Pragyan Vol 6 Issue 3

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Editorial

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Letters to the Editor

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Campus Update ................................................................./ Surjya Chutia

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The Academic World Around

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Panorama

Personality 15 Òt¡àÅ๠A¡’ºãÚà Aåò¡¯ºã Examination & Education

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Lesson Planning and Designing in Geography................./ Ghanashyam Deka

Career 26

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Career Tabloid

Science & Tech. 33 Let’s Play Eco Holi ............................................/ Dr. Ava Rani Phukan 36 Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡à : &\> "Îà‹à¹o "γãÚà [¤`¡à>ã .........../ l¡0 ¹à\㯠KîK Language & Literature 40 Ît¡ã=¢¹ ƒàìšà>t¡ [¤Ìå¡ šøÎàƒ ¹à®¡à ............................. / šøóå¡À KîK 43 [¤Ìå¡ šøÎàƒ ¹à®¡à : \ã¯> "à¹ç¡ šø[t¡®¡à¹ W¡³å "஡àÎ ........./ ¤[”z³àºà 냯ã 49 ³à[oA¡ ¤ì–ƒàšà‹¸àÚ * tò¡à¹ ëáài¡ K¿ .......................... / "[\t¡ A¡¹ 54 &ì>îA¡ìÚ ëÒ¹àÒü ™àÚ (Wå¡[i¡ K¿) ............................... / ƒãšà[º ų¢à 57 ¹ç¡[Foã, ƒåºà¯t¡ã "à¹ç¡ Aå¡A¡¹\>ã ................................ / šÀ¤ã KîK 59

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Social Science 61

North East Girls are Very Beautiful ....................................../ Mohem Naorem

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Sub Prime Crisis and Crisis of Capitalism ........................../ Arup Baishya

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India’s Economic Relations with Arab World in the ............./ Ajit Ch. Phukan

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Political Empowerment of Women ................/ Roshmi Dutta & Monika Das

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Educational Investment in Developing Countries ....................../ Anita Baruwa

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Swami Vivekananda and his Religion ........................../ Sutapa Chakraborty

Students' Column 80

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Editorial Board Patron : Dr. Bhuban Gogoi Editor in Chief : Rana K. Changmai Executive Editor : Sushanta Kar Editors : Monika Devi, Rashmi Dutta, Mayuri Sharma Baruah, Manashi Rajkhowa, Monika Das, Nilimjyoti Senapati, Surjya Chutia,Dr. Kamalesh Kalita Students’ Repsentative : Pankaj Gohain (Magazine Secretary, TCSU) Published by : Assam College Teachers’ Associatiom (ACTA) Tinsukia College Unit, Tinsukia College, Tinsukia 786125 Contact : (Cell) 9954226966, email : [email protected] Web : 1) http://sites.google.com/site/pragyan06now 2) www.perfspot.com/actapragyan05 Printed at : The Assam Computers (Govt.App ‘A’ category Press) Parbotia, Tinsukia - 781625, Dial (0374) 2330424

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Surjya Chutia

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The Women’s Cell Organised Counselling Programme

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oday, it has become a major course of concern in our society that the number of youths suffering from stress related problems has been increasing day by day. Counselling programmes and Awareness camps on such problems amongst youth are very important and relevant in these days. Keeping this view in mind, the Cell for Women Studies & Development (CWSD) of Tinsukia College organised a counselling programme amongst the boarders of Tinsukia College Girls’ Hostel on 3rd Feb. 2009. Smt. Nandita Sharma, teacher of DPS, Duliajan, was the chief counsellor in the programme. Various problems faced by the girl students were discussed freely and frankly and some valuable suggestions were also given by Smt. Sharma. About 40 girls took part actively in the counselling programme. Apart from the /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

members of the Cell, most of the teachers including Principal, Vice Principal were also present in the programme.„

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NCC First Again

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insukia College NCC (‘D’ Coy) unit is one of the best units under the 10 Assam BN , NCC, Dibrugarh. Apart from participation in various social works in the district, the unit regularly participates in the Independence Day

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A Day on Green Career

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he Career Counselling Cell of Tinsukia College organized a career counselling programme on ‘Green Career’ amongst the students on 06th Feb. 2009, at the college premise. Sri Jayanta Sharma, Coordinator, Natural management, and a lecturer of Nowgong Girls’ College participated in the programme as the chief resource person. Most of the students and teachers of the college were present in the programme. The

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students present there were much benefitted from the discussions on the issues related to Green Career and Environed.„

Geographical Forum Observed Foundation Day

he 6th Foundation Day of Tinsukia College Geographical Forum (TCGF) was celebrated in the department of Geography on 11th February, 2009, with a day long programme. The programme started with hoisting of Forum’s Flag in the morning by Sri H.L. Verma, the HoD and President of the Forum. It was followed by Floral Tribute (Smriti Tarpon) to late Sukhmal Bhuyan, ex- HoD and Rtd. Principal i/c of the College and the unforgettable contributions extended by late Bhuyan to the department and the Forum in particular and to the College in general were fondly recalled. Then a Popular Talk session was held which was chaired by Smt. K. Goswami,

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& Republic Day Parades, organized by the district authority. It is also remarkable that the unit takes home the first prize regularly in this Category. In this year too, it was no exception. The cadets of the unit performed well and bagged the first prize.„

vice Principal and co-chaired by Sri H.S. Tomar, HoD, Hindi, Tinsukia College. The Talk on the topic ‘Indian Monsoon—Mechanism and Effects’ was delivered by Sri Sourav Barman, lecturer, Geography department. Sri Barman presented the Talk very systematically with the help of over-head Projector and discussed the subject elaborately. The Talk was followed by a very interesting interaction session. The day long programme ended with vote of thanks offered by Dr. Kamalesh Kalita, lecturer, Geography Dept.„

/Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

4 College ACTA Unit Participated in Zonal Sports and Cultural Meet

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ssam College Teachers’ Association (ACTA,) celebrated its Diamond Jubilee year from 26th February, 20008 to 26th February, 2009. In this respect various programmes were organised at Central, Zonal and Unit levels during the last year. The ACTA, Tinsukia Zone was also not an exception. It has been organising various academic, sports & cultural programes and competitions amongst the College teachers of Tinsukia district every year since its inception. Sports Competitions : This year in connection with the diamond jubilee celebration a Badminton competition amongst the College teachers was also included. The event took place on 6 th February,09. In the Women’s double category, Tinsukia College team comprising of Smt. Pallavi Gogoi and Smt. Rashmi Dutta was adjudged the best and they got the respective prize. The 4 th Dr. Bipin Chetia memorial inter- College Teachers’ Cricket Match was organised by Tinsukia Zone in collaboration with Tinsukia College Teachers’ Unit at Kachujan Field, Tinsukia, from 4th to 9th February, 2009. The Match started with hoisting the ACTA Flag by Sri Golap Kalita, president of the Zone, in the morning on 4th Feb, 2009. Then the inaugural match between Tinsukia College teachers’ team and Digboi College teachers’ team was officially inaugurated by Dr. Brajen Gohain, president, Tinsukia District Sports’ Association, Tinsukia. The final match was played on 9th February, 2009, between Tinsukia College and Doomdoma College team and Tinsukia College team won the match. Sri Rajeev Mohan, Captain of Tinsukia College team became the man of the match and got the Boldev Sharma Memorial Trophy. /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

All the winners of various sports events were awarded their respective prizes at the ACTA, Tinsukia Zonal Conference on 9th February, 2009, held at Womens’ College, Tinsukia. Academic Seminar : An Academic Seminar on “Public Funded Higher Education System— Challenges and Responsibility” was oraganised by ACTA, Tinsukia Zone in Collaboration with Tinsukia Commerce College Unit at Tinsukia

Commerce College on 29th January,2009. Two teachers from Tinsukia College Teachers’ Unit namely Sri Niranjan Sukla and Sri Manoj Goswami presented papers in the seminar. Cultural Events : ACTA, Tinsukia Zonal Women Cell organised a day long cultural programme amongst the College teachers of the Zone at Digboi Mahila Mahavidyalaya on 20th

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Sep.2008. Events like Chorus, Poem recitation, Extempore speech etc, were included in the

programme. Many teachers from Tinsukia College unit participated the programme.„

(The Updater teaches Economics)

Assam University, Silchar

ST-RADAR installed

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his is the first time in the North-east and fifth in India that Assam University, Silchar is going to have ST-RADAR on the campus. The STRADAR will be configured as an active aperture distributed phase array using state of the art solid state RT modules and digital signal processing techniques, to cover a higher region from 0.5 km to 20 km covering the troposphere slightly beyond the

tropopause into the lower stratosphere. A team of scientists comprising 20 members recently visited the campus. The team identified the place where it is to be placed STRADAR will be a new extant to Assam University. This will be a paradise for the scientists all over India. To complete ST-RADAR Rs 50 crore has been received.„[PEB]

National Seminar on Buddhadev Basu

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three-day-long international seminar was organised by the Department of Bengali, Assam University, Silchar recently at Bipin Chandra Paul seminar hall. The seminar was on Buddhadev Basu and his contributions to Indian

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literature and social philosophy. The seminar was inaugurated by Prof Damayanti Basu by lighting the lamp. The chief guest of the seminar was Prof Shirsendhu Mukherjee whereas Hayat Mamud of /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh and Prof Swapna Devi from Assam University were guests of honour. In the keynote address, Udhay Naryana Singh, director, Central Institute of Indian Language

said that the contribution of Buddhadev Basu to modern Indian literature is indeed remarkable. Basu’s literature basically emphasises how one person can easily travel from one era to another to find a path.„[PEB]

Handique Girls’ College, Guwahati

College with Potential for Excellence Scheme assessed

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UGC team has recently visited Handique College, Guwahati to assess the progress of the College with Potential for Excellence (CPE) scheme. The college had received CPE status in 2006 under which, Rs 60 lakh was sanctioned to upgrade its academic environment, improve laboratories, enrich the faculty and develop a library. A four-member team headed by R.P. Hooda, the vice-chancellor of MD University, Rohtak, toured the college on January 29 and 30 for a survey of the various development activities under the scheme. The other members of the team included UGC joint secretary K.P.

Singh, Botany Department reader C.S. Chouhan from MH College, Ghaziabad, and Tripura University dean of faculty of arts and commerce Manjari Choudhuri. The UGC team was impressed by the cordial relations between the teachers and students and the commitment of the faculty members towards the overall improvement of the institution. Principal Indira Bardoloi presented a report of the activities under the scheme. The report also gave a brief outline of the history of the college, its mission and objectives, future plans and programmes to upgrade the college and was highly appreciated by the UGC team.„[PEB]

St. Anthony’s College, Shillong

Re-accredited with Grade-A : tops the list in the NE

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s St. Anthony’s College enters the 75th year of its existence. This year, the college has yet another cause for jubilation. It’s the first ever University College of the Don Bosco Society worldwide, re-accredited with the highest Grade of ‘A’, by NAAC (National Assessment and Accreditation Council), an /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

autonomous institution established by the UGC. The CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average) granted by NAAC to St. Anthony’s sums up to 3.60 out of 4. This comes to 90%, making St. Anthony’s the highest graded college of the entire North East and at par with other top colleges of India. The college was

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first accredited in 2002 by NAAC with Five Star status, the highest grade then. The reaccredidation result was declared after the executive committee meeting of NAAC, on

parents of some of the students. On the final day, at the exit meeting, the team presented their report to the Anthonians in a packed auditorium. The present rating of NAAC has four grades

30th January, 2009. The peer team consisting of three eminent academicians visited the college from 29th – 31st of October 2008. During these days, the team interacted with every stake holder of the College. They also met the alumni members and the

of: A, B, C and D. Awarding the highest grade of ‘A’, is based on the CGPA between 3.01 to 4. Having secured 3.60 points out of 4, St. Anthony’s is graded among the top Colleges of the country as an ‘Institution with High Level of Academic Accomplishment’ by NAAC.„

Panorama

(Contd. from Page 13)

cosmology, as the first of 40 planned distinguished research chairs. Over a three-year period, the physicists will be expected to spend several weeks at PI each year as they pursue a common goal: to unravel the fundamental laws that govern the universe. Sen, who has contributed to string theory, a domain of theoretical physics that seeks to unify quantum mechanics with Einstein’s theory of general relativity, said he plans to visit PI for

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about a month each year. Quantum mechanics successfully describes nature at its smallest scales, while general relativity explains gravity and the cosmos at its biggest scales. String theory offers a promise of unifying the two, but also has strange consequences — 10 dimensions, or multiple universes. Sen is trying to apply string theory rules to black holes — points in space so dense that even light cannot escape their gravity. Sen’s papers related to string theory have high levels of citations — a measure of their scientific significance. A paper titled Rolling Tachyons from 2002 has been cited over 580 times in other papers. Another from the same year has 480 citations. The PI programme is intended to bring together physicists from related but complementary areas. The programme believes when complementary insights are brought to bear and critical mass is achieved, major advances are possible.„ (PEB) /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

only band in the world that plays Howey & Bamhum. Known for their energetic and lively acts, they have performed in many places in India and Thailand. The Akshara Theatre of Delhi has recently invited the band to perform in its March, 09 festival titled, ‘‘Romancing India’s Northeast”. The Band is all set to perform now in front of distinguished audience of the country and abroad there on March 14, 2009. Arenla (Vocals / Lead Bamhum), Moa ( Guitar/Bamhum/Harmonica), Toji ( Lead guitarist), Sanen (Bass) & Imli (Drums/Percussions) these five make the band complete. Arenla is the only female member of the band, while Moa is the main composer of the band. The band can be listened and contacted on: http://cdbaby.com/cd/abiogenesis4, http://payplay.fm/abiogenesis4, www.abiogenesis.altpro.net, www.cdbaby.com/abiogenesis4,

Abiogenesis : Unique Naga Band set to entertain the Nation

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www.youtube.com/abiogenesis88, Email: [email protected], [email protected]; Cell: 0091 9436003009 (Moa) ;

ustic Relish—the latest music album of Abiogenesis, a rock/fusion band from Nagaland Postal Adress: ABIOGENESIS, was listed in this year’s 51st Grammy Awards in five Mamias Bliss,6 Angami Khel, entries in four categories. Aeon Spell, the previous Nuton Bosti, Dimapur-797113, Nagaland.„[PEB] album released through Saregama in June 2007 was also listed in the 50th Grammy Awards in two categories. The Band was not satisfied with just playing mainstream music. Their hunger to do something unique and exceptional made the band go further into exploration and experimentation which resulted in a new form of world music which they have named ‘Howey’. They also play a new wind musical instrument made of bamboo invented by a band member Moa. Abiogenesis is the /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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Sumanta Baruah’s Cartoons on Website

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r Dinesh Goswami, the renowned Assamese Science writer has written about him, ‘‘Found science always dull and dreary? Think again! Sumanta Baruah will tickle your science sense and rattle your funny bones. A few fine, deft strokes of his pen on paper, and the humour leave a lasting impression on your mind.”D o n ’ t believe? Have a look on: http:// www.cartoon cosmos.com Sumanta Baruah, now based in Bangalore, got his first cartoon published at the age of 11. From then on, his cartoons got published in various renowned magazines and journals of the state and beyond like Vigyan Jeuti (Assam Science Society, Guwahati), Drishti (Edited and published by Dr. D.C.Goswami on behalf of Govt. of Assam),

Satsori, Science Reporter [NISCAIR (CSIR) , New Delhi], Resonance (Indian Academy of Sciences, IISc, Bangalore) and so on. His cartoons were exhibited in international arenas as well like 3rd Rhodes International Cartoon Exhibition, Greece (2006), International Cartoon Festival, Iran (2006). Till date he has authored a book ‘Science Shapes Life’, published by Assam chapter of Indian Science Writers’ Association, which is a compilation of his selected cartoons scattered in many magazines. Sumanta draws cartoons on various topics of science, environment, politics and society. Of late, he is expressing his concerns on burning issues like global warming and climate change through his cartoons. „ © Buljit Buragohain, [email protected]

‘Bajrang’ Victim’s Laudable Gesture

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he Nation observes 30th January as martyrs day as it is the day of death anniversary of the Father of the nation. The veteran freedom fighter of the state, Shri Paniram Das (1917) till keeps running his Gandhian Charkha (Jotor in Assamese) on this particular day. A resident of Kalaigaon, Udalguri district of Assam, Sri Das this way keeps remembering his younger days when he had participated in the Quit India movement under the leadership of Gandhiji. Shri Paniram Das became more known to the people of Assam since the period of Rtd. Lt. Gen S.K. Sinha as Governor of Assam. It was so, because he helped Army

