŒÓ›“À˘±Àfl¡ õ∂¸e ¬¬ı≈ƒøÊ√ ά◊M√1 Úfl¡À1, õ∂ùü ’±1n∏ ŒÓ›“À˘±Àfl ˜≈‡¶ö fl¡1± ά◊M√11 øfl¡Â≈√ ˙s ¬ı± ¬ı±fl¡…1 ø˜˘ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 ¬Û±À˘˝◊√ ά◊M√ 1 fl¡À1 √ º ¤È¬± õ∂ùüfl¡ øͬfl¡ √À1 ¬ı≈øÊ√ ŒÚ±À¬Û±ª±1 õ∂Ò±Ú fl¡±1ÌÀ¬ı±1 Ó¬˘Ó¬ ø√˚˛± Ò1Ì1 ˝í¬ı ¬Û±À1 – [fl¡] Ó≈¬ø˜ ’Ú…˜Ú¶® Δ˝ Œ¸˝◊√ õ∂ùü ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ı ¬¬Û±1± º Ù¬˘Ó¬ ˆ≈¬˘Õfl¡ ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ı ¬Û±1±º Œ˚ÀÚ ›¬Û1Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1 ’˝√√± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ÀȬ±1 1‰¬Ú± ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ø√À˘ Ó≈¬ø˜ ’ÚÔ«fl¡ ëViolenceí -1 ›¬Û1ÀÓ¬ ŒÊ√±1 ø √¬ı˝√√œ‡Ú1 √’±Ò±Ó¬Õfl¡ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ¬Û‘ᬱ ¬ı…˚˛ fl¡ø1¬ı Û±1± º [‡] Ó≈¬ø˜ õ∂ùü1 øfl¡Â≈√ ˙s ¬ı± ¬ı±fl¡…±—˙1 ’Ô« Ú≈¬ı≈øÊ√¬ı ¬Û±1±º ’Ô¬ı± ›À˘±È¬±ÀȬ± ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ı ¬Û±1± º Œfl¡ª˘ ëTelevisioní-1 ›¬Û1ÀÓ¬ ø˚ ˜ÚÕ˘ ’±À˝√√ Ó¬±Àfl¡ √ø˘ø‡ ά◊M√1 ¬ı˝√√œ ˆ¬1±˝◊√ Ó≈¬ø¬˘¬ı ¬Û±1±º [·] Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Û”¬ı«˘t ¸—¶®±11 õ∂ˆ¬±ªÓ¬ Ó≈¬ø˜ ø¬ı‰¬1± √ ’Ô«Ó¬ õ∂ùüÀȬ±fl¡ ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ı ¬Û±1±º Ó≈¬ø˜ ˝√√˚À˛ Ó¬± ”√1√˙Ú« Ó¬ ø˝√√—¸±1 ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡Ó¬±1 ¬ÛéÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ø¶öøÓ¬ ¶√ Û©Ü fl¡ø1˘√±º øfl¡c ø¬ı¬Ûé 1 ˚≈øMê√-Ó¬fl«¡ ά◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ Úfl¡ø1 ŒÓ¬±˜±1 1‰¬Ú±‡Ú ¤fl¡¬Ûéœ˚˛ ’±1n∏ ≈√¬ı«˘ fl¡ø1 Ó≈¬ø˘˘±√º ’ªÀ˙… ¬¬Û1œé ±1 ˝√˘Ó¬ ¬¬ıø˝√√ õ∂ùüÀȬ± Ú≈¬ı≈Ê√±1 ¸˜¸…±ÀȬ± ¬ø˚˜±Ú ·ˆ¬œ1, ‚1Ó¬ ¬ıø˝√√ ¤È¬± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± ’Ò…±˚˛1 ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡1±1 ¸˜¸…± ø¸˜±Ú ·ˆ¬œ1 Ú˝√√˚˛º øfl¡˚˛ÀÚ±, ‚1Ó¬ ’±ø˜ ø˙fl¡±1 fl¡±˜À√Ȭ± ’±1y fl¡ø1ÀÂ√“± ˜±ÀÔ±º ø˚˜±ÀÚ ’±&˚˛±˝◊√ ˚±˜ ø¸˜±ÀÚ ¬’±˜±1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ õ∂ùü ’±1n∏ ά◊M√1 ≈√À˚˛±È¬±1 ¸¶ÛÀfl¡«¡˝◊√ √ Ò±1̱ ¶Û©Ü Δ˝ Δ· Ô±øfl¡¬ı º øfl¡c ¬Û1œé¬± ˝√√˘Ó¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ¸˜˚˛ ’±1n∏ ¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ¸œ˜±¬ıX º Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± ’±Àfl¡Ã ¤Àfl¡È¬± õ∂ùü1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ø¬ıfl¡ä õ∂ùü

Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û±À1 , õ∂ùü1 Œfl¡˝◊√ Ȭ±˜±Ú ’—˙ ¬ı± ˆ¬±· Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û±À1, ø˚À¬ı±11 ά◊M√ À1± ŒÓ¬ÀÚ√À1 댬ÛÀ1¢∂±øÙ¬Àfl¡ø˘í ø¬ıˆ¬±øÊ√Ó¬ ˝√√í¬ı , Œfl¡ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Ó¬ ø‰¬S, ’—fl¡ ¬ı± Ó¬±ø˘fl¡± ¬ı± ¬Ûø1¸—‡…± ˝◊√ Ó¬…±ø›√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ά◊M√ 11 ’ø¬ıÀ26√√… ’—˙ ˝í¬ı ¬Û±À1 º ¤˝◊√ ¸fl¡À˘± fl¡Ô± &1n∏Q ø ˘é … fl¡1± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬¬ º ¸±1±—˙À1 øÚÊ1 ŒÚ±È¬ ø˘‡±1 fl¡±˜√ ’±1y fl¡1± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ – ’±1yøÌÓ¬ ˝◊√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡±ª± fl¡Ô±À¬ı±1 ˜±ÀÔ± ˜ÚÓ¬ 1‡±ÀȬ±Àª ˚ÀÔ©Ü º ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ fl¡Ô±À¬ı±11 ’Ô« ¬ı≈Ê√±1 Ê√øȬ˘Ó¬±Ó¬ õ∂Àª˙ Úfl¡ø1 Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬ ’1y fl¡ø1 ø√˚˛± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√í¬ıº ’Ô«±» ¤øÈ øÚø«√©Ü ø¬ı¯∏˚˛1 õ∂Ô˜ ’Ò…±˚˛1 ŒÚ±È¬ ø˘‡±¬ ’±1y fl¡1±ÀȬ± √1fl¡±1º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬1 õ∂Ô˜ ŒÚ±È¬ ˝√í¬ı Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¤È¬± ¸•Û”Ì« ’Ò…±˚˛1 ¸±1±—˙º ¸±1±—˙ ø˘‡± ¸—Sê±ôL Œfl¡±ÀÚ± õ∂ùü Ô±fl¡Àfl¡˝◊ ¬ı± Ú±Ô±fl¡fl¡ º ¸±1±—˙ ø˘‡±1 ¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ˝√í˘, ¤˝◊√ ¸±1±—˙ ˘·Ó¬ ¸—À˚±Ê√Ú ’Ô¬ı± ˝◊√ ˚˛±1 ¬Û1± ø¬ıÀ˚˛±Ê√Ú fl¡ø1À˚˛˝◊√ ¬Û±Â√1 ¸fl¡À˘± õ∂ùü1 ά◊M√¬1 ø˘ø‡¬ı Û1± ˚±¬ı º ·øÌÓ¬, ø¬ı:±Ú ¬ı± ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬1 øfl¡Â≈√ Ó¬Ô… ¸˜‘X ’Ò…±˚˛1 ¸±1±—˙ ø˘‡±1 õ∂ô¶±¬ı ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ’õ∂±¸øefl¡ Œ˚Ú ˘±ø·¬ı ¬Û±À1 , øfl¡c Œ¸˝◊√ À¬ı±1À1± ά◊¬Û˙œÀ1±Ú±˜ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡ø1 ¸±1±—˙ ˝í¬ı ¬Û±À1 ¤ÀÚ√À1 – [Ò1± ˚±›fl¡ ŒÓ¬Ê√1 ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤øȬ ’Ò…±˚˛1 ¸±1¸—Àé¬¬Û ø˘ø‡¬ı ˘±À·º] BLOOD Composition A. Cells (i) Red Cells (ii) White Cells (iii) Platelets B. Plasma 2) Functions A. Homeostatic (tissue fluid replacement ) B. Circulation i) Oxygen transport ( lungs to tissues ) ii) CO2 transport (tissues to lungs ) iii) Excretory material transport (tissues to kidneys ) iv) Digested food transport (ileum to tissues ) v) Hormone distribution (glands to various organs ) vi) Heat distribution and temperature control vii) Blotting viii) Prevention of infection (wounds, diseases) 3) Circulatory System Types of Blood Vessel i) Arteries ii) Bapillaries iii) Veins ¤øÓ¬˚˛± ˚ø√ ŒÓ¬±˜±fl¡ õ∂ùü fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛ – Give a brief account of Blood Composition. ’Ô«±» ŒÓ¬Ê√1 ·Í¬Ú 1)

¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤È¬±¡ ¸—øé5 ø¬ı¬¬ı1Ì ø˚˛± óó ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± Œ¸˚˛± ›¬Û11

¸±1±—˙1 Composition ’—˙1 ø¬ıô¶±1 ‚Ȭ±˝◊√ ά◊M√1ÀȬ± ΔÓ¬¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸˝√√Ê√ ¬˝í¬ı º ¸±1±—˙ ø˘ø‡ ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡À1±ÀÓ¬ ’±1yø̬1 ¬Û1±˝◊√ ¬fl¡±fl¡Ó¬1 õ∂øÓ¬ÀȬ± ¬Û‘ᬱ1 ›¬Û1Ó¬, Œ¸±“Ù¬±À˘, ¬ı±›“Ù¬±À˘ ’±1n∏ Ó¬˘Ó¬ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ‡±ø˘ ͬ±˝◊√ ¤ø1 ø√˚˛± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬º fl¡±1Ì ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¤˝◊√ ŒÚ±È¬ÀȬ±1 ¬ıU√√¬ı±1 ¬ıUˆ¬±À¬ı ˙≈Ò1øÌ1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ¬˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º õ∂±¸øefl¡ ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸eøÓ¬ Ôfl¡± ¬ıU fl¡Ô±, Ó¬Ô…, Â√ø¬ı ’Ô¬ı± Ó¬±ø˘fl¡±› ø˘ø‡ 1‡±1 √1fl¡±1 ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1 º ¸±1±—˙ ¬Û±Â√ÀÓ¬˝◊√ õ∂ùü±ª˘œ1 ’±È¬±˝◊√ Ó¬Õfl¡ Ê√øȬ˘ ’±1n∏ ά±„√√1 õ∂ùü1 ά◊ M √ 1 ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ’±1y fl¡1± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬º ˜˝◊√ ¯∏ᬠ’Ò…±˚˛ÀÓ¬˝◊√ ø˘ø‡ ’±ø˝√√À±√ Œ˚ ’±È¬±˝◊ √ Ó ¬Õfl¡ ά±„√ √ 1 õ∂ùüÀ1 ’±1y fl¡1±1 ¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ˝í˘ ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ ¸•Û”Ì« ’Ò…±˚˛ À Ȭ±Àª ¬˜ÀÚ±À˚±· ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì fl¡À1º Ù¬˘Ó¬ ˝◊√ ˚˛±1 ˜˜«¬ıd ¬¬ı≈øÊ√¬ıÕ˘ ¬¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ˝√√˚˛º ˜˝◊√ ¤˝◊√ ÀȬ±› ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1 ’±ø˝√√À±√ Œ˚ õ∂Ô˜ Œfl¡˝◊√ Ȭ±˜±Ú ŒÚ±È¬ ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ¬˚ø√›¬ı± ’À¬Ûé±fl‘¡Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ¬ıøÂ√ ¸˜˚˛1 √1fl¡±1 ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬± ø¬ı‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Œ˝±ª±1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Ú±˝◊√º ’±ø˜ ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡1±1 õ∂øSê˚˛±Ó¬ ø˚˜±ÀÚ˝◊√ ’±&ª±˝◊√ Δ· Ô±øfl¡˜ ¬ø¸˜±ÀÚ˝◊√ √’±˜±1 fl¡˜ ¸˜˚˛1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ¬˝√√í¬ıº ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À1 Œ˙¯1 ø¬ÛÀÚ Ú¬ı˜, √˙˜, ¤fl¡±√˙ ŒÚ±È¬ ø˘ø‡¬ı1 ¸˜˚˛ ¤ÀÚ› ˝í¬ı ¬Û±À1 Œ˚ ø˘‡±1 ’±·ÀÓ¬˝◊√ √’±˜±1 ˜ÚÕ˘ ¸•Û”Ì« ŒÚ±È¬ÀȬ±1 ¶Û©Ü 1+¬Û ¤È¬± ˆ¬“±ø˝√√ ά◊øͬı ¬Û±À1º ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ˜ÚÕ˘ ˆ¬±¬ı ’±ø˝√√¬ı ¬Û±À¬1, Œ˚ ¬Û±ø1˜, ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ø˘‡±1 √1fl¡±1 √ Ú±˝◊√ º Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û ’±ø˜ ø˘ø‡ Ô¬ı ˘±À·º øfl¡˚˛ÀÚ±, ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ’±˜±1 ¶ú‘øÓ¬À˚˛ õ∂ª=Ú± fl¡1±1 õ∂ª˘ ¸y±¬ıÚ± Ô±Àfl¡ º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ’±ø˜ ¤ÀÚ√À1˝◊√ ’±˜±1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ¸fl¡À˘± øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û-¬ÛS ¬ÛøϬˇ ¸y±¬ıÚœ˚˛ õ∂ùüÀ¬ı±11 ά◊M√ À1À1 ¤È¬±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ¤È¬± ŒÚ±È¬˛ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1 ˚±¬ı ˘±À·º ¤ÀÚÕfl¡ √˙˜ ŒÚ±È¬ÀȬ± ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡¬1±1 ¸˜˚˛Õ˘ ’±ø˜ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛1 ·ˆ¬œ1Õ˘ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡ø1˜ ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ’±1yøÌ1 Ù¬±˘1 ŒÚ±È¬À¬ı±11 ¬ıU Sn∏øȬ ø¬ı‰≈¬…øÓ¬ ¤ÀÚ˝◊√ Ò1± ¬Ûø1¬ıº ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±˝◊√ ¸—ø˙©Ü ŒÚ±È¬1 fl¡±¯∏1 ˜±øÊ«√ÚÓ¬ Ò1± ¬Û1± ˆ≈¬˘1 ¸—À˙±ÒÚœ ¬ı± qX ’±1n∏ ¸øͬfl¡ fl¡Ô±ø‡øÚ ø˘ø‡ 1±ø‡¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı , ’Ô¬ı± ≈√˝◊√-¤È¬± ˙s ¬ı±fl¡…1 ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ øͬfl¡ fl¡1±1 fl¡Ô±ÀȬ± ø˘ø‡ 1±ø‡¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº Û=˜ ¬Û±Í1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 ˝√√í¬ı ¬˚±≈√ÀڱȬ ØØ ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ øͬfl¡ fl¡1±1 fl¡±˜À√Ȭ± ’±ø˜ fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı ¤È¬± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛1 ŒÚ±È¬ ¸•Û”Ì« õ∂dÓ¬ Δ˝√√ Œ˚±ª±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Óº ŒÓøÓ¬˚˛± ’±ø˜ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ õ∂±¸øefl¡ ¬øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û¬ÛSÀ1± ¸±˝√√±˚… ˘í˜, ¬ıg≈ ’Ô¬ı± ø˙éfl¡-ø˙éø˚˛ S œ¸fl¡˘1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ fl¡Ô± ¬Û±øÓ¬ Ê√ ± øÚ¬ı˘·œ˚˛ ± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛À¬ı±À1± Ê√±øÚ-¬ı≈øÊ√ ˘˜º ¤˝◊√ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡› ˜˝◊√ ¯√√∏ᬠ’Ò…±˚˛Ó¬ ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ø˘ø‡ÀÂ√“± º qÒ1øÌ1 ¤˝◊√ fl¡±˜ÀȬ± Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± õ∂Ô˜¬ı±11 ¬ı±À¬ı Œ˙¯∏ Δ˝√ÀÂ√ ¬Œ˚Ú ˘±ø·¬ı [õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬±Ô«Ó¬ Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±› Œ˙¯∏

Ú˝√√¬ı] ŒÓøÓ¬˚˛± ¬Û=˜ ¬Û±Í¬1 ¬Û¬ı« ’±1y ˝√√¬ı º Œ˘ÀÓ¬1± Δ˝ Œ˚±ª± ŒÚ±È¬À¬ı±1fl¡ ’±Àfl¡Ã ¬Ûø1©®±1 fl¡ø1 ø˘ø‡¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı º øͬfl¡ ŒÓøÓ¬˚˛±˝◊√ √’±ø˜ ’±1n∏ ¤fl¡ Ò1Ì1 ¸—øé5 ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ˚˛±1 fl¡ø1˜ , ø˚À¬ı±11 Ú±˜ ø√¬ı ¬Û±À1± ø‰¬S [sketch] ŒÚ±È¬º ˝◊√øÓ¬¬Û”À¬ı« ˚±fl¡ ’øÓ¬ ¸—øé5 õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ŒÚ±È¬ ¬ı≈ø˘ Δfl¡øÂÀ√˘“± Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ô¶1Ó¬ √ ’±ø˜ Œ¸˝◊√ À¬ı±1À1 √ ø‰¬S1+¬Û ø˜ º õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ŒÚ±È¬1 ˙s-¬ı±fl¡…À¬ı±1Àfl¡˝◊√ øfl¡Â¡√≈√ ¸1˘ ’±1n∏ ¬ıSêÀ1‡±À1 Ê≈√ø1 ø˜ ¤ÀÚ√À1 – ¤˝◊√ À¬ı±11 ¬ı±À¬ı ’±ø˜ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ ŒÚ±È¬¬ı˝√√œ ¬ı…¬ª˝√√±1 fl¡ø1¬ı ¬

¬Û±À1±, Ú±˝◊√ı± ˝◊√26±√ fl¡ø1À˘ õ∂øÓ¬ÀȬ± ά±„√√1 ŒÚ±È¬1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬√√ ¤Àfl¡‡Ú ¬ı˝√√œÀÓ¬± ø‰¬SÀڱȬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1± º ¬¤ÀÚ ŒÚ±È¬1 ’±È¬±˝◊√Ó¬Õfl¡ ά±„√√1ÀȬ±1 ¬ı±À¬ı› ’±˜±1 ά◊M√ 1 ¬ı˝√√œ1 ¤È¬± ¬Û‘ᬱ˝◊√ ˚ÀÔ©Ü º ¤˝◊√ ŒÚ±È¬À¬ı±1 ¤ÀÚ√À1 õ∂dÓ¬ fl¡ø1˜ Œ˚ ˝◊√ ˚˛±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ¬Û≈Ú–¬Û±Í¬1 ¬ı±À¬ı ά±„√√1 ά±„√√1 ŒÚ±È¬À¬ı±1 Œ˚Ú õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±À1˝◊√ ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ı ˘í·± Ú˝√√˚˛ º ¤˝◊√ ¬Û±“‰¬¬ı±1 ¬Û±Í¬1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 √’±˜±1 ¶ú‘øÓ¬ ˝◊√˜±ÀÚ˝◊√◊ ¸˜‘X ˝í¬ı Œ˚ ˜≈‡¶ö fl¡ø1 ø¸˜±Ú ¸˜‘X fl¡1±1 fl¡Ô± ’±ø˜ fl¡äÚ±› fl¡ø1¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1±º Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û› ø¬ı˙‘∫˘ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± õ∂¬ı±˝√1 ¤˝◊√ ø¬ıù´Ó¬ ¶ú‘øÓ¬fl¡ Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±› √ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡1±ÀȬ± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Ú˝√√˚˛º ¶ú‘øÓ¬Ó¬ ¸√±˚˛ Ó¬Ô…À¬ı±1 Ô±Àfl¡ º øfl¡c Œ¸˝◊√ Ó¬Ô… &øÂ√ ˚±˚˛ ’ªÀ‰¬Ó¬Ú ˜ÚÕ˘ º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ¶ú‘øÓ¬ ø¬ıw˜ ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1, ø¬ı˙‘∫˘ ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1, Ò”¸1 ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º Ó¬±fl¡ ˙‘∫ø˘Ó¬ 1+¬ÛÓ¬ Òø1 1‡±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¤˝◊√ ø‰¬S ŒÚ±È¬À¬ı±À1 ¬∏C±øÙ¬fl¡ ¬Û≈ø˘‰¬1 √À1 fl¡±˜√ fl¡ø1¬ı º ¸5±˝Ó¬ √¤ø√Ú ¬ı± ˜±˝√Ó¬ ≈√ø√Ú ¤˝◊√ À¬ı±11 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ‰¬fl≈¡ Ù≈¬1±˝◊√ Ô±øfl¡À˘ ’±1n∏ ˘·ÀÓ¬ ˚ø√ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ¸—À˙±ÒÚ fl¡ø1 Œ˚±ª± ˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ά±„√√1 ŒÚ±È¬1 Ù¬±À˘ ‚”ø1 ŒÚ‰¬±À˘› fl¡±˜ ‰¬ø˘ ˚±¬ıº ¤ÀÚ√ À 1 ’±ø˜ fl¡˜ ¸˜˚˛ Ó ¬ Œ¬ıøÂÕfl¡ ¬Û≈ Ì –¬Û±Í¬1 (Revision)’ˆ¬…±¸ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1˜º ˚±≈√1 √À1 ¤˝◊√ ø‰¬SÀڱȬÀ¬ı±À1 fl¡±˜ fl¡À1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¤˝◊√ À¬ı±1fl¡ ˚±≈√ÀڱȬ ¬ı≈ø˘› [Magical Note) fl¡í¬ı ¬Û±ø1º ø¬Û ø‰¬ ‰¬1¬fl¡±11 ˚±≈√1 √À1 ’±˜±1 ¤˝◊√ ˚±≈√À1± Ú±Ú± õ∂fl¡±1Àˆ¬√ ’±ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√ ˚±≈√ø¬ı√…±fl¡ ø˙øfl¡¬ıÕ˘ Ú±Ú± ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ’±ÀÂ√º øfl¡c ¶ö±Ú1 fl¡Ô± ˆ¬±ø¬ı ’±ø˜ Δ1 ø√¬ı ˘í·± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ’˝√√± ’Ò…±˚˛Ó¬ fl¡˜ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û ¬ÛϬˇ±1 ά◊¬Û±˚˛ ’±1n∏ ˚±≈√ø¬ı√…±1 øfl¡Â≈√ fl¡Ô± ø˘ø‡ ’±˜±1 ¤˝◊√ √œ‚« õ∂¬ıg1 ¸±˜1Ìœ Œ‚±¯∏̱ fl¡ø1˜º„ [Œ˘‡fl¡ ¬ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯∏± ’±1n∏ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ø˙é¬fl¡]

Ram Naresh Das

B

ehind every invention and discovery there has always been the hand of a gifted individual. The gifted individuals carry the society and civilization forward and work miracles. The gifted students of todays will tomorrow grow into eminent Scientists, Managers, Accountants, Investors, Discoverors, Economists, Administrators and Leaders. They possess exceptionally high I. Q. Their percentage in any normal populations is very small. They are rightly the cream of the vast student population. They are the potential leaders for every walk of life. The gifted is not a gift for himself / herself alone, he/ she is a gift for the society as a whole. If given a chance, he / she is going to do something extraordinary and remarkable. If neglected he / she will be a loss to himself / herself no doubt, but it will a

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

greater loss for the society. They are the stuff which is most precious and which deserves special attention in the matter of education. Identification : Their identification is the first step only then any help would be possibly given to them. They are likely to exhibit their unique characteristic right from the very biginning. We can identify them only after watching their academic and other performance for a consistently long time. The following consideration will help us in this connection : 1. The opinion of the teachers. 2. The marks obtained in previous classes. 3. Present position on aptitude and achievement tests in a particular subject. 4. The results of intelligence tests, interests, inventories etc. 5. The report of a poperly planned interview. 6. The tutor’s opinion and the subject teacher’s opinion based on the day to day progress and observation. Some General Signs : The following signs will also help us in finalising our identification and judgement : 1. He / She learns rapidly and easily 2. He / She is alert and keen observer. 3. Gives extraordinary and intelligent answers. 4. Puts intelligent and thought provoking questions.

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5. 6. 7.

Responds quickly and correctly. Shows originality, novelty and creativity. Shows a good deal of common sense as well as practical and general knowledge. 8. Gives evidence of his imagination, memory and developed thinking and reasoning power. 9. Is able to generalise and draw conclusions. 10. Can solve problems and understand the things which are meant for higher than his age group of students. 11. Can associate, correlate and integrate various pieces of knowledge drawn from different topics and branches of the subject. Enrichment programme for the gifted students : The gifted students have a tremendous energy with a lot of determination to go ahead. If not channelized, the reservoir of energy may go waste and sometimes may create serious problems for the individual and the society. The idea of giving special attention to the gifted students by arranging separate classes or sections is not practicable as the number of such students in a particular school, college, university, class and subject may be very small. Moreover this amounts to special treatment to a few at the cost of many and looks undemocratic. The other alternative is to collect all of them at one place in a district or region. Among average companions they will remain at the top without much effort and will not face any competition. When collected at one place in an ideal school, college or university brought into the company and competition with classmates of their own level and are placed under the charge of selected and really competent teachers, they will be able to do their best. Such like schools / colleges / universities will be residential where all round development of these students may be ensured. These schools / colleges / universities can also be equipped adequently to cater to their various

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and special educational needs. A truly academic, inspiring, scholarly and dedicated atmosphere can also be created. For providing additional learning opportunities, under the enrichment programme, the following two channels one suggested : 1. Provision of enriched curriculum 2. Enrichment within the existing curriculum. Under the former channel, the curriculum may contain more advanced topics, or have additional topics or include more analytic and heuristic approach to the subject. Under the latter scheme, attempts may be made to provide additional educational opportunities within the existing curriculum. The following arrangements may be made to do greater justice to them : 1. An enriched syllabus to provide extensive and intensive education. 2. Really challenging, ingenuity demanding, intiative demanding and creativity oriented tasks. 3. Their learning should not remain confined to the text books but should be expanded with the help of supplementary readers, reference books and general literature. 4. Their system of evaluation should also be more valid, reliable, scientific and sophisticated in order to remove from it chance factors and other errors. 5. They should be taught by the methods like heuristic, induction analysis, problem and discussion, 6. The techniques of assignment, self study and supervised study may be more frequently used. 7. Their self study should be exercised to the maximum by proposing to them educative projects and intelligent assignments. 8. They should be largely left to themselves to solve mathematical problems. 9. Mathematical problems proposed for them /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

10.

11.

should not be of routine type or mechanical nature. They do not need repeated practice of the same type. Every problem meant for them should be a type in itself. They should be made to feet that mathematical / accountancy offers a real challenge to their intellect and it is only through their genius that the subject will make any progress. They should be given opportunities of collection, tabulation and interpretation (Contd from 25)

12. 13. 14.