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authorities to build up a martyr column only to keep the memories of great Patharuaghat Ronn (war) alive in people’s mind. Every 30th January morning he gets escorted to that holy place to pay homage to those farmers brutally killed by the British. This year Paniram Das did something more unique on 30 th January. Instead of thinking about the future of his six children and ten grand children, he donated 2 bigha (6 acres) of land worth Rs.10 lakh to Indian Army for setting up a Vocational Training Centre (VTC) at Kalaigaon of present Udalguri district of Assam in this 30 th January 2009. This will facilitate the local youths and women to be trained on Candle making, DTP, Weilding, Capentery, and Plumbing etc. Maj. Gen. Chandra Prakash, VSM, and GOC Red Horn Division Rangiya inaugurated the project and thanked Shri Paniram Das for his noble gesture. This project will cost Army Rs.6 lakh. The local Sub Deputy Collector

(SDC) Shri D.N. Hazarika, Brig R.K. Rajput, Brigade Commander, Artillery Brigade HQ Hattigarh, Colonel Ajit Kr Borah, Commanding Officer, 65 Field Regt and Dr Naba Kumar Das, Govt Vet. Surgeon, Kalaigaon graced the occasion with their presence. A large number of local people were also gathered in the function. Since this is the first of its kind after long Army operations in the region, people can now see light of the day. Local school children presented a colourful cultural programme. The Army authority has formed a local managing committee under the SDC as Chairman to take care of the VTC. It’s worth mentioning that assuming him as ULFA link man the same Army had once severely tortured Shri Paniram and his family during the Operation Bajrang. Army never apologised for the biggest blunder they had made. It was only the then Governor of the state Rtd.Lt. Gen S.K. Sinha who sought official apology.„

(This report was forwarded to Pragyan by Dr.Bikash Kumar Das. He is the fourth son of Sri Paniram Das and Founder of Rhino Jungle Adventures Bangalore (India). He can be contacted at 0091-9480618880 [email protected],www.rjadventures.org)

Come This April 2009 :

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Watch High-tech Bihu in the Internet

ssam is envisioning a concept for presenting and showcasing Bihu, the national festival of Assam in a global platform using the Internet and high tech multimedia gadgets for the coming season, i.e., in April 2009. The event will be a techno-cultural evening on a certain day during the 3rd week of April ’09 when the SM Computer Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Guwahati, will make attempts to present Bihu performances (songs, dances, deliberations or other related presentations) from various Assamese communities across the globe in a singular virtual location. Communities /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

residing outside Guwahati will be scheduled for a maximum of thirty minutes presentation per unit/location. The distant events will be web cast live in streaming video and audio into a predefined URL/website for the Internet; it will be picked up centrally in Guwahati for coordination, scheduling, centre stage exposure and inputs to satellite TV channels. The central unit at Guwahati will be staging live inputs received from across the world in giant screens along with local presentation comprising

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leading cultural personalities of the state to create an envelope of events back into the Internet which everybody can view. Thus, one will be able to participate in a Bihu festivity live from across the world in a single platform and in the process possibly make it the largest celebration of a festival on an Internet backbone – a true techno-cultural scenario unlike a multicasting TV presentation where many professionals are involved. The company’s first major work was the live presentation of Rongali Bihu of PubGuwahati Bihu Sanmilan, Chandmari, Guwahati during April 2001 and April 2002 for a total of 260 hours, which attracted different media exposure in Assam and India, and drew the attention of the world wide Assamese community. It was considered as one of the

major events of the state during those years. Quoted by almost all media and newspaper houses in Assam and India with acclamation, the company was elated to have undertaken this ‘Live Bihu’ events on the net. Among the other major live web cast events organized by the company include Cotton College Centenary Celebrations and Guwahati Trade Fair. If the latest initiative gets able to be a complete success then it will write a new chapter in the history of NE India as the first public events of NE India being beamed live across the globe carrying the cultural sentiment of Bihu all over. Interested individuals can contact Sanjib Barthakur, Guwahati through his email ID: [email protected].„ © POSOOWA.

First Assamese Album by Maqsoodul Haque, an Assamese Bangladeshi

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then East Pakistan along with scores of other Assamese Muslims post-Partition and, by all accounts, did very well for themselves. His uncle Ansari went on to become a pilot in the Pakistan Air Force. Assam has never been far from Mac’s heart, though visiting “Ai Matri (motherland)” hasn’t been as easy he would have liked it to be. “In the good old days, I never ever felt that Assam was some faraway land because we used to make it to ghorole (home) by train and my uncles or some other relatives would be around. That was until around 1965, when everything changed…” as he has told to a Kolkata reporter. Mac believes an Assamese album would be the best way to re-establish his links with Assam. Known for his radical views, which he expresses through columns in various publications and websites, he added, “I want to be the Bob Marley of the Northeast! Is that an insane thought or is it too difficult to

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e is an Assamese Bangladeshi, he enjoys cult status as one of the pioneers of Bangla rock, jazz and fusion music, he was jailed a few years ago for trying to “jazz-ify” Rabindranath Tagore’s music and now he is aiming to be the first Bangladeshi musician to release an album of Assamese songs. A member of the little-known, close-knit community of “Bangladeshi Auhomias” 48year-old musician Maqsoodul Haque is lusting for connecting with his roots through music. Mac, as he is popularly known, still has a large, extended family back in Assam. Mac’s antecedents are in Jorhat district of Upper Assam. His parents migrated to

dream? I want to stop the war at home, I want the world to hear our side of the story, and I want to let them know that we bleed as much as Iraq.” He is planning to take inspiration from or recreate some of the greatest creations of Jyotiprasad, fellow poets of Chaitanyadev, Srimanta Shankardev, Zikirs of Ajaan Fakir and maybe even some tea garden songs and Buddhist hymns. His musical career began in 1976 with Feedback, then a little-known band that played

cover versions of Western pop, rock and reggae at the erstwhile Hotel Intercontinental (now Dhaka Sheraton) in the Bangladesh capital. Feedback recorded its first Bangla album, Ullash (Euphoria), in 1987 and a series of hits followed. Between 1990 and 1992, the band recorded Joar, a compilation of their best songs at the HMV/EMI studios of the Gramophone Company of India Ltd in Calcutta.Late Salil Choudhury released the album in January 1992.![PEB]

Uddhab Bharali innovates Ploughing Machine

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ddhab Bharali, 45, an Assamese innovator, who has already earned worldwide fame for his mechanical devices, has developed a ploughing machine for the poor farmers. The ploughing machine, the 80th of his innovations in 13 years, weighing 48 kg and priced at Rs 35,000, can be run on kerosene. It needs some amount of petrol or a 24-volt battery for starting its engine and can be operated even by the young people. The price of the machine included also the cost of its battery and engine. The machine can simultaneously plough, pulverize and de-weed the tilling field. It can also be used for pumping water. Sri Bharali, an AMIE engineer, has also developed a weed-cutter and a five-foot-deepcapacity trench-digging machine. Both the weed-cutting and trench-digging machines, his 79th and 81st innovations, have proved to be the most useful devices for tea gardens. The trench-digging machine is useful for the Telecom department as well and it can dig a five-foot-deep trench in a two-metre-long area, using 1 HP, within five minutes. The National Innovation Foundation of India (NIFI) had granted recognition to Bharali’s works about five years back and he was rewarded with the Master Innovator Award in November 2006. /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

Bharali’s pomegranate de-seeder was well received by countries like the USA, Turkey and Egypt. At present, each of Turkey and Egypt has placed orders for 100 pieces of the machine, and, on that matter, the two countries are negotiating with the NIFI. The Delhi Doordarshan Kendra recently produced a one-and-half hour documentary on Bharali and planning for another one . CNBC 17 of the USA had also sent a team to make a documentary on this innovator last year, following a news item on him in The Chicago Tribune. The pomegranate de-seeder and the passion fruit gel extractor developed by Bharali impressed The Chicago Tribune journalist Haidy Louriel at a national level innovation exhibition in Imphal in December 2006. The Discovery Channel, in its ˜World Beyond Today’ had brought Bharali to limelight in 2005 through a documentary. The Manchester-based The MIT Journal listed Bharali’s pomegranate de-seeder as a prestigious machine. The journal described the machine developed by the Assam innovator as a much advanced one compared to a similar device developed by the Americans in California.! © Buljit Buragohain, [email protected] & The Assam Tribune. 25.12.2008)

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Birds Paternal Care – Behaviour Originated in Dinosaurs Era : A Study Report

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aternal care of the young observed in 90 per cent of the world’s known species of birds is a behaviour that originated in the era of the dinosaurs, scientists reported on 19th December last. A team of palaeontologists in the US said its examination of fossilised dinosaur eggs and nests suggests that males from at least three species of dinosaurs provided parental care to the young. The fossilised remains of adults found with the eggs lack maternal and reproductive features associated with these dinosaurs, the scientists said in a research report that appeared in the journal Science. The researchers have found evidence of paternal care in the Troodon, the Oviraptor and the Citipati — three dinosaurs that lived between 75 million and 65 million years ago and are related to the ancestors of birds. The presence of males with a large number of eggs suggests that the males of these species protected and incubated the eggs, possibly laid by several females. Until now the scientists had no idea whatsoever about parental-care strategies among any dinosaur, said team member Jason R. Moore,

a British palaeontologist at the Texas A&M University in the US. Moore worked with David Varricchio from the University of Montana to analyse the eggs, nests and fossilised bones of dinosaurs discovered in Montana and Mongolia several years ago. Scientists have long known that birds are the evolutionary descendants of the dinosaurs. The new findings suggest that male care of infants widespread among birds of today had emerged long before the origin of flight. It is possible females of these species required more energy. If the females had taken care of the young, they would not have had as much time for gathering food and thus energy for themselves. According to the study, high levels of energy for the female dinosaurs would have translated into evolutionary gains. The greater the food intake, the higher the levels of energy they could invest in their eggs. This could mean healthier young ones. In the absence of any previous data on parental-care strategies, some evolutionary biologists had earlier suggested that paternal care in birds might have coincided with the transition to flight. (PEB)

Physicist Ashoke Sen Invited to Work with Stephen Hawking

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hysicist Ashoke Sen, one of India’s highestcited scientists who has made key contributions to unify two bedrock theories of modern physics, will join British physicist Stephen Hawking for extended research visits at a Canadian institution. Sen, a senior scientist at the Harish Chandra Research Institute, Allahabad, is

13 /

among nine physicists just appointed as distinguished research chairs at the Perimeter Institute [PI] of Theoretical Physics in Ontario, Canada. In November, PI had named Hawking, a renowned theoretical physicist at the University of Cambridge who has made major contributions to the science of Contd. to page 7 /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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A¡à¹ot¡ [>\ìA¡ "A¡à[³ºà ¤à "šƒà=¢ ¤å[º ®¡¤àìi¡à¡ú ëÎìÚ [A¡áå³à> Aõ¡[y³ ƒ¹¯ ëšà¯à ™àÚ¡ú &Òü ƒ¹¯ γèÒ š¹àšÛ¡t¡ ÒüÚ๠š¹à Ît¡ìt¡ "àì¹àK¸ ºà®¡ A¡[¹¤îº šøìÚà\> l¡üš™åv¡û¡ ëA¡[t¡Úà* ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡[¹¤ >àºàìK¡ú &Òü ƒ¹¯ γèÒ¹ ³à>[ÎA¡ ÎÒàÚ "à¹ç ¡ l¡ü š A¡à¹t¡îA¡ "šA¡à¹¹ Òt¡àÅ๠ºÛ¡o γèÒ : ÎÒì™àKãt¡à¡ú &Òü γÚt¡ š[¹³ào (™àA¡ "à[³ Î; ¤Þê å ¡ ¹ ®è ¡ [³A¡à ¤¹ 1¡ú ÎQì> [W¡[”zt¡ ëÒà¯à 2¡ú ³ì>àì™àK A¡[³ ë™à¯à Îà‹à¹oìt¡ Side-effect 3¡ú ‘"Îå J ã’ ">å ® ¡¯ A¡¹à 4¡ú Òk¡àìt¡ J} l¡ü k ¡à 5¡ú ³à>å Ò ¹ P¡¹ç ¡ â« š è o ¢ , [™ìÚ ¤å[º A¡*ò) ¤× š[¹³àìo Î}K ®¡àº ë>àìšà¯à ëÒà¯à 6¡ú ÎÒì\ ®¡Ú ëJà¯à 7¡ú ë¹àKã\>¹ ³>¹ "¯Ñ‚àìi¡à ë¤[á¡ú l¡üš™åv¡û¡ "àÒà¹, ¤å[\ t¡à¹ A¡à¹ìo ™ì=à[W¡; 뮡àA¡ "à¹ç¡ Ź㹹 *\> A¡[³ ë™à¯à 8¡ú Q¹¹ š¹à ë™ì> Ît¡ìt¡ ëšà¯à ÅàA¡³à>[ÎA¡ ÎÒàÚ "àK¤Øn¡à¤ šºà¤îº ³> ë™à¯à 9¡ú [>ì\ [k¡A¡, "à> ÎA¡ìºà "[k¡A¡ šàW¡[º, ó¡º-³èº, A¡º, ">å ® ¡¯ A¡¹à "à¹ç ¡ 10¡ú ‘"àuÒt¡¸à’ A¡[¹¤îº ³> ë™à¯à šà칡ú ÒüÚ๠*š[¹* – KàJã¹ "à[ƒìÚ "à³à¹ Kà"à[ƒ¡ú [>Ú[³t¡ ë™àK®¡¸àÎ, ³> Îìt¡\ A¡[¹ ¹Jàt¡ ™ì=Ê Òt¡àÅ๠š¹à š[¹yào¹ l¡üšàÚ : šøàoàÚà³ "à¹ç¡ ³ì>à¹g>¹ ÎÒàÚ A¡ì¹¡ú "t¡¸à[‹A¡ Ñ‚à> &Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ "[t¡ ! l¡üš™åv¡û¡ Jàƒ¸ (balance diet) NøÒo A¡¹à, 볃¤×º, "à¹ç ¡ ët¡º š¹àšÛ¡t¡ [>¹à[³Å "àÒ๠[>Ú³ãt¡ ®¡àì¤ Nø Ò o P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢¡ú ¤t¢¡³à> [¤Å«t¡ \àt¡ãÚ Jàƒ¸ NøÒìo "à³à¹ A¡¹à¡ú ¹à[KÚຠ¤Ññ "à¹ç ¡ ³àƒA¡ ‰¤¸ š[¹t¡¸àK Music therapy ëÚ Å¹ã¹t¡ [¤Ê¹ "[>Ê Îà‹> A¡¹à¡ú ³à>[ÎA¡ tension ƒè¹ A¡[¹ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú ëÎìÚ ët¡ì> ë¹àK³å v ¡û ¡ Ѭ à Ñ‚ ¸ KØ n ¡àt¡ ! Î; ÎU "à¹ç¡ Î; Kå¹ç¡¹ "àÅøÚ NøÒo A¡[¹ ‹¹o¹ Jàƒ¸ A¡³àÒü ëJà¯àÒü γà\[šø Ú ëÒà¯à¡ú "Nøoã ®è¡[³A¡à NøÒo A¡¹à ™å P ¡t¡¡ú Òü Ú à¹ l¡ü š [¹* ! [>Ú³ãt¡ ¤¸àÚà³ "à¹ç ¡ šø à oàÚ³ "®¡¸àÎ A¡¹à¹ ëƒJà íKìá¡ú ³ì>à¹g>, íƒ[>A¡ 6 ¹ š¹à 8 Qsi¡à ºKìt¡ Ź㹠"à¹ç¡ ³>A¡ l¡üš™åv¡û¡ šøÅà[”z [ƒÚà¡ú ë™àK®¡¸àÎ "à¹ç¡ šøàoàÚà³¹ Åà[”z t ¡ ëÅà¯à¹ (sound ó¡ºt¡ ë¹àKã\>¹ ! Ź㹠"à¹ç¡ ³>A¡ [¤[®¡Ä Kk¡>³èºA¡ A¡à³t¡ ¤¸Ñz sleep) ëW¡Ê¡à A¡¹àìi¡à ¹Jà¡ú Ѭ஡à[¯A¡ "¯Ñ‚à &i¡à¹ Åà¹ã[¹A¡ "à¹ç ¡ ³à>[ÎA¡ ! \ã¯>¹ šø [ t¡ ¤¸¯Òà[¹A¡ ÎA¡à¹àuA¡ ƒõ [ Ê ®¡}Kã l¡üš[ot¡ ëÒà¯àt¡ ™ì=Ê Ñ¬àÑ‚¸ ¹Û¡à¹ šø‹à> l¡üšàÚ¡ú NøÒo A¡¹à "à[ƒìÚÒü šø‹à>¡ú ÎÒàÚA¡ ÒÚ¡ú ë=à¹ìt¡ ÒüÚàìA¡ A¡¤ &Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ šà[¹ ë™ [>\¹ A¡à¹ìo š[¹Úຠ"à¹ç¡ γà\¹ ‡à[Úâ« "à¹ç¡ ®è¡[³A¡à* ëA¡àì>à P¡ìo ëA¡¤º ³ày \ãÚàÒü =à[A¡¤ [>[¤áà[¹ ƒÒ "à¹ç¡ γà\¹ A¡³ >ÒÚ¡ú ³}Kº "à¹ç¡ l¡üÄÚ>¹ A¡à¹ìo ¤¸[v¡û¡ [¤ìÅìÈ [>\ìA¡ &Òü[J[>ìt¡ l¡üìÀJ A¡¹à ®¡àº Ò¤ ë™ "à[\A¡à[º "àu[>ìÚàK A¡[¹¤ šà[¹ìºìÒ ‘Òt¡àÅà’¹ [>[á>à ¤\à¹t¡ Òt¡àÅà ë¹à‹ A¡à¹A¡ (Antidepression dose) ³Òà³à[¹[¤‹¹ š¹à ³à>¤ γà\ ¤à[á =à[A¡¤ šà[¹¤¡ú! ([ºJA¡ ®è¡ìKຠ[¤`¡à>¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡)