15.

of mathematical data. They should be encouraged to write good essays and articles on interested topics. They should be asked to participate in panel discussions, seminars or contests. They should be encouraged for experimentation and independent research in the field of concerned subjects. In every possible way, they should be provided with quality education. (The author teaches Commerce in the College)

Self Development and .....

individual of its significance continous to grow is todays word. On the path of providing high quality service is global market, one must be well equipped with the behavioural skills of communication. Thus there is a strong wgency on the part of the student life as maximum as possible. Development of varied and sophisticated means of communication over a period of time has brought human beings across

the globe closer and has facilitated speedy and effective transmission of thoughts and ideas. The express or reach of communication therefore, is world wide and truly encompasses human life is all its facets and endeavouiss. It galvauizes action among individuals, organisation, societies and the world community at large. (The author teaches Commerce in the College)

The Human Voice Needs Your Write Up ‘THE HUMAN VOICE’, the yearly magazine of Barak Human Rights Protection Committee (BHRPC), is asking write-up for its 3rd Issue. It is to be noted that the internet version of the Magazine is non-priced and the print version will be priced just to cover the printing expenses. The writers may send article/write-up on any of the topics listed below or any other topic they think important and related to human rights. It will be very helpful if the piece reaches to the editor before 15th February, 2009. The topics proposed to be covered: 1. Human Rights and ‘Counter Terrorism’, 2. ‘Terrorism’, ‘Counter Terrorism’ and Communalism, 3. Indian Anti-terror and Security Laws: Are They Counter Productive? 4. Indian Anti-terror and Security Laws: Compatibility with International Human Rights Standards, 5. Human Rights Obligations of ‘Non-State Actors’, 6. Human Rights Obligations of Corporate Sector, 7. Practices and Laws Responsible for Culture of Impunity, 8. Corruption and Human Rights Violations, 9. Policing and Human Rights: Case for Police Reform in India, 10. Custodial Death and Torture in India: Case for Ratification of the UN Convention Against Torture, 11. En masse Human Rights Violations of Groups of People in the Name of Industrialisation and Development: Individual Case Studies, 13. Women’s Human Rights: Legal and Practical Situations in India, 14. Labour Rights: Legal and Practical Situations in India, 15. Minority Rights: Legal and Practical Situations in India, 16. Rights of Indigenous People: Legal and Practical Situations in India, 17. Right to Information: Legal and Practical Situations in India, 18. Right to Freedom of Speech: Legal and Practical Situations in India and so on. Send your valuable article to Waliullah Ahmed Laskar [email protected]; [email protected] Barak Human Rights Protection Committee /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

/ 34

>ã[º³ ë\¸à[t¡ ëÎ>àš[t¡ [¹Ú๹ ëÛ¡yJ> "[t¡ š[¹¤t¢¡>Å㺡ú γڹ ºìK ºìK >tå¡> ëA¡[¹Ú๠ëÛ¡y¹ Îõ[Ê ÒÚ, šå¹oà ëÛ¡yγèÒ¹ W¡à[Òƒàì¹à ÒùàÎ-¤õ[‡ý¡ Qìi¡¡ú ÒüÚàt¡ šø[t¡ìi¡à ëÛ¡yìt¡ "[>ÆW¡Út¡à [¤¹à\ A¡ì¹¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ ëA¡àì>à &i¡à ëA¡[¹Ú๹ \>[šøÚt¡à ëƒ[J "àK [šá >K[o ÎA¡ìºàì¯ &ìA¡³åìJ ëƒï¹à l¡ü[W¡t¡ >ÒÚ¡ú "à[³ ‘šø`¡à>’¹ šàt¡t¡ &Òü δšìA¢¡ &A¡à[‹A¡¤à¹ "àìºàW¡>à A¡[¹ìáòà "à¹ç¡ t¡à¹ šø³ào "à[\¹ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡t¡ ÎA¡ìºàì¯ ëƒ[J¤îº šàÒüìá¡ú ëÅÒt¡ãÚàîA¡ [¤Å«\[å ¹ ëƒJà [ƒÚà "=¢î>[t¡A¡ ³–ƒà¯Ñ‚àÒü ">¸à>¸ ëÛ¡y¹ ºKìt¡ ëA¡[¹Ú๹ ëÛ¡yJ>ìA¡à K®¡ã¹®¡àì¤ šø®¡à[¯t¡ A¡[¹ìá¡ú "=¢î>[t¡A¡ ³–ƒà¯Ñ‚๠ó¡ºt¡ ¤×ìt¡à ¤õÒ; ëA¡à´šà>ã ëƒl¡üºãÚà íÒìá¡ú [¤Å«¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ Å[v¡û¡Åàºã [¤v¡ãÚ Î}Ñ‚à ¹ê¡ìš \>à\àt¡ ëºÒì³> ¤øàƒ¢àá, & "àÒü [\, [W¡[i¡ì¤}A¡ "à[ƒ šø[t¡Ë¡àì> "à[=¢A¡ ³–ƒà¤Ñ‚๠A¡¯ºt¡ š[¹ ëKàìi¡Òü [¤Å«¹ ¤àì¤ [¤šƒ Î}ìA¡t¡ A¡[Øn¡ÚàÒü "à[>ìá¡ú ¤õÒ; ¤õÒ; Î}Ñ‚à γèÒ [¤v¡ãÚ Î}A¡i¡¹ ³åJà³å[J ëÒà¯à¹ šøt¡¸Û¡ šø®¡à¯ š[¹ìá W¡àA¡[¹¹ ¤\à¹t¡¡ú &Òü ¤×\à[t¡A¡ Î}Ñ‚à γèÒ¹ "”zK¢ t¡ [¤Å«\[å ¹ A¡³¢¹t¡ A¡³¢W¡à¹ã ÎA¡º¹ ¤× Î}J¸ìA¡ Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ W¡àA¡[¹ ëҹ硯àÒüìá "à¹ç¡ ¤× Î}J¸A¡¹ ®¡[¯È¸t¡ "[>[ÆW¡t¡ íÒ š[¹ìá¡ú ®¡à¹t¡t¡ &Òü "=¢î>[t¡A¡ Î}A¡i¡ &[t¡Úà* K®¡ã¹ ¹ê¡š ‹à¹o A¡¹à >àÒü ™[ƒ* ÒüÚ๠šø®¡à¯¹ š¹à δšèo¢ ³åv¡û¡ Ò’¤ š¹à >àÒü¡ú [¤ìÅÈîA¡ A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ëÛ¡yJ>t¡ &Òü "=¢î>[t¡A¡ Î}A¡ìi¡ Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ ¤¸àšA¡ šø®¡à¯ 뚺àÒüìáú ë™à¯àìi¡à ƒÅA¡t¡ ³åv¡û¡ "=¢>ã[t¡ "à¹ç¡ [¤Å«àÚ>¹ Îå¤àƒt¡ A¡³¢Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ëÛ¡yJ>t¡ "®è¡t¡šè¤¢ š[¹¤t¢¡> "à[> [ƒ[ạú W¡¹A¡à¹ã Jr¡t¡ A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš> A¡[³ ë™à¯à¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡ ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ / ë¤W¡¹A¡à¹ã ëÛ¡yJ>t¡ A¡³¢-Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ [¤ÅຠÎåì™àK ³åA¡[º íÒ[ạú A¡³¢Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ ¤à[o[\¸A¡ ¤[Ò¢K³> (BPO/KPO) t¡=¸šø™å[v¡û¡ (IT), [¤³à> (Aviation) "à[ƒ ëÛ¡yt¡ [™ ‘¤å³’ (Boom) Îõ[Ê íÒ[Ạt¡à¹ ó¡ºt¡ ¤× ™å¯A¡ ™å¯t¡ãìÚ l¡üZW¡ ë¤t¡>¹ W¡àA¡[¹ ºà®¡ A¡[¹[ạú >tå¡> šø\–µ¹ ™å¯A¡ ™å¯t¡ã ÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ &A¡[¤}Å Å[t¡A¡à¹ Ѭš¹— ëA¡[¹Ú๠íÒ l¡ü a [º l¡ü[k¡[ẠComp u t e r

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neer, Man-

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

agement, Call Centre, Air hostess

"à[ƒ¡ú t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ ¤×\ì> ¤× ¤¸Ú¤×º [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡, "à>[A¡ ˜¡o íº* >à³®¡[t¢¡ A¡[¹[ạú [A¡”ñ "à[\ Îõ[Ê ëÒà¯à "=¢î>[t¡A¡ [¤Å«ì\à¹à ³–ƒà¤Ñ‚๠Aå¡ šø®¡à¯ "ài¡àÒüt¡îA¡ ë¤[áîA¡ š[¹ìá &Òü ‘¤å³’ ëÛ¡y γèÒìt¡Òü¡ú IT, Management, Aviation, Garment, Retail, BPO "à[ƒ ëÛ¡yt¡ A¡à³ A¡[¹ =A¡à ¤×\> Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ A¡³¢W塸t¡ íÒìá¡ú t¡=¸[¤`¡ ³Òº ³ìt¡ "Òà [ƒ>ì¤à¹t¡ "à¹ç¡ [¤šåº Î}J¸A¡ ëºàA¡ A¡³¢W¡å ¸t¡ Ò’¤¡ú &ì> š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡t¡ ®¡[¯È¸ìt¡ >tå¡> A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ëÛ¡yJ> ët¡ì>Òü Î}Aå¡[W¡t¡ ëÒà¯à ‹å¹ç¡š¡ú "à>[A¡ IIT, IIM ¹ ƒì¹ [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>¹ š¹à l¡üv¡ão¢ áày-áàyã ÎA¡ºì¹à ¤×t¡ì¹ [>ìÚàK Wå¡[v¡û¡ [>™å[v¡û¡¹ šè줢Òü ¤à[t¡º ¤à Ñ‚[Kt¡ íÒìá¡ú ÒüÚ๠³èº A¡à¹o Ò’º ®¡à¹t¡¹ IT, Management "à[ƒ ëÛ¡y¹ [¤ìÅÈ`¡ ÎA¡º¹ [>™å[v¡û¡ Òü³à>[ƒ> ³èºt¡ @ [¤ìƒÅã, [¤ìÅÈîA¡ "àì³[¹A¡à [>®¢¡¹ "à[ạú ¤×\à[t¡A¡ šø[t¡Ë¡à> γèÒ ëƒl¡üºãÚà ëÒà¯à¹ ºìK ºìK W¡àA¡[¹¹t¡ ÎA¡ìº* A¡³¢W塸[t¡, ƒ¹³Òà A¡t¡¢> "à[ƒ¹ ƒì¹ ®¡à¤å[A¡¹ ΖµåJã> ëÒà¯à¹ ºKìt¡ ®¡[¯È¸ìt¡ [>™å[v¡û¡¹ ¤àì¤ "àÅà A¡[¹ =A¡à ÎA¡ºì¹à "àÅà ®¡}K ëÒà¯à¹ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡¹ Îõ[Ê íÒìá¡ú "¯ìŸ &ì> š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡ ëƒ[J Òt¡àÅ ëÒà¯à¹ šøìÚà\> >àÒü¡ú &Òü ³–ƒà¤Ñ‚à [>ÆW¡Ú ΃àÚ >à=àìA¡¡ú ³–ƒà¤Ñ‚à "òàt¡[¹ Kìº Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ Îå[¤‹àì¤à¹ "àìA¡ï Îõ[Ê Ò’¤¡ú [A¡”ñ ¤t¢¡³à>¹ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡¹ š[¹ìšø[Û¡t¡t¡ "à³à¹ áày-áàyã ÎA¡º "à¹ç¡ "[‹A¡ Ît¡A¢¡ íÒ š[¹¤[t¡¢t¡ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡¹ ºKt¡ [>\ìA¡ Jàš Jå¯àÒü ëºà¯à¹ ëW¡Ê¡à W¡ºà¤ ºàìK¡ú t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ [>\¹ ë™àK¸t¡à "à¹ç¡ ¤õ[‡ý¡ A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤ ™àìt¡ šøìÚà\>t¡ [™ ëA¡àì>à

ëÛ¡yìt¡ A¡à³ A¡[¹¤îº l¡üš™åv¡û¡ íÒ l¡üìk¡¡ú ¤t¢¡³à>¹ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡¹ š¹à ºà®¡ A¡¹à "à¹ç¡ &i¡à [ÅÛ¡à ³>t¡ ¹Jà ®¡àº ë™ ÎƒàÚ ¤\๹ W¡à[Òƒà W¡àÒü &ìA¡i¡à ¤õ[v¡ [>¤¢àW¡> A¡¹à¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡ [>\¹ ¹ç¡[W¡, ƒÛ¡t¡à "à¹ç¡ Îà³=¢¸ ">å™àÚã [®¡Ä ¤õ[v¡ NøÒo A¡¹à ®¡àº¡ú šøÎ}Kyû¡ì³ "à¹ç¡ &i¡à A¡=à A¡’¤ šà[¹ ë™ ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ / ë¤W¡¹A¡à¹ã Jr¡¹ Î}ìA¡àW¡>¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡ "à³à¹ ëƒÅ¹ W¡¹A¡à¹ã Jr¡t¡ [>™å[v¡û¡ Îå[¤‹à [A¡”ñ "ºìšà ÒùàÎ ëšà¯à >àÒü¡ú Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ ëÊ¡i¡¡ ë¤}A¡ (SBI) 20,000 >tå¡> šƒ¹ ëQàÈoà A¡[¹ìá¡ú ÒÚìt¡à ">àKt¡ [ƒ> [¤ºàA¡t¡ š¹´š¹àKt¡ ëA¡[¹Ú๠[¤ºàA¡¹ P¡¹ç¡â« "à¹ç¡ W¡à[Òƒà šå>¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡ šà¤¡ú [¤ìƒÅ¹ *š¹t¡ =A¡à [>®¢¡¹Åãºt¡à ¤àƒ [ƒ ®¡à¹t¡¹ [>\¹ [¤šåº ¤\à¹J>¹ [®¡[v¡t¡ ™[ƒ "=¢î>[t¡A¡ ëÛ¡yJ>¹ šå>¹ Kk¡> A¡¹à ÒÚ, "à³à¹ ëƒÅt¡ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ "®¡à¯ >Ò¤¡ú Î}A¡i¡¹ γåJã> ëÒà¯à ®¡à¹t¡¹ JåW塹à [¤yû¡ã Jr¡Òü Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡¹ ë³àA¡à[¤ºà A¡[¹¤îº >tå¡> šƒìÛ¡š NøÒo A¡[¹ìá¡ú ëƒÅ¹ "஡¸”z¹ão [¤ÅຠNøàÒA¡ Î}J¸àA¡ ºÛ¡¸ [ÒW¡àì¤ íº JåW塹à (Retail) Jr¡Òü "à¹ç¡ "[‹A¡ δßÎà¹o¹ "òàW¡[> šøÑñt¡ A¡[¹ìá¡ú ®¡à¹t¡¹ JåW塹à [¤yû¡Ú Î}Ñ‚à (IRA) Òü ëQàÈoà A¡[¹ìá ë™ ¤t¢¡³à>¹ ³–ƒà¤Ñ‚à "[t¡yû¡³ã JåW塹à Jr¡Òü "[‹A¡ [¤A¡àÅ ºà®¡ A¡[¹¤ "à¹ç¡ ÒüÚàt¡ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ¤× Îåì™àK ³åA¡[º Ò’¤¡ú IRA ¹ ‡à¹à š[¹W¡à[ºt¡ Retail management ¹ šàk¡¸yû¡³ (PGPRM) Î³àœ A¡¹à šø=³ìi¡à ƒìº Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ Campus Recruitment ¹ Îå[¤‹à ºà®¡ A¡[¹ìá¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ ëƒJà ™àÚ ë™ ¤× ëÛ¡yt¡ A¡³¢ Î}ìA¡àW¡> "à¹ç¡ A¡³¢W塸[t¡¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡ ">¸ ¤× ëÛ¡yt¡ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ Îå[¤‹à *ºàÒü "à[Òìá¡ú

ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ã¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠: Career in Armed Forces ¹t¡ãÚ ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ã [¤Å«¹ ">¸t¡³ [¤Åຠ"à¹ç¡ Å[v¡û¡Åàºã ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ã¡ú ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ãt¡ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤ šø[t¡ ¤áì¹ ¤× ëºàA¡¹ šøìÚà\> ÒÚ¡ú ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ã¹ [¤ÈÚà ÎA¡º¹ ë¤t¡> "à¹ç¡ ">¸à>¸ Îà-Îå[¤‹à* ™ì=Ê

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

"àA¡È¢oãÚ¡ú [™ ÎA¡ìº &A¡ Îå[>[ÆW¡t¡ ëA¡[¹Ú๹ ºKìt¡ &A¡ "Kt¡à>åK[t¡A¡ ë¹à³àe¡A¡ "à¹ç¡ ƒå@ÎàÒ[ÎA¡ \ã¯>¹ ëÎà¯àƒ º’¤ [¤W¡àì¹ ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ ¤àì¤ ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ã¹ [¤ÈÚà šƒ [>@Îì–ƒìÒ šø=³ šW¡–ƒ Ò’¤ šà칡ú "¯ìŸ ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ã¹ [¤ÈÚà ëÒà¯à Òü³à> ÎÒ\ >ÒÚ¡ú ¤å[‡ý¡³v¡à¹ ºKìt¡ Åà[¹¹ãA¡ ³à>[ÎA¡ ƒÛ¡t¡à "à¹ç ¡ ë>tõ¡â«Îºå ®¡ P¡o =à[A¡ìºìÒ ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ã¹ [¤ÈÚà ëÒà¯à¹ Îìšà> ëƒ[J¤ šà[¹¡ú ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ã¹ [¤ÈÚà [>¤¢ à W¡> šø [ yû ¡ Úà "[t¡ A¡[k¡> "à¹ç ¡ ƒãQºãÚà¡ú ™ì=Ê šøÑñ[t¡, í‹™¢ "à¹ç¡ "àu[¤Å«àÎ =à[A¡ìºìÒ &Òü šø[yû¡Úà "[t¡yû¡³ã ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ã¹ [¤ÈÚ๠Îà\ [š[Þꡤ šà[¹¡ú "γ¹ áày-áàyã ÎA¡º &Òü [ƒÅt¡ ™ì=Ê [šáš¹à¡ú ¤×t¡ì¹ &Òü / 36

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[¤ÈÚ¹ γ¸A¡ `¡à> >àÒü, =A¡àÎA¡ºì¹à &Òü A¡[k¡> š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ "¯t¡ão¢ ëÒà¯à¹ ³à>[ÎA¡ šøÑ[ñ t¡ >àÒü¡ú [A¡”ñ l¡üš™åv¡û¡ š[¹A¡¿>àì¹ "àK¤à[Øn¡ìº "à¹ç¡ A¡ìk¡à¹ ">åÅãº>¹ \[¹Úìt¡ [>\ìA¡ Îà\å A¡[¹ìº ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ã¹ [¤ÈÚà ¹ê¡ìš &A¡ Îå–ƒ¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠KØn¡à¹ ºKìt¡ \ã¯>¹ ">>¸ Ñ¬àƒ º’¤ šà[¹¡ú ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ ëÎ>à ¤à[Ò>ã¹ [t¡[>i¡à ³èº ÅàJà-Ñ‚ºìÎ>à (Army) ¤àÚåìÎ>à (Air Force) "à¹ç¡ ë>ïìÎ>à (Navy)¡ú &Òü [t¡[>*i¡à ÅàJàìt¡ "àìA¡ï Îà³[¹A¡ (Military) A¡à[¹A¡¹ã (Technical) íÅ[Û¡A¡ (educational) ¹W¡ƒ (Logistics) [W¡[A¡;Îà (Medical) "[®¡™à[”|A¡ (engineering) "à[ƒ [¤[®¡Ä ®¡àK (Branch) "àìá¡ú &Òü [¤[®¡Ä ®¡àKt¡ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤ [®¡Ä íÅ[Û¡A¡ "Ò¢t¡à¹ ëºàA¡¹ šøìÚà\> ÒÚ "à¹ç¡ t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ [>™å[v¡û¡ šø[yû¡Úà* [®¡Ä šøAõ¡[t¡¹ ÒÚ¡ú ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ã¹ Îà³[¹A¡ ÅàJàt¡ [¤ÈÚà [>¤¢àW¡>¹ ¤àì¤ ƒåi¡à šø‹à> š¹ãÛ¡à ">å[Ë¡t¡ ÒÚ -ÿ-ÿ- (Defence Academy (NDA) exam "à¹ç¡ Confined Defence Services (CDS) exam. ëA¡–ƒøãÚ ëºàA¡ ëίà "àìÚàìK (UPSC) &Òü ƒåìÚài¡àì¹ [º[Jt¡ š¹ãÛ¡à ">å[Ë¡t¡ A¡ì¹¡ú l¡üZW¡t¡¹ ³à‹¸[³A¡ (10+2) l¡üv¡ão¢ "¯t¡ão¢ 161/2-19 ¤á¹¹ áàyÒü (Male student) NDA ¹ ¤àá[> š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ ¤[Ò¤ šà칡ú &Òü ¤àá[>¹ 1³ š™¢àÚt¡ [º[Jt¡ š¹ãÛ¡à ÒÚ¡ú 5 Qsi¡à γÚì\à¹à &Òü š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ ƒåi¡à [¤ÈÚ¹ š¹ãÛ¡à ëºà¯à ÒÚ¡- Mathematics "à¹ç¡ General ability, Mathematics ¹ 300 >´¬¹¹ "à¹ç¡ G.A. ¹ ¤àì¤ 600 >´¬¹ =àìA¡¡ú General Ability A¡àA¡t¡t¡ Òü}¹à\ã "à¹ç¡ Îà‹à¹o `¡à> (Physics, Chemistry, General Science, History, Geography, freedom, movement, current events) [¤ÈÚ¹ šøÅ— =àìA¡¡ú [™ìA¡àì>à ÅàJ๠(Stream) áàyÒü NDA š¹ãÛ¡àt¡

¤[Ò¤ šàì¹ ™[ƒ* ¤àÚåìÎ>à "à¹ç¡ ë>ïìÎ>àt¡ ëA¡¯º [¤`¡à> ÅàJ๠áàyA¡ìÒ ¤àá[> A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú [º[Jt¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ l¡üv¡ão¢ áày ÎA¡ºA¡ SSB ¹ ‡à¹à "àìÚà[\t¡ ÎàÛ¡à;A¡à¹îº "à³”|o \ì>à¯à ÒÚ¡ú šòàá[ƒ> ‹[¹

W¡ºà &Òü ÎàÛ¡à;A¡à¹ šø[yû¡Úà ™ì=Ê A¡[k¡>¡ú ÒüÚàt¡ šøà=¢ã \>¹ Åà¹ã[¹A¡, ³à>[ÎA¡ ÎåÑt‚ ¡à, ë>tõ¡â«Îºå ®¡ P¡o, ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ãt¡ A¡à³A¡¹à¹ "àNøÒ "à¹ç¡ šøìÚà\>ãÚ ƒÛ¡t¡à "à[ƒ¹ šèo¢ š¹ãÛ¡à A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú &Òü šø[yû¡Úàt¡ l¡üv¡ão¢ ÎA¡º¹ ѬàÑ‚¸ š¹ãÛ¡à (Medical exam) A¡¹à ÒÚ "à¹ç¡ ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ãt¡ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤ Î´šèo¢¹ê¡ìš l¡üš™åv¡û¡ ¤å[º [¤ì¤[W¡t¡ Ò’ìº NDA t¡ šø[ÅÛ¡o¹ ¤àì¤ š[k¡*¯à ÒÚ¡ú [t¡[>*i¡à ÅàJàì¹ ëA¡ìl¡i¡ (Cadet) ÎA¡ºA¡ 3 ¤á¹¹ &i¡à Îà‹à¹o (Common) šø[ÅÛ¡o [ƒÚà ÒÚ, ™à¹ "”zt¡ ët¡*òìºàìA¡ \¯àÒ¹ºàº ë>Ò¹ç¡ [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ (JNU) ¹ ‡à¹à šøƒà> A¡¹à Ñ•àt¡A¡ (BA/Bsc) [l¡Nø㠺஡ A¡ì¹¡ú ÒüÚ๠šàáìt¡Òü Ñ‚ºìÎ>๠Cadet ÎA¡ºA¡ ël¡¹àƒå>¹ IMA íº, ë>ïìÎ>๠Cadet ÎA¡ºA¡ ëA¡à[W¡¹ INS íº "à¹ç¡ ¤àÚåìÎ>๠Cadet ÎA¡ºA¡ ÒàÚƒ¹à¤àƒ¹ IFA íº [¤ìÅÈ šø[ÅÛ¡o¹ ¤àì¤ š[k¡*¯à ÒÚ¡ú &¤á¹ãÚà [¤ìÅÈ šàk¡¸yû¡³¹ ëÅÈt¡ ët¡*òìºàìA¡ [>\à ¤à[Ò>ãt¡ šèo¢ š™¢àÚ¹ [¤ÈÚà [ÒW¡àì¤ [>™å[v¡û¡ ºà®¡ A¡ì¹¡ú &Òü γNø šø[ÅÛ¡o¹ γÚìW¡à¯àt¡ šøà=¢ã ÎA¡ìº ëA¡àì>à ‹> ¤¸Ú A¡[¹¤ ºKà >ÒÚ¡ú Ñ•àt¡A¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ l¡üv¡ão¢ (Graduate) ÎA¡ìº ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ãt¡ ë™àK [ƒ¤¹ ¤àì¤ CDS š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ "¯t¡¢ão Ò’¤ ºàìK¡ú ëÎÒü ëÛ¡yt¡ šøà=¢ã¹ ¤ÚÎ 19-24 ¤á¹¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ Ò’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú CDS š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ (English, General knowledge "à¹ç¡ elementary Mathematics [¤ÈÚ¹ šøÅ— "àìÒ¡ú [º[Jt¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ l¡üv¡ão¢ ÎA¡ìº SSB interview t¡ "¯t¡¢ão Ò’¤ ºàìK "à¹ç¡ t¡àt¡ Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢ Ò’ìº IMA t¡ Cadet [ÒW¡àì¤ ë™àK [ƒ¤ šà칡ú NDA "à¹ç¡ CDS ƒåìÚài¡à š¹ãÛ¡à ¤áì¹A¡t¡ ƒå¤à¹îA¡ ">å[Ë¡t¡ ÒÚ¡ú ³àW¢¡ / &[šøº "à¹ç¡ "ìC¡à¤¹ / >쯴¬¹ ³àÒt¡ ÒüÚ๠¤àì¤ ¤àt¡[¹ A¡àA¡t¡t¡ \à>>ã [ƒÚà ÒÚ¡ú "à³à¹ áày-áàyã ÎA¡ìº ëÎ>à¤à[Ò>ãt¡ [>™å[v¡û¡ ºà®¡¹ ¤àì¤ šø[t¡ì™àKãt¡à³èºA¡ ƒõ[Ê¡®¡}Kãì¹ "àK¤à[Øn¡ "à[Ò¤ ºàìK¡ú A¡[k¡> Ò’ìº* š[¹A¡[¿t¡ šøìW¡Ê¡à "à¹ç¡ K®¡ã¹ ">åÅãº>¹ ë™àìK[ƒ &Òü šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡àt¡ Îó¡º ëÒà¯à δ±¯š¹¡ú

ëó¡Å«>¹ \Kt¡t¡ : NIFT Å«> ¤t¢¡³à> γڹ &A¡ \>[šøÚ ëA¡[¹Ú๡ú ëó¡Å«>¹ ëÛ¡yJ> ™ì=Ê ¤Òº "à¹ç¡ ÒüÚàt¡ A¡à³ A¡[¹¤ [¤á¹àÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ [¤[®¡Ä Îåì™àK "àìá¡ú "¯ìŸ &Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ šø[t¡Ë¡à ºà®¡¹ ¤àì¤ šø=³ šøìÚà\>ãÚ "Ò¢t¡à Ò’º [>\Ѭ Îõ[Ê¡Å㺠³> "à¹ç¡ l¡üŠà± ¯>ã Å[v¡û¡¡ú ëA¡¯º [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>¹ ‘[l¡Nøã’ íº ëó¡Å«>¹ \Kt¡t¡ [>\¹ ѬàÛ¡¹ ¹à[J¤ ë>à¯à[¹, ™[ƒìÒ ëA¡àì>à [>\Ѭt¡à >à=àìA¡¡ú ëó¡Å«> [¤ÈÚA¡ [ÅÛ¡à [ƒÚà ¤× [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à> [¤[®¡Ä k¡àÒüt¡ K[Øn¡ l¡ü[k¡ìá ™[ƒ* &Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ 37 /

(National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)

&[t¡Úà* ÅãÈ¢t¡³ [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à> [ÒW¡àì¤ [>\¹ &A¡ ÎåA¡ãÚà ³™àƒ¢à ¹Û¡à A¡[¹ =à[A¡¤îº ÎÛ¡³ íÒìá¡ú ™à¹ ¤àì¤ NIFT ëó¡Å«> \Kt¡t¡ ëA¡[¹Ú๠K[Øn¡¤ ëJà\à ÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ "à[\* "àA¡È¢o¹ ëA¡–ƒø¡ú NIFT t¡ ëA¡Òü¤ài¡à* šàk¡¸yû¡³ "àK¤ìØn¡à¯à ÒÚ¡ú ÒüÚ๠šø‹à> šàk¡¸yû¡³ γèÒ Ò’º : 1.

4yr Undergraduate Programme in Design /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

2.

Fashion Technology. 2yr. PGP in Fashion management, Fashion Technology and Fashion Space. NIFT ¹ (Fashion management) šàk¡¸yû¡³ &i¡à

">¸t¡³ \>[šøÚ šàk¡¸yû¡³¡ú ÒüÚ๠ë™àìK[ƒ ¤Ñ| [Å¿¹ ¤¸¯Îà[ÚA¡ [ƒÅ¹ [ÅÛ¡à [ƒÚà ÒÚ¡ú Òü &A¡ šøA¡à¹¹ ëó¡Å«> "à¹ç¡ ¤¸¯ÎàÚ š[¹W¡àº>à (Business management) ¹ &A¡ [³Åø>¡ú &Òü šàk¡¸yû¡³¹ >à³®¡[t¢¡¹ ¤àì¤ Îà‹à¹oìt¡ ëó¡¤ø硯à¹ã ³àÒt¡ &A¡ [º[Jt¡ š¹ãÛ¡à ">å[Ñ‚t¡ ÒÚ¡ú >쯴¬¹ / [l¡ìW¡´¬¹ ³àÒt¡ šø-šøy \³à [ƒ¤ ºàìK¡ú š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ ƒåi¡à [¤ÈÚ =àìA¡General ability "à¹ç¡ Managerial ability, General ability test t¡ Quantitative ability, Communication ability, English comprehension, ability, General knowledge & Current affairs, thematic appreciation

Analytical

"à[ƒ [¤ÈÚA¡ šø Å — =àìA¡¡ú [™ìA¡àì>à ÅàJ๠ѕàt¡A¡ ÎA¡ìº &Òü šàk¡¸yû ¡ ³t¡ >஡ ®¡[t¢¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú

"à>Òàìt¡ MAT t¡ Case study, business domain test "à¹ç¡ logical ability "à[ƒ [¤ÈÚ¹ šøÅ— =àìA¡¡ú &Òü š¹ãۡ๠¤àì¤ ¤\à¹t¡ [¤[®¡Ä ÎÒàÚA¡ šå[= ëšà¯à ™àÚ¡ú t¡à¹ ÎÒàÚîº ®¡àºƒì¹ šøÑñ[t¡ W¡ºàìº NIFT t¡ šØn¡à¹ Îìšà> [ƒk¡A¡ A¡¹àìt¡à "δ±¯ >ÒÚ¡ú "¯ìŸ [º[Jt¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ l¡üv¢¡ão ëÒà¯à¹ šàát¡ šøà=¢ã ÎA¡º¹ Group Discussion "à¹ç¡ ÎàÛ¡à;A¡à¹ ">å[Ñ‚t¡ ÒÚ¡ú t¡àt¡ Îó¡ºÒ’ìºìÒ NIFT t¡ >à³ ®¡[v¢¡¹ Îåì™àK ëšà¯à ™àÚ¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ ÒüZáåA¡ áày / áàyã ÎA¡ìº [º[Jt¡ š¹ãۡ๠ºKìt¡ G r o u p Discussion "à¹ç¡ Interview ¹ ¤àì¤* [>\ìA¡ Îà\å A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ [>\¹ ¤¸[v¡û ¡ â« [¤A¡àŹ *š¹t¡ P¡¹ç¡â« [ƒÚ๠ºKìt¡ ¤Ñ| [Å¿, ëó¡Å«>¹ ‹à¹à "à¹ç¡ γÎà³[ÚA¡ Qi¡>à¹à[\¹ ëÅÒt¡ãÚà `¡àì>ì¹ [>\ìA¡ δšè o ¢ ¹ê ¡ št¡ Îà\å A¡[¹ tå ¡ [º¤ ºà[K¤¡ú NIFT ¹ [¤ÈìÚ [¤t¡}îA¡ \à[>¤¹ ¤àì¤ W¡à¤ šàì¹ Website : www.niftindia.com.