North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health & Medical Sciences, Shillong Announces Post Graduate Entrance Examination 2009 Applications are invited from students belonging to the North Eastern States including Sikkim for admission to Post Graduate (PG) course of NEIGRIHMS (Affiliated to North Eastern Hills University) commencing on 11th May 2009 in the following subjects: Anaesthesiology , Microbiology, Pathology, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Radio Diagnosis Date of Entrance Test : 3rd May 2009 Last date of receipt of filled Application Forms : 9th April 2009 Sale of Prospectus at NEIGRIHMS counter from 12th March 2009 to 9th April’09. For further details visit http://neigrihms.nic.in /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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‘‘The man who doesn’t read good books has no advantage over the man who can not read them.’’ — Mark Twain.

˘ Â√±S Œ˝±ª±1 ’Ô« ¤˝◊√ ÀȬ± √ Ú˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ’±ø˜ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û¬1 Œ¬Û±fl¡ ¬ ˝√√í¬ı˝◊√ ˘±ø·¬ı – ø˚¸fl¡À˘ øÀ√Ú-1±øÓ¬À˚˛ Œfl¡ª˘ ˝√√±Ó¬Ó¬ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û Δ˘ ¬ıø˝√√ Ô±Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ˆ¬±˘ Â√±S ˝√√˚˛ ŒÚ Ú˝√√˚˛ Œ¸˝◊√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Œ˜±1 ¸Àμ˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√ º ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± ¤˝◊√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Ó¬ ¤È¬± Œé¬S ’Ú≈¸g±Ú fl¡1±1 ˝◊√26√± Œ˜±1 ¬ ’±ÀÂ√º øÚÊ√1 ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬1 ¬Û1± Œ√ø‡ÀÂ√±√, ¤›“À˘±Àfl¡ ¬ı1 ’±˜øÚ ˘í·± ø¬ıÒ1 ¤ø¬ıÒ ¬ı…øMê√Qfl¡ ·Ï¬ˇ ø√À˚˛º ¸±Ò±1ÌÀÓ¬ ’˝√√—fl¡±1œ ˝√√˚˛ , øfl¡c fl¡±˜1 ˜±Ú≈˝√ Ú˝√√˚˛ º ˆ¬±1Ó¬¬ı¯∏«Ó¬ ¬ı˱p¡Ì…¬ı±1 ø¬ıfl¡±˙1 ¬ı±È¬Ó¬ ¤˝◊√ Ò1Ì1 :±Ú-·ø1˜±1 ¤È¬±¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ’±ÀÂ√ º ¤˝◊√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ √ ˝◊√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… ø˘‡± Δ˝√√À º ¬˜”^Ì˚La¬1 ’±ø¬ı©®±1 Œ˝±ª±1 ø¬ÛÂ√À1 ¬Û1± Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ˜±Ú≈˝√ √1 ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û √¬Û±¬ı ¬Û1±1 ’Ó¬…±(˚« ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ‚ȬڱÀȬ± ‚øȬ¬ıÕ˘ ’±1y fl¡ø1À˘ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± Ó¬±˝√√±øÚ1 ø√Ú1 :±Ú±Ài§¯∏œ øfl¡Â≈√ Œ˘‡Àfl¡ Δfl¡ Δ·À Œ˚, ëøfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÓ¬Õfl¡ ˆ¬±˘ ¬ıg≈ Ú±˝◊√íº õ∂Ô˜ ˚≈·1 ’:±Úœ¸fl¡˘fl¡ :±Ú±Ài§¯∏Ì1 ¬ı±È¬Ó¬ ’±¢∂˝√√œ fl¡ø1 ŒÓ¬±¬˘±Ó¬ ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¤fl¡ ¸√Ô«fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÚ(˚˛ √ ’±øÂ√˘º øfl¡c ’±øÊ1 ¤Õfl¡Â√ ˙øÓ¬fl¡±1

Ó¬Ô…-õ∂˚≈øMê1 ’±1n∏ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı…ª¶ö±1 ά◊ißøÓ¬1 ˚≈·Ó¬ Ó¬±˝√√±øÚ1 ˚≈·1 ¬Œ¸˝◊√ ˆ¬±˘ fl¡Ô±ÀȬ± õ∂Ó¬…˝3√±Ú1 ¸ij”‡œÚ ˝√√í¬ı ˘·± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√¬º ’±øÊ, Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± fl¡ø•Ûά◊Ȭ±À1 øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 ¬ı…ª¸±˚˛fl¡ õ∂Ó¬…±˝3√ ±Ú1 ˜≈‡Õ˘ ŒÍ¬ø˘ ¬Ûøͬ√√˚˛±˝◊√ ÀÂ√ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±› fl¡±À1± fl¡±À1±¬ı±1 ˜≈‡Ó¬ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ fl¡Ô± qÚ± ˚±˚˛º øfl¡c fl¡Ô±À¬ı±11 ø¬ı¬Û7¡¡¡Úfl¡ ø√˙ ¤È¬±› ’±ÀÂ√ º ø¬ıÀ˙¯Õfl¡ Œ¸˝◊√ ¸¬fl¡˘ Â√±S1 ¬ı±À¬ı¬, ø˚¸fl¡À˘ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ¸—‡…fl¡ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û √ øfl¡øÚ¬ıÕ˘ ’±1n∏ ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ıÕ˘ Ú±¬Û±˚˛ º ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¤fl¡ Ò1Ì1 ˝√√œÚ˜Ú…Ó¬±1 ¬ˆ¬±ª ·øϬˇ ά◊Àͬ ’±1n∏ ¸—fl≈¡ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡À1 º ’ªÀ˙… ˜˝◊√ ¤ÀÚ√À1› fl¡í¬ıÕ˘ øÚø¬ı‰¬±À1¬± Œ˚ ’±øÊ1 Ó¬Ô…õ∂˚≈øMê√1 ˚≈·Ó¬ ’±ø˜ Œfl¡ª˘ fl¡ø•Ûά◊Ȭ±11 ›¬Û1Ó¬À˝√√ øÚˆ«¬1 fl¡1± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ º ¬ıU Œé¬SÓ¬ fl¡ø•Ûά◊Ȭ±1 øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÓ¬Õfl¡ øÚ(˚˛ ˆ¬±˘, øfl¡˚˛ÀÚ± ˝◊√ ’±˜±1 ˝◊√øf˚˛À¬ı±11 ¸øSê˚˛Ó¬± ¬ıϬˇ±˝◊√ ŒÓ¬±À˘º øfl¡c Œfl¡ª˘ fl¡ø•Ûά◊Ȭ±11 ›¬Û1Ó¬ øÚˆ«¬1Ó¬± ’±1n∏ ø¬ı¬Û7¡¡¡Úfl¡ ˝√√íı º ¤˝◊√ ˚LaÀȬ± √±˜œ º ˚ø√› ‰¬1fl¡±À1 ’±øÊ√fl¡±ø˘ ¬Û1œé¬±Ó¬ ˆ¬±˘Õfl¡ fl‘¡Ó¬fl¡±˚« Œ˝√√±ª± Â√±S-Â√±Sœfl¡ ø¬ıÚ±˜”˘…ÀÓ¬ fl¡ø•Ûά◊Ȭ±1 ø ’±ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ Œ√˙1 õ∂±˚˛ ¸fl¡À˘± Â√±S-Â√±SœÀfl¡ fl¡˜√√±˜Ó¬ fl¡ø•Ûά◊√Ȭ±1 ø√˚±˛ 1 ø‰¬ôL± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ óó√ Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û› fl¡í˜, fl¡ø•Ûά◊Ȭ±À1 ’±˜±1 ø˘‡±- ¬ÛϬˇ±1 ^nøÓ¬ ’±1n∏ ·ˆ¬œ1Ó¬± ≈À˚˛±È¬±√√ ¬ıϬˇ±¬ı ¬Û±À1 øfl¡c ˆ¬±˘ Â√±S ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ·øϬˇ Ó≈¬ø˘¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1 º ≈√¬ıÂ√1 ’±·Õ˘Àfl¡ ¬ı±—˘±1 flv¡±‰¬Ó¬ ¶§±˜œ ø¬ıÀ¬ıfl¡±Úμ¬1 fl¡˜«À˚±·1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ ¤È¬± ˆ¬±˘ ’Ò…±˚˛ ¬Â√±S¸fl¡˘fl¡ ¬ÛϬˇ≈ª±˝◊√øÂ√À˘± º Ó¬±Ó¬ ø¬ıÀ¬ıfl¡±Úμ˝◊√ ø˘ø‡ø¢, øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û ¬ÛøϬˇ ¬ıfl¡ƒ¬ıfl¡ƒ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û1± ¤Ê√Ú ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡Ó¬Õfl¡ ¡øÚÊ1 ¡ fl¡±˜Ó¬ √é¬ ¬ı± ˆ¬±˘ ŒÊ±√Ó¬± ø‰¬˘±˝◊√ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬ Ê√Ú± ¤Ê√Ú ¡˜≈ø‰¬ Œ¬ıøÂ√ |X±1¬ Œ˚±·…º i ˆ¬±˘ Â√±S Œ˝±ª±1 ¬ı± :±Úœ Œ˝√√±ª±1 ’Ô« ¤˝◊√ÀȬ± √ Ú˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ’±ø˜ ëøfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 Œ¬Û±fl¡í ˝í¬ı˝◊√ ˘±ø·¬ı º ¬¤Ê√Ú Â√±S 눬±˘í ˝√√˚˛ ŒÓøÓ¬˚˛±˝◊√ √Œ√˚øÓ¬˚˛± ŒÓ¬›“ ŒÓ›“1 ˛ ¬ÛͬÚ-¬Û±Í¬Ú1 ά◊ÀV˙…ÀȬ±¡ ˆ¬±˘ √À¬1 ¬ı≈øÊ√ ¬Û±˚˛ º ¬ÛϬˇ±1

õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ά◊ÀV˙… ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ŒÓ›“ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¤È¬± ¡ˆ¬±˘ Ê√œøªfl¡± øÚø(Ó¬ fl¡ø1¬ı ø¬ı‰¬±À1 º ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ’±øÊ√fl¡±ø˘ Ê√œøªfl¡± øÚˆ«¬1 ¬Û±Í¬…Sê˜1 fl¡Ô± ¸fl¡À˘±ÀÓ¬ qÚ± √˚±˚˛ º øfl¡c ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˝◊√˚˛±ÀÓ¬± ¸˜¸…± ’±ø˝√√ ¬Ûø1ÀÂ√º ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜μ±1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¸˜¢∂ ø¬ıù´ÀÓ¬ ˘±‡ ˘±‡ Ó¬1n∏Ì-Ó¬1n∏ÌœÀ˚˛ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 Ê√œøªfl¡± Œ˝√1n∏ª±˝◊√ÀÂ√ º √ŒÓ›“À˘±Àfl¡ Ê√Ú± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬, ¬ø¬fl¡˚˛ ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ ∑ 1±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl ¡˝◊√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ’±1n∏ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬1 Œfl¡±ÚÀ¬ı±1 ˆ≈¬˘1 ¬ı±À¬ı ŒÓ›“À˘±fl¡1 Ê√œªÚ-Ê√œøªfl¡± ’±øÊ√ õ∂Ó¬…±˝3√ ±Ú1 ¸ij”‡œÚ º ¤˝◊√ Œé¬SÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 øÚÊ√1 øfl¡¬ı± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ √±ø˚˛Q ’±øÂ√˘ ¬ı± ’±ÀÂ√ ŒÚ∑Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ¸±Ò±1̈¬±Àª :±Ú±Ê«√Ú1 ά◊ÀV˙…fl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±¬ÛÀÒ…˝◊√ √ ’ªÀ˝√√˘± fl¡1± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Ú˝√√˚˛ º ¤˝◊√ÀȬ±√√ ˝í√˘ 눬±˘í Â√±S ¤Ê√Ú1 ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ά◊ÀV˙…º ø¬ıù´1 ά◊iÆÓ¬ Œ√˙ √ ’±À˜ø1fl¡±ÀÓ¬˝◊√ ‰¬±fl¡ø1 Œ˝√1n∏ª±˝◊√ ¬ıUÊ√±øÓ¬fl¡ Œfl¡±•Û±ÚœÀ¬ı±11 fl¡˜πÀ˚˛ ’±R˝√√Ó¬…± fl¡1±1 fl¡Ô± ˙≈Ú± Δ·ÀÂ√ √º ’Ô«±» ø˚ ¬Ûø1ø¶öøÓ¬1 ¬ı±À¬ı ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 √À1 ’±RÀfl¡fœfl¡ 눬±˘ ’±1n∏ é¬ Â√±SÂ√±Sœ¸fl¡˘ [∑Ø]í õ∂dÓ¬ Ú±øÂ√˘ ŒÓ›“À˘±Àfl¡ ¤˝◊√ ¬Ûø1ø¶öøÓ¬1 ˘·Ó¬ ¡ Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘± fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û1±Õfl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±Ò1Ì1 ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò1 ø˙鬱 Œ˘±ª± Ú±˝◊√ º ˜”˘…À¬ı±Òfl¡ ¬Û≈1øÌfl¡˘œ˚˛± ¬Ûø1Ó¬…Mê√ Ò±1̱ ¬ı≈ø˘ Δfl¡ ëŒÈ¬ø˘¢∂±Ù¬í1 √À1 ά◊ißÓ¬˜±Ú1 ¬ı±Ó¬ø1 fl¡±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¸•Û±√fl¡œ˚˛ ø˘‡± ˜˝◊√ ¬ Œø‡À±√ º Ó¬±¬1 ø¬ı¬Û1œÀÓ¬ ’±Àfl¡Ã Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ±Àª Ú±˜- fl¡œÓ«¬Ú fl1±ÀȬ±Àfl¡ √ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò1 ø˙鬱 ¬ı≈ø˘ ˆ¬±ø¬ı ˘˚˛ º ’±øÊ√fl¡±ø˘1 ¬ı…øMê√·Ó¬ ø˙鬱-õ∂øӬᬱڸ˜”˝√, ø˚À¬ı±À1 ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ|Ìœ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ’±1n∏ Δ¬ı¯∏˜…fl¡ ¬ı±1n∏Õfl¡ √ õ∂|˚˛ øÀ√˚˛, ŒÓ›“À˘±Àfl¡ ¤ÀÚ ˚±øLafl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò1 ø˙鬱 ø Ô±Àfl¡ º øfl¡c Œ˜±1 fl¡Ô± ˝√í˘, ¤Ê√Ú ¬Û±Õfl¡Ó¬¬ Œ‰¬±1À1± øfl¡Â≈√ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò Ôfl¡± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ º ’Ú…Ô±, ŒÓ¬›“ ŒÓ¬›“¬1 fl¡±˜Ó¬ ¸Ù¬˘ ¬˝√í¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1 º flÓ«¬¬ı…Ó¬ fl¡Àͬ±1 ’±1n∏ ‘√Ϭˇ ’±Rø¬ıù´±¸œ Ú˝í√√À˘ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±¬ı± √√±Î¬◊√ ˝◊√¬ı˱ø˝√√˜ ˝√í¬ı ¬Û±ø1¬ıÀÚ∑ ¤˝◊√ÀȬ± ˝í˘ ¤Ê√Ú ˆ¬±˘ Â√±S1 Ê√œªÚ1 ’±1yÌœÀ1 ¬Û1±˝◊√ ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±ôL ά◊ÀV˙…º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ’±ø˜ õ∂:±ÚÓ¬ Personality [ı…øMê√Q] ¬ı≈ø˘› ¤øȬ ø˙Ó¬±Ú 1±ø‡ÀÂ√± º ¬˝◊√˚˛±Ó¬ Œfl¡ª˘ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ˜”1 ¸≈˜≈ª±˝◊√ ¬ıø˝√√ Ôfl¡±1 fl¡Ô±ÀȬ± õ∂Ò±Ú Δ˝ ¬ÚÛÀ1 ∑ ¬øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û ¬ÛϬˇ±ÀȬ± √ Œ¸˝◊√ ά◊ÀVÀ˙…