SSC ¹ š¹ãۡ๠ÎèW¡ã ëA¡–ƒøãÚ W¡¹A¡à¹¹ "‹ã>¹ [¤[®¡Ä š™¢àÚ¹ A¡³¢W¡à¹ã ¤àá[>¹ ¤àì¤ Staff Selection Commission & š¹ãÛ¡à ">å[Ñ‚t¡ A¡ì¹¡ú ë³[i¡öA¡¹ š¹à Ñ•àt¡A¡ š™¢àÚ¹ šøà=¢ã¹ ¤àì¤ SSC & ë¤ìºK ë¤ìºK š¹ãÛ¡à ">å[Ñ‚t¡ A¡[¹ ëA¡–ƒøãÚ W¡¹A¡à¹¹ "‹ã>¹ [¤[®¡Ä [¤®¡àKt¡ [>™å[v¡û¡¹ ¤àì¤ šøà=¢ã ¤àW¡[> A¡ì¹¡ú SSC ¹ "‹ã>¹ ëA¡Òüi¡à³à> šø‹à> š¹ãۡ๠γÚÎèW¡ã t¡ºt¡ [ƒÚà Ò’º¡ú ëA¡–ƒøãÚ W¡¹A¡à¹¹ W¡àA¡[¹ A¡[¹¤ ëJà\à ÎA¡ìº ëÎÒü³ìt¡ l¡üš™åv¡û¡ šøÑñ[t¡ ÎÒA¡àì¹ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ "¯t¡ão¢ Ò’ìº ÎÒì\Òü [>™å[v¡û¡ ºà®¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú 1.

2.

Combined Matric Level Exam. (for selection of LDA, Stenographer Grade C, Grade - D, etc,) Notification : May. Exam : September Combined Graduate Level Exam (for selection of Asst., Income Tax Inspector, Inspector of Central Excise, /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

3. 4. 5.

Divisional Accountant, SI- Delhi Police, SI-BSF, SI-CRPF/ ITBP/ CISF, Examiner in Customs etc) Notification : October Exam : February Section Officer (Audit) Notification : September Exam : January Section Officer (Commercial) Notification : August Exam : December Jr. Hindi Translator Notification : December Exam : April

&Òü š¹ãÛ¡àγèÒt¡ "¯t¡ão¢ Ò’¤ ëJà\à ÎA¡ìº Employment News "=¤à ">¸ ³åJ¸ ¤àt¡[¹ A¡àA¡t¡Î³èÒ W¡àÒü =à[A¡ìºÒü "à줃>¹ \à>>ã/ šø-šy ºà®¡ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¤¡ú ([ºJA¡ ¹à\>ã[t¡ [¤`¡à>¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡) / 38

Q. Sir, I am a student of B.Com final year, having major in management. I am expecting that I will secure 50% above marks in the B.Com Final year examination. After B.Com I want to study either MBA or MCA. I want to inform you that I am pursuing a One year Post Graduate Diploma Course in Computer i.e. PGDCA. I also like to inform you that my financial condition is not sound. In this condition which course is suitable for me ? Please suggest me the right path and name some institutions which offer courses in MBA and MCA in Assam. Biki Bhowal, B.Com Final Year Pragyan : Both MBA and MCA are two good career options. Now, it depends upon your interest and aptitude which one you choose as your career considering your commerce background management may be more suitable field for you. An MBA degree will surely help you to get a good placement. Of course, you must get your degree from a recognised institute of good reputation. You should take CAT, MAT, etc national level B-School Entrance tests, as most of the institutes in India accept CAT/ MAT scores for admission. But you may get admission to some institutes without taking CAT/ MAT, because those institutes, particularly the universities conduct their own admission tests to select candidates for their MBA programmes. There are a number of institutes in Assam which offer MBA equivalent courses. Dibrugarh University, Gauhati University and Tezpur University have their own MBA courses. You may also consider Assam Institute of Management (AIM) and NERIM both located at Guwahati. All are reputed institutes with good placement records. However, if you are keenly interest to a have a career in IT sector and had mathematics as a subject in HS (10+2) level you may think of MCA. MCA courses are offered in Dibrugarh University, Tezpur University and Gauhati University in their own campus and through other institutes. You can do MCA in any of the engineering colleges in Assam, e.g.. JEC (Jorhat), AEC (Guwahati) and NIT (Silchar). NERIM (Guwahati) also offers MCA course under Gauhati University. All the universities in Assam GU, TU and DU conduct their own admission tests for selection of students for MBA or MCA courses. To get admission you have to go through the written test and interview. There are many private institutes also at different places in Assam including Tinsukia, which offer MBA/ PGDM/ MCA courses. They are however study centres running under distance education system of some universities. If you want to do your course from these institutes/ study centres, you should first confirm their affiliation, AICTE recognition and placement record. Your financial condition will not be hindrance in pursuing a course of either MBA or MCA. If you get admission in a Govt. run university or institute the cost will be very low. Banks also provide educational loan for students getting admission in reputed institutes. So, your first priority should be concentrating all your efforts on preparation for admission tests. You may seek guidance in this regard from the faculty members of commerce dept. Tinsukia College. If

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/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

you have a strong will, you will be able to achieve your goal against all the odds. Best of luck. Common Entrance Admission Test (CAT) Notification : July. Exam : November

Management Aptitude Test (MAT) 4 tests every year – Feb, May, Sept., Dec. [MAT score is recognised and accepted by Govt. universities including Dibrugarh University for admission] (Answered by Nilim Jyoti Senapati)

Tezpur ITI and Maruti Suzuki India Ltd sign MoU

T

he Tezpur Industrial Training Institute moved into a progressive phase of vocational training by inking a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on 21st October,08 with the Maruti Suzuki India Limited for introducing new multiskilled modular courses. With the MoU in place, both the parties have mutually agreed on achieving the goal of imparting up-to-date technical knowledge in the field of automobile technology to the students of ITI, Tezpur. The MoU will be effective for five years, which could be further renewed. Plans are also on the anvil to sign an MoU between the Maruti Suzuki India Ltd and the ITI Jorhat. The Maruti Suzuki Ltd. will henceforth help the ITI to set up facilities to provide necessary training assistance in imparting latest

technical knowledge of their automobiles so that students are well acquainted with Maruti services before they are absorbed into the company. The MoU will also bring both the parties together on updating the course curriculum and adoption of new training technology from time to time. The four members joint-working committee comprising Members of both parties would look after the work such as faculty and staff development, one-day lectures, teaching aids, seminars, workshops and on-job training. [PEB] ©The Assam Tribune, Buljit Buragohain ([email protected] & [email protected]

The Wind Beneath Our Wings

A Profession as Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (AME) @ The North East Institute of Aeronautics, Guwahati, Whenever one thinks of a career in the aviation industry, it is either as a pilot or as cabin /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

crew. But beyond the glamour and coveted uniforms are careers that are not only ambitious

/ 40

but come with a whole lot of responsibility. One such job is that of an aircraft maintenance engineer (AME). An AME is like a doctor, but with double t h e responsibilities. A pilot merely flies and reaches the destination. AMEs ensure that the aircraft is fit to fly and that passengers can fly safely. The aircraft industry in India is booming with airline operators being forced to hire pilots from abroad. The requirement for AMEs is even greater. There’s a huge demand for AMEs abroad, especially in Asia, so opportunities for Indian professionals are looking bright. The salaries in the sector have increased by leaps and bounds in recent years. A fresher with a licence can easily earn anywhere between Rs 20,000 and 25,000. With a few years of experience and expertise on newer aircraft, a person can easily command a salary of around a lakh . AMEs in senior posts can earn up to Rs 3.5 lakh. Another advantage in this profession is that AME is basically a license-based profession so there is no retirement age as such. There were not many institutes around the country offering AME courses till a few years ago but recognising the projected demand for the engineers in the future, the government’s Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) recently gave various institutes the license to offer the course. The training period at these institutes lasts for two and a half years followed by a semester of “post institutional apprenticeship” at a DGCAapproved flying club or an airline where students work in real-time situations. A trainee has to take three licence examinations conducted by the

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DGCA and receives a B a s i c Maintenance E n g i n e e r ’s Certificate (BAMEC) recognised by the government once he passes t h e s e . Acquiring a BAMEC is necessary for obtaining an AME license to inspect and certify aircraft, engines and systems. The AME license issued by the DGCA is internationally recognised. The BAMEC is issued for both light and heavy aircraft, helicopters, piston engines, radio navigation systems and others. The minimum qualification for admission to almost any AME course is the Plus Two with an aggregate of at least 50 per cent in maths, physics and chemistry. Almost all the institutes have their own entrance exams followed by interviews. Some institutes go by IIT-JEE scores to select students. Fees range from Rs 2-4 lakh depending on the area of specialisation. Different institutes impart AME training for different types of aircraft. For instance, the Camellia Institute offers specialisation in heavy aeroplanes and jet engines, where as the North East Institute of Aeronautics, Guwahati, works with light aircraft and piston engines. The choice is for students to make. The top institutes that impart AME training include the School of Aviation Science and Technology or the Center for Civil Aviation Training in New Delhi; the Institute of Aircraft Maintenance Engineers, Secunderabad, and the Indian Institute of Aeronautical Science, Calcutta, to name a few. India has about 60 AME training institutes, 10 in the eastern region alone. [PEB] /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

Kamaruzzaman Ahmed

I

n the relentless quest of mankind to unravel the mystery of the solar system, an Assamese Scientist Dr.Musahid Ahmed also has contributed his mite to this effort. Following is a synopsis of his recent work published in the Journal, ‘Science’(Science is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world’s most prestigious scientific journals. The peer-reviewed journal, first published in 1880. The major focus of the journal is publishing important original scientific research and research reviews.) Oxygen is the most abundant element in Earth’s crust a n d accounts f o r

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

almost a third the planet’s mass. Of its three stable isotopes, oxygen 16 makes up 99.762 percent of oxygen on Earth, while heavier oxygen 17 accounts for just 0.038 percent, and the heaviest isotope, oxygen 18 , makes up 0.2 percent. However, a meteorite that scattered over Chihuahua, Mexico contained a oxygen ratio that was anomalous to that found in our planet and could provide clues to its origin in the solar system. “For a chemist, the question of oxygenisotope ratios is one that could help us understand the origins of the solar system,” says Musahid Ahmed (Musa) of Berkeley Lab’s Chemical Sciences Division, a beamline scientist at the Chemical Dynamics beamline, at the Advanced Light Source (ALS). “Why meteoritic oxygen isotope ratios are significantly different from those on Earth has mystified scientists for years.” Various models have been proposed to explain these differences, including the notion that isotope ratios in our solar system resulted from their creation in an exotic star, or in several different stars, through nuclear processes – models that Ahmed says “don’t work” – or, more persuasively, that chemical processes within the solar nebula itself gave rise to the oxygen ratios. One such process goes by the name of “isotope self-shielding.” The most abundant oxygen-bearing molecule in the solar nebula

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was carbon monoxide, and self-shielding has been considered a key to the relative amounts of oxygen that result when carbon monoxide is dissociated by vacuum ultraviolet light, or VUV. Self-shielding has been observed in molecular clouds of dust and gas in outer space. When energetic VUV light from a nearby star penetrates a molecular cloud, it breaks carbon monoxide molecules into atoms of carbon and oxygen. Different isotopes absorb VUV photons with slightly different energies, however; near the edge of the cloud, the carbon monoxide with the most abundant isotope, O16, soaks up many of the photons that can be absorbed by O16, thus shielding O16 deeper in the cloud. But O17 and O18, which absorb different energies, are not shielded. Inside the cloud, then, relatively more carbon monoxide molecules with the heavier isotopes are dissociated, and heavier oxygen atoms are released. Along with carbon monoxide photo-dissociation in the early solar system, water is also a key player in the process. Together they make for some intricate chemistry, which locks the heavier isotopes of oxygen into minerals that make up the oldest meteorites and subsequently formed all the other bodies of the solar system. It’s reasonable to expect that a similar process may have been at work in the early solar system, with the young sun radiating VUV that acted on carbon monoxide in a hot region near the protosun, or perhaps in colder regions farther away. Does VUV self-shielding really work under these conditions? And if so, what effect does it have on the resulting ratio of oxygen isotopes? Until now there were no answers; the proposal had never been experimentally tested. “Mark Thiemens of the University of California at San Diego contacted us to use our beamline to do a direct test,” says Ahmed. “The ALS provides VUV photons that can be tuned precisely to various energies that dissociate Carbon monoxide.” The experimenters sent ultrahigh-purity carbon monoxide through a test chamber and

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exposed each run to a beam of VUV photons generated in a synchrotron at four different wavelengths that were important for the selfshielding hypothesis. Exposure time at each wavelength was long, from a little over three hours to almost 16 hours. As the carbon and oxygen atoms dissociated, the oxygen quickly recombined with intact carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide, which was collected in a liquid-nitrogen-cooled vessel. These samples were taken to UC San Diego by team member Subrata Chakraborty, a postdoc in the Thiemens group and lead author of the paper describing the research results. Chakraborty chemically removed oxygen from the carbon dioxide. He then determined the isotope ratios by mass spectrometry, which separates isotopes according to their mass. Self-shielding has been observed in molecular clouds but may not account for differing ratios of oxygen isotopes. However they are determined, oxygen isotope ratios are preserved as the oxygen dissociation products of carbon monoxide combine with hydrogen to form hydroxyl and then water, which later reacts with dust grains to form minerals. “The results surprised us,” Ahmed said. “We set out to prove that VUV self-shielding is responsible for the ratios of oxygen isotopes characteristic of the oldest objects in the solar system, but it turned out we didn’t need self-shielding.” Basic chemical physics alone was enough to produce the higher proportion of heavier isotopes – and the ratios themselves were still a good match for those found in samples from the early solar system. The authors concluded that cold regions of the solar nebula were indeed a potential site for the generation of oxygen reservoirs with relatively high amounts of the heavier oxygen isotopes, “but not via self-shielding.” “You can see the ratios of the isotopes brought back by Genesis, but that doesn’t tell you how they came about,” says Ahmed. “The isotope ratios themselves don’t tell you why they /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

were different in the early universe than they are today, so there’s lots more science to do in the laboratory. One of the steps in the chemistry of oxygen that we want to test next is the reaction between oxygen, water and silicates, which produced the solar system’s first rocks. It’s the kind of experiment that beamline 9.0.2 was designed to perform: investigate chemistry in environments like those in interstellar space and in our own earth in combustion engines and the terrestrial atmosphere.” The above is a synopsis from Berkeley Lab News about the work done by Dr. Musahid Ahmed in collaboration with the UCSD group of Mark Thiemens. The work was supported by NASA and the U.S. Department of Energy. The results have been published in Science titled “Experimental test of self-shielding in vacuum ultraviolet photo-dissociation of CO,” – Subrata Chakraborty, Musahid Ahmed, Teresa L. Jackson, and Mark H. Thiemens. One of the lead Scientist in this group Dr. Musahid Ahmed, is an Assamese, who has found a niche in the scientific community in the United States of America. He is a Research Scientist working in the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL), Berkeley, California as a Principal Investigator. His research interests include Nanoscale Chemical Imaging, Biological and Environmental Mass Spectrometry, Aerosol and Combustion Chemistry, Nanoparticle Physics, Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization Dynamics, Synchrotron Radiation and its Chemical Applications. He was born in Digboi, the oil city of Tinsukia District, Assam. His parents are Mrs. Dabira Sultana Ahmed and Komoruzzaman N. Ahmed, now resides at Guwahati . His early

education was in St. Mary’s School, Nahorkatiya, Carmel School, Jorhat and Scindia School, Gwalior from where he passed his Higher Secondary Examination in Science. After completing his B.Sc (Hons) degree in Chemistry with a first class in 1985 from Ramjas College, New Delhi he joined University of Cambridge, UK in the same year for further studies and obtained his Ph.D from that university in 1989.He was awarded an Overseas Research Scholarship in Cambridge. He was one of the youngest students enrolled for the Doctorate programme in chemistry and obtained his doctorate at a relatively young age of 24 years. After doing Post Doctoral research in University of Leicester and Manchester in UK and Max Planck Institute in Gottingen, Germany, he moved to USA in 1995 and joined Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory as a Scientist and reached the current position of Principal Investigator in 2006. During his tenure in LBL he was awarded an Outstanding Performance Award in 2003. He is a member of American Chemical Society, American Physical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Vacuum Society. Dr. Ahmed has published more than 50 research papers in various scientific Journals and his most recent paper mentioned above is published in the prestigious scientific journal Science. He has been invited for talks in his field of interest by various scientific communities for conferences and seminars held in the USA and Jordan, China, Germany, Hawaii, UK and France. In March 2009, he will be a visiting lecturer at a school at the Abdus Salam International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy.

I

f you are a college/ university teacher or a freelance writer then Pragyan is a platform which you can exploit. It has these days online edition as well. We are here to publish your writings. Writings can be sent for any issue. We request you to write clearly on one side of a full scape paper. Name, address, e-mail address, mobile number alongwith the title of the essay should be mentioned on the first page. Please send your suggestions/ opinions on Pragyan this will only make Pragyan a better magazine. We are also prepare to publish thought provoking translated works. - Editor We believe not on the bondage of knowledge, but in its freedom /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

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Sangeeta Baruah

N

utrition and Health is such a vast subject that people can build their carrier on either Nutrition or Health alone. As the subject is related to Human Resources, it is one of the most important subjects of the modern world. Therefore, it is not possible to cover all the areas of the subject in a 2/3 pages paper. Now, I shall try to give an outline on the subject with the little knowledge I have on the same in this paper. Our bodies are like factories that need maintenance and fuel, which is supplied by the food we eat. Nutrition is the study of different kinds of food and how the human body makes use of them. All forms of life, whether plant or animal, require certain essential food elements in order to live and reproduce their own kinds. These food elements must be present in the diet in right proportion and

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must be taken regularly. A look at the list ,of the body’s components will give some idea of the complex chemical structures of which we are made. For average man they are: protein (17%), fat (13.8%), carbohydrate. (1:5%), minerals (6.1%) and water 61.6%. The cells of the body are like factories which use chemical reactions to change the component supplied to them in our diet into the products necessary for life arid growth. Human body is made up of millions of living cells, all very much alive and all can carry out their particular functions. Each cell must be fed and cared for. Otherwise it can work properly. To be assured of this we must choose a sensible diet. This is one of the most important thing in life. Now let us see what is health. At its simplest, health is the absence of physical and mental disease. However, the wider concept promoted by WHO is that all people should have the opportunity to fulfil their genetic potential. This includes the ability to grow physically and mentally without the impediment of inadequate nutrition or environmental contamination and to be protected as much as possible against infectious diseases. Primarily a good health depends upon the right choice of food. The human body has been beautifully engineered to operate smoothly /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

provided we treat it well. Our amazing body also has the power to combat illness and replace worn out tissues with new living cells. But if we fail to provide the right kinds of food, the body will soon grow old and die. The construction job of our human body begins at birth and continues for the rest of our lives. This construction process must be supported by right material i.e. right food. What are these body building materials? Doctors refer to them as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water. These materials we have in sufficient quantity and in right time if we want to be strong and healthy. Where do we find them? In our food of course. Only from our foods can we derive the materials for body building bones, muscles, nerves and skin, all of which are essential for the smooth working of every organ in the bodyHence the need for learning how to choose the right diet. Hence the importance of Nutrition. Protein forms the most important part of the living organism. Protein is exceedingly complex in its structure and functions and many of its reactions are still very mysterious. Proteins are basic to good nutrition. The human body is like a vast family of cells, all with their own special work to do. Everything we do, every reaction taking place within us, is carried out by one type of cells or another. This is life. These cells must be fed and cared for each cell in our body is dependent upon us to keep it alive. From the foods we eat the cell builds up its own particular type of protoplasm, the jelly like material of which all cells are composed. It is from proteins that the living protoplasm within the cells is built. This wonderful living material is constantly absorbing and expending energy. Part of this energy is needed for the growth of the cell itself. The rest is expended on the work it does and the heat is produces which keeps us warm and alive. Proteins are broken up in the gut into their basic components, amino acids. From these amino acids the cells make their own proteins. /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

After protein what come are carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins. Carbohydrates are mainly converted by the digestive processes into various sugars, especially glucose. These is the type of fuel that the body prefers since it is easy to transport and the cells can use it conveniently. Some cells, specially in the brain, need glucose as an energy source. This is stored in the form of glycogen and can be readily converted to glucose when needed. So a minimum level of glucose must be kept up for the brain cells to function. The various fats that we take are converted into fatty acids and they are stored in the body and will be burnt up in need. Thus fats, carbohydrates and proteins could be termed as Fuels for the body consisting of tissues and cells. The body also requires some chemicals which it cannot make for itself. However, these can usually be stored and so we may be able to survive for months without them before the effect of any deficiency in the diet is felt. We can not do without oxygen for any time at all and lack of water will be felt in a day or two, since this can not be stored in any quantity. The nutrients we need however are: vitamins, essential elements and minerals, fatty acids and amino acids. Vitamins are needed to help the enzyme systems which drive the cell factories. Vitamins are soluble in either water or fat. This difference is important because if the absorption of fat is abnormal, due to some disease in the intestines, them the fat soluble vitamins would not be absorbed. Food preparation may also affect some water soluble vitamins. Minerals elements needed for adequate nutrition include some like carbon and hydrogen that are so abundant that deficiency is practically impossible. Sodium and chloride, the constituents of common salt are essential to our bio-chemistry. Calcium is an important constituent of bones and other tissues. The body’s calcium turnover is carefully regulated by a complex hormone system which includes vitamin ‘D’. Iron is essential for the manufacture of

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haemoglobin. the vital oxygen carrying substance in red blood cells. Minute quantities of other elements are also needed. Iodine, for example, is essential to the manufacture of thyroid hormone. Fluoride is essential to prevent tooth decay. Copper, cobalt and manganese are needed for various enzyme systems. Amino acids are the nitrogen containing compound which are the basic building blocks of the much larger protein molecules. Different foods have different proportions of these essential substances - so a mixture of proteins is needed in order to have an adequate diet. Most of the fatty acid required as fuel stores and in make up of cells can be made in the body. Fatty acid consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the main fuel needed for muscular activity. From the above discussion it .is obvious that diet or food has the main part to play in the whole chart of nutrition. Food can be divided in to three main types — carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Carbohydrates and fats are used to fuel all the body’s processes and as already shown protein is the building material for the body’s tissues. Thus insufficient carbohydrate or fat means lack of energy and fatigue, lack of protein will lead to gradual wasting of tissues. Carbohydrates are commonly found in starch and sugar. Sources of carbohydrates are potatoes, bananas, bread, lentils, honey etc. This form is specially needed for people doing heavy work. Excess of sugar and starch puts strain in the pancreas and must be avoided. Carbohydrates are also protein spares. Animal foods such as meat, fish, eggs are high sources of protein. Milk and milk products, cereals and pulses are also high protein source. Complete proteins have the same structures of amino acids as the body’s protein as found in meat. fish, egg

and dairy products. Fats provide more than twice as much energy as other foods; which means we need considerably less of them. They also add taste and flavour to our diet. Fat also acts as a wall that protects our muscles. Fats are classified as saturated and unsaturated fats. Saturated fats lead to the damage of arteries and heart disease. Vitamins are found in the various vegetables and are a must for normal growth and development. Minerals are also essential for keeping body healthy, they are calcium, phosphorus, iron, iodine, magnesium, fluoride, zinc and copper and a balance diet always provides them. Last but not least is the dietary fibres because they help in the process of digestion. The energy from food is measured is terms of calories — one calorie being defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by 10C. A balance diet is one which supplies all necessary nutrients in quantities that suit the individual. Such a diet provides 1,600 Calories a day and consist of dairy products, vegetables, meat and fish, vegetable, fruit, bread and cereals. So where there is nutrition there is health. A good health means proper nutrition. Food planning in the homes is very much necessary. It is not true that only costly foods are nutritive. Low cost meals can also be as nutritive as costly foods. But above all many years ago a Hebrew sage years ago gave this counsel ‘‘A merry heart, doeth good like a medicine”. So for a better health apart from a nutritive diet, one should always be optimistic. Then only one can enjoy a better health. His or her whole body responds to the sheer joy of thing. So in the family every member should try to create a happy atmosphere so that the meal time turns out to be enjoyable one, which in tern will be a nutritive moment.

Reference: 1) 2) 3) 4)

The Marshall Cavendish Encyclopedia of Family Health, Vol. 2 & 6 The British Medical Association Complete Family Health Encyclopedia Your guide to Health by Clofford R. Anderson M.D. Various articles published in new papers and periodicals from time to time.

(The author teaches Philosophy in the College)

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/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

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/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

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[Òt¡¸¹=ã ºÜã>à= ë¤\¤¹ç¡¯à¹ ÎÒ‹³¢ãoã šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ã 냯㹠‘\Ú”zã’ K¿ìi¡à šøA¡àÅ šàÒü[ẠA¡ºA¡t¡à¹ [¤J¸àt¡ k¡àA塹 š[¹Úູ šõË¡ìšàÈA¡t¡àt¡ "à¹ç¡ ëÎÒü š[¹Úູ \ãÚà¹ã šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ã 냯ãì¹Òü δšàƒ>àt¡ šøA¡à[Åt¡ ¤à}ºà ®¡àÈ๠"àìºàW¡>ã ‘šåo¸’¹ 1312 ¤Uহ (1905 W¡>) ®¡àƒ ³àÒ¹ Î}J¸àt¡ (5³ ¤á¹, 5³ Î}J¸à)¡ú δ±¯t¡@ šø`¡àÎå– ƒ¹ãìÚ ëºJà &Òüìi¡àì¯Òü &A¡³ày K¿¡ú šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ã¹ ëƒl¡üt¡àA¡ "à[ẠA¡[¤P¡¹ç¡ ¹¤ã–ƒø>à= k¡àA塹¹ A¡A¡àìÚA¡ ëÒì³–ƒø>à= k¡àA塹, ³àA¡ >ãš³Úã 냯ã¡ú šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ã ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ [‡t¡ãÚà A¡>¸à¡ú 1891 W¡>¹ 11 ³àW¢¡t¡ Îà[Òt¡¸¹=ã ºÜã>à= ë¤\¤¹ç¡¯à¹ íÎìt¡ ët¡*ò¹ [¤¤àÒ Î´šÄ ÒÚ¡ú Ѭ஡à[¯A¡®¡àì¯Òü A¡ºA¡àt¡à¹ k¡àA塹 š[¹Úູ ƒì¹ ÎåJ¸àt¡, ÎåÎ}ÑHõt¡ "à¹ç¡ [¤‡; š[¹Úàºt¡, ëÎÒüA¡àº¹ ®¡à¹t¡¹ J¸à[t¡³à> A¡[¤-Îà[Ò[t¡¸A¡, ¤å[‡ý¡\ã¯ã, A¡ºàA¡à¹ t¡=à [¤‡; γà\¹ Ît¡ìt¡ Îà[Ä‹¸ ºà®¡¹ ³à\ìt¡ ºà[ºt¡à-šà[ºt¡à ëÒà¯à šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ã¹ ³à\ìt¡à Îà[Òt¡¸ "à¹ç¡ ÎåA塳๠A¡ºà¹ šø[t¡ ">å¹àK KØn¡ íº l¡ü[k¡[ạú [W¡y-A¡ºàt¡ ët¡*ò šà¹ƒÅ¢ã "à[ạú ¹Þê¡> [¤ƒ¸àt¡ ët¡*ò¹ Îå>à³ "à[ạú ‘"à[³È * [>¹à[³È "àÒ๒ ([t¡[>Jr¡¹), ‘\à¹A¡’ ("àW¡à¹) "à¹ç¡ ‘Î}[Û¡œ [>¹à[³È "àÒ๒ ¤à}ºà ®¡àÈàt¡ ™åP¡ìt¡à¯à ¹Þê¡> [¤ƒ¸à [¤ÈÚA¡ [t¡[>J> šå[=¹ l¡üš[¹* "γãÚà ®¡àÈàt¡ ‘¹Þê¡à-¤Øn¡à’ >àì³ì¹ "à> &J> &ìA¡ [¤ÈÚ¹ šå[= šøA¡àÅ šàÒü[ạú l¡üìÀJì™àK¸ ë™ ‘¹Þê¡à-¤Øn¡à’ šå[=Jì> A¡[¤P¡¹ç¡¹ ƒõ[Ê "àA¡È¢o A¡[¹[Ạ"à¹ç¡ šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ãìÚ t¡à¹¤àì¤ šøÅ}[Ît¡ íÒ[ạú ¤×t¡ì¹ ‹à¹oà, šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ãìÚ "γãÚà ®¡àÈàt¡ ëºJà-볺à A¡¹à >à[ạú [A¡”ñ ‘¤òàÒã’ "àìºàW¡>ã¹ 494 ÅS¡¹à¦¹ A¡à[t¡ ³àÒ¹ Î}J¸àt¡ šøA¡àÅ ëšà¯à ët¡*ò¹ ‘Ѷõ[t¡[º[š "à¹ç¡ [ƒ>[º[š’ ÅãÈ¢A¡ šø¯Þê¡ "à¹ç¡ ët¡*ò¹ ³õt塸¹ [šát¡ ‘"à¯àÒ>’t¡ (1960) šøA¡àÅ ëšà¯à ‘"γãÚà ®¡àÈà šøÎUòt¡ ë¤\¤¹ç¡¯à’ ÅãÈ¢A¡ šø¯Þê¡ìi¡à ët¡*ò¹ "γãÚà ®¡àÈàt¡ Îà[Òt¡¸ W¡W¢¡à¹ l¡ü^º ƒõÊà”z íÒ "àìá¡ú "à‹å[>A¡ ¤à}ºà Wå¡[i¡ K¿¹ \>A¡ A¡[¤P¡¹ç¡ ¹¤ã–ƒø>à= k¡àA塹¡ú ët¡*ò¹ ‘Qàìi¡¹ A¡=à’ šø=³ ¤à}ºà Wå¡[i¡ K¿¡ú K¿ìi¡à šøA¡àÅ šàÒü[Ạ‘®¡à¹t¡ã š[yA¡à’¹ 1291 ¤Uহ (1884 W¡>) A¡à[t¡ ³àÒ¹ Î}J¸àt¡¡ú šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ã¹ K¿ìi¡à šøA¡àÅ šàÒü[Ạt¡à¹ ÎåƒãQ¢ 21 ¤á¹¹ [šát¡ 1312 ¤Uà¦t¡ (1905 W¡>)¡ú "à>Òàìt¡ "γãÚà ®¡àÈ๠šø=³ìi¡à Wå¡[i¡K¿ šøA¡àÅ šàÒü[Ạ1892 W¡>¹ ë³ ³àÒ¹ ‘ë\à>àA¡ã’t¡ (W¡tå¡=¢ ¤á¹, W¡tå¡=¢ Î}J¸à)¡ú K¿ìi¡à Îà[Òt¡¸¹=ã ºÜã>à= ë¤\¤¹ç¡¯à¹ ‘ëÎl¡üt¡ã’¡ú ¤à}ºà "à¹ç¡ "γãÚà ®¡àÈ๠šø=³ìi¡à Wå¡[i¡K¿¹ šøA¡àÅ-A¡àº¹ ³à\¹ ¤¸¯‹à> ³ày "àk¡ ¤á¹¡ú šøà=[³A¡ ">åÎÞê¡à>t¡ "à[³ Òü³à>ìA¡ \à[>¤ šà[¹ìºòà ë™ šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ã¹ "àìKìÚ ëA¡Òü¤àK¹àA¡ã ëº[JA¡àÒü ¤à}ºà ®¡àÈàt¡ Wå¡[i¡K¿ ¹W¡>à A¡[¹[ạú