’±·¬ıϬˇ±1 ¬ı±È¬Ó¬ ’Ê√¶⁄ ά◊¬Û±˚˛1 ¤È¬± ’Ú…Ó¬˜ &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì« ά◊¬Û±˚˛ ˜±ÀÔ±Úº ¤fl¡˜±S ˜≈Àͬ¬˝◊√ Ú˝√√˚˛º Ó¬Ô…ø¬ıù´1 ¬Û1± ¡ Ó¬Ô…1 ¸—¢∂˝√ ¬ıϬˇ±¬ıÕ˘ ˝√√íÀ˘ ’±ø˜¡ ’Ê√¶⁄ ’±1n∏ ø¬ıø‰¬S fl¡±˜1 ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±1 ˜±ÀÊø√ ˚±¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ¬’±˜±1 ’±·ÀÓ¬ ø˚¸fl¡À˘ ¤Àfl¡È¬± ¬ı±ÀȬÀ¬1 Œ‡±Ê√ fl¡±øϬˇÀÂ√ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±1 fl¡Ô± øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÓ¬Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1À , ŒÓ›“À˘±fl¡1 ¡Z±1± ¸—·‘˝√œÓ¬ ø‰¬˝ê¬1 ˙‘—‡˘±Àfl¡ ¬ı≈Ȭø˘ ’±øÚ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 ¬Û±Ó¬Ó¬ ˜±ÀÔ± Òø1 1±ø‡ÀÂ√ º Œ˚øÚ¬ı± ¬Ú√œ-¸±·11 ¬Û±Úœfl¡ Ó≈¬ø˘ ’±øÚ øÙ¬åI◊¬±1 fl¡ø1 øÙˬÊ√Ó¬ ¬ı1Ù¬ fl¡ø1 1±ø‡Àº ’±˜±1 ¬ı±À¬ı øÚ(˚˛ Œ¸˝◊√À¬ı±1 ‡≈À¬ı˝◊√ |X±1 ’±1n∏ fl¡±˜1 ¬ıd, ˝√√íÀ˘› Œ˙¯∏Ó¬Õ· ’±ø˜ øfl¡c ’±˜±1 øÚÊ√1 ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±1 ˜±ÀÊ√ ø√ Œ˝√ ’±·¬ı±øϬˇ√ ˚±¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı º ¤ÀÚÕfl¡ ˚±›“ÀÓ¬ ˚±S±¬ÛÔÓ¬ ’±˜±1 øÚÊ1 ˝◊√øf˚˛À¬ı±1 ¸øSê˚˛ Δ˝√√ Ô±øfl¡ ¡ ’±˜±1 øÚÊ√1 ¬ı±À¬ı ø‰¬˝ê1 ¸—¢∂˝√ ¬ıϬˇ±˝◊√ ˚±¬ı ’±1n∏ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À1˝◊√ øÚÊ√¶§ ø‰¬˝ê-ø¬ıù´ ·øϬˇ Ó≈ø˘¬ıº ·øÓ¬Àfl¡√,√ ˚ø√› ¤˝◊√ ’Ò…±˚˛Ó¬ ’±ø˜ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û ¬ÛϬˇ±1 √ Œ¬Û±Ú ¬ı±È¬1 ˚±≈√ fl¡Ô± fl¡í˜ º Œfl¡±ÀÚ› Œ˚Ú ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¬Û1± Œfl¡ª˘ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ˜”1 &øÊ√ √ ¬ıø˝√√ Ôfl¡±1 ø¬ı¬Û7¡¡¡Úfl¡ fl¡±˜À√Ȭ± fl¡1±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ’Ú≈õ∂±øÌÓ¬ Δ˝ Ú≈Àͬ º øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û ¬ÛϬˇ±1 ˚±≈√fl¡±øͬ ’±1n∏ ¬Û±“‰¬¬ı±1 ¬ÛϬˇ±1 ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±1n∏ øfl¡Â≈√ ¸˝√√Ê√ fl¡Ô± – ¸“‰¬±Õfl¡À˚˛ , ˜±Ú≈˝√1 ø‰¬ôL± õ∂¬ı±À˝ √ ¬ı1 √ ¬ø¬ı˙ƒ‘—‡˘ ’±‰¬1Ì fl¡À1 º ’±ø˜ ˝◊√˚˛±1 ’±·1 ’Ò…±˚˛Ó¬ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ Â√±SÀfl¡ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬¬ÛϬˇ±1 ŒÈ¬¬ı≈˘1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ Ó¬˘Ó¬ ø√˚˛± Ò1Ì1 ¤‡Ú Œ¬Û±à±¬1 ’±ø1

&[t¡Úàì¹ š¹à šØn¡à-Ç¡>à ëÅÈ "à¹ç¡ [ºJà-šØn¡à "๴± !! Ô¬ıÕ˘ Δfl¡øÂ√À˘± – ’±ø˜ ø˘ø‡øÂ√À˘± – ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Δfl¡ , ŒÚ±È¬ ø˘‡±1 ά◊ÀV˙…fl¡ ’±·Ó¬ 1±ø‡ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ıÕ˘ º Ó¬±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ¬Û±“‰¬¬ı±1 ¬ÛϬˇ±1 ¤È¬±¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬1 fl¡Ô± ø˘ø‡øÂ√À˘± ØØØ øfl ÀÚ± ø¬ı¸eøÓ¬ ØØØØ Ó¬±1 ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÓ¬± ˝◊√˜±Ú ¬Ûø¬1˜±Ì1 ¬ÛϬˇ±1 fl¡±˜ ¤Ê√Ú Â√±S˝◊√ Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ÀÚ± fl¡ø1¬ı Œ¸˝◊√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¤Àfl¡± øÚø˘ø‡ øÚÊ√1 ŒÚ±È¬ Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı Ó¬±Àfl¡ ø˘ø‡ ¸•Û”Ì« ’Ò…±˚˛ Œ˙¯∏ ¬fl¡ø1øÂ√À˘± º

˜˝◊√ øͬÀfl¡˝◊√ ø˘ø‡øÂ√À˘±º øfl ø˘ø‡øÂÀ√˘±, ¤ø√√Ó¬˚˛± ’±Àfl¡Ã ¤¬ı±1 ˆ¬±˘Õfl Œ¬ıÀ˘· Ò1ÀÌÀ1 ¡Œ‰¬±ª± ˚±›fl¡ – ¬Û≈1øÌ õ∂ùüÀ¬ı±1 ¸—¢∂˝√ fl¡1±1 ¬Û1± ’±˜±1 ˛ fl¡±˜√ ’±1y ˝í¬ıº Œ˙¯∏ ˝√í¬ı ‰¬”άˇ±ôL ø¬ıª1ÌÒ˜π ŒÚ±È¬ õ∂dÓ¬ fl¡ø1 ¬ ø‰¬S ¬ı± ˚±≈√ÀڱȬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡1±Ó¬ º Ó¬±1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ õ∂Ô˜ ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ’±ø˜ Œfl¡ª˘ ¬Û±Í¬… øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÀ¬ı±11 ¸±Ò±1Ì ¬Û±ÀͬÀ1 ’±1y fl¡ø1˜ º ¬ ¬Û=˜ ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ Ó¬±1 ˘·Ó¬ Ô±øfl¡¬ı õ∂±¸øefl¡ [reference] ¢∂LöÀ¬ı±1 ’±1n∏ ’±ø˜ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡1± ¸fl¡À˘± ŒÚ±È¬º ’±ø˜ ˆ¬±øªÀ¬ı± ¬Û±À1±√, Œfl¡ª˘ ¬Û±Í¬… øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ıÕ˘Àfl¡ √ ¸˜˚˛ ŒÚ¬Û±›“, ˝◊√˜±Úø‡øÚ √ ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ıÕ˘ flíÀ˘ ¬Û±·˘ ¬Œ˝√√±ª±1 ¬ı±ø˝√√À1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ά◊¬Û±˚˛ ŒÚÔ±øfl¡¬ı, Ú˝√√˚˛ÀÚ ¬ı±1n∏ ∑ õ∂Ô˜ ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¬õ∂±5 Ò±1̱À¬ı±À1˝◊√ ¬Û=˜ ¬Û±Í¬1 Œ˙¯Õ˘ Δ· √ :±ÚÕ˘ 1+¬Û±ôLø1Ó¬ ¬ ˝√í¬ı – ¬Û±·˘ ’±ø˜ øÚ(˚˛√ ˝í√˜ º øfl¡c Œ¸˚˛± ≈√‡Ó¬ Ú˝√√˚˛, ’Ê«√Ú fl¡1± :±Ú ’±1n∏ õ∂±ø5¬1 ’±ÚμÓ¬ ¬Û±·˘ º ¸˜˚˛ ’±ø˜

Career Tabloid

øͬÀfl¡˝◊√ ¬Û±˜º Ó¬±1 ¬Û±Â√ÀÓ¬± ø‰¬ÀÚ˜± ‰¬±¬ıÕ˘ ¬ı± øSêÀfl¡È¬ Œ‡ø˘¬ıÕ˘ ˝√√±ÓÓ¬ ¬ıU ¸˜˚˛ Ô±øfl¡¬ı º ¤˝◊√ ¬Û±“‰¬¬ı±1 ¬Û±Í¬1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ø˚ ¬Ûø1˜±Ì·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ˝√√í¬ı Œ¸˚˛± Â√±Õ· ˝◊√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… ¬ı≈øÊ√ Œ¬Û±ª± Δ·ÀÂ√ º ¬Û√±Ô« ø¬ı:±Ú1 ¤È¬± ¸”S ’±ÀÂ√ – ¬Ûø1˜±Ì ¬ı±øϬˇ Δ· ¤È¬± ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ &Ì·Ó¬ ¬Ûø1ªÓ«¬Ú¬ ˝√√˚˛º 100 0 Δ˘Àfl¡ ·1˜ fl¡ø1À˘ Ó¬1˘ ¬Û±Úœ ¬ı±©ÛÕ˘ ¬Ûø1ªøÓ«¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ˝◊√˚˛±ÀÓ¬± ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¬ı…øÓ¬Sê˜ Ú˝í¬ı º õ∂Ô˜ ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ø˚À¬ı±1 fl¡Ô± Ò±1̱ ø˝√‰¬±À¬Û ’±˜±1 Ó¬Ô…-Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±Àfl¡±¯Ó¬ ¸ø=Ó¬ ˝√í¬ı, ¬Û=˜ ¬Û±Í¬1 Œ˙¯Õ˘ Δ· Œ¸˝◊√À¬ı±À1˝◊√ √ :±ÚÕ˘ 1+¬Û±ôLø1Ó¬ ¬ ˝√í¬ı º õ∂Ô˜ ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ’±ø˜ ø˚‡Ú ø‰¬˝ê-¸˜≈^1 ¬ ›¬ÛÀ1ø√ ’˘¬Û ’˘¬Û ά◊˘•§ Δ˝√√ ¬ı≈1 ø√ ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ’±Ú≈ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡ w˜Ì fl¡ø1˜ ¬Û=˜ ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√‡Ú ¸˜≈^1 Ó¬˘Õ˘ Œ¬Û±ÀÚ Œ¬Û±ÀÚ Î¬◊˘•§ Δ˝√√ ¬ı≈1 ø˜ ’±1n∏ Ó¬±Ó¬ øÔ˚˛ ˆ¬ø1À1 Œ‡±“Ê√ fl¡±øϬˇ˜ º ’Ô«±» SêÀ˜ SêÀ˜√√ ’±˜±1 ’Ò…˚˛Ú1 ¬ı…±ø5 ‚øȬ¬ı , ·ˆ¬œ1Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±¬ı º ˘À· ˘À· ’±˜±1 :±Ú1 ¬Ûø1˜À1± ¬ı±øϬˇ Δ·

MBA Institutes of Assam

Department of Business Administration Gauhati University, Guwahati- 781 014 Phone: 361-2570412 ; Website: www.gauhati.ac.in School of Management Studies Assam University, Silchar - 788 011 Email: [email protected], Website: www.assamuniversity.nic.in Centre for Management Studies Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004 Phone:+91-373-2370942 Email:[email protected] ; Website: www.dibru.ac.in

School of Management Sciences Tezpur University, Napaam – 784028, Tezpur Phone 267128, Intercom -5000 Website: www.tezu.ernet.in Assam Institute of Management 7th Floor, East Point Tower, Bamunimaidam Guwahati - 781021 ; Tel: 361 2654813/2654815 E- Mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.aimguwahati.edu.in North Eastern Regional Institute of Management ParukuttyBhawan, Nabin Nagar, Guwahati – 781024 Phone 361- 2453293. © India Blogs