‘\Ú”zã’ šøÎU : ‘\Ú”zã’ šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ã 냯㹠¤à}ºà ®¡àÈàt¡ ¹[W¡t¡ K¿¡ú K¿ìi¡à¹ ši¡®è¡[³ "àìÒà³ ¹à\¤}Ź ÅàÎ>-A¡àº¹ "γ, "γ¹ ¹à\‹à>ã ¹}šå¹ >K¹¡ú ¹à\šài¡t¡ ët¡[t¡Úà ѬK¢ìƒl¡ü W¡–ƒøA¡à”z [Î}Ò¡ú ³à>¹ tõ¡t¡ãÚìi¡à "àyû¡³ot¡ [¤‹ÿ¤Ñz "γ¡ú ³à> ëÎ>àÒü Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ ¹}šå¹ ƒJº A¡[¹ìá "à¹ç¡ W¡–ƒøA¡à”z [Î}Ò šºàt¡A¡¡ú ³à>¹ tõ¡t¡ãÚ "àyû¡³ìoÒü K¿ìi¡à¹ Qi¡>à-A¡àº¡ú ëÎÒüó¡àº¹ š¹à K¿ìi¡à "γ ¤å¹gã "à‹à[¹t¡ ¤à /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

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¤å¹gã³èºA¡ K¿¡ú Wå¡[i¡K¿ [ÒW¡àì¤ K¿ìi¡àA¡ [>ÆW¡Ú "à[\¹ ƒõ[Ê®¡Uãì¹ W¡à¤ ë>à¯à[¹¡ú ƒ¹àW¡ºìt¡ ‘\Ú”zã’A¡ K¿ ë¤àºàt¡îA¡ "àJ¸à> ë¤àºàìÒ ™å[v¡û¡™åv¡û¡ Ò’¤¡ú ëº[JA¡àÒü "àJ¸à>ìi¡à [¤¯[¹ íKìá ³àì=à>¡ú "àJ¸à>¹ Qi¡>à šø¯àÒA¡ yû¡ì³ yû¡ì³ ÅãÈ¢[¤–ƒåîº íº ™à¤îº ëº[JA¡àÒü A¡à[Ò>㮡àKA¡ W¡à[¹i¡à š[¹ìZáƒt¡ Î\àÒüìá¡ú šø=³ ƒåi¡à š[¹ìZáƒA¡ "àJ¸à>¹ šøÑzà¯>à "}Å ¤å[º Ko¸ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¡ú "àJ¸à> "๴± íÒìá tõ¡t¡ãÚ š[¹ìZჹ "à‹à¹ š¹à¡ú t¡àìt¡à QàÒüîA¡ ¤o¢>àì¹Òü ÎÒàÚ ëºà¯à íÒìá¡ú A¡à[Ò>ã¹ "NøK[t¡t¡ \Ú”z㹠Ѭà³ã ¹à‹à>à= ¤¹ç¡¯à¹ ëA¡àì>à ®è¡[³A¡à >àÒü¡ú ‹à¹oà ÒÚ, ‘\Ú”zã’ ëºJ๠"”z¹àºt¡ šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ã¹ ³>t¡ "à> &A¡ l¡üì„ŸÒü* [yû¡Úà A¡[¹[ạú ëÎÚà Ò’º – ¤Uò¹ šàk¡A¡ γà\A¡ "γ, "γ¹ ëK﹯³Ú "t¡ãt¡ ¤å¹gã, "γ¹ Î}ÑH[õ t¡, "γãÚà >à¹ãγà\¹ δšìA¢¡ &A¡ šøA¡à¹ ‹à¹oà [ƒÚà¡ú "γ, "γãÚà Î}ÑH[õ t¡ "à¹ç¡ "γãÚà >à¹ã-γà\ δšìA¢¡ ët¡*ò [>ì\ &A¡ Ζµà>\>A¡ l¡üZW¡ ‹à¹oà ëšàÈo A¡[¹[ạú &ìA¡¤àì¹ "šøàÎ[UòA¡ >Ò’ìº* ët¡*ò ëÎÒüì¤à¹ [¤ÈÚt¡ ët¡*ò¹ [>\Ѭ ‹à¹oà ¤¸v¡û¡ A¡[¹¤îº "àJ¸à>ìi¡àt¡ Îå¹ç¡R¡à l¡ü[ºÚàÒü íº[Ạ– [™ A¡à¹ot¡ ¤o¢>àÒü šøà‹à>¸ šàìº "à¹ç¡ šø=³ ƒåi¡à š[¹ìZრ[¤¯¹oìt¡ ¤¸Ú A¡[¹¤ºKãÚà Ò’º¡ú šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ã¹ Kƒ¸-¹ã[t¡ ¤à ¤àA¡®¡Uã "à‹å[>A¡ ¤à}ºà Îà[Òt¡¸¹ "๴±[o Ñz¹t¡ ¤×º®¡àì¯ W¡[W¢¡t¡ ëÒà¯à šøW塹 t¡;γ Å¦ì¹ Î[ðt¡ Î}ÑHtõ ¡KÞê¡ã Kƒ¸¹ã[t¡¡ú ëÎÚà ¤à}ºà A¡=¸ ®¡àÈ๠ƒì¹ ιº, šøàgº "à¹ç¡ Τ¢Îà‹à¹o šàk¡A¡¹ ÎÒ\ š[¹[W¡t¡ ®¡àÈà >à[ạú &ó¡àìº ¹¤ã–ƒø>à= "à¹ç¡ "à>ó¡àìº ºÜã>à=, ¹¤ã–ƒø>à=¹ ιº "=W¡ Kറ㙢šèo¢ ¤àA¡®¡Uòã "à¹ç¡ ë¤\¤¹ç¡¯à¹ "γãÚà =ºå¯à A¡=¸-®¡àÈ๠š[¹Åã[ºt¡ ¹ê¡š¹ Kƒ¸¹ã[t¡¹ "à[Ò¢ – ëA¡àì>àìi¡àì¯Òü šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ãìÚ ">åιo A¡¹à >à[ạú ‘\Ú”zã’¹ šøàÚ Î³-Îà³[ÚA¡ "à‹å[>A¡ ¤à}ºà Îà[Òt¡¸t¡ "γ¹ ši¡®è¡[³t¡ "à>ìA¡ÒüJ>³à> "àJ¸à>-Nø”‚ (l¡üš>¸àÎ) šøA¡àÅ šàÒü[ạú [šøÚA塳๠W¡¸ài¡à\¢ã¹ l¡üš>¸àÎ, ‘"àìÒà³ Ît¡ã’, ‘[K[¹ A¡à[Ò>ã’, ‘>ãºà´¬¹’ (1915), šèoW¢ ¡–ƒø ®¡j¡àW¡à™¢¹ ‘Ît¡ã \Ú³t¡ã’ l¡üš>¸àÎ (1914), ¹\>ãA¡à”z ƒ[Ñzƒà¹¹ ‘\Ú³t¡ã’ (šø¯Þê¡ 1911) "à[ƒ¡ú &Òü[¤ºàA¡ ¹W¡>๠[®¡t¡¹t¡ ³Òü š[Øn¡¤îº ëšà¯à ‘>ãºà´¬¹’¹ Kƒ¸-¹ã[t¡t¡ t¡;γ Ŧ¹ šøW塹 ¤¸¯Òà¹, "à>[A¡ ¤àA¡¸-Kòàk¡[>* Î}ÑHõt¡KÞê¡ã ëÒà¯àìi¡à W¡Aå¡t¡ š[¹[ạú tå ¡ º>à A¡[¹ W¡àìº ëƒJà ™àÚ ‘\Ú”z ã ’t¡ šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ãìÚ ëÎÒü ¹ã[t¡ ®¡àìº[J[> ®¡à[R¡¤îº ëW¡Ê¡à A¡[¹[ạú ¤ã¹àUò>à \Ú”zã¹ ¤ã¹â« "à¹ç¡ ¤å[‡ý¡³v¡à¹ šøA¡àÅ Q[i¡ìá Ѭà³ã¹ šø[t¡ =A¡à ët¡*ò¹ "W¡ºà ®¡[v¡û¡¹ ³àì\[ƒ¡ú ëº[JA¡àÒü \Ú”zãA¡ t塺>à A¡[¹ìá Ît¡ã Îà[¯yã, A¡³ºà, ÅW¡ã, "¹ç¡Þê¡t¡ã¹ 51 /

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a[º l¡ü[k¡º¡ú JR¡t¡ [ÎÒòìt¡ ƒòàt¡ A¡¹[W¡¤îº ‹[¹ìº, W¡A塹 š¹à ë™> \åÒü-[ó¡[¹R¡[t¡ìÒ ¤¹[È¤îº ‹[¹ìº¡ú &i¡àÒü "à>ìi¡àîº W¡àÒü A¡’ìº – ‘ÒüÒtò ¡ ¤¹ ëi¡R¡¹¡ú ‹>-ìÎào, KÒ>àKòàk¡[¹ "ài¡àÒüì¤à¹ "àKìt¡Òü A¡’¹¤àt¡ ºåA塯àÒü í=ìá¡ú’ [‡t¡ãÚìi¡àì¯ šø=³ìi¡à¹ A¡=๠&ìA¡à l¡üv¡¹ [>[ƒ ëšà>áàìi¡Òü ¹à‹à>à=¹ [š[k¡t¡ W¡³t¡àì¹ ëA¡à¤àÒü ëA¡à¤àÒü t¡\¢>-K\¢> A¡[¹¤îº ‹[¹ìº – ‘‹>-ëÎàoì¤à¹ A¡’t¡ ºåA塯àÒü í=á &[t¡ÚàÒü ®¡àìº ®¡àìº ëƒJå¯àÒü 냡ú >Ò’ìº t¡Òòt¡ ƒåìÚài¡àìA¡ &Òü Q¹¹ [®¡t¡¹ìt¡ \ãÚàÒü \ãÚàÒü šå[¹ ³à[¹³¡ú’ W¡³t¡à¹ ëA¡à¤ JàÒü ¹à‹à>à=¹ [š[k¡¹ š¹à ëÒàìºàA¡à-ìÒàìºàìA¡ ët¡\¹ ‹à¹ í¤ "à[Òº, ™”|oàt¡ ët¡*ò áà[i¡-óå¡[i¡ A¡[¹¤îº ‹[¹ìº¡ú [K[¹ìÚA¡¹ "¯Ñ‚à ëƒ[J \Ú”zãìÚ A¡à[–ƒ A¡à[–ƒ Òàt¡ì™à¹ A¡[¹ A¡àt¡¹ A¡ìq¡ ƒÎå¸ìA¡Òüi¡àA¡ [³>[t¡ A¡[¹ìº – ‘ƒÚà A¡¹à¡ú ë³à¹ Ѭà³ãA¡ "à¹ç¡ >à³à[¹¤à¡ú "à³à¹ Òàt¡t¡ &ìA¡àì¯Òü >àÒü¡ú ÎòW¡àîA¡ìÚ íA¡ìáòà i¡A¡à-A¡[Øl¡, KÒ>à-Kòàk¡[¹ [™ "ºš "à[áº, ëƒÅt¡ &ì> "¹à\A¡t¡à ëƒ[J ëÎÒüì¤à¹ ëA¡[t¡Úà¤àÒü P¡¯àÒài¡ãt¡ =A¡à "à³à¹ "àìšà> ³à>åÒ¹ Q¹îº š[k¡ÚàÒü [ƒìºòà¡ú &[t¡Úà ët¡à³àìºàìA¡ "à³àA¡ ³à[¹ 뚺àìº* ëÎÒüì¤à¹ ëšà¯à¹ l¡üšàÚ >àÒü¡ú ëÎÒü¤àì¤ ">àÒA¡ìt¡ "à³àA¡ Åà[Ñz [>[ƒ Q¹¹ [®¡t¡¹ìt¡ [™ šàÒüáà t¡àìA¡ íº ë™à¯à¡ú "à³àA¡ &[¹ [ƒÚà¡ú ët¡à³àìºàA¡¹ ®¡[¹t¡ ‹[¹ A¡àì¤ï A¡[¹ìáòà ë³à¹ KõÒÑ‚A¡ "à¹ç¡ >à³à[¹¤à¡ú’ \Ú”zã¹ A¡=àt¡ ƒÎå¸ [t¡[>i¡àÒü "jÒàθ A¡[¹ l¡ü[k¡º – ‘t¡Òòìt¡ "à³àA¡ óå¡A¡ºãÚà º’¹à ¤å[º ®¡à[¤á ë>[A¡ ë™ "à[³ t¡Òòt¡¹ A¡=à [¤Å«àÎ A¡[¹³ ? A¡’t¡ [A¡ ºåA塯àÒü í=á íÎ >àA¡àØn¡ ™[ƒ &Òü W¡³t¡àì¹ ëA¡à¤àÒü [š[k¡¹ áຠ¤Jºà-¤Jº A¡[¹ \åÒü ºKàÒü ƒåìÚài¡àìA¡ šå[¹ ³à[¹³¡ú’ \Ú”zã¹ ">å>Ú-[¤>Úîº A¡o¢šàt¡ >A¡[¹ ƒå¤õ¢v¡Òòìt¡ ¹à‹à>à=A¡ ëA¡à¤àÒü ëA¡à¤àÒü "¯o¢>ãÚ ™àt¡>à [ƒ¤îº ‹[¹ìº¡ú "¯ìÅÈt¡, ƒÎå¸Òòìt¡ ë™[t¡Úà ëƒ[Jìº ë™ Òü³à> ™àt¡>à [ƒ* &ìA¡à l¡ü[ºÚठš¹à >K’º, &i¡àÒü "à> ƒåi¡àA¡ A¡’ìº – ‘ÒüÒòt¡ ƒåìÚài¡àìA¡ íº ™à*ò ¤’º¡ú ³t¡àìi¡à ë¤W¡ ÅA¡t¡-"à¯t¡ ¤ºã, "à³à¹ ¤Ú-¤Ññì¤à¹ t¡à¹ [š[k¡ìt¡ ë¤à\àÒü [ƒ íº ™à*ò¡ú [šW¡t¡ t¡àA¡ A¡à[i¡ 뚺ೡú ³àÒüA¡ã \>ã ¤¹ Îå–ƒ¹ã¡ú &ÒüA¡ "à³à¹ ëƒÅîº íº íK ¹\àA¡ [ƒ³¡ú &ì>ìÒ> Îå–ƒ¹ã [t¡ì¹àt¡à šàìº ¹\àÒü "à³àA¡ ¤¹ ®¡àº šà¤ú’ [‡t¡ãÚìi¡àì¯ šø=³ìi¡à¹ šøÑz௹ šø[t¡¤àƒ A¡[¹ A¡’ìº – ‘W¡à ®¡àÒü, "à[\A¡à[º ët¡à¹ &Òüìi¡à &i¡à 뤳àì¹Òü íÒìá, ®¡àº ¤Ññ [A¡¤à &i¡à šàìºÒü ëÎÒüìi¡à ëƒÅîº íº íK ¹\àA¡ ëÎà‹à¤ ëJà\¡ú ¹\àA¡ ëA¡ìºÒü [ƒ¤îº ™à³? ³Òü A¡’¤îº Ò’ìº &Òü\>ã Îå–ƒ¹ã [t¡ì¹àt¡à ë³à¹, "à> A¡àìA¡à [>[ƒ*ò¡ú ‹>-ëÎào t¡Òòt¡A¡ [™ ºàìK º, &Òü\>ã [A¡”ñ ë³à¹ ®¡àKt¡¡ú’ [‡t¡ãÚìi¡à ƒÎ帹 A¡=àt¡ tõ¡t¡ãÚìi¡à ºìK ºìK K¹[\ l¡ü[k¡º – ‘A¡à¹ ? ët¡à¹ ? Ò’¤Òü ë>à¯à칡ú /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

ëA¡àì> &ÒüA¡ ë³à¹ Òàt¡¹ š¹à A¡à[Øn¡ ºÚ ³Òü W¡àÒü º³¡ú’ Jà–ƒà, [>ÆW¡Ú šà¤à¡ú >àšàìº, "à[³ ëƒìJà> [l¡[R¡ šà[t¡ ƒåìÚài¡à¹ ³à\t¡ ëšï¹à[oA¡ Îå–ƒ-l¡üšÎå–ƒ¹ ‡–‡ "๴± ëÒà¯à "àìáàì¯Òü, "à³à¹ ƒåìÚài¡àì¹ [l¡[R¡ A¡à[i¡ 뚺à¤à¡ú’ Kòàt¡¹ ëƒ[J šø=³ìi¡àì¯ [¤ÈÚìi¡à¹ &i¡à Îå³ã³à}Îà [šát¡ A¡[¹ [ƒ¤îº [®¡t¡¹t¡ =A¡à ƒÎå¸ìi¡à "àÅ«Ñz Ò’º "à¹ç¡ &A¡à”z ³ì> šå>¹ Kàt¡ ëºà¯àt¡ [ÎÒòt¡ Û¡à”z Ò’º¡ú t¡à¹ [šát¡ ºåi¡ A¡[¹ ëºà¯à Jà[–ƒ¤îº ‹[¹ìº¡ú Kòàt¡¹ ¤à[Ò¹t¡ =A¡à "à> ƒåi¡àÒü [>\¹ ¤Ññì¤à¹¹ íÎìt¡ šâ—ãÎÒ ¹à‹à>à=A¡ ¤à[Þê¡ íº [ÎÒòìt¡ ™àyà [>\¹ t¡ì¹à¯àº A¡àÈt¡ í= "ºš "à>³>à íÒ A¡=à šà[t¡ "๴± A¡[¹ìº¡ú \Ú”zãìÚ [¤šƒÒà¹ã ®¡K¯à>ìA¡ A¡àt¡¹ A¡ìq¡ =A¡à ëƒ[J, ẠW¡àÒü, \Ú”zãìÚ t¡[Øl¡;ì¤ìK [ÎÒòt¡ ƒåìÚài¡àìA¡ [W¡d¡[¹ [W¡d¡[¹ [K[¹ìÚA¡¹ íÎìt¡ ¤ài¡ ¤å[º¤îº ‹[¹ìº¡ú K[i¡ÚàÒü &[l¡R¡ãÚà ƒ’ Kòàt¡ìi¡àt¡ 뚺àÒü ³à[i¡t¡ š[¹ =A¡à W¡tå¡=¢ š[¹ìZრt¡ì¹à¯àº &Jì>ì¹ W¡A塹 šW¡à¹ìt¡ [t¡[>*i¡àìA¡ [ŹìZრA¡[¹ íK =àìA¡àìt¡ "àuÎ}™³t¡ "®¡¸Ñzà \Ú”zã¹ ³>t¡ [K[¹ìÚA¡¹ ¤àÞê¡ Jå[º [ƒ l¡ü–µà[ƒ>ã íÒ >à[W¡¤îº ‹[¹ìº¡ú "àW¡[´¬ìt¡ &i¡à ¤å[‡ý¡ ëJºà캡ú ët¡*ò J} Îà³[¹ ³à>- ¹à‹à>àì= ë™> Îìšà>ìÒ ëƒ[Jìá¡ú A¡’t¡ ëÎÒü ®¡ã³A¡àÚ ƒå¤õ¢v¡ ƒÎå¸ìA¡Òüi¡àA¡ ëA¡à³º ³‹å¹ ³àìt¡ì¹ A¡’ìº – ‘Ç¡>àìW¡à> ó¡àÚà, ƒÎå¸Òòt¡, ™à¹ A¡¤ºt¡ š[¹ "ºš "àKîºìA¡ šø[t¡ìi¡à Û¡oìt¡ ët¡à³àìºàìA¡ "à³àA¡ ‹[¹-¤à[Þê¡ "à[>ºàÒü ë™[t¡Úà, "à[³ \ã¯>¹ "àÅà \ºàg[º [ƒ¤ºKãÚà íÒ[Ạ"à¹ç¡ A¡’t¡ [ÎÒòt¡¹ "à³à¹ ‹>-ìÎàoì¤à¹ &[t¡Úà "à¹ç¡ ºåA塯àÒü ¹à[J ºà®¡ [A¡ ? ³õt¡ìƒÒ – [>\¹ "šA¡³¢¹ šøàÚ[ÆW¡v¡ Ѭ¹ê¡ìš [>ì\Òü J–ƒà "à[³ìÚÒü ë™[t¡Úà P¡[W¡ "à[Òìºòà, "à³à¹ Îà-δš[v¡ Kòàt¡¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ ³år¡Òã> íÒ š[¹ "àìá¡ú A¡’t¡ ëÎÒü ®¡ÚëA¡àì>ì>à 뮡àK A¡[¹¤ ? ë³à¹ ®¡àK¸t¡ [™ "àìá ëÎìÚÒü [¤Ôºà ƒå[J>ã ëšøÚÎã, W¡Aå¡ìºàì¹ ™à¹ W¡àƒ¹¹ "òàW¡º [t¡[t¡[ẠҒ¤, [A¡”ñ ët¡à³àìºàìA¡ ™[ƒ ë³à¹ Ѭà³ãA¡ šøàìo >à³à[¹ ³åA¡[º "à¹ç¡ A¡’t¡ &Òü ¹o-l¡ü–µà[ƒ>ã W¡à³år¡à¹ê¡[š>ã >à¹ã [™ Òàt¡t¡ A¡[¹ [ƒ¤îº A¡=à [ƒÚà, ët¡ì>Ò’ìº "à³àA¡ šå>¹ "àK¹ k¡àÒüîº Aõ¡šào íº ëA¡¯º >à[W¡ìá¡ú "ºš "àKîºìA¡ ët¡*ò A¡àe¡> íº ¤’ºà, "à³à¹ [¤šåº ‹>-δš[v¡ A¡’t¡ ºåA塯àÒü í=ìáòà Kát¡ ¤à[Þê¡ ë=à¯à &\> ¤–ƒã "à[áº, [A¡”ñ [šW¡³åÒèt¢¡ìt¡ ëƒJå¯àÒü [ƒ³¡ú’ ¤àìÞê¡à>¹ š¹à ³åA¡[º Ò’º ëA¡ì>îA¡ ? [>[³Èìt¡ ëA¡ì> "Š±tæ ¡ \Ú”zã¹ "ìºï[A¡A¡ ¹ê¡š-ºà¯o¸Òü Òü[t¡šè줢Òü ƒÎå¸Òòt¡A¡ ši¡-š[¹¯t¢¡>¡ú &Òü >õt¡¸¹t¡à l¡ü–µà[ƒ>ã [t¡ì¹àt¡à\>ã [A¡ ët¡*ò¹ &A¡šøA¡à¹ \Ú A¡[¹ í=[ạú &[t¡Úà ët¡*ò¹ &Òü Îåº[ºt¡ ëÎÒü Åà”zà, ºðàÅãºà, ®¡Úàt塹à \Ú”zã ? &Úà Îìšà>, ë> Îå³‹å¹ ³àt¡-A¡=à "à¹ç¡ [¤šåº ‹>-δš[v¡ ëšà¯à¹ ºàºÎàÒü ³àÚà ë> [ƒk¡A¡ &ìA¡àìA¡ k¡à¯¹ A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à[¹ ¹à‹à>àì= W¡Aå¡ [ÎÒòt¡A¡ γè[º š¹àÑz A¡[¹ìº¡ú l¡ü;óå¡[Àt¡ íÒ [ÎÒòt¡ šå>¹ ³å[ƒ ¤[Ò š[¹º¡ú [A¡áå Î³Ú ët¡ì>ƒì¹ =à[A¡ W¡Aå¡ ë³[º W¡àÒü Qè[¹ íK ¹à‹à>à=¹ Q¹ šàìºîK¡ú \Ú”zãìÚ Q¹¹ šƒè[º³åJt¡ ëƒìJ ë™ &Úà Îìšàì>à >ÒÚ, ³àÚà* >ÒÚ, ÎòW¡àîA¡ìÚ ët¡*ò =A¡à A¡àe¡> Ká &ì\àšàîº "àRå¡[ºÚàÒü A¡’ìº – ‘ÒüÚàìt¡Òü &[t¡Úà ¤àìÞê¡à>-³åv¡û¡ "à¹ç¡ ÎòW¡àîA¡ìÚ ët¡*ò¹ [šøÚt¡³à \Ú”zãìÚ W¡à[¹ Òàt¡ ³à[i¡¹ t¡ºt¡ "à³à¹ γåƒàÚ ‹>-ìÎào ºåA塯àÒü W¡åå[º ë³[º W¡à³år¡à¹ ƒì¹ Τ¢àU ët¡ì\ì¹ ºåtå¡[¹-šåtå¡[¹ íÒ ë=à¯à "àìá, ët¡à³àìºàìA¡ Jà[–ƒ l¡ü[ºÚàÒü ëºà¯à¡ú’ Òàt¡t¡ Aõ¡šào íº >à[W¡ "àìá¡ú ÒàÚ ! \Ú”zã ÎòW¡àîA¡ìÚ šàKºã \Ú”zã¹ A¡=à ëÅÈ Ò’º [A¡ >Ò’º, ƒÎå¸ìA¡Òüi¡àÒü Ò’º ë>[A¡ ? ¹à‹à>àì= њʡîA¡ ëƒ[J¤îº šàìº ë™ ët¡*ò¹ A¡àe¡>ì\àšà¹ P¡[¹t¡ ¹à‹à>à=A¡ A¡i¡A¡i¡ãÚàîA¡ ¤à[Þê ¡ \Ú”zã ¤àÒ¸`¡à>Åè>¸ &\>ã šàKºã¡ú ³Òà>ì–ƒ \Ú”zãìÚ ëƒJå¯àÒü [ƒÚà [>[ƒ¢Ê k¡àÒüJ> ëA¡àì¹ì¹ &Òü Qi¡>๠[šát¡ ¤Þêå¡-¤àÞꡯ¹ ÎÒàÚt¡ \Ú”zãA¡ íº Jà[–ƒ¤îº ‹[¹ìº¡ú ƒÎå¸Òòìt¡ \Ú”zãA¡ "¤ºà >à¹ã Ko¸ A¡[¹ ëÎÒü ¹à[t¡ìÚÒü ¹à‹à>à= ¤¹ç¡¯à ¹}šå¹ &[¹ >àì¯ì¹ P¡¯àÒài¡ã ¤à[Þê¡ ë=à¯à¹ A¡=à ®¡¤à >à[ạú [ÎÒòìt¡ ®¡à[¤ìº ë™ t¡àÒüì>à "[®¡³åìJ ¹à*>à Ò’º¡ú P¡¯àÒài¡ã šàÒü ët¡*ò¹ ®¡àìÚA¡ "à¹ç¡ šºà¤ A¡’îº, šºà¤îº ëW¡Ê¡à A¡[¹ìº* ">àÚàìÎ ‹[¹ 뚺ठ¤Þêå¡-¤àÞꡯ¹ ÎÒì™àKt¡ \Ú”zãA¡ ÎåÑ‚ A¡[¹ tå¡[º¤îº ®¡à캳à> šà[¹¤¡ú [W¡[A¡;Îà W¡ºà캡ú [A¡”ñ \Ú”zãìÚ "àì¹àK¸ ºà®¡ >A¡[¹ìº¡ú šøàÚ "à‹à Qsi¡à Î³Ú [t¡[>*i¡àÒü κ>à-κ[>îA¡ ëÎÒü [¤È³ ³à>[ÎA¡ ë¹àKt¡ "àyû¡à”z íÒ =à[A¡ \ã¯>¹ "[”z³ ºà[K-®¡à[K W¡à[¹Òài¡ ƒ &i¡à Kòàt¡ Jà[–ƒ 뚺à캡ú [šìá ‹>- ³åÒèt¢¡îºìA¡ \Ú”zã¹ ³åJt¡ – ‘Ѭà³ã¹ Òàt¡¹ ¤àìÞê¡à> Jå[ºìºòà, ëÎào¹ [W¡>-ì³àA¡à³ &ìA¡à ëƒ[J¤îº >àšà캡ú šø=³ìi¡à Ѭà³ã¹ Òàt¡¹ ¤àìÞê¡à> Jå[ºìºòà’ &Òü A¡=àÈ๹ ¤àìƒ "à> ƒÎå¸ì¯ \Ú”zãîº W¡àÒü ×i¡à ³àìt¡ì¹ A¡’ìº – ‘', t¡Òü "à³à¹ &ìA¡à A¡=àÒü Ç¡[>¤îº ëšà¯à >K’º¡ú ³¹ìoìÒ [>\¹ ëA¡àºàt¡ ºKt¡ k¡àj¡à-³ÑH¹à A¡[¹á ë>[A¡ ? [l¡[R¡îºìA¡ Jà[–ƒìºà, ‹>- "àÅøÚ [ƒ \Ú”zã ó塺¹ ƒì¹ [>Íšàš &Òü Ît¡ã ¹³oãA¡ &Òü ëÎào A¡’t¡à ?’ \Ú”zãìÚ KÒã>àÒü l¡üv¡¹ [ƒìº – ‘"à¹ç¡ "ºš Î}Î๹ ƒåJ-™”|o๠š¹à l¡ü‡ý¡à¹ A¡[¹ìº¡ú ([ºJA¡ ëW¡>àÒü¹à³ l¡üZW¡t¡¹ ³à‹¸[³A¡ [¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ "¯Î¹ šøàœ¡ [ÅÛ¡A¡, º§¡ šø[t¡Ë¡ ëºJA¡, γàìºàW¡A¡ "à¹ç¡ Î}ÑHõ[t¡ A¡³¢ã) /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