Ô±øfl¬ı º ˝◊√ ˝√√í¬ı ¬ıU¬ Ûø1˜±ÀÌ ¤ÀÚÒ1Ì1 – ¬ÛϬˇ±1 fl¡±˜À√Ȭ±fl¡ ¸˝√√Ê√ fl¡1±1 ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√ ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬ √ ’øÓ¬ ¸—øé¬5 õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ŒÚ±È¬ ’±1n∏ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À1 Œ˙¯∏Ó¬ ø‰¬S ¬ı± ˚±≈√ ŒÚ±È¬ ø˘‡±1 ¬Û1±˜˙« ø√øÂ√À˘± º ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ’±Àfl¡Ã Œ¸˝◊√ øÚø«√©Ü øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û √ ¬ı± ’Ò…±˚˛ ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± Œ¬ıøÂ√ ˆ¬±· ¸˜˚˛Ó¬√√ ¬¸•Û”Ì« ¬Û‘ᬱÀ¬ı±1 ‡≈¬ı ˜Ú ø√ Ú¬ÛøϬˇ Œ¸˝◊√ ¸—øé¬5 õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ŒÚ±È¬1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ‰¬fl≈¡ Ù≈¬1±˝◊√ ·íÀ˘˝◊√ fl¡±˜√ ‰¬ø˘ ˚±¬ı º ’±Àfl¡Ã ’±˜±1 ŒÚ±È¬À¬ı±1 õ∂dÓ¬ Δ˝ Œ˚±ª±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ¸5±˝√√ ¬ı± ˜±˝√√Ó¬ ¬Û≈Ì–¬Û±Í¬1 (Revision) ’ˆ¬…±¸ fl¡ø1˜ ŒÓøÓ¬˚˛±› Œ¸˝◊√ ˚±≈√ÀڱȬÀ¬ı±1Ó¬ ‰¬fl≈¡ Ù≈¬1±˝◊√ ·íÀ˘˝◊√ ’±ø˜ ˜≈‡¶ö Úfl¡1±Õfl¡À˚˛˛ ’±˜±1√√ ¸fl¡À˘± ¸1ƒ-¸1ƒÕfl¡ ˜ÚÓ¬ ¬Ûø1 ¬˚±¬ı º flí¡1¬ı±Ó¬ flí¡1¬ı±Ó¬ ’¬ıÀ˙… ¬ı…øÓ¬Sê˜ ŒÚ±À˝√√±ª±Õfl¡ ŒÚÔ±Àfl¡, øfl¡c Œ¬ıøÂ√ ˆ¬±· ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬ ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª±˝◊√ ˝√√í¬ıº ’±ø˜ ˚íÓ¬ ë¬Û±Íí¬ ˙s1 ’±·Ó¬ 븱ұ1Ìí ˙sÀȬ± ø˘ø‡À±√ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬À˝√√ √ ’˘¬Û ¸˜˚˛1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ¬˝√√í¬ıº Ó¬±ÀÓ¬±Õfl¡ ’±1n∏ ’˘¬Û ¬ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ¸˜˚˛1 √1fl¡±1 ˝√√í¬ı ˚íÓ¬ ëøÚø¬ıάˇ ¬Û±Í¬í ˙s ≈√Ȭ± ø˘ø‡ÀÂ√± º øfl¡c õ∂øÓÀȬ± Ϭ±¬ÛÓ¬ ’±·¬ı±ÀϬˇ±ÀÓ¬ √ ˚ø√ ’±˜±1 ø¬ÛÂ√1 Ϭ±¬ÛÀȬ±1 ˘é¬… ¶Û©Ü Ô±Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬ÀôL ¸˜˚˛1 ’—fl≈¡À1 ¤ÀÚ˝◊√ √ ά±˘ ¬Û±Ó¬ Œ˜ø˘ ¬ı‘é¬ Δ˝ Œ√‡± ø√¬ı º ø¬ı˙ƒ‘∫˘ ø‰¬˝ê-ø¬ıù´Ó¬ ˙‘∫˘± ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡1±ÀȬ±Àª √ ’±˜±1 ¸˜¢∂ Ê√œªÚ1 ˘é¬… º ¤˝◊√ÀȬ±ÀÚ± Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ˝√√˚˛ ∑ Ó¬±øQfl¡ ˆ¬±Àª fl¡Ô±ÀȬ± ’±ø˜ ’±·ÀÓ¬ ¬ıU¬ı±1 ø˘ø‡À±√ º ¤øÓ¬˚˛± ¤øȬ ¬Û1œé¬± fl¡1± ˚±›fl¡ – ¤˝◊√ ¬ı‘M√ÀȬ±1 Ù¬±À˘ ˆ¬±˘ √À1 Œ‰¬±ª± ˚±›fl¡ – ¤øÓ¬˚˛± , √Ó¬˘Ó¬ ø√˚˛± Â√ø¬ı‡ÚÓ¬ ¬ ¤ÀÚ ’Ê√¶⁄ ¬ı‘M√±fl¡±1 Œ1‡± ’±ÀÂ√ , øfl¡c ¸•Û”Ì« ¶§Ó¬La ¬ı‘M√ ’±ÀÂ√ ˜±ÀÔ± ¤È¬± º ’±ø˜ øÚø(Ó¬, Œ˚ ¬Û±Í¬fl 1 ¤˝◊√ ¬ı‘M√ÀȬ±√fl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± fl¡©Ü Ú˝√√˚˛ º ‰≈¬•§fl¡1 √À1 ¤˝◊√ ¬ı‘M√˝◊√ ‰¬fl≈¡ ≈√Ȭ±fl¡ ¡ øÚÊ√1 ø¬ÛÀÚ È¬±øÚ Δ˘ ˚±¬ı º

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Ú±˝◊√º ¬ı≈øÊ√ ŒÚ¬Û±À˘ øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ¬ı≈¬ı«fl¡ ¬ı≈ø˘ ˆ¬ª±À1± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± fl¡±1Ì Ú±˝◊√ º¬¬Àfl¡ª˘ õ∂øÓ¬ÀȬ± ˙s-¬ı±fl¡…1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ‰¬fl≈¡ ø√ ¬ÛøϬˇ ˚±¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº Ó¬±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ’±ø˜ ’±·ÀÓ¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡1± õ∂ùü Ó¬±ø˘fl¡±1 ¬Û1± ’±È¬±˝◊√Ó¬Õfl¡ ¬ Ê√øȬ˘ õ∂ùüøȬfl¡ ¬ı±øÂ√ ˘í¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı º Œ¸˝◊√ õ∂ùü1 ά◊M√1 ø¬ı‰¬±ø1¬ıÕ˘ Δ· øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û‡Ú ¬ı± øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÀ¬ı±1 ¬ ¬ÛϬˇ± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ º ¤˝◊√ÀȬ± ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸±Ò±1Ì ¬Û±Í¬ º ¤ÀÚ Ò1Ì1 ¬Û±Í¬1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ˚íÓ¬ ’±˜±1 øÚø«√©Ü õ∂ùü1 ά◊M√1ÀȬ± ’±ÀÂ√ ˜ÀÚ Œ¸˝◊√ ’—˙ø¬‡øÚ Œ˜±È¬±À˜±øȬ Ò1ÀÌ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡ø1 ˘˚˛ º ¬¤Àfl¡˘À· ’øÓ¬ ¸—øé¬5 õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1 ˚±¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı Œ¸˝◊√ fl¡Ô±› ’±ø˜ ˜ÚÓ¬ 1±ø‡¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı º ¤˝◊√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±ø˜ ’Ò…±˚˛ 14Ó¬ ø˘ø‡ÀÂ√± º ¤ÀÚ√À1 fl¡1± ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 ¸˝√√Ê√ ’±1n∏ ¬ı≈øÊ√ ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ Ȭ±Ú Œ˚Ú ˘·± fl¡øÍ¬Ú ’—˙À¬ı±À1± ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡ø1 Œ˚±ª± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬º õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Œ¬ı±ÀÒ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 ¬Û‘ᬱÀÓ¬˝◊√ Œ¬ÛøkÀ˘À1 √±· ø√ fl¡±˜À√Ȭ± flø¡1 ˚±¬ı ¬Û±ø1º fl¡±1Ì, Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı± ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«¬ı±11 øÚø¬ıάˇ ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√ fl¡øÍ¬Ú ’—˙À¬ı±1Ó¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˜ÚÀ˚±· ø√˚˛±1 ˛ √1fl¡±1 ˝√√í¬ı¬ ¬Û±À1 º ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ˚ø√ ˆ¬±¬ª ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ı±ø ά◊ø˘›ª± øÚø«√©Ü õ∂±¸øefl¡ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û‡Ú1 Œ¬ıøÂ√ˆ¬±À·˝◊√ fl¡øÍÚ ’±1n∏ ≈√¬1+˝√√, Ó¬±ÀÓ¬±Õfl¡ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√ Œ¬ı±Ò·˜… ¬øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û ¤˝◊√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√ ŒÓ¬ÀôL ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±˝◊√ √ Œ¸˝◊√ ø¬ıfl¡ä ¬øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û‡Ú √¸—¢∂˝√ fl¡ø1 ’±Àfl¡Ã ¤Àfl¡˝◊√ ¬õ∂øSê˚˛±1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 Œ˚±ª± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬º ¤ÀÚÕfl¡ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 √ ¬ı±ÂøÚ√√ ¸≈øÚø«√©Ü Δ˝ Δ·¬ Ô±Àfl¡, ø¬ı¯∏˚˛1 ·ˆ¬œ1Õ˘ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛ ’±1n∏ ˜Ú1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ øÚø«√©Ü õ∂ùü1 ά◊M√1À1± ¤øȬ øÚø«√©Ü 1+¬ÛÀ1‡± ·Ï¬ˇ Δ˘ ά◊Àͬ º Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± øÚø(Ó¬ Œ˝±ª± ˚±¬ı Œ˚ ¬øÚ¬ı«±ø‰¬Ó¬ øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÀ¬ı±1 ¸øͬfl¡ ’±1n∏ ’±È¬±˝◊√Ó¬Õfl¡ ¬ Ê√øȬ˘ õ∂ùüÀȬ±1 ά◊MÀ1± Œ¬Û±ª± Δ·ÀÂ√ ŒÓøÓ¬˚˛±˝◊√ ’±1y ˝√√í¬ı ά◊M√1 ø˘‡±1 ¬ı±À¬ı øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÀ¬ı±11 õ∂À˚±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ’—˙1 øÚø¬ıάˇ Ó¬Ô± Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬ ’±1n∏ ˘·ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıª1ÌÒ˜π ά◊M√1 ø˘‡± º ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±Í¬Õ˘Àfl¡ ’±· ¬ı±øϬˇ ˚±›“ÀÓ¬ ¤È¬± øÚø«√©Ü ø¬ı¯∏˚˛1 ¸fl¡À˘± ά◊M√1 õ∂dÓ¬ Δ˝√√ ˚±¬ı ’±1n∏ ¬ ˝◊√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… ۱ͬ… ’±1n∏ õ∂±¸øefl¡ ¬øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÀ¬ı±À1± ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±ø1¬ı±1 Ú˝√√˚˛ ‰¬ø~Â√¬ı±1 ¬ı± Ó¬±ÀÓ¬±Õfl¡› Œ¬ıø‰¬¬ı±1 ¬ÛϬˇ± Δ˝√ ˚±¬ı º ø˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ ’±˜±1 :±Ú ¬ı±øϬˇ Δ· Ô±øfl¡¬ı øÚÀÊ√ õ∂dÓ¬ fl¡1± ά◊M√1 ¬ı˝√√œ‡Ú1 ¬ıU ˆ≈¬˘ øÚÊ√À1 ‰¬fl≈¡Ó¬ ¬Ûø1¬ı º ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ’±ø˜ Œ¸˝◊√ ŒÚ±È¬À¬ı±11 ˆ≈¬˘ qÒ1±¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ Œ¸˝◊√ ŒÚ±È¬À¬ı±1À1 √ øÚø¬ıάˇ ¬Û±Í¬1 √1fl¡±1 ˝√√í¬ı º ’±Ú ¬øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÀ¬ı±11 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ’—˙À¬ı±1 ‰¬¬±À˘˝◊√ √ fl¡±˜√ ‰¬ø˘ ˚±¬ı º Œ√‡± ˚±¬ı, ˝◊√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡±Ú‡Ú øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 Œfl¡±Ú ¬Û‘ᬱӬ øfl¡ ’±ÀÂ√ Œ¸˚˛±› ’±˜±1 ˜≈‡¶ö Δ˝ Δ·ÀÂ√ º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û ¬ÛϬˇ±Ó¬ ¤øÓ¬˚˛± ’±1n∏ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¤Àfl¡± ¸˜˚˛ ŒÚ˘±À·º øfl¡c ˚ø√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ˆ≈¬˘ qÒ1±¬ıÕ˘ Δ· ¬ı± ¬ı±√ ¬Ûø1 Œ˚±ª± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± õ∂¸e1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À1 ÚÓ≈¬Ú Œfl¡±ÀÚ± øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 ¸g±Ú fl¡¬ø1¬ı ˘·œ˚˛± ˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬ÀôL øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú1 ’±1n∏ ¬ÛϬˇ±1 ¸•Û”Ì« õ∂øSê˚˛±ÀȬ±À1˝◊√ √ ¬Û≈Ú1±¬ı‘øM√√ fl¡1±ÀȬ± ˝√í¬ı ¬ı≈øX˜±Ú1 fl¡±˜√ º Œ¸˝◊√ fl¡±˜ fl¡ø1¬ı ˘·± ˝√√íÀ˘ ˆ¬˚˛ À‡±ª± ¬ı± ø‰¬ôL± À˝√√±¬ª±1 fl¡±1Ì Ú±˝◊√º ˜±ÀÔ± ˜ÚÓ¬ 1±ø‡¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı Œ˚ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ ’ª¶ö±Ó¬ Œfl¡ª˘ ¬Û=˜

˜±ÀÔ± ˜ÚÓ¬ 1±ø‡¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı Œ˚ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ ’ª¶ö±Ó¬ Œfl¡ª˘ ¬Û=˜ ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡1± ŒÚ±È¬À¬ı±11 ’±1n∏ ¤¬ı±1 øÚø¬ıάˇ ¬Û±Í¬1 √1fl¡±1 ˝√√í¬ı º Œ¸˝◊√ fl¡±˜Ó¬ ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬Õfl¡ ¬ıUÓ¬ fl¡˜ ¸˜˚˛1 √1fl¡±1 ˝√√í¬ı º ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ’±ø˜ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸5±À˝√√ ¬ı± ˜±˝√√1 Œ˙¯Ó¬ ø˚ ¬Û≈Ú¬–¬Û±Í¬1 (Revision) ’ˆ¬…±¸ fl¡ø1˜ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ’±1n∏ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¤Àfl¡± øÚø¬ıάˇ ¬Û±Í¬1 √1fl¡±1 ¬Ú˝√√í¬ı º ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡1± ø¬ıª1ÌÒ˜π ŒÚ±È¬ ¬ı± ˚±≈√ ŒÚ±È¬1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ‰¬fl≈¡ Ù≈¬1±˝◊√ Œ˚±ª±ÀȬ±Àª √ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ˝√√í¬ı º ŒÓøÓ¬˚˛± ˚ø√ ’±Àfl¡Ã Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ˆ≈¬˘ ‰¬fl≈¡Ó¬ ¬ÛÀ1 ŒÓ¬ÀÚ˝√√íÀ˘ Œ¸˝◊√ ’—˙ qÒ1±¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı º ¤ÀÚÕfl¡ fl¡À1“±ÀÓ¬ ø˘‡±1 ¬ı˝√√œ‡Ú Œ˘ÀÓ¬1± ˝√√íÀ˘ Ó¬±fl¡ ¬Ûø1©®±1 fl¡ø1 ¸Ê√±˝◊√ ø˘‡±ÀȬ±› ¬Û≈Ú–¬Û±Í¬1 ’e ˝√√í¬ıº ¤øÓ¬˚˛± øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û √ ¬ıg fl¡1± ’±1n∏ ά◊ͬ±˝◊√ ŒÔ±ª± – ˜ÚÓ¬ 1‡±1 ’±È¬±˝◊√Ó¬Õfl¡ ˆ¬±˘ ’±1n∏ ¸‘ø©Ü˙œ˘ ά◊¬Û±˚˛ ˝í˘ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Ó¬ ˚ø√ ¬Û1¶Û1 ø¬ıÀ1±Òœ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬1 ¸ij≈‡œÚ ˝√√í¬ı ˘·±¬ ˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬À¬Ú¶ö˘Ó¬ Â√±S˝◊√ øÚÊ√1 ¤È¬± ˜Ó¬ ø¶ö1 fl¡ø1¬ ˘í¬ı ˘·± ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√ ˜Ó¬1 ¬Ûé¬Ó¬ øÔ˚˛ Δ˝√√ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¸fl¡À˘± ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬Àfl¡˝◊√ ¤fl¡ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±Rfl¡ ‘√ø©ÜÀ1 ‰¬±¬ı ˘±À· º

˝◊√À˚˛ Â√±S1 ’Ú≈¸g±Úœ ˜ÚÀȬ±fl¡ ¸˜‘X fl¡À1 ’±1n∏ ¬˚Ô±Ô« :±ÚœÕ˘ 1+¬Û±ôLø1Ó¬ fl¡À1 º ˚ø√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Ó¬Ô…1 √œ‚« Ó¬±ø˘fl¡± ¬ı± fl¡±À1±¬ı±1 √œ‚« ά◊X‘øÓ¬ ˜ÚÓ¬ 1±ø‡¬ı ˘·œ˚˛± ˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ ˝√√íÀ˘ Œ¸˝◊√À¬ı±1√√ Œ¬ıÀ˘·Õfl¡ ˜≈‡¶ö fl¡ø1 1±ø‡¬ı ˘±À· º ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ˚ø√ ’±ø˜ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û ¬ı˝√√œ ¬ıg fl¡ø1› Ô›“√ ’±˜±1 ’±Ó¬—øfl¡Ó¬ Œ˝√±ª±1 ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¤Œfl¡± fl¡±1Ì Ú±Ô±øfl¡¬ı º ø˘‡±1 ¬ı˝√√œ‡Ú øfl¡c ’±ø˜ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À1 ¬ıg fl¡ø1 Ôí¬ıÕ˘ ¬Û1±˜˙« øÚø√›“ º ˝◊√ ˜±ÚÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√ ø˙Ó¬±Ú1 ¬õ∂¬ıgÀ1± ¸±˜1øÌ ˜±ø1À“√±º ø˚¸fl¡À˘ ø¬ı·Ó¬ ¬Û±“‰¬ ¬ıÂ√1 Òø1 ˝◊√˜±Ú √œ‚« ¬ÛÔ ’øÓ¬Sê˜ fl¡1±Ó¬ ¸¬“˝√±ø1 Ê√Ú±À˘ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ÕÒ˚«…¬1 ¬ı±À¬ı ’À˙¯∏ ÒÚ…¬ı±√ ’±1n∏ fl‘¡Ó¬:Ó¬± Ê√Ú±À˘“±º ’±˙± fl¡ø1À“√± ’±˜±1 Â√±SÂ√±Sœ¸fl¡À˘ ¤øÓ¬˚˛±À1¬ ¬Û1± ά±„√√1 ά±„√√1 ¸À¬Û±Ú Œ√ø‡¬ı ’±1n∏ ë¬ÛϬˇ±qÚ±í fl¡1± ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À¬1˝◊√ ¤ø1¬ı óøfl˚˛ÀÚ± Œ¸˚˛± ¸˜˚˛1 ’¬Û‰¬˚˛ º ŒÓ›“À˘±Àfl¡ ëø˘‡±¬ÛϬˇ±í ’±1y fl¡ø1¬ı ó ø˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ ø˘‡±¬ÛϬˇ± ’±1n∏ ¬Û±“‰¬ ˝◊√øf˚˛À1 fl¡1± fl¡±À˜˝◊√ Œfl¡ª˘ ¤Ê√Ú Â√±Sfl¡ ˚Ô±Ô« :±Ú-¸˜‘X ˆ¬±˘ Â√±S Œ˝±ª±1 ¬ÛÔÓ¬ ’±· ¬ı±øϬˇ¬ıÕ˘ ¸±˝√√¸ ø√À˚˛, ’±Rø¬ıù´±¸ ¬ı‘øX fl¡À1 ØØØØ!