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W¡™¢à¹ A¡[¤ìƒ¹ A¡ºì³ ¤à¹¤à¹ Qåì¹[ó¡ì¹ &ìÎìá¡ú >ƒã * ë>ïA¡à¹ ¤¸¤Ò๠A¡àÒû¡, ιÒ, W¡à[i¡À, A¡´¬ºà´¬¹, Åà[”z šø³åJ A¡[¤¹ W¡™¢àÚ šà*Úà ™àÚ¡ú & šøÎìU Ѷ¹o A¡¹à ë™ìt¡ šàì¹, ¤¹àA¡-Îå¹³à l¡üšt¡¸A¡à ë™ ÎåšøàW¡ã>A¡àìºÒü ë>ï- ¤à[o\¸ ÎìU ™åv¡û¡[Ạ&¹ >à>à[¤‹ Òü[Ut¡ ¹ìÚìá & "e¡ìº šøW¡[ºt¡ ëºàA¡Kà>, Îà[¹Kà>, ¤à¹³àÎãKà> * ëºàA¡àW¡àì¹¹ ³ì‹¸¡ú ƒåìK¢à;Îì¤ >¤³ã¹ ¹àìy * ƒÅ³ã¹ [ƒì> ÅøãÒj¡-A¡àáàìØl¡ ‘ë>ïA¡ài¡à>à’¡ Ñ|ã-"àW¡à¹¡9 &¤} &A¡‹ì>¹ "àØl¡´¬¹šèo¢ ³>Îàšè\๠>à³ ‘ë>ïA¡àšè\à’¡ú10 [>:Îì–ƒÒ Îåƒè¹ "t¡ãìt¡¹ ë>ï '[t¡Ò¸ * ë>ï ¤à[o\¸ Î}[ÅÃÊ¡ Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ 냸àt¡A¡¡ú &A¡i¡à "”zº¢ã> Òü[t¡ÒàÎ ¹ìÚ ëKìá &Τ "àW¡à¹-">åË¡àì>¹ ³ì‹¸¡ú &áàØl¡à "àìºA¡\à[–ƒøÚ๠šøJ¸àt¡ ë\¸à[t¡[¤¢ƒ, K[ot¡`¡ * 뮡ïìKà[ºA¡ i¡ìº[³¹ ([Jø[Ð¡Ú [‡t¡ãÚ Åt¡A¡) ®è¡ìKຠ[¤ÈÚA¡ Nø씂 ‘Kattigara’ (A¡à[i¡KØl¡à) ¤–ƒì¹¹ l¡üìÀJ &¤} ®¡àUà * Î}ºN— "e¡ìº¹ ("à>àÒü¹ Òà*¹) šøâ—t¡à[wA¡ [>ƒÅ¢> * \>Åøç¡[t¡ & "e¡ìºšøàW¡ã> γõ‡ý¡ ¤–ƒì¹¹ [¤A¡àÅ >à>à A¡à¹ìo 䱤 ÒìÚ[Ạ-ÿ-ÿ- ¤¹àA¡-Îå¹³à-Aå¡[ÅÚà¹à¹ >सt¡à &¤} "®¡¸”z¹ão * ¤[Ò¢¤à[oì\¸¹ l¡üšì™à[Kt¡à, "¤Ñ‚à>Kt¡ Îå[¤‹à, ƒ[Û¡ošè¤¢ ¤ìU¹ šø‹à> >ƒã * Îà³å[‰A¡ ¤–ƒ¹Î³èìÒ¹ ÎìU ÎÒ\ ë™àKàì™àK &¤} ¤ƒ¹šå¹Qàìi¡¹ [Îì‡ý¡Å«¹ A¡[šºàÅøì³¹ Îà}ÑHõ[t¡A¡ '[t¡Ò¸, ™à šøàW¡ã>t¡à ƒà[¤ A¡ì¹ &¤} t¡ã=¢ìÛ¡y [ÒÎàì¤ t¡à¹ š[¹[W¡[t¡ * šø[Î[‡ý¡¡ú &Τ ¤ì–ƒ¹¹ šÆW¡àƒ®è¡[³* [Ạ[¤Åມú šøàW¡ã> Ñ‚ºš=-[K[¹š=P¡ìºà* ¤ƒ¹šå¹®¡àUàìA¡ њŢ A¡ì¹[ạ, P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ ¤–ƒ¹ [ÒÎàì¤ ¤¸¤Òàì¹¹ ">åA衺 š[¹ì¤Å Îõ[Ê¡¹ ÎÒàÚA¡ ÒìÚ[ạú W¡™¢àšìƒ [¤‹õt¡ ë>ï- šø[t¡ì¤Å t¡àÒü [A¡áå š[¹³àìo Òìº* >ƒã³àtõ¡A¡ ¤¹àA¡Îå¹³à l¡üšt¡¸A¡à¹ šø[t¡Zá[¤ -ÿ-ÿ- Îà}ÑHõ[t¡A¡ * '[t¡Òà[ÎA¡ ƒõ[Ê¡ìA¡ào ë=ìA¡ &³> ">å³à> [>ÆW¡Ú "ÎUt¡ Òì¤ >à¡ú R¡) W¡™¢àšìƒ¹ ®¡àÈ๠¹ê¡št¡w [¤W¡àì¹ ¤¹àA¡ l¡üšt¡¸A¡à¹ W¡™¢à ¹ç¡ìJ¹ (2) ƒå[º (2) ÎÒठ(41, 43) oà¤Øl¡ã (38) ¤åØl¡Òü 14) "àÒüº (3) W¡[Øl¡ (10) ëKºà (7, 15) ¤º"à (38) [¤"àºã (4) A¡àì>i¡ (2)

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/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

"àe¡[ºA¡ ¤à}ºà¹ í¤[ÅÊ¡¸P¡ìºà šøt¡ãÚ³à> ÒÚ, 뙳> -ÿ-ÿA¡³¢ δ߃àì>¹ [¤®¡[v¡û¡ ‘ì¹’ : ‘ët¡àìÒàì¹ [¤¹ç¡"à ë¤àºÒü’ (18), ‘A¡[¹oà A¡[¹[oì¹ò [¹Î"’ (9) "[‹A¡¹o A¡à¹ìA¡ ‘t¡’ [¤®¡[v¡û¡ : ‘i¡àºt¡ ë³à¹ Q¹’ (33), ‘ÎàS¡³t¡ W¡[Øl¡ìº’ (5) , ‘ÒàØl¡ãt¡ ®¡àt¡ >à[Ò’ (33)¡ú W¡™¢ à ¹ [ºU-ÎU[t¡ ¤¹àA¡ l¡ü š t¡¸A¡à¹ "àe¡[ºA¡ ¤à}ºàÚ &J>* ¹[Û¡t¡, 뙳> -ÿ-ÿ- tò¡[Ò ¤ÎÒü Τ¹ã ¤àºã¡ (Ñ|ã/ 28), ‘l¡ü³t¡ Τì¹à’ (šå}/ 28), ‘[>[Î" "Þê¡à¹ã ³åÎ๠W¡à¹à’ (Ñ|ã/ 21), ‘t¡[Òò ¤å[Øl¡ºã ³àt¡[U ëšàÒü"’ (Ñ| ã / 14) ‘"àÒü Î [Î \à[Î ël¡à´¬ ã A¡àìÒ[¹ >àì¤ò ’ (Ñ|ã/ 10, ‘[o" Q[¹oã W¡r¡àºã 뺺㒠(Ñ|ã/ 49) Òüt¡¸à[ƒ¡ú W¡™¢à¹ Åì¦ì™à\>à t¡=à ¤àKô®¡[U³à ¤¹àA¡ l¡üšt¡¸A¡à¹ "àe¡[ºA¡ ¤à}ºà¹ ">å¹ê¡š 뙳> -ÿ-ÿ- ‘[>ƒ ëKº’ 2, 36 ([>ƒ ëKº), ‘l¡ü[k¡ ëKº’ - 47 (l¡ü[k¡ ëKº), ‘Î[Øl¡ š[Øl¡"àò - 45 (Ò[¹ š[Øl¡"à), ‘³àcò¡ =à[A¡’ - 44 (³àc¡ =à[A¡), ‘\à ºÒü’ - 29 (\à ºÒü) ‘ë\ ë\ "àÒüºà’ - 7 ( ë\ ë\ "àÒüº), ‘A¡à\ > A¡à¹o’ - 18, 26 (A¡à\ >à A¡à¹o), ‘ëW¡"> > ë¤">’- 36 (>à ëW¡">, >à ë¤">) Òüt¡¸à[ƒ¡ú W¡™¢àÚ ¤¸¤Òê¡t¡ šø¤W¡>P¡ìºà* ¤¹àìA¡¹ "àe¡[ºA¡ ®¡àÈ๠'[t¡Ò¸¡¤àÒã -ÿ- Òàì=ì¹ A¡àS¡ào ³à ëºàl¡ü ƒàšo’ 32 ("àt¡¹ "àUåº "àÚ>à [ƒÚà ëƒJà ºàìK >à), ‘"šoà ³à}ìÎò Ò[¹oà í¤¹ã’ - 6 (Ò[¹o [>\¹ ³à}ìÎ [>ì\Òü í¤¹ã’, ‘ƒå[Òº ƒå‹å [A¡ ë¤ì–i¡ Èà³à"’ - 33 ([J¹à[> ƒå‹ "à¤à¹ ¤àì–ƒà Òà³àÚ >à), ‘¤¹ Îåo ëKàÒàºã [A¡ ë³à ƒåk¡¸ ¤º}ìƒò’ 39 (A¡à>à K¹ç¡¹ =à[A¡ ׄà "àt¡àº ®¡àºà), ‘A¡à–ƒÒü ÅP¡o [ÅÚàºã’ 50 (ëA¡*¹¹ ƒå:ìJ [ÒÚàº-ÒAå¡ì> A¡àì–ƒ >à), ‘ÒàØl¡ãt¡ ®¡àt¡ >à[Ò [>[t¡ "àì¤Åã’ - 33 ("à[Øl¡t¡ [ƒ¤à¹ Jåƒ >àÒü, [>tå¡Òü "[t¡t¡), ‘ÎàS¡³t¡ W¡[Øl¡ìº ƒà[Òo ¤à³ ³à ëÒàÒã’ - 5, (ÒàA¡³à l¡ü[k¡ìº l¡àÒü>-¤àl¡ü-"Òü*>à) Òüt¡¸à[ƒ¡ú

W¡™¢à ÎàU (20) W¡à–ƒ Èà³à" ë\àÒo [¤"à[t¡ [¤š= &Aå¡ (2, 15, 23, 24) ëJØl¡à (41) ƒå‹å (33) [š=A¡ (37)

"=¢ Ѭà³ã-Ñ|ã¹ê¡ìš ¤àÎ Wò¡àƒ šøì¤Å A¡ì¹ ë\¸à;Ñ•à [¤¤à[Òt¡ Ñ|ã [¤šÛ¡ &A¡ ëJºà ƒå‹ šõ=A¡

¤¹àA¡ ÒàUà/ ëÒUà (Î > Ò) W¡à–ƒ Òà³àÚ (È > Ò) ë\à>àA¡ [¤"[t¡ [¤š= &P¡/ &Lå ëJÒüØl¡ ƒåƒå [š=A¡ / 58

ëºà"àW¡à¹ (31) l¡ü"àÎ (7) ®¡"[Qo (31) ëáàÒü ëáàÒü (10) šÎìU [¹Î" (9) >o–ƒ (11) &l¡ü (1) t¡l¡ü (26) ëÎï (33) ëA¡à& (43) ÎàS¡³ (5) [Îc¡y (15)

ëºàA¡àW¡à¹ l¡üƒàÎ ®¡Ú-Qõoà áòåìÚ-áòåìÚ šøÎìU #È¢à A¡ì¹ >>ƒ &Òü t¡=à[š, t¡¤å ëÎÒü ëA¡ ÎòàìA¡à [·ý¡ ÒÚ

ºå"àW¡à¹ l¡ü"àÎ ®¡"[Qo áÒü áÒü šÎìU [¹Îô >>>ôƒ &l¡ü t¡l¡ü/ ët¡l¡ü ëÒï (Î > Ò) Aå¡ìÚ ÒàA¡³ (Î > Ò) [Òìc¡ (Î > Ò)

ok¡à (31, 35, 49) l¡üyJã (16) šàoã (6, 14, 45, 47) [=¹ (3, 38) ë=àÒü (8) l¡üyÎò (12) šà" (14) A¡à³ (22) "ƒ®å¡Úà (30) Q[¹oã (49) [áoàºã (18) &=å (16, 20, 22, 27) W¡àìUØl¡à (10)

W¡™à¢ šìƒ ¤¹àA¡ l¡šü t¡¸A¡àÚ šøW¡[ºt¡ šøW¡å ¹ Å즹 šøàÚ "[¤Aõ¡[t¡ "¤Ñ‚àÚ Î³àÒà¹-γàì¤Å ºÛ¡¸ A¡¹à ™àÚ¡ú A¡ìÚA¡[i¡ ƒõÊ¡à”z : &Τ Ŧ &J>* ¤¹àA¡ l¡üšt¡¸A¡àÚ ƒà[šìÚ ë¤Øl¡àìZá¡ú \à>à> [ƒìZá &Òü l¡šü t¡¸A¡à¹ šø[Ñ‚t¡ [ƒ>P¡ìºàìA¡, Îå¤o¢ "t¡ãt¡ìA¡¡ú Ò¹šøÎàƒ ÅàÑ|ã A¡tõ¢¡A¡ W¡™¢šå[= "à[¤ÍH๠* šøA¡àìŹ š¹ ë=ìA¡ ¤à}ºà, "Î[³Úà, *[Øl¡Úà, í³[=[º * [Ò[–ƒ ®¡àÈàÎà[Òìt¡¸¹ š[r¡ìt¡¹à W¡™¢àšìƒ¹ [¤ÈÚ [>ìÚ [¤Ñz¹ "àìºàW¡>à A¡ì¹ìá>¡ú ®¡à¹t¡-¤à}ºàìƒìŹ ¤àÒüì¹ Òü}ì¹[\ &¤}

>Ê¡ l¡üìšÛ¡à A¡ì¹ \º [Ñ‚¹ ë¹ìJ l¡üšìƒÅ šà, W¡¹o A¡³¢ "Š±æt¡ Q¹oã, Kõ[Òoã °Ê¡à >à¹ã &Jàì> ¤òàìŹ cå¡[Øl¡/ W¡àUà[¹

>k¡à l¡ü"à[J/ l¡ü"à[B¡ šà[> [=¹ =Òü l¡üìÚÎ šà" A¡à³ "àƒô®å¡"à Q[¹[> [á>à[º &=å/ &tå¡ W¡àR¡Øl¡à¡

ó¡¹à[Îìt¡* "àìºàW¡>๠ÒìÚìá¡ú &Òü "àìºàW¡>๠‹à¹à [>¹”z¹ W¡ºìá¡ú &A¡ "ì=¢ W¡™¢àšƒ šå[= ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ l¡üš³ÒàìƒìŠΤ¢àìšÛ¡à "[‹A¡ "àìºà[W¡t¡ šå[=¡ú t¡=à[š ¤ºà ™àì¤ >à, W¡™¢àšƒ δšìA¢¡ ΤA¡=àÒü ¤ºà ÒìÚ ëKìá¡ú W¡™¢àšìƒ¹ ™åKγà\ * ®¡àÈà šøÎìU šøâ—-Òü[t¡ÒàÎ[¤ƒ * ®¡àÈà[¤ƒìƒ¹ ƒõ[Ê¡ ¤¹àA¡ l¡üšt¡¸A¡à¹ "àe¡[ºA¡ ¤à}ºà ®¡àÈ๠[ƒìA¡ [>¤ìÞê¡ Òì¤ &³> "àÅà "à³¹à A¡¹ìt¡Òü šà[¹¡ú

t¡=¸ šå[= : 1¡ú

Òà\๠¤áì¹¹ šå¹ào ¤àUàºà ®¡àÈàÚ ë¤ï‡ý¡Kà> * ëƒàÒà : Ò¹šøÎàƒ ÅàÑ|ã : ¤UãÚ š[¹Èƒ A¡ºA¡àt¡à : 1388 : šõ: 36¡ú

2¡ú The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language (Vol. I) : Suniti Kumar Chattterjee : Rupa & Co. : 1986 : P. 111. 3¡ú Ò¹šøÎàƒ ÅàÑ|ã ¹W¡>à-Î}NøÒ (3Ú Jr¡) : Ît¡¸[\; ëW¡ï‹å¹ã, [>[JìºÅ«¹ ëÎ>P¡œ¡, 냤šøÎàƒ ®¡j¡àW¡à™¢, "g> ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ, Îå[³yà ®¡j¡àW¡à™¢ δšà[ƒt¡ : š[ÆW¡³¤Uò ¹à\¸ šåÑzA¡ šÈ¢ƒ : A¡ºA¡àt¡à : 1984: šõ : 292¡ú 4¡ú ¤¹àA¡ l¡üšt¡¸A¡àÚ ¤à}ºà Îà[Òt¡¸ W¡W¢¡à¹ ‹à¹à¤à[ÒA¡ Òü[t¡ÒàÎ : "³ìº–ƒå ®¡j¡àW¡à™¢ : "Û¡¹¤õv¡ : 3Ú ¤È¢ 2Ú "[t¡[¹v¡û¡ Î}J¸à : &[šøº 1993 : A¡[¹³Kg : šõ. 49¡ú 5¡ú W¡™¢àKã[t¡ šƒà¤ºã : ÎåA塳๠ëÎ> : A¡ºA¡àt¡à : 1995 : šõ 36¡ú 6¡ú ¤à}ºà Îà[Òìt¡¸¹ Òü[t¡ÒàÎ -ÿ-ÿ- "à[ƒ™åK (šø¤Þê¡) \ã¤> >à= : \à[t¡Uà : Åใ Î}A¡º> 1431 : šõ 7¡ú 7¡ú ¤>t¡à¹àšå¹ -ÿ-ÿ- íŤÎ}ÑHõ[t¡¹ δ±à>à³Ú šøâ—Ñ‚º (šø¤Þê¡) : tå¡Èà¹A¡à[”z >à= : \à[t¡Uà : Åใ Î}A¡º> : 1411 : šõ 20¡ú 8¡ú A¡àáàìØl¡¹ Òü[t¡¤õv¡ : l¡üìš–ƒøW¡–ƒø P¡Ò : P¡ÚàÒà[i¡ : 1971 : šõ 12¡ú 9¡ú [>³àÒü¹ ¤à¹³àÎã : ¹à\ì³àÒ> >à= : ÅøãÒj¡ Îà[Òt¡¸ š[¹È; š[yA¡à : 3Ú ¤È¢, 2Ú Î}J¸à : Åøà¤o 1345 : šõ : 21¡ú 10¡ú Îå¹³à ¤¹àA¡ l¡üšt¡¸A¡à¹ ë>ïA¡àšè\à-šøàÎ[UA¡ t¡=¸ (šø¤Þê¡) : "³ìº–ƒå ®¡j¡àW¡à™¢ : ÅøãÒj¡-A¡àáàìØl¡¹ šøàW¡ã> Òü[t¡ÒàÎ * Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ ¹ê¡šì¹Jà : ë\¸à[t¡[¹–ƒø>à= ëW¡ï‹å¹ã, Îå[>³¢º ƒv¡ ëW¡ï‹å¹ã, "³ìº–ƒå ®¡j¡àW¡à™¢, ³à>줖ƒø ®¡j¡àW¡à™¢ δšà[ƒt¡ : [ź} : 1996 : šõ : 209¡ú (ëÎï\>¸ : \à[t¡Uà, 2007 Jõ@ Åใ Î}A¡º>)

(ëºJA¡ [źW¡¹ ιA¡à¹ã l¡üZW¡t¡¹ ³à‹¸[³A¡ [¤ƒ¸àºìÚ¹ ¤à}ºà ®¡àÈà * Îà[Òt¡¸¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡, A¡[¤, ëºàA¡ Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ Kì¤ÈA¡ &¤} ‘\à[t¡Uà’ A¡àKì\¹ δšàƒA¡)

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/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

šèo¢à>–ƒ ¤¹ç¡¯à t¡ãÚ \ã¯>îº Î}A¡i¡ "à[Òìº -ÿ- ƒåQ¢i¡>à Î}Q[i¡t¡ Ò’ìº (ëÎÒü Î}A¡i¡ ®¡àÈà ‹³¢ ¤à ëKàË¡ã [™Ò¹ š¹àÒü l¡ü;š[v¡ >Ò*A¡ ºà[Kìº) "γãÚà ³à>åìÒ Qi¡>๠šøA¡õ t¡ l¡ü;Î l¡üƒQô ài¡> A¡[¹ [>Ë塹 ¤àÑz¯¹ ³åJà³å[J ëÒà¯à¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡ "àì¤Kšø¯o íÒ "t¡ãt¡¹ ëÅ-¤ã™¢ ¤à W¡ÒA¡ã š¹´š¹à¹ A¡=à ëÎò௹o A¡ì¹ "à¹ç¡ A¡=àÒü A¡=àÒü ³Òàšå¹ç¡È ƒå\>à-"à\à> ó¡A¡ã¹ºà[W¡t¡-[W¡ºà¹àÚ "à¹ç¡ ë\¸à[t¡-[¤Ì塹 "àƒÅ¢¹ A¡=à l¡üìÀJ A¡ì¹¡ú Î}A¡i¡A¡àºã> ³åÒèt¢¡t¡ "àuìW¡t¡>à \àNøt¡ A¡[¹ \àt¡ãÚ 'A¡¸-Î}Ò[t¡-δßã[t¡¹ ¹Û¡à¹ "àÔà> [ƒÚ๠š¹´š¹àA¡ l¡üºàÒü A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à[¹ìº* ¤àÑz¯ Ît¡¸A¡ "à*A¡ào A¡[¹ "àì¤K Îõ[Ê¡¹ ‡à¹à \àt¡ãÚ \ã¯>A¡ [¤šÄ A¡[¹ tå¡[º¤ š¹à A¡à¹A¡A¡ [>³è¢º A¡¹à \àì>à δ±¯ ? "γt¡ Ѭà‹ã>t¡à šøà[œ¡¹ [šá¹ š¹à [¤[®¡Ä γÚt¡ ѬA¡ãÚ í¤[ÅÊ¡¸ "iå¡i¡ ¹J๠Î}Nøà³t¡ "¯t¡ão¢ Ò’¤ºKãÚà íÒìá -ÿ- ®¡àÈà "à¹ç¡ "[Ñz⫹ۡ๠¤àì¤* ët¡\¹ ëÎòàt¡ ë¤à¯à¤ ºKãÚà ƒå®¢¡àK¸\>A¡ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡¹ l¡üŠ±¯ íÒìá¡ú Îà³à[\A¡, ¹à\î>[t¡A¡ šø[t¡ìi¡à Î}A¡i¡A¡ [>³è¢º A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ ¹àÊ¡öÅ[v¡û¡¹ [¤ì¹à‹ã Îì\àì¹ [=Ú ëÒà¯à¹ šøìÚà\>¹ ³åÒèt¢¡t¡

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

š¹´š¹à '[t¡Ò¸¹ šø¤º šø®¡à¯ =à[A¡ìº* – "஡¸”z[¹o [ƒÅt¡ ÎQì> Î}Q[i¡t¡ íÒ =A¡à Qi¡>àì¤à¹¹ ¤àÑz¯A¡ "ѬãA¡à¹ A¡[¹ γà‹à> A¡¹à δ±¯ >Ò’ìº* -ÿ- "γt¡ [A¡”ñ Qi¡>๠³èºA¡ l¡üìZჹ A¡ìk¡à¹ šƒìÛ¡š NøÒo¹ š[¹¯ìt¢¡ "àì¤K "à¹ç¡ š¹´š¹à¹ "à‹à¹t¡ [>¹àÚ³Ú¹ šø캚 Î>à ÒÚ¡ú ëÎÒüìÚ Òt¡¸à-[Ò}Î๠ƒì¹ "³à>¯ãÚ [A¡áå³à> ƒåQ¢i¡>๠šå>¹à¤õ[v¡ "γt¡ ÎQì> Î}Q[i¡t¡ Ò’¤îº ‹[¹ìá¡ú [™ì¤à¹ Qi¡>à "γ¹ W¡ÒA¡ã š¹´š¹à-'[t¡Ò¸¹ š[¹š”‚ã¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ ¤t¢¡³à>¹ ¤àÑz¯ [Ñ‚[t¡A¡ ">å‹à¯> >A¡¹àîA¡ ºà[W¡t¡¹ ¤ã¹â« ¤à ³Òàšå¹ç¡È ƒå\>๠"àƒÅ¢¹ ëƒàÒàÒü [ƒ ¹v¡û¡šàt¡ Åè>¸ &J> γõ[‡ý¡Åàºã "γ KØn¡à¹ šøìW¡Ê¡à ³àì=à ¤à[º¹ 뮡i¡àìÒ¡ú ë™à¯à 30 "ìC¡à¤¹¹ [ƒ>à šø¤º Å[v¡û¡Åàºã ë¤à³à [¤ìÑ£¡à¹o Qi¡àÒü Î}Q[i¡t¡ A¡¹à Qi¡>àt¡ A¡¹ç¡o ³õt¡å ¸A¡ Îà¯[i¡ ëºà¯àÎA¡º¹ šø[t¡ K®¡ã¹ γ줃>à \ì>à¯à, ³à>¯ãÚ šø³èº¸ì¤à‹ šøA¡àŹ ºìK ºìKÒü šàÒ[¹ K’ìº >Ò’¤ ë™ Îà´ß[t¡A¡ "γ¹ Òü &A¡ [¤[ZáÄ Qi¡>à >ÒÚ¡ú [A¡áå &ì> A¡à¹A¡ "àìá [™ì¤àì¹ Åà[”zšèo¢ "γt¡ Òt¡¸à [Ò}Îàì¹ "¹à\A¡t¡à Îõ[Ê A¡[¹ "Î; l¡üì„Ÿ Îó¡º A¡¹à¹ š[¹A¡¿>à A¡[¹ìá¡ú &ì> "¯Ñ‚àt¡ "t¡¸”z \¹ç¡¹ã [ƒÅ¹ê¡ìš [W¡[Òû¡t¡ ëÒà¯à l¡ü[W¡t¡ &Òü Qi¡>๠"”z¹àºt¡ =A¡à "³à>¯ãÚ Å[v¡û¡A¡ [W¡>àv¡û¡ A¡¹à "à¹ç¡ [ÎÒòt¡¹ 뮡[i¡ l¡üW¡> A¡[¹ A¡ìk¡à¹t¡³ Åà[Ñz šøƒà> A¡¹à¡ú ƒå®¢¡àK¸¹ [¤ÈÚ ë™ "t¡¸”z "àì¤K Τ¢ZW¡ \à[t¡ìi¡àì¯ šøAõ¡t¡ ">åÎÞê¡à>A¡ ëKïo A¡[¹ ³ì>àKt¡ "à¹ç¡ [¤[®¡Ä [ƒÅ¹ Ѭà=¢¹ "àì¤Ê¡>ã¹ ƒõ[Ê¡ì¹ Qi¡>๠Qài¡A¡A¡ [W¡[Òû¡t¡ A¡[¹ [¤¤õ[t¡¹ šàÒ๠ít¡Ú๠A¡¹àÒü >ÒÚ – [®¡Ä³t¡¹ ëšàÈA¡ÎA¡º íÒ š[¹ìá "àyû¡³o-šø[t¡ "àyû¡³o¹ ºÛ¡¸¡ú ë¤à³à [¤ìÑ£¡à¹o¹ [A¡áå [ƒ>¹ šè줢 ëA¡àA¡¹àc¡à¹, ¤R¡àÒüKòà* "à[ƒt¡ Î}Q[i¡t¡ Qi¡>àì¹à ëƒàÈã "à[\ š™¢”z [W¡[Òû¡t¡ íÒ [¤W¡à¹¹ ³åJà³å[J Ò’¤ºKãÚà ëÒà¯à >àÒü¡ú ">¸Òàìt¡ 30 "ìC¡à¤¹¹ [>Ë塹 ë¤à³à [¤ìÑ£¡à¹o¹ Qi¡>àìi¡à ë™ / 60