([ºJA¡ ¤à}ºà ®¡àÈà "à¹ç¡ Îà[Òt¡¸¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡) (Contd. from Page 25)

(Lesson Planning & Designing ....) Beside long questions, teacher may go for a class test with short type and very short type questions or objective type with multiple choices. These activities will help the students to understand the lesson. Also it will attract them for further study as well as through study rather than simply sitting in the class. Teacher may go for students’ response by asking the questions during the class. In the time of response teacher must be conscious about the cross questions from some students. The response may also be in the form of recall and recognition, overt response, multiple choice or constructed response etc. Based upon the responses and their perception teacher can be evaluate the students. Evaluation may be based strictly on marking

system. Sometimes grading system is also become more meaningful. Especially in the time of group discussion and seminar grading system is recommendable than the marking process. In the time of students assessment discipline, punctuality, regularity, neat and clean write up are also considerable factors for perfect result. Thus in conclusion it can be says that programming and lesson planning is necessary in the context of higher education since education plays an important role in bringing social changes. It is the vital component of the society. The success of an educational system depends on the quality of teacher and it occupies a special position in the educational system of a nation.!

Reference 1. Dasgupta, D.N. : Principle and Practice of Educational Programming, Pointers Publishers, Jaipur, Rajasthan. 2. Hussain, M. : Human Geography, Rawat Publication, Jaipur, Rajasthan. 3. Sharma, R.A. : Technology of Teaching, International Publishing House, Meerut, UP. 4. Taher, M. : Social Geography—concepts and theories, NEIGS, GU, Assam. (The author teaches Geography in Pachunga University College, Aizawl)

Ghanashyam Deka

T

eaching is the social and professional activity. It is a process of development. Teaching is a system of actions which induce learning through interpersonal relationship. Teaching technology is the application of philosophical, sociological and scientific knowledge to teaching for achieving some specific learning objectives. Teaching is a purposeful activity. The ultimate goal of teaching is to bring all round development of a student and the society. The knowledge and practice which help in realizing the goal is the content matter of teaching technology. Teaching is an art as well science because teaching can study objectively and scientifically. On this regard it is mentionable that involvement of teachers and students are not the only meaningful way of teaching. Some innovative idea and methods are also

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necessary. The duty of a teacher is not only the teaching. It should be in meaningful way with some needbase evaluation and interaction. So now a days programming, designing are also associated with higher education system. Programming is relatively a new development in education and training, and programmers are the first to admit that a great deal of research is still needed before they can speak with certainty about the principles and techniques that will produce programming of the highest possible quality. Educational objective play same vital role in programmed education as in any other form of teaching. They must be established very clearly at the very beginning of programme construction, before and other work is possible; they guide the selection of principles and techniques on which the programme is built; they provide the standard by which the programme is evaluated. Yet, in the nature of things, educational objective are somewhat ephemeral and not easily determined with precision. Concerned with the lesson planning concept my attempt is to write up about the Spatial Organization: Identification of Functional Regions. Being a geography teacher my attempt is to describe the concept of functional region through this assignment. Geography itself is identified as spatial science. The idea of region (both formal and functional) is related with the study of regional geography. /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

Regionalization, identification and assessment of region, regional variations, economic activity etc. are the subject matter of regional geography. Therefore my lesson planning is about the introduction and identification of the concept of a formal region. Overview: Region is a unit of land that is considered to have a unique character or homogeneity, based on local features of geology, relief, soil, climate, vegetation and way of life. Again regional geography is the study of the geography of regions. Traditionally, the main approach to this has been through chorography. Regional geography is concerned with the geographical inter-relationships between regions and the examination of the changes that take place in a region over time. Geographers today place an emphasis on spatial organization that includes the concept of functional regions— areas defined by business and economic activities. Functional regions are organized around a node, or a focal point, with the surrounding areas linked to that node through systems, associations, and activities. The concept of functional regions provides a way to examine the linkages and flows that create interdependence among people. This lesson places the student in the role of geographer—thinking geographically and using geographic skills. During this lesson, students will connect data and visual representations to see how the links that sustain a region can be visually represented by maps of flow lines or overlapping ‘cobwebs’. Connections to the Curriculum: Geography, social science, math, language skills Connections to the National Geography Standards: Standard 5 : “That people create regions to interpret Earth’s complexity” Time: Three to five hours Materials Required: Paper, pencils, and graph paper Word processing, graphing, and presentation software (optional) Objectives: By this lesson students will be able /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

to identify and define a region and can give examples of regions at different spatial scales. Here the geographic skills are: 1. Asking geographic questions 2. Acquiring geographic information 3. Organizing geographic information 4. Answering geographic questions, etc. and finally students can analyze what is a region by the Geographic Information Suggested Procedure: Opening: Let’s start the class by sharing with the class a definition of ‘Region’. A region is an area with one or more characteristics or features in common, which give it a measure of homogeneity/ similarity and make it different from its surrounding areas. Human factors like occupation, religion, racism etc. or physical features like mountain boundary, plain and fertile soils etc. may define a region. Have students list the regions within which the local community exists. It is also necessary to ask students to describe the regions that have listed by them. Teacher’s duty in this lesson plane is to introduce students the idea of a Formal (characterized by a common feature such as language, political identity, climate, or vegetation), Functional (organized around a focal point of transportation, communication, or trade), and Perceptual (defined by human attitudes about areas) regions. It will be useful in terms of evaluations, if the students divided three groups i.e. formal, functional, and perceptual regions for group discussion. It is also meaningful if the teacher tells students that we create regions in our lives by the functions we carried out daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly. Then teacher can attempt a second brainstorming session based on regional geography questions like: What are the basic different between formal and functional region? or Give some suitable examples of formal and functional region from your own observations, etc. Development: To assess the understanding and for better interest to the subject matter, it will be helpful if the teacher assign some of the students

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to collect data for a linkage-and-flow map depicting a region in which they, their families and friends, and other people of their local area operate. Suggestions for survey topics include the following: ! Where, how far, and how often do you and your family travel to shop for clothes and household items? ! Where, how far, and how often do you and your family travel for recreational purposes (e.g., fishing, hunting, boating, camping, and skiing) or cultural purposes (e.g., movie going, parties, and museum visits)? ! Where, how far, and how often do you and your family travel on long vacations? ! Where did your family buy its last car? How far did you travel to buy it? How often does your family make such a purchase? ! How many customers does the local television cable system serve, and what is the geographic extent of the service area? ! How many planes fly in and out of the local airport each day? What cities do they come from? Where do they go? (Trains, ferries, and subway systems would be alternate focuses for this type of question.) ! How many customers does the local Internet service provider serve, and what is the extent of the local service area? How many calls are made into the system on a daily basis? Students may also want to research how many local citizens subscribe to regional or national Internet service providers. ! How many subscribers does the local newspaper serve? What is the geographic extent of the newspaper’s distribution? ! How many people come to the closest regional mall to shop on any given weekend? From where do they come? How large is the geographic area served by the mall? Students will need to survey a random sample of people to gather data, then organization of the data, and creation of a graphic

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representation of it. Students will need to phone or visit some business places of their locality and agencies or they can use the Internet to collect data. In terms of data presentation visual presentation, auditory presentation, using of slide projectors etc are more helpful for better understanding of the lesson. Closing: Have a brief class discussion about regions. Have students’ ideas about the definition of a region changed since they began this lesson? Is their idea of a region broader or narrower than it was before? Students’ Assessment: Have students give an informal oral presentation in which they answer several of the following questions. (If possible, have students use presentation software to enhance their presentations.) ! What is the purpose of this region? ! What gives this region cohesiveness and sets it apart from other regions? Is it a physical or human characteristic, or both? ! How large is this region? ! Are the borders of this region precise? ! Does this region join people in a common cause or delimit an area of conflict? ! Is this a formal, functional, or perceptual region? ! What defines this region—politics, economics, language, religion, social needs, or a common physical property? ! What is the focal point of this region? ! What cultural image does this region suggest to the world? ! Has this region changed recently? Is it currently changing? Will it change in the near or distant future? What is the catalyst for this change? Conclusion: Apart from these questions, students understanding may also be tasted from different view point. Arrangement of seminar on the topic taught, group discussion, debate about the formation and function of a region of their own locality, drawing or preparing map of different formal and functional region of their respective district, state etc. for their references. (Contd.on Page 22) /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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¤>å¯à γθà &A¡ [¤Å«\>ã> γθà¡ú "[t¡ l¡üÄt¡, ‹>ã ëƒÅ [¤ºàìA¡à [>¤>å¯à γθ๠š¹à ³åv¡û¡ >ÒÚ¡ú ëÅÒt¡ãÚàîA¡ ëƒJà [ƒÚà [¤Å« "à[=¢A¡ Î}A¡i¡¹ (™àA¡ Global meltdown "àJ¸à [ƒÚà íÒìá) ó¡ºt¡ "àì³[¹A¡àìA¡ ‹[¹ [¤Å«¹ ‹>àn¡¸ ëƒÅ γèÒìt¡à [>¤>å¯à γθàÒü ®¡Úà>A¡ ¹ê¡š ‹à¹o A¡[¹ìá¡ú "šøt¡¸à[Åt¡ ®¡àì¤ A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš> ëҹ硯àÒü ¤×ìºàìA¡ "àuÒt¡¸à A¡¹àì¹à ¤àt¡[¹ "à[Òìá¡ú "àì³[¹A¡àìA¡ ‹[¹ l¡üÄt¡ šèò[\¤àƒã ëƒÅ γèÒt¡ ëƒJà [ƒÚà "à[=¢A¡ Î}A¡i¡ "à¹ç¡ t¡ƒÎõÊ A¡³¢Î}Ñ‚àš> Î}ìA¡àW¡ì> ëÎÒü ëƒÅ γè Ò ¹ *š¹t¡

/Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

[>®¢¡¹Å㺠tõ¡t¡ãÚ [¤Å«¹ ëƒÅ γèÒìt¡à ‹å³Òå ๠Îõ[Ê A¡[¹ìá¡ú ®¡à¹t¡¤È¢* &Òü Î}A¡i¡¹ šø®¡à¯¹ š¹à ³åv¡û¡ Ò’¤ š¹à >àÒü¡ú [¤ìÅÈîA¡ ®¡à¹t¡¹ t¡=¸ šø™å[v¡û¡ (IT) š[¹W¡àº>à (Management) "à[ƒ ëÛ¡y¹ [Å[Û¡t¡ ™å¯ W¡à³¹ A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ Îìšà> šå¹ã "à[Ạ"àì³[¹A¡à "=¤à "àì³[¹A¡à> ¤× \à[t¡A¡ šø[t¡Ë¡à>γèÒ¡ú [A¡”ñ ¤t¢¡³à> &Òü Î}Ñ‚àγèìÒ A¡³¢ Î}ìA¡àW¡> "à¹ç¡ A¡³¢W塸[t¡¹ >ã[t¡ NøÒo A¡¹àt¡ &Òü ƒåÒü "Nøoã Jr¡t¡ A¡³¢¹t¡ "=¤à A¡³¢ šøt¡¸àÅãÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ Î}A¡i¡¹ Îõ[Ê íÒìá¡ú ëÅÒt¡ãÚàîA¡ *¤à³à šøÅàÎì> H1B šà¹šy¹ ë™àìK[ƒ ƒÛ¡-Åø[³A¡ "ೃà[> A¡¹à [>[ȇý¡ A¡[¹ [™ >ã[t¡ NøÒo A¡[¹ìá "à[Ò¤ ëJà\à ÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ "Å[> Î}ìA¡t¡ A¡[Øn¡ÚàÒü "à[>ìá¡ú &Òü >ã[t¡¹ ó¡ºt¡ ®¡à¹t¡¹ šøàÚ 1 ºàJ ƒÛ¡ A¡³¢ã ¤à‹àNøÑz Ò’¤

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¤å[º γãÛ¡àt¡ šøA¡àÅ¡ú ³åk¡¹ *š¹t¡ A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ëÛ¡yJ> ¤t¢¡³à> ³åìk¡Òü "àÅàšøƒ >ÒÚ¡ú ëW¡ï[ƒÅ¹ š¹à ³àì=à A¡³¢W¡å ¸[t¡, A¡³¢ Î}ìA¡àW¡>¹ ¤t¡¹àìÒ "à[Òìá¡ú "à”z@¹àÊ¡öãÚ Åø[³A¡ Î}Ñ‚à (ILO) ¹ γãÛ¡à ³ìt¡ 2009 ¤È¢t¡ &[W¡Úà ³ÒàìƒÅìt¡ 9.2 [>™åt¡t¡îA¡ "[‹A¡ ëºàA¡ A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš>Òã> íÒ š[¹¤¡ú ®¡à¹t¡¤È¢* &Òü Î}A¡i¡¹ š¹à "òàt¡[¹ =A¡à >àÒü¡ú [¤ìÅÈîA¡ ¤Ñ| l¡ü샸àK (Textile), "i¡’³¤àÒüº (Automobile) ƒè¹ Î}ì™àK (Telecom), ëÛ¡yt¡ Î}A¡i¡ Qoã®è¡t¡ íÒ š[¹ìá¡ú [>ìÚàK¹ ëÎàoàºã ëÛ¡y ¹ê¡ìš š[¹K[ot¡ ëÛ¡yγèÒìt¡ "à[\ ëƒJà [ƒìá A¡³¢ Î}ìA¡àW¡>, A¡³¢W塸[t¡ "à¹ç¡ ë¤t¡> A¡t¢¡>¡ú &ì> š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡t¡ A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ÎÞê¡à> A¡¹à ÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ Òt¡àÅà "à[Ò š¹àìt¡à Ѭ஡à[¯A¡¡ú [A¡”ñ, &[t¡Úà Î³Ú š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡¹ ΖµåJã> ëÒà¯à, Òt¡àÅ๠>ÒÚ¡ú ¤t¢¡³à>¹ Î}A¡i¡ [>ÆW¡Ú [W¡¹Ñ‚àÚã >ÒÚ¡ú Òü &[ƒ> ƒè¹ Ò’¤¡ú K[t¡ìA¡, š[¹¤[t¢¡t¡ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡¹ ë³àA¡à[¤ºà A¡[¹¤îº ÎA¡ìºà Îà\å Ò’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ [A¡áå ëÛ¡y ¤Þê¡ ¤à Î}Aå¡[W¡t¡ íÒìá ÎòW¡à, [A¡”ñ ÎA¡ìºà š= ¤Þê¡ ëÒà¯à >àÒü¡ú &[t¡Úà [>¤>å¯à ™å¯A¡-™å¯t¡ãÎA¡ìº ÎÞê¡à> A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤ [¤A¡¿¹¡ú ëÎÒü [¤A¡¿ [>\¹ Ñ‚à>ãÚ "e¡º¹ šøìÚà\>ãÚt¡à "à¹ç¡ δ±à¯>๠*š¹t¡ [®¡[v¡ A¡[¹ [>ì\Òü [¤áà[¹ º’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú "à³à¹ ™å¯A¡-™å¯t¡ãÎA¡º šøt¡¸àÔà>¹ ΖµåJã> Ò’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú í‹™¢ "à¹ç¡ Îå-š[¹A¡¿>àì¹ "àK¤à[Øn¡ìº [™ ëA¡àì>à [¤A¡¿Òü Îå–ƒ¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠K[Øn¡ tå¡[º¤ šà칡ú ¤t¢¡³à> γÚt¡ [>\ìA¡ šø[t¡Ë¡à A¡¹à¹, "=¢ l¡üšà\¢> A¡¹à¹ "ìºJ Îåì™àK "àìá¡ú [A¡”ñ ë¤[á ®¡àK ™å¯A¡-™å¯t¡ãìÚ ‘[¹ÍôH’ º’¤ ë>àìJàì\ "Kt¡à>åK[t¡A¡ šì=ì¹ ™à¤ ë>àìJàì\¡ú Îõ[Ê¡Å㺠A¡³¢ ë™ì> – [W¡y[Å¿, >àW¡, [ºJà쳺à "=¤à γà\ìίà* ë™ Îå–ƒ¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠Ғ¤ šàì¹ ¤×ìt¡Òü >஡àì¤ ¤à >à\àì>¡ú ëA¡¯º W¡àA¡[¹ [¤áà[¹ óå¡[¹ "³èº¸ Î³Ú >Ê A¡¹àt¡îA¡ [>\¹ šø[t¡®¡à, ƒÛ¡t¡à, Îà³¢=¸ "à¹ç¡ ¤\๹ W¡à[Òƒà "à[ƒ [ƒÅ [¤ì¤W¡>à A¡[¹ &ìA¡àJ> ëÛ¡y ¤à[á º’ìº [>ì\ l¡üšAõ¡t¡ ëÒà¯à¹ ºKìt¡ ëƒÅ t¡=à γà\ l¡üšAõ¡t¡ Ò’¤¡ú Îà´ß[t¡A¡ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡t¡ áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº [>\¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠[>¤¢àW¡>¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ "à¹ç¡ "[‹A¡ Ît¡A¢¡ "à¹ç¡ ƒè¹ƒÅ¢ã Ò’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú ët¡*òìºàìA¡ šø=ì³Òü [>\A¡ š¹ãÛ¡à A¡[¹ W¡à¤ ºà[K¤¡ú šøA¡õ t¡ìt¡ ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ šø[t¡®¡à, ë™àK¸t¡à, "à¹ç¡ &A¡àNøt¡à [A¡³à>¡ú [™ ÎA¡º [>\¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๹ ëÛ¡yt¡ ÎòW¡àîA¡ ‘[á[¹Úàá’, ët¡*òìºàìA¡ ®¡àºƒì¹ [W¡”zà A¡[¹ ¤à[W¡ º’¤ ºà[K¤ [>\¹ ®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠ëÛ¡y¡ú ¤t¢¡³à>¹ A¡³¢ Î}ìA¡àW¡>¹ γÚt¡ áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº šàk¡¸yû¡³ [>¤¢àW¡> 27 /

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&ìA¡Èà¹ìt¡ "δ±¯¡ú "à¹ç¡ &ì> ƒà¤ã A¡¹à* ®å¡º¡ú šøA¡õ t¡ìt¡ "à³à¹ ¤× [>¤>å¯à áˆì¤Åã [>¤>å¯à¡ú t¡àì¹ ¤× "àìA¡ï A¡³¢ [¤³åJ¡ú [Å[Û¡t¡ [>¤>å¯àÎA¡º¹ &A¡ ‹à¹oà "àìá ë™ ëA¡¯º W¡¹A¡à¹ã ¤à ë¤W¡¹A¡à¹ã ‘W¡àA¡[¹’ A¡[¹ìºìÒ ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ [Åۡ๠³™àƒ¢à =à[A¡¤¡ú [A¡”ñ W¡àA¡[¹ >A¡¹àîA¡* ">¸ [¤A¡¿ A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ë™àìK[ƒ ë™ Î–µà>\>A¡ \ã[¯A¡à "\¢> A¡[¹¤ šà[¹, ëÎÒü [¤ÈìÚ ë¤[á ®¡àìKÒü "`¡¡ú "γt¡ šøW塹 δšƒ "àìá, t¡àA¡ Î[k¡A¡ ¤¸¯Ò๹ ë™àìK[ƒ "àu Î}Ñ‚àš>ì¹à ¤× š= "àìá¡ú "à³à¹ [Å[Û¡t¡ ™å¯A¡™å¯t¡ãÎA¡ìº [¤`¡à> Ζµt¡ ëJ[t¡ (š¹´š¹àKt¡ Åθ¹ ¤à[Òì¹* [¤[®¡Ä šøA¡à¹ ó塺, [W¡y>ºà, ë\i¡ö’ó¡à "à[ƒ), šÇ¡šàº>, ³;θ šàº>, "à[ƒ¹ ë™àìK[ƒ [>\¹ ºKìt¡ "à>ìA¡à A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš> [ƒ¤ šà칡ú "γt¡ "àº}A¡à[¹A¡ ³àá¹ (Ornamental Fish) ¤¸¯ÎàÚ A¡¹àì¹à ™ì=Ê Îåì™àK

"àìá¡ú l¡ü샸àKã t¡¹ç¡oÎA¡ìº =ºå¯à šå[k¡, J[ºÒò>à, W¡–ƒà, lò¡[¹A¡oà, [ÅR¡¹à, ¤à[³, ëKƒìKƒã "à[ƒ ³àáγèÒ¹ ¤¸¯Îà[ÚA¡ l¡ü;šàƒ> "à¹ç¡ "àº}A¡à[¹A¡ ³àá [ÒW¡àì¤ ¹œ¡à[> A¡¹à¹ "òàW¡[> íº &A¡ >tå¡> δ±à¯>๠ƒå¯à¹ ³åA¡[º A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú W¡¹A¡à¹ã "à¹ç¡ ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ ë™ï= l¡ü샸àKt¡ Òü "γ¹ ¤àì¤ &A¡ ¤õÒ; ¤¸¯ÎàÚ íÒ l¡ük¡à¹ šèo¢ δ±à¯>à "àìá¡ú t¡àì¹àš[¹ "γt¡ š™¢i¡> l¡ü샸àKì¹à ™ì=Ê Î´±à¯>à "àìá¡ú "¯ìŸ &Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ W¡¹A¡à¹ì¹à Î[yû¡Ú l¡ü샸àK šøìÚà\>ãÚ, [™ìi¡à¹ [>t¡¸à”z "®¡à¯ ëƒJà ™àÚ¡ú t¡=à[š "à³à¹ [Å[Û¡t¡ ™å¯A¡-™å¯t¡ãÎA¡ìº [¤[®¡Ä [ƒÅ¹ A¡à[¹A¡¹ã [ÅÛ¡à íº ¤\๠"‹¸Ú>¹ ë™àìK[ƒ "àu Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ [¤A¡¿ ëÛ¡yγèÒ ¤à[á íº t¡àt¡ "àK¤à[Øn¡¤ ºàìK¡ú ‘[>¤>å¯à’ ¤å[º Òt¡àÅ ëÒà¯à¹, ¤à W¡¹A¡à¹¹ ³åJîº W¡àÒü ¤[Ò =A¡à "à[\¹ ™åKt¡ ³èJ¢à[³ ³ày¡ú!

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ëW¡ì>ºÎ³è ì Ò A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ &A¡ [¤ÅຠëÛ¡y ³å A ¡[º A¡[¹ìá¡ú "γ¹ ƒì¹ "à[=¢A¡®¡àì¯ šàá š¹à &J> ¹à\¸ìt¡ "à[\ [t¡[>i¡à ¹àÊ¡öãÚ /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

(Cameraperson) ¹ê¡šÎðàA¡¹ (Makeup-Artist),

K[t¡ìA¡, &Òü [¤®¡àK γèÒ¹ l¡üš™åv¡û¡ `¡à> =A¡à ƒÛ¡ ëºàA¡¹ ¤àì¤ ë³[l¡Úà ëÛ¡y Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ &A¡ l¡ü¤¢¹ ®è¡[³ íÒ l¡ü[k¡ìá¡ú ë³[l¡Úà ëÛ¡yJ> ¤t¢¡³à> "t¡¸”z šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à³èºA¡ íÒ l¡ü[k¡ìá¡ú ÒüÚàt¡ l¡üš™åv¡û¡ ëºàA¡¹ ¤àì¤ "àA¡Èo¢ãÚ ë¤à>àW¡¹ Îåì™àK "àìá¡ú [A¡”ñ, [>ìÚàK¹ ëÛ¡yìt¡à šøà=¢ãÎA¡º šø[t¡ì™àKãt¡à¹ ³àì\[ƒ ™à¤ ºà[K¤¡ú [>\Ѭ ëÛ¡yt¡ [>\ìA¡ šø[t¡®¡àÅàºã "à¹ç¡ A¡à[¹A¡¹ã®¡àì¯ ƒÛ¡ ¤å[º šø³à[ot¡ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹ìºìÒ [>™å[v¡û¡ ëšà¯à¹ ºKìt¡ "àÅà>å¹ê¡š šà[¹Åø[³A¡ ºà®¡ A¡[¹¤îº "àÅà A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¡ú ë³[l¡Úà \Kt¡¹ A¡à[¹A¡¹ã (Technical) ëÛ¡yγèÒt¡ A¡à³ A¡[¹¤ ëJà\à ÎA¡ìº Î}[ÅÃÊ [¤ÈÚ¹ A¡à[¹A¡¹ã [ÅÛ¡à (Audio engineering, cinematography "à[ƒ) l¡üš™åv¡û¡ [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>¹ š¹à NøÒo A¡¹à¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡ "-A¡à[¹A¡¹ã (Non technical) ëÛ¡yt¡ A¡à³ A¡[¹¤ ëJà\à ÎA¡º (Î}¤àƒƒàt¡à, ëQàÈA¡, "à[ƒ) Mass Communication ¹ šàk¡¸yû¡³ NøÒo A¡[¹ ë³[l¡Ú๠\Kt¡t¡ šøì¤Å A¡[¹ &A¡ Îå–ƒ¹ "à¹ç¡ ë¹à³àe¡A¡ ëA¡[¹Ú๠K[Øn¡¤ šà칡ú ë³[l¡Ú๠\Kt¡t¡ šøì¯Å¹ [¤[®¡Ä [¤A¡¿ š= "àìá¡ú "àW¡ºìt¡ ÎA¡ìºà ëÛ¡y¹ ëºàA¡¹ ¤àì¤ ë³[l¡Úà \Kt¡t¡ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ Îåì™àK "àìá¡ú "[l¡"’ Òü[g[>Úà[¹}, šàk¡¸yû¡³ NøÒo A¡¹à ÎA¡ìº ë¹[l¡"’, [i¡[®¡, [W¡ì>³à "à[ƒ ëÛ¡yt¡ A¡à³ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú "à>Òàìt¡ [ó¡Âµ "à¹ç¡ ëi¡[º[®¡W¡> Òü>[Ê[i¡l¡üi¡¹ š¹à š[¹W¡àº>à / ƒõŸNøÒo (cinematography) / δšàƒ>à (editing) / "[®¡>Ú "à[ƒ¹ šø[ÅÛ¡o šøàœ¡ÎA¡ìº ÎA¡ìºà ƒõŸ (visual) ³à‹¸³t¡ A¡à³ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú Îà}¤à[ƒA¡t¡à¹ šàk¡¸yû¡³ NøÒo A¡¹à ÎA¡ìº ¤àt¡[¹ A¡àA¡t¡ / "àìºàW¡>ã / ëi¡[º[®¡W¡> ([¤ìÅÈîA¡ [>l¡ü\ ëW¡ì>º γèÒt¡) "à[ƒA¡ [>\¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠ëÛ¡y [ÒW¡àì¤ ¤à[á º’¤ šà칡ú t¡=¸šø™å[v¡û¡ (IT) ëÛ¡y¹ ëºàA¡ ÎA¡ìº* ë³[l¡Ú๠ºKt¡ \[Øl¡t¡ íÒ [¤A¡¿ ëA¡[¹Ú๠K[Øn¡¤ šà칡ú ët¡ì>ƒì¹ ¤¸¯Ñ‚àš>à (Management) ¹ áày-áàyã ÎA¡ìº* ë³[l¡Ú๠¤¸¯Îà[ÚA¡ [ƒÅ¹ ºKt¡ \[Øl¡t¡ Media management ëÛ¡yJ>t¡ Îå–ƒ¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠K[Øn¡¤ šà칡ú [™ ÎA¡º áày-áàyãìÚ ®¡[¯È¸ìt¡ ë³[l¡Ú๠\Kt¡t¡ A¡à³ A¡[¹³ ¤å[º [·ý¡à”z íºìá, ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ ¤àì¤ Ko Î}ì™àK (Mass Communication) ¹ [ÅÛ¡à NøÒo A¡¹à [¤ìÅÈ®¡àì¯ ºà®¡\>A¡ Ò’¤¡ú KoÎ}ì™àK (Mass Com) ¹ Ñ•àt¡A¡ "à¹ç¡ Ñ•àt¡ìA¡àv¡¹ l¡ü®¡Ú šàk¡¸yû¡³ A¡[¹¤ š¹à¹ ¤¸¯Ñ‚à "àìá ™[ƒ* ‰ç¡t¡ Î}Ñ‚àš>, ®¡[¯È¸t¡ δ±à¯>à "à¹ç¡ ¤×³åJã Î}Ñ‚àš> Îå[¤‹à "à[ƒ [ƒÅ [¤ì¤W¡>à A¡[¹ìº &Òü 29 /

[¤ÈÚ¹ Ñ•àt¡ìA¡àv¡¹ šàk¡¸yû¡³ A¡¹àìÒ ¤å[‡ý¡³à>¹ A¡à³ Ò’¤¡ú [™ ëA¡àì>à ÅàJ๠ѕàt¡A¡ÎA¡ìº &Òü šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ >à³ ®¡[t¢¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú ¤t¢¡³à> ®¡à¹t¡¹ šøàÚ [¤ºàA¡ [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºìÚ KoÎ}ì™àK¹ šàk¡¸yû ¡ ³ "๴± A¡[¹ìá¡ú "γì¹à "ài¡àÒüìA¡l¡üJ> [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚt¡ KoÎ}ì™àK šàk¡¸yû¡³ A¡[¹¤ š¹à¹ Îå[¤‹à "àìá¡ú A¡i¡> A¡ìº\ìt¡à KoÎ}ì™àK [¤ÈÚ¹ [¤ìÅÈ šàk¡¸yû¡³ "àK¤ìØn¡à¯à ÒÚ¡ú ¤t¢¡³à>¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠ÎÞê¡à>ã ™å¯A¡-™å¯t¡ã¹ Ѭš— >K¹ã [ƒÀãt¡ KoÎ}ì™àK¹ šàk¡¸yû¡³ "àK¤ìØn¡à¯à ëA¡Òü¤àJì>à ™ì=Ê l¡üÄt¡ ³à>¹ [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à> "àìá, ™’t¡ [ÅÛ¡àîº ÎÒì\Òü [>™å[v¡û¡ ëšà¯à¹ *š[¹* [>\Ѭ ëÛ¡yt¡ ™ì=Ê l¡üÄ[t¡ A¡[¹¤* šà[¹¡ú ëÎÒü [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à> γèÒ¹ &ìA¡¤àì¹ ÅãÈ¢t¡ "àìá (Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC, JNU Campus, New Delhi. www. iimc. nic. in).