"γ¹ ¤àì¤ >tå¡> ¤à ">àÒèt¡ Qi¡>à >ÒÚ – ëÎÒü Ît¡¸ \>à Îìâ«* šø[t¡ì¹à‹¹ [ƒÅt¡ Å[v¡û¡Åàºã ®è¡[³A¡à NøÒo A¡¹àt¡ ¤¸=¢ÎA¡º¹ Åà[Ñz Ò’¤ ºàìKì> >àºàìK – t¡àìA¡à ëA¡–ƒø A¡[¹ ë¤á K¹³ [¤t¡A¢¡¹ Îèyšàt¡ íÒìá¡ú "àì¤K ¤\¢> A¡[¹ í¤`¡à[>A¡ [¤ìÅÃÈìoì¹ A¡=àì¤à¹ óò¡[ÒÚàÒü šøAõ¡t¡ Ît¡¸A¡ "à[¤ÍH๠A¡¹à¹ šø[yû¡Úà NøÒo A¡¹à¹ í‹™¢ >àÒü ¤àì¤Òü "γãÚà ³à>åìÒ 1983 W¡>¹ ë>ºã¹ ëÎÒü ÒꡃÚ[¤ƒà¹A¡ šøàÚ [t¡[>Òà\๠[>¹ãÒ ëºàA¡A¡ [>‹> A¡¹à¹ "³à>¯ãÚ Qi¡>๠A¡=à [¤ìƒÅã ëJƒà "àì–ƒàº>t¡ "àk¡Å\> Å«ÒムëÒà¯à¹ A¡=à – "Ñ| Òàt¡t¡ tå¡[º ëºà¯àÎA¡º¹ Òàt¡t¡ ¤à ët¡*òìºàA¡A¡ [>³¢èº A¡[¹¤îº ë³[º [ƒÚà ëÎ>๠Òàt¡t¡ šøào ëÒ¹ç¡¯à šàׯຠël¡A¡àÎA¡º¹ A¡=à "à[³ šàÒ[¹ íKìáà¡ú šàÒ[¹ íKìáà – ëA¡ì>îA¡ A¡à¹ šøì¹àW¡>àt¡ Îà´ßƒà[ÚA¡t¡à¹ ¤ãì\ "à[‹št¡¸ [¤Ñz๠A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à¹à "γt¡ "à[\ ³à>åÒ¹ ³à\t¡ ëKàË¡ã δ߃àÚ¹ ³à\t¡ [Ò}Î๠Òt¡¸à¹ Qi¡>à Qìi¡ – Å}A¡¹ìƒ¯-³à‹¯ìƒ¯¹ [¤³º í¤Ì¡¯ ‹³¢¹ šø®¡àì¯ì¹ Îgã[¯t¡ \à[t¡ìi¡à¹ ³à\t¡ ‹³¢¹ "Åà[”z¹ Îèyšàt¡ ÒÚ¡ú "ÑšõŸt¡à\à[t¡ì®¡ƒ¹ >à³ >=A¡à "γt¡ &Òüì¤à¹¹ šø®å¡â« ¤à[Øn¡ìá¡ú ë™ïtå¡A¡¹ Aå¡-šø®¡à¯¹ š¹à ³åv¡û¡ "γãÚà \àt¡ãÚ \ã¯>A¡ [A¡Ú "à[\ ë™ïtå¡A¡¹ ¤àì¤ ë¤à¯à¹ã [>‹>¹ ƒì¹ Qõo>ãÚ Qi¡>àÒü A¡ºå[Èt¡ A¡[¹ìá ? ëKàË¡ã-¤o¢¹ ³à\t¡ [A¡Ú [¤ì®¡ƒ¹ ¤ã\ "}Aå¡[¹t¡ íÒìá ? Ѭà‹ã>t¡à – [™ Ѭà‹ã>t¡àA¡ [¤Ì塹஡àÒü ®å¡¯à "àJ¸à [ƒ[Ạ– ëÎÒü Ѭà‹ã>t¡à¹ [t¡[>Aå¡[¹ ¤á¹¹ [šát¡ "γ¹ ™å¯-áàyÎA¡ìº [¤Å«¹ šøK[t¡Å㺠\Kt¡¹ íÎìt¡ &îA¡Å Å[t¡A¡à¹ šõ[=¯ãA¡ \Ú A¡[¹ ëºà¯à¹ ƒå¤¢à¹ Ѭš— ëƒJ๠š[¹¯ìt¢¡ [>\ ëKàË¡ãA¡ \>\à[t¡A¡¹o¹ št¡àA¡à íº ¹à\š=t¡ Î}Nøà³ A¡[¹¤îº "àK¤à[Øn¡ íKìá¡ú Òü[t¡Òàι ¹=¹ W¡A¡[¹ šÆW¡àƒKà[³ A¡¹à¹ A¡à³>àÒü [A¡Ú "à[\ "γ¹ ³à>åÒ¹ ³>³K\å A¡ºå[Èt¡ A¡¹à¹ Îåì™àK šàÒüìá ? š¹´š¹à¹ >à³t¡ šå>¹ç¡xà>¤àƒ¹ šø[t¡ "à[\¹ šø\–µ* íÒ l¡ü[k¡ìá l¡üy௺ – "=W¡ "γ¹ "àA¡àÅ-¤t¡àÒ [¤ÚšàÒü "γ¹ ël¡A¡à-K஡¹ç¡ì¯ Å}A¡¹-³à‹¯-"à\à> ó¡A¡ã¹-ºà[W¡t¡-[W¡ºà¹àÚ-ì\¸à[t¡-[¤Ì塹 "àƒÅ¢ "γãÚà \à[t¡¹ 'A¡¸¹ 뮡[i¡ Ò*A¡ ¤å[º [W¡d¡[¹ l¡ük¡à¹ [šáìt¡à [¤®¡à\>³å[J W¡[¹y Kà-A¡[¹ l¡ü[k¡ìá¡ú Å}A¡¹ìƒ¯³à‹¯ìƒ¯, ºà[W¡t¡-[W¡ºà¹àÚ, ë\¸à[t¡-[¤Ì塹 "àƒÅ¢¹ A¡=à l¡üšº[§¡ A¡¹àt¡ ë™> "à³à¹ A¡’¹¤àt¡ yç¡[i¡ Q[i¡ìá¡ú ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ "àƒÅ¢ [ÅÛ¡àA¡ ">å‹à¯> >A¡¹àîA¡ "à[³ áàyáàyãìÚ ë>*t¡à ³åJÑ‚ ³t¡à¹ ƒì¹ ³åJÑ‚ ³à[t¡ìáà¡ú ºà[W¡t¡ ¤¹óå¡A¡ì> ëA¡àì>à δ߃àÚ-ëKàˡ㹠Ѭt¡”|t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ >ÒÚ – "γãÚà \à[t¡¹ \àt¡ãÚ '[t¡Ò¸ ¹Û¡à¹ ¤àì¤ìÒ [>\ Òàìt¡ ë³à³àìÚA¡A¡ Î}Ò๠A¡[¹[ạú ë\¸à[t¡-[¤Ì塹 [¤ì¹à‹ã ¤à [W¡¹Åyç¡\ì>* A¡’¤ ë>à¯àì¹ ë™ ët¡*òìºàìA¡ \àt¡ãÚ 'A¡¸ 61 /

δßã[t¡¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡ [¤ì®¡ƒ [¤®¡à\>¹ "àƒÅ¢ ƒà[R¡ ‹[¹[ạú ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ A¡=à ëA¡à¯à ët¡*òìºàA¡A¡ "àƒÅ¢ ¤å[º NøÒo A¡¹à \àt¡ãÚ \ã¯>îº ¤t¢¡³à> >à[³ "Ò๠ƒì¹ Î}A¡i¡ Q>ã®è¡t¡ ëÒà¯à \àì>à δ±¯ ? ÒÚìt¡à "à³à¹ ³> Òê¡ƒÚ A¡³¢ "à¹ç¡ W¡[¹y¹ ³à\t¡ ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ [ÅÛ¡àA¡ NøÒo A¡[¹ ëºà¯à¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ A¡’¹¤àt¡ [¤W塸[t¡ í¹ íKìá¡ú ">¸=à ë\¸à[t¡-[¤Ì塹 "àƒÅ¢¹ ">åKà³ãÎA¡º¹ ³à\t¡ Î}A¡ão¢t¡à Aå¡Î}ÑH๠"Þê¡[¤Å«àÎ "à[ƒ šÆW¡àƒKà³ã [W¡”z à Òü \àt¡ãÚ \ã¯>A¡ "à¯[¹ ‹[¹¤ ë>à¯à[¹ìºìÒòìt¡>¡ú "γt¡ "à[³ Îà³”zãÚ ™åK¹ ¤à-³à¹[ºt¡ Qè[¹ "àìáà – ™[ƒ* ¤à[Ò¸A¡ ¹ê¡št¡ &îA¡Å Å[t¡A¡à¹ "à‹å[>A¡ ³à>åÒ¹ ¹ê¡š íºìáà¡ú ™å[v¡û¡ Ît¡¸ "à¹ç¡ [¤`¡à>¹ *š¹t¡ [¤Å«àÎ Ñ‚àš> A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à¹à "=W¡ [¤`¡à>¹ >-> Îõ[ʹ l¡üšàƒàì>ì¹ ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ \ã¯> γõ[‡ý¡Åàºã A¡¹à 뮡àK-[¤ºàι Îà³Nøãì¹ [¤ì®¡à¹ íÒ š¹à &i¡à W¡e¡º ³à>[ÎA¡t¡à K[Øn¡ íºìáà¡ú šàÆW¡àt¡¸¹ 뮡àK Τ¢Ñ¬ δ±à¹A¡ ëKàNøàìÎ [Kºà¹ šøÚàι [¤š¹ãìt¡ ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ ³à\¹ š[¹Åã[ºt¡ Î}ÑH[õ t¡¹ ëÎà¯àƒ º’¤îº ™å[v¡û¡¹ "à‹à¹t¡ Qi¡>à-š[¹Qi¡>๠Îèy [¤W¡¹à¹ k¡àÒüt¡ "Þê¡[¤Å«àÎ, Aå¡Î}ÑH๹ *W¡¹t¡ Źo º*ò¡ú "à³à¹ >à¤àºìA¡à 'Å«[¹A¡ Å[v¡û¡¹ "à‹à¹ ¤å[º Îà³[ÚA¡®¡àì¯ W¡ìºà¯à šøW¡à¹t¡ 뮡ຠíK "à[³ ®¡ã¹ A¡ì¹à – ƒàÒü>ã ¤å[º [>¹ãÒ ëÒà\à Kò௺ãÚà Aõ¡ÈA¡A¡ [>Ë塹®¡àì¯ Òt¡¸à A¡[¹¤îº [‡‹àì¤à‹ >A¡ì¹à¡ú ë¹àK¤¸à[‹¹ ³[È³è¹ A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ &[t¡Úà* t¡à[¤\-³àƒå[º, W¡àA¡[¹t¡ l¡üÄ[t¡ – š¹ãۡ๠Îå󡺹 ¤àì¤ Îà‹A¡¹ W¡¹ot¡ ³è¹ìi¡à 뚺àÒü "àÅã¤¢àƒ [®¡Û¡à A¡ì¹à¡ú ¹à\šì=[ƒ δšèo¢ l¡üº}K íÒ íK =A¡à ‹³¢ãÚ P¡¹ç¡\>๠K[t¡¹ [¤¹ç¡‡ý¡àW¡¹o A¡¹à¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡ ët¡*ò¹ W¡¹o¹ ‹èºà [Źt¡ tå¡[º º*ò¡ú – &ì>ì¤à¹ [ÅÛ¡à ‹³¢¹ P¡¹ç¡ Å}A¡¹-³à‹¯-\àt¡ãÚ ¤ã¹ ºà[W¡t¡-"à‹å[>A¡ γà\Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ A¡àr¡à¹ã Ѭ¹ê¡š ë\¸à[t¡-[¤Ìå¡ìÚ A¡’ìt¡à [ƒ ë™à¯à >àÒü¡ú ¤¹e¡ ë\¸à[t¡ šøÎàìƒ ƒõØn¡t¡àì¹ l¡üìÀA¡ A¡[¹ íKìá – ¹ê¡šà”zì¹ìÒ \Kt¡ Îå–ƒ¹ A¡ì¹¡ú "à[\¹ ™åKt¡ \–µ º[®¡ìºÒü &\> ëºàA¡ "à‹å[>A¡ ¤à "à[\¹ ™åK¹ ëºàA¡ Ò’¤ ë>à¯à칡ú [W¡”zà ƒÅ¢ì>ìÒ ³à>åÒ¹ "à‹å[>A¡t¡à¹ š[¹W¡Ú ƒà[R¡ ‹ì¹¡ú "¯ìŸ ë\¸à[t¡-[¤Ìå¡ "à[ƒ \àt¡ãÚ Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ Îà‹A¡ÎA¡ìº ÎA¡ãÚàÒü íKìá >tå¡> ³àì>Òü ÎA¡ìºà ®¡àº "à¹ç¡ "t¡ãt¡ ³àì>Òü ÎA¡ìºà ¤\¢>ãÚ [Î Ît¡¸ >ÒÚ¡ú "t¡ãt¡¹ [™ì¤à¹ š¹´š¹àÒü ®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ ¤å[>Úàƒ KØn¡>t¡ "[¹Òoà ë™àKठšàì¹ ëÎÒüì¤à¹A¡ NøÒo "à¹ç¡ [™ì¤à¹ šø[t¡¤Þê¡A¡t¡à Îõ[Ê A¡[¹ šÆW¡àƒKà³ã A¡[¹ ¹à[J¤îº [¤W¡àì¹ ëÎÒüì¤à¹ ¤\¢>ãÚ¡ú "à‹å[>A¡ ¤à š[ÆW¡³¹ NøÒoãÚ Î´šƒ¹ê¡ìš ëÎÒüì¤à¹ìA¡ Ko¸ A¡[¹ìá – [™ [ƒÅγèÒA¡ [®¡[v¡ A¡[¹ "à³à¹ ³à[i¡¹ íÎìt¡ =A¡à δšA¢¡ [¤[ZáÄ >îÒ "[‹A¡ [>[¤Øl¡ Ò’¤ – Î}šõv¡û¡ Ò’¤ "à¹ç¡ "NøK[t¡¹ ëÛ¡yìt¡à l¡üƒK[o [ƒ¤¡ú γà\-Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ ΃àÚ Î³ÞÚ Îà‹> ÒÚ "à¹ç¡ ƒåÑHõ[t¡¹ /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

íÎìt¡ìÒ ³à>åÒ¹ [¤ì¹à‹ Qìi¡¡ú ë\¸à[t¡-[¤Ì塹 l¡üƒàÒ¹o ƒà[R¡ ‹¹à "γãÚà ³à>åìÒ &Òüì¤à¹ A¡=à \àì>à ³à[> W¡ìº ? "àì¤KA¡ "àKÑ‚à> [ƒÚà "γãÚà ³à>åÒ¹ Ѭ®¡à¯¹ >³å>à [ÒW¡àìš "à[³ ƒà[R¡ ‹[¹¤ š¹à l¡ü;Aõ¡Ê l¡üƒàÒ¹o íÒìá ƒãQºãÚà "γ "àì–ƒàº>t¡ ™å¯A¡-áày-Aõ¡ÈA¡-Åø[³A¡ "à[ƒ A¡[¹ ÎA¡ìºàì¯Òü \[šÚàÒü š[¹[Ạ– šõ[=¯ã¹ ¤åAå¡t¡ "àìºàØl¡> Îõ[Ê¡A¡à¹ã "àì–ƒàº> ¤å[º "àJ¸à [ƒÚà "γ¹ ¹àÒü\ (1985 W¡>t¡) [ƒÀãt¡ ëA¡–ƒøãÚ W¡¹A¡à¹¹ íÎìt¡ Wå¡[v¡û¡t¡ ѬàÛ¡¹ A¡¹à ³åÒèt¢¡t¡ l¡üv¡à¯º íÒ l¡ü[k¡º ѬàÛ¡¹A¡à¹ãA¡ P¡¯àÒài¡ãt¡ [¤\Ú¹ ³åAå¡i¡ [šÞê¡à¤îº¡ú [A¡”ñ Wå¡[v¡û¡J>t¡ [A¡ "àìá ƒó¡àìA¡Òü i ¡à¹ "”z [ >¢ [ Òt¡ l¡ü ì „Å¸ "à¹ç ¡ t¡àA¡ A¡à™¢A¡¹ãA¡¹o¹ šƒìÛ¡š¹ [¤ÈìÚ Îì´±ƒ ëºà¯à¹ šøìÚà\> ">å ® ¡¯ >A¡[¹ìº¡ú "à[\ Wå ¡ [v¡û ¡ Ѭ à Û¡¹ A¡¹à¹ &Aå ¡ [¹ [t¡[>¤á¹¹ [šát¡ ëƒJà K’º ë™ Wå¡[v¡û¡ìÚ [¤ìƒÅã >àK[¹A¡¹

šø¤ø\> ë¹à‹ A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à[¹ìº¡ú Îã³à”z Îå¹[Û¡t¡ >Ò’º – ëKá ëyû¡A¡à¹ šøA¡¿ "à[\* δšèo¢ ëÒà¯à >àÒü¡ú "[t¡ δß[t¡ l¡üŠ±¯ ëÒà¯à "γ¹ γθàγèÒ¹ γà‹à>¹ >à³ìt¡à ™[ƒ "à[³ "àì¤Kšø¤o íÒ šì¹à ët¡ì”z "γãÚà \àt¡ãÚ \ã¯> [W¡¹[ƒ> ³å\å¹à š[¹ ¹’¤¡ú šõ[=¯ã¹ ÎA¡ìºà l¡üÄt¡ ëƒìÅÒü ™å¯Å[v¡û¡¹ ³à\t¡ [>[Òt¡ íÒ =A¡à "š¹à\Ú Å[v¡û¡A¡ "à‹à¹ ¹ê¡ìš íº "àK¤à[Øn¡ ™àÚ – ™å¯Å[v¡û¡ íÒìá šøào¯”z Î}ÑH๳åv¡û¡¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ "à³à¹ γà\¹ Wå¡ìA¡-ëA¡àìo \³à ëÒà¯à ³[ºì¤à¹ t¡=à ƒåÑHõ[t¡ì¤à¹ [>³è¢º A¡[¹¤îº Î}ÑH๳åv¡û¡ ™å[v¡û¡¤àƒã "à¹ç¡ ÎàÒÎã, "t¡ãt¡¹ š¹´š¹à ®¡à[R¡ >tå¡> "àƒÅ¢ šøƒà> A¡[¹¤ š¹à ƒõØn¡ šøt¡¸Ú δšÄ ëÎ>à>ã¹ìÒ šøìÚà\>¡ú ( [ºJA¡ ëW¡>àÒü¹à³ l¡üZW¡t¡¹ ³à‹¸[³A¡ [¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ "¯Î¹ šøàœ¡ [ÅÛ¡A¡, º§¡ šø[t¡Ë¡ [ºJA¡, Îà}¤à[ƒA¡ "à¹ç¡ Î}ÑHõ[t¡A¡³¢ã)

Bhudhar Phukan Dr. Diganta Phukan

P

anoramic situation has emerged in India through the interactions among different racial groups. These groups have migrated to India in different periods of history. According to Sir Herbert Risley there are seven races in India and these are – the Mongoloids, I n d o Aryans, Dravidians

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

Mongolo- Dravidians, Arya-Dravidians, Seytho- Dravidians and the Turko-Iranians. Dr. J. Hutton also categorized these races as the Negroits, Proto-Austroloids, EarlyMediterranians, Advanced-Mediterranians (Dravidians), Armenoids, Alpines, VedicAryans (Nordics) and the Mongoloids. But B. S. Guha classified the races in six categories and these are-the Negroits, Proto-Austroloids, Mongoloids, Mediterranians, Western Brachycephals, and the Nordics The famous anthropologist Suniti Kr. Chattupaddhyaya supported this classification of Prof. Guha and they were of the view that these races are found more or less in India. They also pointed out that the first four and the last one is in North east India. (Bhattacharya:1989).1

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From their study the racial groups that are found in Assam as well as North-east India are, the Negroits, Proto-Austroloids, Mediterraneans, Mongoloids and the Nordic(Aryans). Following is a brief discussion of these groups. 1. The Proto-Austroloids: The first migrants to North-east India are the ProtoAustroloids. They migrated to this region from South Asia and Indian Islands through Northeastern angle of this region long before the birth of Christ. After migration they inhabited in the Brahamaputra Valley. Later on when the Mongoloids migrated to the Brahamaputra Valley frequently they were unable to inhabit here with the Mongoloids and migrated to the hilly places. (Baruah: 1987).2 The people of this group found in India are of black complexion with high heads, flat noses medium heights. The famous Assamese anthropologist Dr. Pramud Ch. Bhattacharya mentioned that physically the Proto-Austroloids are medium in nature. In the early period they were a group of food searcher or food gatherer. But when they started to settle down in India they also began farming with traditional equipments. They were the first who domesticated elephants. The Khasias and the Jayantiyas are the people of this group. But according to some scholars the Khasiyas and the Jayantiyas speak the languages that were emerged from the Austric which was the language of the Proto-Austroloids but racially they were emerged from the Mongoloids. It implies that they are the Mongoloids. Besides, the Koles, Mundas , Saotals (Santhal) who are mostly found in tea garden areas in North-east India belong to this Proto-Austroloid race.(Bhattacharya:1989). 3 Some scholars are of the view that among the Karbis of Assam and Wanchus of Arunachal Pradesh the physical traits of the ProtoAustroloids are found more or less. 2. The Mongoloids: The next to the ProtoAustroloids migrated to North-east India were the Mongoloids who came about 2,000 B.C. This migration had continued till seventeenth century and the last people of this race who migrated to

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this region were the Khamtis. The early habitation of this group was the Yangchikiyang and the Huwanghu River Valley of North-west China. In 2,000 B.C. they scattered from their early habitation and migrated to the Irawati Sinduin, Mekong, Menum River Valley. Some of them migrated to the Brahmaputra River Valley of North-east India through the hill-track of the North-east, South-east and Burma. Some people of this group came through the hill-track of Tibet, Nepal and Bhutan to this region. Gradually they advanced up to Punjab. This way the Mongoloids migrated to this region. (Baruah: 1987).4 The Mongoloids are of yellow complexion with flat nose and broad head. The people of this group are found in different states of North-east India. They are the Bodos, Sonowal Kacharis, Thengal Kacharis, Garoes, Dimasas, Lalungs, Rabhas, Mishings, Karbis, Deuris, Ahoms, Khamtis, Naras, Aitoniyas, Shyams, Singphows, Hazongs, Chutiyas, Koch-Rajbonshis, Turungs, MoranMutuks etc. of Assam. The Adis, Apatanis, Monpas, Nyishings, Sherdukpens, Akas, Noctes, Wanchus, Tagins, Tangsas, Hill Miris, Padams, Minyoungs, Khamtis, Singphows, Bangrus, Galongs, Idus, Missimis, Boris, Bokars, Yobins, Khambas, Membas etc. of Arunachal Pradesh belong to the Mongoloids. The Meiteis of Manipur, the Aoes, Angamis, Semas, Lothas, Rengmas, Konyaks, Tankhuls etc. of Nagaland, the Mizoes or the Lushais of Mizoram, the Tripuris of Tripura, the Garoes, Hazongs and according to some scholars the Khasiyas and Jayantias of Meghalaya are also of the Mongoloid race. 3. The Dravidians: The Dravidians are also called the Mediterranean because of their migration from the Mediterranean Sea shore. It is to be mentioned that the impact of the Dravidian culture has a lot of contribution to the Indian culture. The Dravidian culture greatly influenced to the evidences of the Harrappa and Mohenjodaro, worship to the Lord Shiva, Goddess Umashree (Lakshmi), Lord Vishnu, Yuga Darshan etc. The ancient Aryans said them /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

as “dasyu-dash” etc.(Bhattacharya:1989).5 Long heads, long faces, medium noses, medium height, dark skin, black hair, thin body etc. are the physical traits of the Dravidians.(Das:1996).6 According to some scholars the Dravidians migrated to North east India before the Mongoloids from south India through west. The people of this group found in this region are the Koivarttas and the Boniyas. Later on the Dravidians were assimilated with the Mongoloids in such a way that they lost their own identification as the Dravidians. Through this assimilation a new group has emerged which can be named as the Mongolo- Dravidians. The use of turmeric in the marriage of the Assamese culture is the contribution of the Dravidians. (Nath: 2005).7 4. The Negroits: The Negroits came to India from Africa. According to Prof. Guha and Hutton the Negroits were the aboriginal group of India. Short and dwarf, black complexion, curly hair etc. are the physical traits of the Negroits. In North-east India the physical traits of the Negroits are found among the Nagas. Most of the sub-groups of the Nagas emerged from the Negroits according to some scholars. They migrated to North-east India through hill-passes and sea ways. Hanging bee hives on the front door of the house, fishing equipments made of bamboo, belief of sprits etc. are some of the traditions of their culture (Nath: 2005).8 5. The Aryans: The Aryans or the Nordics came to India about 1,500 B.C. Tall with stiff nose, blue eyes, golden hair are the physical features of the Aryans, (Bhattacharya: 1989).9 Some of them migrated to North-East India in the Vedic period. They are the last race advented References: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

to this region. From the Vedic period many Aryans migrated to this region and rehabilitated in different places till Ahom period through the authorship of the Ahom rulers. Regarding the migration of the Aryans to this region the “Social History of Assam” (http:/ /www.geocities.com/capitolhill/conggress/7434/ history.htm:). 10 says that the Aryans from Caucasians race migrated through the Gangetic Plain in the First century to the land of Pragjyotishpur. The local king amongst the Mongolian majority society rehabilitated the Aryans, being the carrier of comparatively advanced religion and language –culture. In the presence of these people, the process of assimilation started long before the birth of Christ that has achieved a new acceleration. Narak (asur), the first monarch who was converted to Hindu religion, constructed the first temple at Kamakhya. As the king and the royal dynasty were converted to Hindu religion of the Aryans, the caste division also germinated in the tribal society of that time. The people of Aryans stock from North-East India are Brahmins, Ganaks, Kayasthas, Kalitas, etc. So, this way mainly the people of five racial groups migrated to North- East India. But regarding the racial origin of some groups of this region some doubts emerge. For instance according to some scholars the Nagas are of the Negroits. But they are the Mongoloids pointed by some other scholars. Though such doubts remain, it is very clear that through these racial groups viz. the Proto- Austroloids, Mongoloids, Dravidians, Negroits and the Aryans a panoramic situation has emerged in North- East India.

Bhattacharya, P. C., 1989:” Asomiya Sanskritit Janajatiya Barangoni”, Asomiya Sanskriti, H.P. Neog & L. Gogoi(ed.), Banalata, p.99. Baruah, S., 1987: “Buranji” (Asom), Asomiya Biswakush, (Vol.1), R.K.Sarmah(ed), Asom Prakashan Porishad, Ghy, p.261. Bhattacharya, P. Ch.,1989: “Asomiya Sanskritit Janajatiya Borongoni”, Asomiya Sanskriti, H.P. Neog & L. Gogoi(ed.), Banalata, p.100. Baruah, S., 1987: “Buranji” (Asom), Asomiya Biswakush, (Vol.1), R.K.Sarmah(ed), Asom Prakashan Porishad, Ghy, p.261. Bhattacharya, P. C.,1989: “Asomiya Sanskritiloi Janajatiya Abodan”, Asomiya Sanskriti, H.P. Neog & L. Gogoi(ed.), Banalata, p.101. Das,B.M.,1996:”Janagusthit Projatiya Upadan”, Asomiya Jatir Itibritta, Asom Sahitya Sabha, Jorhat,pp.22-23. Nath, D., 2005: Asom Buranji, Arun Prakashan, Ghy. p.14

(Bhudhar Phukan is a Rtd. Lecturer of Madhavdev College, Narayanpur and Dr. Diganta Phukan teaches Sociology in Jorhat College) /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

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Patricia Mukhim

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hristians have often had to battle the unfounded allegation that they are closer to their western co-religionists than to their Indian brethren. This allegation has been founded on the premise that Christianity is a Western religion imported here by Western Christian missionaries. But the accusation has also gained currency in recent times when as a result of atrocities on Christians in different parts of India, the Pope and even French President Nicholas Sarkozy has categorically drawn the attention of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh asking him to address the issue in right earnest. To that extent it can be said that Christians across the globe share a solidarity based on their faith. But those who accuse Christians of embracing a foreign western religion fail to realise that Christianity came to

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Indian shores as far back as 52 AD. St Thomas, the doubting disciple of Jesus Christ, first brought the Christian message to Kerala. It is a different matter that Christianity did not spread beyond south India. It was only in the late 19th century that Christianity was brought to the northeastern states by Western missionaries whose advent into this region coincides with the colonial rule. Although the British did not proactively promote Christianity they did not also resist the evangelistic mission of their countrymen who not only brought in religion but also education and healthcare. If the tribes of the Northeast are today educated, well spoken and able to claim their own spaces in some of the leading institutions of this country such as the Indian civil services, the medical and engineering services, it is primarily because of a strong educational background whose foundation was laid by the Christian missionaries. Hidden apartheid One point that the antagonists of Christianity usually labour on is conversion. To them a convert to Christianity is no longer Indian by culture. Their contention is that Christians unlike Hindus adopt a Western lifestyle and are therefore like aliens in their own homeland. Hinduism although not originally a caste-based religion became one in later years. India’s caste system is in fact the world’s longest surviving social hierarchy and what many historians call the hidden apartheid. To break away from this /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

horrible social ostracism many Dalits or untouchables converted to Christianity. It would be illogical to blame anyone for trying to escape from such a cruel and hideous social system. But there is a section of India’s populace which perhaps feels that the Dalits and the tribals should continue to be consigned to the fate they were born into. The fact that Dalits and the tribals today are able to enjoy upward social and economic mobility and are claiming their fundamental rights does not go down too well with them. These fundamentalist forces within Hinduism are in fact dangerous elements because they argue that conversion to another faith amounts to anti-nationalism. We can argue that the term nationalism is itself very flawed from the point of view of India. This is a nation of many states divided along linguistic lines. This in itself throws up differences and reduces affinity. India has never been a nation in the strictest sense of the term. This country defies the concept of a nation because of its very troubled and often controversial genesis. There are many who till today contest the sovereignty of the Indian nation state. Nagaland is a case in point. Kashmir is the other. National unity In this scenario, how can we link Christianity to national integration? First of all, national integration seems to be an inappropriate action word in India which is a culturally diverse country. One can talk of a common endeavour to build the country by building our own little corners. Christians form only about 2.5 per cent of the country’s population and this minuscule population except for an ever smaller number has never had any doubts about its loyalty to the Indian “nation” (however problematic that definition is). But India is today facing a different kind of challenge. The contours of India’s diversity are getting blurred by globalisation. Globalisation unites people of different persuasions and of different faiths because it has its own sets of parameters, the principal one being “buying power”. Globalisation is like the monster that directs towards a monoculture. Under this monster /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

we are all consumers of McDonald’s or Kentucky chicken. We shop for the same branded products in the same kind of shopping mall. We have all become nerds articulating the same computer originated jargons and developed our own SMS language. So what years of nation building failed to achieve, globalisation has succeeded in one swift wave. But how does globalisation impact Christianity? Globalisation turns people into isolated individualists. The middle class which used to be the chattering, fighting, dissenting class is today busy chasing upward mobilisation and is living in a private world. The poor who are victims of the market are consigned to a miserable fate unable to garner enough resources to claim their basic rights. Hence globalisation fragments and breaks the solidarity that existed even among Christians. As a faith propagated by one who championed the cause of the poor, Christianity needs to bring in that solidarity between the haves and the havenots or as Gustavo Esteva says, “by regenerating peoples’ space”. In a democratic country like India, Christianity can help build up peoples’ capacity to participate in democracy and to give voice to the poor and downtrodden. This is what is termed in the Latin American countries as the “liberation theology”. The Church should facilitate the creation of civil rights groups and judicial activism among other creative methods of empowering the weak. National integration for Christians would therefore mean building solidarity with those excluded from power. Christians need to do a reality check to see if the institutions they create are not segregating instead of integrating. Are Christian educational institutions inclusive or exclusive? English-medium institutes charging exorbitant fees cannot be said to be catering to the wretched of this world. There are other institutions as well whose goals need to be revisited. This is imperative if Christians are to be what Christ said: “the salt and light of the earth”. Reality check Democratisation of politics and political

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institutions is not enough. Today there is a greater need to democratise the economy. For the poor it means just daily rice, just wages, clothes to wear and a roof above their heads. The worst thing that Christians can do is to rationalise poverty and slip into the conformity that globalisation preaches. Sometimes Christianity can become the social space of a particular class and a comfort zone. This requires a constant reality check. But do Christians have the courage and the stamina to do so? It is easy to slip into the cocoon of

victimhood and to get into a protest mode that is clichéd and unimaginative. Christians today need to be creative in the manner in which they assert their constitutional rights and also ask themselves whether the allegations that they are using inducements for conversion are correct. Also important is the need to check if Christianity is also not introducing a class bias of sorts through their elite institutions. (The author is a renowned intellectual and writer of NE India and she edits ‘Shillong Times’. This write-up appeared in ‘The Telegraph’ we reprinted it with her due permission. )

Dr. Bandana Puzari

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hilosophy is a reasoned discourse on the intrinsic character, meaning and significance of the Universe, that is to say, it is the reflection on the nature of the entire world order. It is an attempt on the part of the mind to understand the cosmos and describe its constitution and structure, origin and purpose as well as philosophy is an inquiry into the nature, place and ultimate destiny of man as an integral element of

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the universe. As a rational pursuit, philosophy undertakes a general survey, examination and interpretation of the entire reality, the totality of existence. The aim of philosophical speculation is to arrive at and formulate a comprehensive and consistent conception of the universe. The central problem and essence of philosophical thinking is the evaluation of the ultimate worth and significance of man. In fact, philosophy is the attempt at determining the eternal varieties of the ultimate values. The problems about the universe that thought raises are such as no science is competent to tackle and the solution of which is outside the sphere of any empirical investigations. Science cannot handle ultimate problems about the universe, nor validate and justify its own conceptions, assumptions and conclusions. Thus it cannot give complete satisfaction to the human understanding. It is the primary task of philosophy to attempt a solution of such questions which cannot be /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

answered by the examination of facts as they are in nature. Accordingly philosophy has been described as the great intellectual venture whose aim and ambition is nothing less than the contemplation of the totality of existence in all its multitudinous aspects, the examination of all the facts of our experience and speculation as to how they are to be viewed as a whole, how they are related among themselves and to the whole in other words, the business of philosophical investigation is the mental construction of the ultimate nature of the world, that is, the systematisation and interpretation of our experience into a theory of reality which reveals the final truth about it. To sum up, the essence of philosophical reflection is the analysis, assessment and exposition of the universe of Reality or the world of experience which is coextensive with it. The etymological meaning of the word 'philosophy' is 'love of wisdom'. It signifies a natural and a necessary urge in human beings to know themselves and the world in which they live and move and have their being. Philosophy may be conceived of as the mental discipline whose main study is the acquirement of wisdom rather than knowledge. Philosophy is the attempt to apprehend the nature of ‘Truth’ rather than the discovery of truths. Science is knowledge of facts, philosophy is insight into the nature of fact. Science seeks for causes of phenomena in nature, the other is a search for their reason. Science is the acquaintance with facts while philosophy is a probe into their inward essence, an attempt to catch the very spirits that informs them. Science is a systematised body of knowledge concerning a limited portion of experiences philosophy views and interprets experience as a whole. Western philosophy has remained more or less true to the etymological meaning of philosophy in being essentially an intellectual quest for truth Indian philosophy has been intensely spiritual and has always emphasized the need of practical realization of truth. The word ‘Darshana’ means ‘Vision and the instrument of vision’. It stands for the direct, immediate and intuitive vision of /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

reality, the actual perception of truth and includes the means which lead to this realization. ‘See the self’ is the keynote of all schools of Indian philosophy. The Indians never felt that the world was a field of battle where man struggled for power, wealth and domination when we do not need to waste our energies on problems of life on earth, exploiting nature and controlling the forces of the world, we begin to think of the higher life, how to live more perfectly in the spirit. The huge forests with their wide leafy avenues, afforded great opportunities for the devout soul to wonder peacefully through them world-weary men go out on pilgrimages to the scenes of nature, acquire inward peace, listening to such of winds and torrents, the music of birds and leaves and return whole of heart and fresh in spirit. It was in the ashramas and tapovanas that the thinking men of India meditated on the deeper problems of existence. The security of life, the wealth of natural resources, the freedom from worry, the detachment from the cares of existence and the absences of a tyrannous practical interest, stimulated the higher life of India, with the result that we find from the beginnings of history an impatience of spirit, a love of wisdom and a passion for the saner pursuit of the mind. In many other countries of the world, reflections on the nature of existence is a luxury of life. The serious moments are given to action, while the pursuit of philosophy comes up as a parenthesis. In ancient India philosophy was not an auxiliary to any other science or art, but always held a prominent position of independence. In the west at the time of Plato and Aristotle philosophy leaned for support other study as politics or ethics. In India philosophy stood on its own legs and all other studies looked to it for inspiration and support. It is the master science guiding other sciences without which they tend to become empty and foolish. Kautilya says, ‘‘Philosophy is the lamp of all the sciences, the means of performing all the works and the support of all the duties.’’ Philosophy in India is essentially spiritual. The spiritual motive dominates life in India.

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Indian philosophy has its interest in the haunts of men and not in supra-lunar solitudes. It takes its origin in life. Again religion in India in not dogmatic. It is a rational synthesis which goes on gathering into itself new conceptions as philosophy progresses. It is experimental and provisional in its nature, attempting to keep pace with the progress of thought. The common criticism that Indian thought by its emphasis on intellect, puts philosophy in the place of religion, brings out the rational character of religion in India. No religious movement has ever come into existence without developing as its support a philosophic content. In ‘Aryan Rule in India’ Havell says, ‘‘In India, religion is hardly a dogma, but a working hypothesis of human conduct, adapted to different stages of spiritual development and different conditions of life’’. The problems of religion stimulated the philosophic spirit. The Indian mind has been traditionally exercised over the questions of the nature of Godhead, the end of life and the relation of the individual to the universal soul. Though philosophy in India has not as a rule completely freed itself from the fascinations of religious speculations, yet the philosophical discussions have not been hampered by religious theory and practice, doctrine and life, a philosophy which could not sound the test of life, not in the pragmatic, but the larger sense of the term, had no chance of survival. To those who realise the true kinship between life and theory, philosophy becomes a way of life, on approach to spiritual realisation. The supremacy of religion and of social tradition in life does not hamper the free pursuit of philosophy. It is untrue to say the philosophy in India never became critical. It is an obvious that while the social life of an individual is bound by the rigours of caste, he is free to roam in the matter of opinion. Reason freely question and criticises the creeds in which man are born. That is why the heretic, the sceptic, the unbeliever, the rationalist and the free thinker, the materialist and the hedonist all flourish in the soil of India the Mahabharata says, ‘‘There is no muni who

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has not an opinion of his own.’’ The achievements of the ancient Indians in the field of philosophy are but very imperfectly known to the world at large. Through the activity of various learned bodies and individuals large numbers of philosophical works have been published but there has been as yet little systematic attempt on the part of scholars to study them and judge their value. Indian modes of expression are so different from those of European thought that they can hardly be accurately translated. It is therefore very difficult for a person unacquainted with Sanskrit to understand Indian philosophical thought. The Vedas are the oldest extant literary monument of the Aryan mind. The absence of chronological data, the complete indifference of the ancient Indians towards personal histories, the archaic character of the Vedic Sanskrit the break in tradition and the biased orthodox colouring of interpretation are some of the main reasons due to which our knowledge about this period remains mostly shrouded in mystery and vagueness. The origin of the Indian philosophy may be traced in the Vedas. The name Veda stands for the Mantras and the Brahmans. Mantra means a hymn addressed to some God or Goddess. The collection of the Mantras is called Samhita. There are four Samhitas; they are Rik, Sama, Yajuh, and Atharva. These Samhitas are said to be compiled for the smooth performance of the Vedic sacrifices. A Vedic sacrifices needs four main priests ; they are Hota, Udgata, Adhvaryu and Brahma. Hota addresses hymns in praise of the Gods to invoke their presence and participation in the sacrifice. Udagta sings the hymns in the sweet musical tones to entertain and please the Gods. Adhvaryu performs the sacrifice according to the strict ritualistic code and gives offerings to the Gods. Brahma is the general supervisor well versed in all the Vedas. The four Samhitas are said to be compiled to fulfil the needs of these four main priests; Rik for the Hota, Sama for the Udgata; Yajuh for the Adhvaryu and Atharva for the Brahma. The Rishis of the Vedas are not the /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

authors; they are only the seeds of the Mantras. Unlike the Mantras the Brahmanas are written in prose. They are the elaboration of the complicated ritualism of the Vedas. They deal with the rules and regulations laid down for the performance of the rites and the sacrifices. The name Brahmana is derived from the word Brahman which originally means a prayer. The appendages to these Brahman are called Aranyakas. These Aranyakas are composed in the calmness of the forests. The Aranyakas mark the transition from the ritualistic to the philosophic thought. On the Aranyakas we find a mystic interpretation of the Vedic Sacrifices. The concluding portion of the Aranyakas are called the Upanishad. These are intensely philosophical and spiritual. Upanishads may be regarded as the cream of the Vedic Philosophy. The hymns of the Rik Veda are neither the production of a single hand nor do they probably belong to any single age. They were composed probably at different periods by different stages. It enables us to get an estimate of the primitive society which produced it and is the oldest book of the Aryan race. The hymns of the Rik Veda were almost all composed in praise of the Gods. The Gods here are the diverse powers of nature or forming their very essence. They powers of nature such as the storm, the rain, the thunder are closely associated with one another and the gods associated with them are similar in character. It was the forces of nature and her manifestations on earth, the atmosphere around and above us or in the Heaven beyond the vault of the sky that excited the devotion and imagination of the Vedic poets. The Vedic poets were the children of nature. Every natural phenomena excited their wonder, admiration or veneration. At this stage the time was not ripe enough for them accord a consistent and well defined existence to the multitude of gods nor to universalised them in a monotheistic creed. They hypostatized unconsciously any force of nature that overawed them with gratefulness and joy by its beneficent character and adored it. All forms of religion which have appeared on earth /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

assume the fundamental need of the human heart. Men longs for a power above him on which he could depend. One that is greater than himself whom he could worship. The gods of the several stages of the Vedic religion are the reflections of the growing wants and needs, the mental groupings and the heart searching of man. The scattered ray dispersed among the crowd of deities are collected together in the intolerable splendour of the one nameless God who alone could satisfy the restless craving of the human heart and the sceptic mind. The Vedic progress did not stop until it reached this ultimate reality. The growth of religious thought as embodied in the hymns may be brought out by the mention of the typical gods ; (1) Dyaus, indicative of the first state of nature worship ; (2) Varuna, the highly moral God of a later day ; (3) Indra, the selfish God of the age of conquest and domination ; (4) Prajapati, the God of the monotheists and (5) Brahman, the perfection of all these four lower stages. The conception of Brahman which has been the highest glory for the Vedanta philosophy of later days had hardly emerged in the Rik Veda from the association of the sacrificial mind. It is only in the Satapatha Brahmana that the conception of Brahman has acquired a great significance as the supreme principle which is the moving force behind the Gods. Gradually ritualism contributed to the relegation of the gods to a relatively unimportant position and to raising the dignity of the magical characteristics of the sacrifice as an institution which could give the desired fruits of themselves. The performance of the rituals were supposed to produce certain mystic or magical results by virtue of which the object desired was fulfilled. The world itself was regarded as the fruit of a sacrifice performed by the supreme being. Sacrifice was regarded as almost the only kind of duty and it was called Karma. The first recognition of a cosmic order or law in nature under the gods is to be found in the use of the word Rita. The word was used as Macdonell observe to denote the ‘order’ in the moral world as ‘truth’ and ‘right’ and in the

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religious world as sacrifice, as rite we find in it the first germs of the law of Karma which exercises such a dominating influence over Indian thought. In the ethics of the Rik Veda the conception of Rita plays a significant role. It is the anticipation of the law Karma which is the distinguishing characteristics of Indian thought. It is the law which pervades the whole world, which all gods and men must obey. Rita furnishes us with a standard of morality. It is the universal essence of things. It is the truth of things. Consistency is the central feature of a good life. The good man of the Vedas does not alter his ways. When ritual grew in importance, Rita became a synonym for sacrificial ceremony. The Vedas assume a very close and intimate relationship between men and gods. The life of man has to be led under the very eye of God. The cosmology of the Rik Veda may be looked at from two aspects, one is the mythological and the other is the philosophical. The mythological aspect has two currents – the one regards the universe as the result of mechanical production the work of carpenter’s and joiner’s skill ; the other represent the universe as the result of natural generation. Under the philosophic aspect the semipantheistic man hymn attracts someone’s notice. The supreme man is said to be the whole universe whatever has been and shall be, he is the lord of immortality who is diffused everywhere among things animate and inanimate and all beings come out of him. When we get to the monotheistic level the question arises as to whether God created the world out of his own nature without any pre existent matter or through his power acting on eternally pre-existent matter. The former view takes us to the higher monistic conception while the latter remains at the higher monotheistic level. We have both views in the Vedic hymns. The Purusa Sukta has the first reference to the division of Hindu society into the four classes. The original Aryans all belonged to one class, everyone being priest and soldier, trader and tiller of the soil. But the complexity of life led to a division of classes among to Aryans.

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The system of caste is in reality was introduced to meet the needs of the time when the different racial types had to live together in amity. Caste enabled the Vedic Indian to pressure the integrity and independence of the conquering as well as the conquered races and promote mutual confidence and harmony. In the pre-Upanishadic thought we find a little philosophical thought. But the seed of the unimportant philosophical trend might be easily traced there. Moreover there has been a gradual development of the philosophical thought from the Mantras and the Brahmanas through the Aranyakas to the Upanishads. It is said that we can notice a transition from the naturalistic and anthropomorphic polytheism, through transcendent monotheism to immanent monism in the pre-Upanishadic philosophy. The personified forces of nature first changed into real gods and these latter on become mere forms of one personal and transcendental God who himself latter on passed into the immanent Purusa. The Upanishads developed this Purusa into Brahman which is both immanent and transcendent. The Upanishadas develop the monistic ideas scattered in the sanihitas. During the Brahman period scattered philosophical ideas were overlooked and emphasis was laid on merely the religious ritualistic sacrifices. The Aranyakas mark the shifting of the emphasis from the ritualistic to the philosophical thought which work was completed by the Upanishads. Thus we find in the Chandogya Upanishad the sage Narada telling Sanatkumara, ‘‘I know the Rik Veda Sir, the Yajuh, the Sama, with all these I know only the Mantras and the sacred books, I do not know the self.. I have heard from persons like you that only he who knows the self goes beyond sorrow.’’ The Mundaka Upanishad says, ‘‘Two kinds of knowledge must be known, the higher and the lower. The lower knowledge is that which the Rik, Sama, Atharva, ceremonial, grammar give....... but the higher knowledge is that by which the immortal Brahman is known.’’ (to be contd) (The author teaches in Philosophy in the College) /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

Anita Baruwa

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he Great Depression (1929-35) and its aftermath began to induce the world community to think of some sort of harmonious trade relations on the global level. This common feeling resulted in the beginning of the multilateral trade negotiations on the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in January 1948 in Geneva. The principal purpose of GATT was to ensure competition in commodity trade through the removal or reduction of trade barriers (free trade), the ultimate aim being the encouragement for growth and development of all member nations. Seven rounds of negotiations were conducted under GATT till 1986 for stimulating international trade by reducing tariff barriers and also non-tariff barriers on imports imposed by

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

member nations. The 8th Round of GATT (1986-1993) – The URUGUAY ROUND (UR) of Negotiations: The 8 th Round of GATT negotiations (Uruguay Round) was started in September 1986 at Punta del Este in Uruguay. During the four decades since the establishment of GATT in 1948 to 1986, world trade had undergone a structural change: 1) The share of agriculture in world commodity trade which was 46 percent in 1950 had declined to 13 percent in 1987. 2) The share of service sector in GDP of developed countries (DCs) was rapidly increasing (ranging between 50-70 percent of GDP by 1986). 3) The share of employment in the service sector of DCs was also increasing fast (about 70 percent). 4) Japan and other newly industrialized nations began having more advantage in commodity trade. These factors impelled the DCs under the leadership of USA to take the initiative of bringing the service sector into trade negotiations. Thus the UR contained the mandate for negotiations in 15 areas. In Part I, 14 areas of negotiations on Trade in Goods were to be done: 1) Tariffs 2) Non-tariff measures 3) Tropical products 4) Natural resource-based products

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5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)

Textiles and clothing Agriculture GATT articles Safeguards Multilateral Trade Negotiations Subsidies & Countervailing measures Dispute Settlement Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) 13) Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) 14) Functioning of GATT Systems(FOGs) Part II dealt with negotiations on Trade in Services. The traditional GATT subjects between 1948 and 1986 were tariff and non-tariff barriers and improvement in GATT rules and disciplines on subsidies and countervailing measures, antidumping measures etc. New areas such as TRIPs, TRIMs and Trade in Services were introduced in the negotiations of the 8th round of GATT. DUNKEL PROPOSALS – Final Act – WTO: The 8th Round negotiations were to be concluded in 4 years. But differences between participating nations on areas like agriculture, textiles, TRIPs and anti-dumping measures prevented an agreement. So, Mr. Arthur Dunkel, Director General of GATT compiled a detailed document, popularly known as Dunkel Proposals as a compromise document for the member nations, which culminated into the Final Act on December 15, 1993 (Marrakesh). India signed the agreement along with 117 nations on April 15, 1994. One provision of the agreement entailed converting the GATT into the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO as contained in the Final Act was established on January 1, 1995 with headquarters in Geneva. India became its founder member by ratifying the WTO agreement on December 30, 1994. The strength of the member nations is 153. The present WTO chief is Pascal Lamy. Governance at WTO - Need for change: The technical structure of the WTO is based on two documents, namely, the ‘General Agreement’ for ensuring non-discriminating

trade in all goods and services and the ‘Specific Accords’ on trade issues, which are the outcome of the UR. At the WTO, each nation has a single vote and decisions are largely by consensus. But in practice, the U.S., Europe and Japan have dominated in the past. This apparently seems to be changing now. Though the initial WTO conferences were marked by lack of unity among developing nations, these have gradually matured into tough negotiators. Through the Singapore (1996) to the recent Geneva (July 2008) Rounds, the developing nations have learnt not to be lured by the DCs. During the Doha Round (2001), the developing nations achieved some notable concessions by insisting that their concerns had to be heard if further rounds of trade negotiations were to be initiated in future. With China’s joining the WTO (November, 2001), the developing nations found a powerful voice on their side. But the most basic change that is required is a change in governance within the WTO so as to ensure that it is not just the voices of the trade ministers (representing each nation) that are heard in the WTO. WTO – Symbol of Global Inequalities and Hypocrisy of the DCs: While the advanced industrial countries had preached and forced the opening up of the markets in the developing nations to their industrial products, they have continued to keep their markets closed to the products of the developing nations, such as textiles and agriculture. While they preached that developing nations should not subsidise their industries, they continue to provide billions in subsidies to their own farmers which under-cut their production costs, making it impossible for the farmers of the developing nations to compete. According to World Bank Report, European Union (EU) and USA together allow domestic support to their farm sector to the tune of $ 370 billion in a year. While they preached the virtues of competitive markets, the USA quickly pushed global cartels in steel and aluminium when its domestic industries seemed threatened by imports. The

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USA pushed for liberalization of information technology and financial services, but resisted liberalization of the service sectors in which the developing nations have strength, namely, maritime and construction services. The trade agenda has been so unfair that not only have the poorer nations not received a fair share of the benefits, but the poorest region in the world, Sub-Saharan Africa was actually made worse-off. According to a World Bank calculation, its income fell by over 2 percent due to the trade agreement. The global protests over these inequities began at the Seattle Round of negotiations (1999). Since then, the movement has grown stronger and the fury has spread. These inequities have increasingly been recognized, and that, combined with the resolve of the developing nations, resulted in the Doha “development” Round of negotiations (November 2001). This Round put on its agenda the redressing of some of these past imbalances. But it proved to be a ‘nothing’ Round, as have been the meetings in subsequent years. Main Areas of the WTO Agreement and their Implications for India: 1) Reduction in Basic Duty and Export Subsidies: Under the WTO regime, quantitative restrictions have to be phased out. India accordingly brought down basic duties. These tariff reductions were also a part of the economic reforms undertaken in India. The Agreement also stipulates anti-dumping proceedings as well as prohibition of export subsidies. 2) TRIPs: Under TRIPs, patents shall be available for any invention, whether product or process, in all fields of industrial technologies. Patent protection will be extended to micro organisms , non-biological and micro-biological processes and plant varieties. This implies that the patent holder would resort not only to manufacturing monopoly, but also import monopoly and the concerned national government would not be able to exercise price control on the imported products. The Doha Round particularly stressed on Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). Importance of IPRs /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

cannot be denied. But these rights need not balance out the rights and interests of producers with those of the users. These rights may in effect result in denial of life-saving medicines to the poor (prices being too high due to the patent regime), slow-down of research studies and even bio-piracy (international companies patenting traditional foods and medicines). There have been a number of bio-piracy cases of India’s herbal wealth (Haldi, neem, basmati rice). 3) TRIMs: TRIMs were initiated by the USA in 1980s since it was losing ground in competition in goods to Japan and other newly industrialized nations of East Asia and it intended to recover its lost ground through trade in services. The main motive was to benefit Multi National Companies (MNCs) so that they could undertake investment in financial services, telecommunications, marketing etc. Already under New Economic Policy (1991), India has been over bending to woo foreign direct investment and so, several structural changes have been undertaken in the Indian economy. 4) Textiles and Clothing: The WTO Agreement has made certain proposals for liberalizing trade of textiles and clothing. Textiles exports constitute the single most important item of export of developing nations. Ironically, the developed nations, claiming to be great champions of free trade, imposed the most comprehensive quota restrictions under the multi-fibre agreement (MFA). Thus, whenever newly industrialized nations have challenged the competitive strength of the DCs, they have retaliated by imposing both tariff and non-tariff barriers. These barriers have been enlarged in the form of TRIPs and TRIMs. The innovation of the Social Clause (to levy a countervailing duty on imports from developing nations to offset low labour costs there) was also conceived with the same intention of blunting competitive advantage of developing nations. This game of DCs will continue. Reforming the WTO will require further thrust on more balance trade agenda – more balanced treatment of developing nations’ interests, more balanced

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treatment of concerns like environmental issues and such issues beyond trade. The EU has conceded to some steps (except subsidies) in that direction. The challenge is to get the USA and Japan to participate towards that end. In the meantime, the developing nations should take advantage of the multilateral trade organization and show their combined strength by being united. Geneva Round (July 2008): In the latest Round of talks in Geneva the U.S. proposed that our agricultural market be opened up to the extent of 40 percent surge if India wanted to enhance tariff on import of farm produce by 15 percent for checking farm produce import from foreign nations. Our Commerce Minister

retaliated rightly that food and livelihood is not a trade related issue. India and China jointly put forth the proposal that developing nations be allowed to impose extra 25 percent duty on import of farm products if import exceeds by 15 percent. The USA did not agree to this proposal. Even though developing nations have been persistently opposing the issue of opening of the agricultural market, the latest Geneva Round has made it clear that sooner or later, DCs will get through their proposals by some means or the other in subsequent WTO negotiations. India should be prepared to meet such an eventuality well ahead. (With help from Joseph Stiglitz’s ‘Globalization and its Discontents’ and newspaper articles.)

(The author teaches Economics in the College)

Paplu Borah & Samrat Mukherjee

Abstract : Inclusive economic growth is the “bone of contention” issue in India. This is due to the fact that the impacts of the recent spectacular growth have not been able to percolate down to various segments of population, most importantly to the rural population, Rural, infrastructure in India has remained far from satisfactory. This .paper aims at highlighting the pros and cons undertaken by the corporate .India in achieving stimulating growth, which can be attained through proper enhancement of rural infrastructure. Achieving inclusive growth is possible only through constant, steady and committed efforts of corporate India. Introductions : The word ‘Inclusive’ has become not only fashionable but also quite relevant-in our country. The Oxford Dictionary gives four meaning to this word and the most Inclusive meaning is “not excluding any section of society.” The key components of our strategy of Inclusive Growth have been to:

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Steep up investment in rural areas, in rural infrastructure and agriculture. Increase credit availability to farmers and offer them remunerative prices for their crops. . Increase in rural employment. With the help of corporate sectors, along with public sectors, growth process spreads to backward regions and districts. Invest in urban renewal, improving the quality of life for the urban-poor. Increase public spending on education and health care including strengthening mid-daymeal-program and offering scholarships to the needy. Why Inclusive Growth ? In today’s complex world, the role of Inclusive Growth is expanding day and night with various more dimensional views to explore for. Today it is well known and it is quite evident that Inclusive Growth is imperative for achieving the equity objective, what is perhaps, not so obvious why Inclusive Growth is essential to ‘sustain the growth momentum. In many emerging market economies the major chunk of population is based in rural areas. Noticeable increase in demand for manufacturing and service sectors has to come from the rural population. The average monthly per capita consumption expenditure in urban areas in INDIA is almost double that of rural areas. ln some states, the disparities are even more glaring. Therefore, it is vital to ensure that growth takes place in agriculture, allied sectors as also in secondary service sectors in rural areas, and amongst urbanpoor to provide a growing market for the goods and services produced by the expanding corporate sector. Rural Infrastructure & its Components : The term infrastructure which is a combination of two words, viz., ‘infra’ meaning below and ‘structure’ meaning the manner in which a building or a complex is constructed. Infrastructure means structural foundation of a field of operation. Infrastructure is the basis of framework on which something is established. Infrastructure means physical installation /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

that provides an impetus regarding the working of a specific field. It implies full utilisation of resources with the existing technology available. And Rural Infrastructure means nothing but installation of those physical foundations in rural areas. The infrastructure for development can be divided into two categories: Those that help to improve human qualities and the human factors needed for development. Those that help to produce and distribute commodities. Thus in brief it is an arena for enhancing any commercial field and sustaining it with effective use of technology. Rural infrastructural components include various services – educational and recreational facilities, easy communication system, industrial housing, uninterrupted power supply, adequate quantity of potable water, banking, health care, transportation and so on. Interrelation between Inclusive Growth & Rural Infrastructure: Both these terms are related to each other. These two things are inseparable organs for the entire development system. If Inclusive Growth is to be achieved, then it has to be gathered via the pathway of development of rural infrastructure and on the other hand, if rural infrastructure has to be enhanced then it has to be achieved with proper economical and commercial linkages, which in turn will lead to Inclusive Growth. So in a brief view ,both these terms are complementary to each other. It can finally be concluded by saying that proper rural infrastructure facilitate Inclusive Growth becoming self- supporting automatic and selfaccelerating. Contrary wise, lack of proper rural infrastructure leads to bottlenecks, retards Inclusive Growth, causes inflation-and ultimately leads to the vicious circle of poverty. Vitality of the study : The development of rural infrastructural facilities is a ‘sine quo-non for all round economic and commercial connectivity. Superstructure of a healthy economy can be build on a sound rural infrastructure which in turn will lead to Inclusive

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Growth. Lack of adequate or proper rural infrastructure leads to under utilization of resources and in optional production. On the other hand without proper rural infrastructure, fruits of economic development do not always percolate to the target groups. Hence we can derive the following importance of the study: To create awareness about the present scenario of the rural infrastructure and its

importance in fostering Inclusive Growth. To throw light on the vital role of corporate India towards achieving Inclusive~ Growth through development of rural infrastructure. To put more emphasis about the future responsibilities of the corporate India along with future challenges and opportunities in achieving and sustaining Inclusive Growth through expanding rural infrastructure.

A CASE STUDY ON HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED (A Personal Product Factory), DOOMDOOMA Methodology : We have adopted the method of Field-Study in order to know the present scenario regarding the role played by Hindustan Unilever Ltd., Doomdooma in enhancing rural infrastructure leading to Inclusive Growth. We have collected first hand information from the Personnel Manager, Personnel officers and a few workers of HUL, Doomdooma. We have accumulated several information from the local people living in and around HUL, Doomdooma, authorities of Ankur & Hunlaal High School with the ~help of questionnaires as primary data. We have gathered various information from different books, journals; magazines etc. as our secondary data. Limitations of the Study : We derived certain limitations in our case study. Our case study is limited by time bound factor. Since time was the biggest constraint, we could not get enough information and other valid datas. This study is part of social science. It implies that society is well connected with the study. But the limitation is that here we are relying upon ‘the descriptive information provided by different people, because of, which there are enough chances’ for important information to be left out. Moreover, we approached to a few individuals only, including HUL, Doomdooma’s Personnel Manager and some of the people who are directly or indirectly related to HUL, Doomdooma. Therefore another limitation

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arises here i.e. this paper may not be representative for general group of people. HUL (D) at a quick look : HUL(D) was established in 2001. It is a personal product factory. There are 57 factories all over India, out of which 36 are located in “green-field-sites” Role of HUL(D) in the contribution of rural infrastructure which in turn will lead to Inclusive Growth. The role played by HUL (D) is indispensable till the present date. It is playing a pivotal role in enhancing the rural infrastructure, which is promoting Inclusive Growth in and around the periphery of Doomdooma town. It has added several “Feathers-in-its-cap” by enhancing several infrastructural elements viz. Housing, education, health care etc. In a nutshell, HUL (D) since its inceptions is playing a potent role in the rural infrastructural enhancement. Contribution of HUL(D) Towards Rural Infrastructural Enhancement : a) Employment – Direct : HUL (D) has been a corporate front-runner in and around Doomdooma in terms of ‘delivering employment opportunities to common poor people. People are directly employed in the factory as workers, foreman etc. Indirect : It is providing indirect employment to many poor people for as to say, various shops like grocery, tea stalls, and dhabas etc. It has been “a-blessing-in-disguise” . b) Housing : Providing adequate housing /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

facilities for the workers employed in the factory and also to the poor farmers, to whom HUL(D) has provided land to grow crops and tea, was a Herculean task at the initial stage, but with the advent of time this difficulty has slowly but steadily been reducing by HUL(D). c) Health Care : HUL (D) has progressed in the field of health care. It has developed “Raidang division primary health centre” for the benefit of common people. On the other hand “Sanjivani” has been its latest added “featherin-its- cap”. It is a free medical service camp led by two doctors, two nurses and four staffs always to help. Its main aim is to serve the society and the world in which they live. d) Education : HUL (D) has been offering scholarships to the students of those parents who are working in the factory and also to the other needy students. Along with it, HUL (D) has been aiming towards boosting ‘Ankur’ – a schoolcum-rehabilitation-centre in which mentally and physically unsound student not only study, but also engaged in various recreational activities. It is an effort of them to help those children to achieve the excellence, whom God has made so special. On the other hand there is Hunlaal High School in Doomdooma and HUL (D) is providing scholarships and other incentives to the needy students for their upliftment. e) Building : Since its inception HUL(D) has successfully undertaken various construction projects like building of high schools, rehabilitation centre, health centres and so on. Findings of the Study : HUL (D) has been a blessing-in-disguise for the common people in and around Doomdooma in terms of development of rural infrastructure. Since its inception it has developed various’ rural infrastructural components in and around its locality. We have found in our study that although HUL(D); has done well in terms of rural infrastructural development but it has a long way to go if we look through its major point of concerned because: Its development strategies of rural areas should not confine to a particular region rather /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

it should expand its horizons. It needs to develop more educational institutions and more health care units in more remote areas as an important initiative to promote inclusive growth. It also needs to put more emphasis on skill and efficiency development programs of the farmers which will bring about a “Win-winsituation” for both the partiers. No doubt that HUL (D) invests a healthy amount for the upliftment of the rural areas; but in times to come it should look forward to spend a considerable mount from its annual turnover. The most significant value added point of HUL is that almost 70% of its total factories are located in remote areas to make it commercially and economically vibrant which is enough to prove that HUL is not lagging behind in terms of rural development; it is playing a crucial part towards the achievement of Inclusive Growth. Present role of corporate India: With the rapid development of rural infrastructure like road, water, electricity, telephone, cable television etc., the rural mass is not segregated from the mainstream India any longer. Though, some part of the country still lack the basic infrastructures, others have grown overtime. As an endeavour of transforming rural population in to the mainstream India, corporate organizations enter the rural India. They are strengthening the rural infrastructure to serve their own purposes in addition to it some of their initiatives serve other social purposes also like community development, establishment of rural industries, information sharing, contract farming. Some companies are strengthening their marketing channels in rural India. So, it is seen that similarly many companies expanded their business horizons by investing in the development of rural infrastructure and by getting high returns from their investments. This is a ‘Win-a-win situation’ for both the company and the rural community. The company gets its valuable products or raw materials and the rural community: secures their resources and in addition, voices and empowerment.

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Challenges Ahead : The deep focus of the Indian population, particularly the poorest, in rural areas implies that productivity increases in agriculture and non -farm rural industries remain a critical component of an inclusive growth strategy for the region. As accelerating rural growth is a key way to reduce rural poverty, the primary challenge before the Indian corporate firms is to strengthen incentives, technology and institution designed to promote rural growth. Secondly, measures must be taken to ensure that rural poor farmers and the landless can participate in the fruits of rural economic growth. Thirdly, there must be effective use of new and increasingly sophisticated technologies in agriculture and communication and efforts to make these technologies available to rural communities. Finally, corporate firms should aim at improved access to markets, land and credit for the poor. It must be noted that encouraging agriculture and rural growth will not be enough to ensure that the poor are included. Investment in education, health and nutrition are also required. Social protection and safety nets must supplement incomes and provide employment when incomes are jeopardized. The lessons learned need to be monitored and analysed so that improved cost effective and poverty alleviating schemes can be devised and shared. Suggestion regarding Corporate Social Responsibilities; ‘Business cannot succeed in societies that fail.’’ — As quoted. If corporate organizations want to reap the returns from business investment, then it’s essential to stabilize the society where it exits through poverty alleviation and other factors. Corporate units should look to explore the hitherto unexplored opportunities hidden in the rural regions having large number of poor, to meet the needs of the regions and of these poor people which in turn will aid in enhancing overall

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social stability and inclusive growth through developing basic infrastructures of these backward regions. Corporate houses need to put great emphasis on respecting the entire development process including inclusive growth this means being participative, not prescriptive, creating independent rather than dependent communities and focusing on the excluded and the powerless. Some other suggestions: The central and the state Govt. should take initiatives like giving more encouragement to the corporate sectors to compete with each-other in developing rural infrastructure for the upliftment of the lagged sections of the society. Policy makers should make some incentives while preparing plans and policies regarding corporate sectors like, make the corporate units bound to invest a minimum (%) of their total capital share in the nearby backward areas where it is situated for the development of rural infrastructure. Constitution of proper authority to decide on the degree of sickness of corporate units and its failures to develop the backward areas, to that their schemes and plans for rural development can be implemented along with the fulfilment of their corporate social responsibilities. Conclusion : Initially the Indian corporate sectors were a slow-starter in initiating the rural development mechanism. From the Ab Initio, resources were not in plethora, but now as with the advent of time, resources are slowly getting available and the Indian corporate players are helping in achieving the development process by developing various rural infrastructural components like schools, rural industries, health care etc. to name a few. On the other hand, we also have tried to show valid conclusions regarding our case study of HUL (D), which is playing an important role in the enhancement of the rural infrastructure leading to inclusive growth. Since its very inception, HUL (D) has achieved stupendous feat in the field of rural development. As it is known that there are proper and potent resources but in /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

limited manner, so it is now dependent upon both HUL (D) and the rural people to join hands and complement each other in making the region a prosperous one. To finally conclude we would like to drive home the point by stating that we have tried our best to grapple these key issues and ,resent before you the role of corporate India and its role in the upliftment of the rural infrastructure

which will enhance the inclusive growth, that will boost up economic progress of the nation which will ultimately promote good economic sustainability. References: Information’s have been collected from various sources like different books and magazines on infrastructural development, internet, Hindustan Unilever Limited, Doomdooma, Raidang Divison (Hansara), Personnel Manager’s office, HUL(D) and so on

(Both the authors are students of BBA IInd year, Tinsukia College. This paper was presented in ‘SanMilan 2008’ organised by CMS, Dibrugarh University on 25th Oct., 2008 and was adjudged with the best paper presented there. Paplu Borah and Samrat Mukherjee got the best presenter award. )

Sanjay Saha

B

ackground Radiation, the low-temperature microwave radiation that arrive at the Earth’s surface from all directions of outer space. It is so named because it forms a background to all the discrete radio sources that have been detected by radio telescopes. It was first detected and reported by Arno Penzias and Robert W. Wilson in 1965, while working at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey. Cosmic background radiation was predicted to exist in 1948, as part of the big bang theory at the origin of the universe. According to this generally accepted theory, such radiation, which now has a temperature of 2.73k, is the lingering remains of the extremely hot conditions that prevailed in the first moments of the big bang. The background radiation is remarkably smooth. To all but the most sensitive instruments, the characteristics of the background radiation are the same, no matter in what direction the instrument is pointed. However, in the early 1990, data from the cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite showed that the temperature of the background radiation is not entirely uniform but varies by a few hundred millionths of a degree from place to place (it is anisotropic). These tiny irregularities were measured in greater detail by another NASA satellite, the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), which in 2003 produced a microwave /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

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light map of the universe at 380,000 years after the big-bang ; even better views are promised by a European Sapce Agency craft called Planck-sheduled for lunch in 2007. Cosmologist believe that the small-ripples in

the background radiation are left over from variations in the density of the universe soon after the big-bang; the denser regions (Which were slightly warmer) may have served as the seeds for early galaxy formation.

(The author is a student of H.S. IInd year, Sc)

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K¹JãÚà¹, š=¹ç¡¯à ël¡A¡à-K஡¹¡ç ¹ ³åJ¹ ®¡àÈà¡ú "àe¡[ºA¡ A¡[=t¡ ®¡àÈ๠šøà‹à>¸ =A¡àÒü íÒìá >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡¹ šø‹à> í¤[ÅÊ¡¸¡ú >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡t¡ Îà‹à¹oìt¡ A¡¹ô [áº, ëKÒü[áº, c¡ãÚàá[º, [º[A¡¹à, "àšãá[º Òüt¡¸à[ƒ ‹¹o¹ Ŧ¹ šìÚ஡¹ =A¡à ëƒJà ™àÚ¡ú ƒåÒ-ü &i¡à "=¢Òã> Ŧ* ëA¡àì>à ëA¡àì>à >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡t¡ Ç¡>à ™àÚ¡ú &Òüì¤à¹ "=¢Òã> Òìº* ëA¡ì> "=¢™vå ¡û¡ Ŧ¹ κ[> ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡¹à ÒÚ ëÎÒüìi¡à ¤å\àt¡ "Îå[¤‹à >ÒÚ¡ú ‘ºà[ºìº} &Aå¡[¹ ºà[ºìº} ƒåAå¡[¹ ºà[ºìº} *k¡¹ Aå¡[¹ ; [Κ๹ K¹JãÚàÒü Òàt¡ì™à¹ A¡¹[áô ºà[ºìº} >à³à¹ô¤à ¤å[º¡ú’ ÒüÚàt¡ šøìÚàK ëÒà¯à ‘ºà[ºìº}’ Ŧìi¡à "=¢Òã>, [A¡”ñ [>¹Û¡¹ A¡[¤ìÚ ë™ >àìR¡ºã¹ κ[>ìÚÒü ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡[¹ìá ëÎÒüìi¡à ¤å[\¤ šà[¹¡ú >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡Î³èÒ [º[Jt¡ ¹ê¡št¡ ëšà¯à >à™àÚ¡ú "γãÚà ®¡àÈ๠šà>ã ëAò¡W塯à "¯Ñ‚๠š¹à W¡[º "Òà >à>à[¤‹ ëºàA¡Kãt¡¹ Òü &i¡à ">¸t¡³ "}Å¡ú ÒüÚ๠Î[k¡A¡ Î}J¸à \>๠l¡üšàÚ >àÒü, [A¡”ñ l¡üv¡û¡Kãt¡ óò¡à[A¡ "à¹ç¡ t¡º¹ Kãt¡ óò¡à[A¡¹ \[¹Úìt¡ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ *k¡¹ Aå¡[¹ ¤å[º ‹à¹oà A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¡ú ‘>àìR¡ºã &Aå¡[¹ >àìR¡ºã ƒååAå¡[¹ >àìR¡ºã *k¡¹Aå¡[¹ ; "³åA¡ã¹ ¤àìšìA¡ Òàt¡ì™à¹ A¡¹ô[á >àìR¡ºã >à³à¹ô¤à ¤å[º¡ú’ /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

>àìR¡ºã Kãt¡Î³èÒA¡ [¤×Kãt¡ "à¹ç¡ ¤>ìQàÈ๠ºKt¡ [¹\ठšà[¹¡ú [t¡[>*ì¹ šøA¡àÅ ®¡}Kã "à¹ç¡ [¤ÈÚ¤Ññ &ìA¡ ‹¹o¹¡ú ëA¡àì>à-ëA¡àì>àì¯ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡A¡ [¤×Kãt¡ì¹Òü ¹ê¡šà”z¹ ¤å[º A¡’¤ ëJàì\¡ú "‹¸Û¡ 빯o >à= 냯¹ ³ìt¡ – ‘‘l¡ü\[> "γt¡ ¹à[t¡ ëKà¯à ¹à[t¡ [¤×¹ >N— [¤×Kãt¡ "à¹ç¡ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ &ìA¡ šøAõ¡[t¡¹¡ú’’ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡Î³èÒ šøoÚ®¡à¯ šø‹à>¡ú ÒüÚàt¡ ë™ï¯>¹ "àA塺t¡à [¤ƒ¸³à>¡ú ³’Ò¹ [š[k¡t¡ l¡[ü k¡ ³’Ò ¹JãÚàÒü, ³åA¡[º š=à¹t¡ K¹JãÚàÒü, \àîA¡ ¤à*òìt¡ K஡¹ç¡ì¯, šº ¤à*òìt¡ ël¡A¡àÎA¡ìº Kãìt¡ì¹Òü l¡üv¡¹à-l¡üv¡[¹ A¡[¹ ³>¹ ®¡à¯ šøA¡àÅ A¡ì¹¡ú [¤[®¡Ä ¤t¡¹t¡, ¹’ƒ-¤¹Èåo¹ ³à\ìt¡à, šàìÒà¯àº ël¡A¡àÒòìt¡ Kãìt¡ì¹Òü ëA¡àì>à¤à ³>¹ ³à>åÒ¹ šø[t¡ [>\¹ ³>¹ ®¡à¯ šøA¡àÅ A¡ì¹¡ú ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à ³òàát¡ã (³àá ³¹à) K஡¹ç¡A¡, ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à ¹’ìƒ ëšà¹à ®è¡ò Òü ¹ç¡¯à K஡¹ç¡A¡ ë\àA¡à¤îº ël¡A¡àÒòìt¡ Kãt¡ ë\àì¹ @ ‘‘"à³àîº "à³ô¹à >å>îº ë=ìA¡¹à ³åÒüìÒ๠KàJã¹ íƒ, ³àìÚA¡¹ Q¹ìt¡ \ãÚàìA¡ [W¡Úòàì¹Òü A¡’ìt¡ šà³ ëW¡ìR¡¹à íš ?’’ [šìá, š=¹ç¡¯à K஡¹ç¡\àìA¡à &ºà ëšW¡à >ÒÚ¡ú [ÎÒòt¡ì¹à ³åJì¤à¹ ºà*šàt¡-A¡Wå¡šàt¡¡ú [ÎÒòìt¡* KàÚ@ ‘"à×t¡[º t¡[º "à[³ c¡ãÚàá[º "à³àìA¡ >àºàìK íš¡ú’ "àìA¡ï, ³àáòt¡ã K஡¹ç¡\àìA¡ šå[k¡-J[ºÒ>à Jàîºt¡ ®¡¹àÒü "àK ‹[¹ ë\àA¡àÒü ëºà¯à l¡üt¡>å¯à ël¡A¡à \àA¡A¡ šøÅ— A¡¹à¹ l¡üì„ìŸ KàÚ @ ‘"à[³ "àšãá[º ³àá ³à¹ô¤à "àÒüáå ët¡àìÒà>ôìt¡ ë\àìA¡[¤ [A¡Úà ?’ >ƒã¹ šà¹t¡ K¹JãÚàÒü K¹ç¡ ¹àìJ¡ú K¹JãÚ๠[W¡d¡¹ ¤àJ¹, Kãt¡-³àt¡t¡ >ƒã¹ šà¹ šå¯àì¹ š¹à Î[Þê¡ÚàîºìA¡ ³åJ[¹t¡ íÒ =àìA¡¡ú ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à ëA¡àì>à¤à šà¹¹ K¹JãÚà [>¹ì¯ =à[A¡ìº "à> šà¹¹ K¹JãÚàÒü ÎA¡ãÚàÒü [ƒìÚ @ ‘>ƒã¹ [Κàì¹ ëA¡àì> K¹ç¡ áà¹à >àìR¡ºã >à³à¹à [A¡Úà, >àìR¡ºã >à\à>à ë\àìR¡ºã >à\à>à ¤àìš¹-®¡àìÚì¹¹ [A¡¹à¡ú’ š¹Ñšì¹-š¹Ñš¹A¡ Òü[t¡[A¡} A¡[¹ >àìR¡ºã KàÒü =àìAò¡àìt¡ ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à &ìA¡àJ> ιç¡-Îå¹à A塹ç¡ìÛ¡y¹ Îõ[Ê ëÒà¯à¹ [>ƒ¢Åì>à ë>àìÒà¯à >ÒÚ¡ú š¹à[\t¡ K¹JãÚàA¡ [¤\Úã\ì> >àìR¡ºã Kãìt¡ì¹Òü ¤¹îA¡ [‹B¡à¹, A¡iå¡ A¡=à Ç¡>àÚ : ‘&[Kºà [Åì³[º¹ ³å¹à ®¡àìÚ¹ ³¹à &[Kºà [Åì³[º¹ ³å¹à /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

ë³àì¹ [™ ºKìt¡ ºàKô¤à >¹ô[º ³àìKÒü ™à ®¡àìÚ¹à ³å¹à¡ú’ ‘ºàÒü [ƒ[º [ƒ[º ºó¡à [ƒ[º [ƒ[º Aå¡A塹àÒü ëJàìW¡àì¹Òü áàÒü, ët¡à¹ìÒ íQì>ì¹¹ &ì>Òü ë¤Úà Ѭ®¡à¯ ë³àt¡ ™à[W¡ Jà¤à ™àÚ¡ú’ [¤Ú๠šàát¡ A¡A¡àìÚA¡Òòt¡¹ ³¹³ Îà‹à¹oìt¡ ®¡àìÚA¡®¡>ãìÚA¡¹ šø[t¡ A¡[³ ™àÚ¡ú šâ—ãìÚ A¡A¡àìÚA¡Òòt¡A¡ ®¡àÒü-®¡>ã¹ ¤åA塹 š¹à "òàt¡¹àÒü [>ìÚ¡ú A¡A¡àìÚA¡ ¤\à¹-γà¹, >K¹W¡Ò¹¹ š¹à ">à [™ìA¡àì>à ¤ÑñìA¡ ë¤ïìÚìA¡ Òàt¡ A¡ì¹¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ ëA¡àì>à¤à ®¡àìÚìA¡ A¡A¡àìÚA¡- ë¤ïìÚA¡A¡ Òü[t¡[A¡} A¡[¹ KàÚ @ ‘"³åA¡à A¡àA¡à A¡º "à>ô[á šA¡à "³åA¡ã ë¤ï "³åA¡ã ë¤ï [®¡t¡àì¹ôìt¡ ºåA¡àÒü ë=ï¡ú’ [A¡áå³à> >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡t¡ ëA¡àì>à [¤ìÅÈ ¤¸[v¡û¡¹ A¡à[Ò>ã \[Øl¡t¡ íÒ =àìA¡ @ ‘l¡ü\[> ³åJãÚà ºàìW¡à®¡àÒü ƒåJãÚà t¡àìt¡àîA¡ ƒåJãÚà ¤à³åo [št¡ºãÚà óå¡ì¹Òü ³¹à Aå¡A塹 i¡à[>¡ú’ ³åv¡û¡ šøAõ¡[t¡¹ ¤åAå¡t¡ Îõ[Ê ëÒà¯à ¤àì¤Òü [A¡\à[> >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡Î³èìÒà l¡ü–µåv¡û¡¡ú ÒüÚ๠¤× Kãt¡ ¤¹ "ÅÃ㺠‹¹o¹¡ú "¯ìŸ, ¤v¡¢³à> "ÅÃ㺠Ŧì¤à¹ "òàt¡¹àÒü >tå¡> Ŧ¹ Î}ì™à\> A¡[¹ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ì¤à¹A¡ š=๹ š¹à ³e¡îº ">๠ëW¡Êà A¡¹à íÒìá¡ú t¡ºt¡ ët¡ì> ƒå[i¡ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡, l¡üƒàÒ¹o [ÒW¡àìš ƒà[R¡ ‹¹à Ò’º @ ‘¤P¡[¹ *ìºàR¡à ¤P¡[¹ ë\àìºàR¡à ¤P¡[¹ >º[¤ ëAò¡àW¡t¡ P¡¹ôJãÚà íšìÚì¹A¡ ë\àA¡àÒü ' >º[¤ ³’Ò¹ [Å} ³à[¹ [ƒ³ ‘‘¤åA¡t¡’’¡ú ‘"àÒ ëÒìºÒü c¡ãÚà Jà> ¤P¡[¹ Jà¤à ™à*ò, ¤P¡[¹ >ÒÚ ë¤àìÀ๠ëi¡àš Qèì¹Òü Qèì¹Òü ‘‘ëA¡à¤à³’’ ët¡àA¡¡ú’ ¤øÕ¡ìƒÅ¹ l¡üv¡ì¹ ³àºÚ "e¡º¹ ‘áà>’ \>ìKàË¡ã¹ ëºàA¡Kãt¡ – ‘šà>iå¡>’¡ú ‘šà>iå¡>ì¤àì¹à’ "ÅÃãº, >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡¹ƒì¹ šøàÚ &ìA¡¡ú [šìá ‘šà>iå¡>’ ë¤à¹¹ ÎA¡ìºà Kãt¡ ëšø³³èºA¡ >ÒÚ¡ú >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ì¤à¹ Îà‹à¹oìt¡ á–ƒ šø‹à> >ÒÚ, Òü ºÚ šø‹à>ìÒ¡ú ¤àƒ¸¹ šøìÚ஡¹ &Òü Kãt¡ì¤à¹t¡ >àÒü¡ú [¤×Kãt¡ "à¹ç¡ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡¹ [¤ÈÚ¤Ññ &ìA¡¡ú [A¡”ñ [¤×Kãt¡¹ ƒì¹ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ &[i¡ [¤ìÅÈ ˜¡t塹 Kãt¡ >ÒÚ¡ú ¤Î”z ˜¡tå¡ "Ò๠/ 82

ºìK-ºìK [¤×Kãt¡¹ ë\à¯à¹ l¡üìk¡¡ú [A¡”ñ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ [Å[Û¡t¡ ëÒà¯à¹ ºìK-ºìK ‘‘"ÅÃ㺒’ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡¹ ºKt¡ ÎA¡ìºà γÚìt¡ ëKà¯à ÒÚ¡ú ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ δšA¢¡ A¡[³ "à[Òº¡ú "à[\¹ ël¡A¡à-K஡¹ç¡¹ [¤Úà>à³, "àÒü>à³, *\àšà[º Kãt¡¹ Îå¹¹ áàš &Òü ¤àì¤ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ "àšôWå¡ Ò’º¡ú ó¡ºt¡ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡Î³èÒ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡¹ Îå¹¹ *š¹t¡ š[¹ìá¡ú [A¡áå³à> Kãt¡ ÒüÚàì¹ "à[\ [¤ºå[œ¡¹ š=t¡¡ú [A¡”ñ ƒ¹R¡ã A¡ºà-Aõ¡[Ê l¡üÄÚ> Î}Q¹ ¤¸[v¡û¡yû¡³¡ú šøìW¡Ê¡àt¡ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ γèÒ &[t¡Úà* =åº-³åºãÚ஡àì¯ Ò’ìº* ¤v¢¡³à> \>Î}J¸à "[‹A¡ ¤õ[‡ý¡¹ ºìK-ºìK Òà[¤- "¤¸àÒt¡ ¹à[Jìá¡ú &[i¡-ƒå[i¡ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ ³e¡îº ¤>[>¹ š[¹³ào ÒùàÎ šà캡ú "àK¹ƒì¹ ³à>åÒ¹ K¹ç¡* >àÒü, "à[Òìá¡ú "ÅÃãºt¡à [J[> ¤àƒ [ƒ ³à[\¢t¡ ¹ê¡št¡ ÒüÚàA¡ ÎååK¹JãÚà* A¡[³º, W¡¹oãÚà š=àì¹à A¡[³º, šøàAõ¡[t¡A¡ š[¹ì¤Å šø[t¡[Ë¡t¡ A¡[¹¤îº "à³à¹ ël¡A¡àW¡àì³ ëW¡Ê¡à A¡[¹¤ ºàìK ¤å[º [¤>Ê Ò’º¡ú šøàÚì¤à¹ º’¹à-ëáà¯àºã, ÑHæº-A¡ìº\¹ [ÅÛ¡àì¹ "à[\ &i¡à [¤Åຠ\>³t¡¹ Îõ[Ê íÒìá¡ú ([ºJA¡ Ñ•àt¡A¡ šø=³ ¤È¢ (A¡ºà)¹ áày)

Posoowa is an online monthly journal published by Assam Society America (ASA). They like to have contributors from all over the world. They appreciate your valuable feedback, comments & suggestions, and of course, news from your part of the world. You may send your written contributions to [email protected]. If you prefer, you can send your contributions directly to any of the editors listed below as well. Any contribution must be 750 words or shorter in length. Please include a scanned image of the author. They also like you to submit other pertinent photographs if possible. The editors are Ankur Bora (Texas), Babul Gogoi (New Delhi, India), Ganesh Bora (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma), Jugal Kalita (Colorado Springs, Colorado, Editor-in-Chief ), Kaushik Phukan (Seattle, Washington), Manoj Kumar Das (New Delhi), Rini Kakati (London, UK), Sanchayita Sharma (London, UK), Satyam Bhuyan (Ames, Iowa), Umesh Sharma (College Park, Washington D.C) and Umesh Tahbildar (Princeton, New Jersey). Assam Society of America PO Box 254 Mays Landing NJ 08330 If you want to talk with writers and contributors please dial or mail @ Rana K. Changmai 9435134539 Surjya Chutia 9954456991 Ranjan Das 9435736364 (email : [email protected]) Niranjan Sukla 9435846519 Sushanta Kar 9954226966 (email : [email protected]) Ram Naresh Das 9854326737 Nilimjyoti Senapati 9435134783 Kamarujjan Ahmed (email : [email protected]) Sangeeta Barua 9435039378 Kamalesh Kalita 9435132745 Dr. Rupali Gogoi 9435131075 Atul Bordoloi 9435335865

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Harendranath Borthakur (0374) 2345801 Tushar K. Nath 9435371122 Purnanda Barua 9954289336 Dr. Diganta Phukan 9954247556 (email : [email protected]) Patricia Mukhim (email : [email protected]) Dr. Bandana Puzari 9435335771 Anita Barua (email : [email protected]) Surendra Gogoi 9954138519 Kamal Gogoi 9859821123 Paplu Borah 9854857836 (email : [email protected]) Samrat Mukherjee 9401219575 /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08