\à[³Úà [³[ºÚà Òüáºà[³Úà [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ "‹ã>¹ \à[³Úà ³àá A¡[³l¡ü[>ìA¡W¡> [¹W¡¢àW¡ ëW¡si¡à¹ (JMCRC, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi - 120 025) ë³[l¡Úà \Kt¡t¡ A¡à³ A¡[¹¤ ëJà\à ÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ "à> &A¡ šø=³ šW¡–ƒ¹ [ÅÛ¡à>å Ë ¡à>¡ú Òü Ú àt¡ Audio Visual Production, Radio Production, Media Script Writing, Direction, Sound editing "à[ƒ [¤ÈÚ¹ t¡à[â«A¡ "à¹ç¡ ¤¸¯Òà[¹A¡

[ÅÛ¡à šøƒà> A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú [ƒÀã¹ ëW¡à[ó¡Úà A¡ìº\¹ KoÎ}ì™àK [¤®¡àìKà ™ì=Ê l¡üÄt¡¡ú t¡àì¹àš[¹ ™àƒ¯šå¹ [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ "à¹ç¡ [W¡³¤àÚ’[W¡W¡ Òü>[Ê[i¡l¡üi¡ (SIMC, Pune) ë³[l¡Úà \Kt¡t¡ A¡à³ A¡[¹¤ ëJà\à ÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ [W¡>àA¡ã >ೡú Ko ³à‹¸³¹ \Kt¡J>t¡ A¡à³ A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ [¤ìÅÈ šàk¡¸yû¡³ "š[¹Òà™¢ >ÒÚ¡ú "à>Òàìt¡ ëA¡¯º ëÅøoãìA¡àk¡à¹ [ÅÛ¡àì¹ &Òü ³à‹¸³t¡ [>\A¡ šø[t¡Ë¡à A¡¹à i¡à>¡ú &ÒüJ> ëÛ¡t¡t¡ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤ "ài¡àÒüt¡îA¡ šøìÚà\> [>\¹ Îõ[Ê¡Åãºt¡à, ¤å[‡ý¡³v¡à "à¹ç¡ A¡ìk¡à¹ š[¹Åø³¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ [™ ÎA¡º šøAõ¡t¡ìt¡ &Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ "àNøÒã "à¹ç¡ š[¹Åø³ A¡¹à¹ ³à>[ÎA¡t¡à "àìá ët¡*òìºàìA¡ìÒ ë³[l¡Ú๠ëÛ¡yJ>A¡ [>\¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠ëÛ¡y [ÒW¡àì¤ [>¤¢àW¡> A¡[¹¤ ºàìK¡ú ÎA¡ìºà [ƒÅ W¡à[º \à[¹ W¡àÒü [Ñ‚¹ [·ý¡à”z ëºà¯à¹ šàát¡ ë³[l¡Úà \Kt¡t¡ šøì¯Å¹ šøÑñ[t¡ "๴± A¡[¹¤ ºàìK Îå-š[¹A¡[¿t¡®¡à쯡ú t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ šø=³¹ š¹à ¤àt¡[¹ A¡àA¡t¡¹ [>Ú³ãÚà "à¹ç¡ [¤t¡} "‹¸Ú>, [¤[®¡Ä ëW¡ì>º γèÒ¹ ">åË¡à> "à¹ç¡ t¡àt¡ A¡à³ A¡¹à ëºàA¡ ÎA¡º¹ A¡³¢ š‡ý¡[t¡ "‹¸Ú> A¡¹à "à¯Å¸A¡¡ú t¡àì¹àš[¹ [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡ t¡A¢¡, Nø¡ç š [l¡W¡A¡àW¡>ô (GD) "à[ƒt¡ "}Å NøÒo A¡¹à¹ "[®¡`¡t¡à* ™ì=Ê A¡à³t¡ /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

"àìÒ¡ú &Òü[J[>ìt¡ l¡üìÀJ¸ ë™ [™ ëA¡àì>à l¡üZW¡ ³à>¹ [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>¹ KoÎ}ì™àK ¤à ">¸ Ko ³à‹¸³ δšA¢¡ãÚ šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ >à³ ®¡[t¢¡¹ ¤àì¤ šøì¯Å š¹ãÛ¡à (Admission test) "à¹ç¡ ÎàÛ¡à;A¡à¹ šø[yû¡Ú๠³àì\[ƒ [>¤¢à[W¡t¡

Ò’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ šè¤¢¹ š¹à Îà\å ëÒà¯à ®¡àº¡ú t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº Òü}¹à\ã, Îà‹à¹o `¡à> (GK) "à¹ç¡ Îà´ß[t¡A¡ Qi¡>௺ã (Current Affairs) "à[ƒ [¤ÈÚt¡ [¤ìÅÈ®¡àì¯ "‹¸Ú> "à¹ç¡ ">åÅãº> A¡¹à "à¯Å¸A¡¡ú

ÎåA塳๠A¡ºà [Åۡ๠šãk¡Ñ‚à> @ Fine Arts College A塳๠A¡ºà [¤ÈÚ¹ "‹¸Ú> "à¹ç¡ W¡W¢¡à¹ ëƒÅ¹ [®¡t¡¹ìt¡ ºà[K¤¡ú >à³ ®¡[t¢¡¹ ¤àì¤ \åºàÒü ³àÒt¡ &A¡ šøì¯Å š¹ãÛ¡à &A¡ "Nøoã ">åË¡à> >tå¡> [ƒÀã¹ A¡’ìº\ "¯ "ài¢¡¡ú ">å[Ñ‚t¡ ÒÚ¡ú ÒüÚàt¡ ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ [Å¿-Î}ÑH[õ t¡, [W¡yà}A¡o, "à[ƒ [>\à ëÛ¡y¹ [¤[ÅÊ [¤ÈÚ¹ šø Å — =àìA¡¡ú [Å¿ã, [W¡yA¡¹ t¡=à [W¡yA¡ºà¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ [ÅÛ¡A¡ ÎA¡ìº šàk¡ƒà> ƒÛ¡t¡à =A¡à t¡=à ëÎÒü A¡¹à &Òü [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>¹ [ƒÅt¡ ®¡[¯È¸ìt¡ A¡à³ áày ÎA¡ìº Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤ "àNø Ò ã [W¡y "à¹ç¡ [Å¿A¡ºà¹ ÎA¡ìº l¡ü š ™å v ¡û ¡ ºKìt¡ [¤`¡àš> Î}Ñ‚à, ">å Å ãº>¹ ë™àìK[ƒ šøA¡àÅ> Î}Ñ‚à t¡=à šøì¯Å š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ l¡üv¡ão¢ ³à[Âi¡ì³[l¡Úà ëÛ¡yìt¡à íÒ &Òü [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡ šø[t¡Ë¡à ºà®¡ A¡[¹¤îº "‹¸Ú> A¡[¹ [>\¹ šW¡– ÎÛ¡³ íÒìá¡ú ƒ¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠K[Ø n ¡¤ A¡’ìº\ "¯ šà칡ú A¡ìº\¹ [k¡A¡>à ó¡àÒü> "ài¡¢¹ ÎåA塳๠A¡ºà¹ Ñ•àt¡A¡ šàk¡¸yû¡³ (BFA) t¡ Ò’º : ëšÒü[si¡}, ®¡àÑH™¢ "à¹ç¡ šøàìÚà[KA¡ A¡ºà (Applied Art) A¡ìº\ "¯ "ài¢¡ [¤ÈÚt¡ [¤ìÅÈ [Åۡ๠¤¸¯Ñ‚à "àìá¡ú 4 ¤á¹ãÚà &Òü 20-22 [t¡ºA¡ ³àK¢, >tå¡> [ƒÀã - 110001 šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ >à³ ®¡[t¢¡¹ ¤àì¤ šøà=¢ã l¡üZW¡t¡¹ ³à‹¸[³A¡ š™¢àÚt¡ "àNøÒã ÎA¡ìº "[‹A¡ t¡=¸ t¡=à "à줃> šy¹ ¤àì¤ [™ ëA¡àì>à ÅàJàt¡ >è¸>t¡³ 50% >´¬¹ íº l¡üv¡ão¢ Ò’¤ log on A¡¹A¡ : www. delhi govt. nic. in / arts. ([ºJA¡ ¹à\>ã[t¡ [¤`¡à>¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡)

BSNL to Recruit 3945 Telecom Junior Officers Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL) will recruit about 3945 Junior Telecom. Officers (JTOs) through a competitive examination to be held on 21st June 2009 (Sunday) on All India basis. CLOSING DATE OF RECEIPT OF APPLICATION : 06.04.2009 BSNL JTO EXAMINATION DATE : 21.06.2009 Open competitive examination to be held on 21.06.2009 on All India basis, as per the details given below : JTO(Telecom) TOTAL : 3545 JTO (Civil) Total : 200 JTO (Electrical) Total : 200 Scale of Pay : The post of J.T.O. is in the IDA pay-scale of Rs. 9850250-14600. /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

(The pay scale is likely to be revised upwards) Closing date for receipt of Application Forms Application forms complete in every respect must reach on or before 06.04.2009. Applications received after the closing date or not accompanied by the demand draft [wherever applicable] for the prescribed examination fee or incomplete in any respect shall be summarily rejected and no communication in respect of the rejected application forms shall be entertained. Fees paid shall also NOT be refunded. BSNL shall not be responsible for any postal delay. Eligibility : Nationality : Only Indian Nationals would be eligible to apply. © India Blogs,Pradip Kumar Datta ([email protected] )

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INDIAN AIR FORCE

INVITES ENTERPRISING & ADVENTUROUS MEN & WOMEN TO THE JOIN THE INDIAN AIR FORCE AS SHORT SERVICE COMMISSION OFFICERS IN FLYING (PILOT) BRANCH

1. Applications are invited from unmarried male and female Indian Citizens for grant of Short Service Commission in Flying (Pilot) Branch of the Indian Air Force for the following courses for which training will commence in Jan 2010. No. 5 SHORT SERVICE COMMISSION (MEN) FLYING (PILOT) COURSE No. 34 SHORT SERVICE COMMISSION (WOMEN) FLYING (PILOT) COURSE Last date for receipt of applications: 06 April 2009. Last date for receipt of applications for the candidates who are sending their applications from Andaman & Islands. Lakshadweep & Minicoy Islands, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Nagaland and Mizoram: 13 April 2009. ELIGIBILITY CONDITIONS 2. Should be an unmarried Indian citizen. 3. Age: 19 to 23 years as on 01 Jan 2010 i.e. born between 02 Jan 1987 and 01 Jan 1991. (Upper age limit for condidates holding valid Commercial Pilot Licence issued by DGCA (India) is relaxable upto 25 years i.e. born between 02 Jan 1985 to 01 Jan 1991). 4. Educational Qualification: Graduates (Three year course) in any discipline including BE / B Tech (Four year course) who have attained First Class (Min 60% marks in aggregate). All candidates applying must have passed Maths and Physics at 10+2 level through regular schooling. Final year / semester students may also apply provided they do not have any present backlog. Final year students need to qualify the degree examination and submit the final result by 15 Dec 2009. 5. Height and Weight: Minimum height - 162.5 cms with correlated weight and leg length in the range of 99 cms (Min) and 120 cms (Max). 6. Vision: 6/6 without spectacles (or other forms of corrective lenses) and must not suffer from colour / night blindness. A candidate who has failed the Pilot Aptitude Battery Test (PABT) in an earlier attempt OR a Flight a Cadet suspended from flying training at Air Force Academy will not be eligible to apply. Airmen candidates are to apply for the separate Airmen entry. HOW TO APPLY 7. (a) If you meet the eligibillity criteria, apply on plain A4 size paper (typed or handwritten) in English as per application format given in the advertisement. Application form can also be downloaded from our

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website: www.careerairforce.nic.in. Application is to reach the following address by 06 April 2009./ 13 April 2009 (as applicable). POST BAG NO. 001, NIRMAN BHAWAN POST OFFICE, NEW DELHI - 110106 Note: No queries will entertained regarding late receipt of applications. (b) Superscribe the envelope: 5 SSC (M) / 34 SSC (W) F (P) Course (as applicable). (c) Application must be accompanied with photocopies of final / provisional degree certificate from the College Principal stating likely date of announcement of final results with subjects mentioned therein. No marksheets / copies thereof are to be submitted. (d) Application must also be accompanied by two self addressed envelopes (size - 23 X 10 cms) pasted with Rs.27/- each postage stamps. IAF OFFERS YOU 8. Pay and Allowances: Flying Officers will be entitled to the pay Band of Rs 15,600 - 39,100 per month with Grade Pay, dearness allowance, Military service Pay. Flying Pay. Kit Maintenance Allowances, Transport Allowance being other admissible pay and allowances. 9. Entitlements:- Qualification Pay / Grant, Transport Allowance and certain other allowances, based on place of posting. 10. Benefits: Well Furnished Accommodation, comprehensive Medical Cover for self and dependants, Leave Travel Concession, Leave (60 days Annual and 20 days Casual), Rations, Canteen and Officers Mess facilities and many more. 11. Insurance:- Rs. 30 Lac Insurance Cover (on contribution) as applicable to serving offices. Additional cover for Flying Branch is also available. 12. Adventure & Sports:- The IAF provides facilities to pursue all major sports activities. In addition, one can learn and participate in adventure activies such as Sky Diving, Para Jumping. Para Sailing, River Rafting, Mountaineering, Trekking etc. Intangible: 13. An unparalleled way of life that offers you intrinsic compensation that no other organisation may provide. For details log on : www.careerairforce.nic.in. e-mail : [email protected] Telefax : 011-23107918 Tele : 011-23010231 © davp /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

Now the Second Shifts at Engineering Colleges of the Country

T

here has been phenomenal growth of technical institutions in the country during the past three decades, which has however resulted in a regional imbalance in the technical education system in the Country. In order to overcome the regional imbalance, the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) has allowed engineering colleges across the country to start second shifts from the forthcoming academic session. The second shift will require minimal additional investment and will also have to utilize the existing resources in optimal manner to minimize the cost of education. As per the guidelines prepared by AICTE, co-educational institutions having four years of standing and women institutes having three years of standing will be allowed to start the second shifts. Coeducational institutions in the states, in which the number of seats available in engineering institutions per lakh population is less than the all India average, are permitted to run second shifts. An official

release from AICTE has recently said, these states include Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Delhi, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. But women institutes from any part of the country can start such shifts. Engineering colleges starting second shifts will have to follow a number of guidelines as laid down by the AICTE. Some of these include: 1. The second shift timing should be from 2:00 pm to 8:30 pm while the first shift from 7:00 am to 1:30 pm. 2. The intake in the second shift should be allowed within the range of 120-240. 3. No additional land or built-up area is required to be added for the second shift. 4. Libraries should be provided with 20 percent more books and journals and library timing should be extended to facilitate second shift students. 5. At least 50 percent additional permanent faculty should be appointed for the second shift and 25 percent visiting faculty should be engaged and remaining 25 percent faculty may be utilized from the existing faculty. The existing faculty may be paid 50 percent of Basic Pay + DA for the additional work. 6. At least 50 percent additional staff should be appointed for second shift and 50 percent existing staff of the first shift may be utilized. The existing staff may be paid 50 percent of Basic Pay + DA for the additional work. © http://indiaedunews.net & Buljit Buragohain, [email protected]

/Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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Dr. Ava Rani Phukan

H

OLI AAYE RE ... well, that’s the refrain all will sing on March 11. Merriment and gaiety will mark this festival of colours. Holi cannot be imagined without a riot of colours but given the emphasis on being eco-friendly these days, the gulals will have a makeover - in terms of the ingredients they are made with. Synthetic colours ruled the roost till people realized the health hazards. Synthetic, today, should be a strict no-no as it does more harm to the body and eyes. Natural colours are an ideal alternative and the demand is growing particularly in the metros because of aggressive campaigning. In fact, in ancient times, colours were made from fresh flowers as Holi marked the advent of spring. Over course of time; synthetic dyes

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replaced the traditional colours and brought with it a host of problems too. One can enjoy the festival and play with colours too. A shift to eco-friendly colours is the safest and best way. Holi, the Indian festival of colours, gaiety, fun and frolic is associated with Lord Krishna and his Gopis. One can imagine the divine abandon with which the supreme Avatar (incarnation) mingled with his consorts spraying fragrant radiant colours at each other in hues of red, green and pink from flowers like tesu (Flame of the forest), harsringar, marigold, hibiscus, rose and other organic derivatives. The colours were good for the skin and did not harm the human body and had therapeutic value. Till the 1950s, families used to prepare their own colours from these dried flowers in the form of powders called gulal and boiled them to get concentrated, deep wet colours. Such a colourful Holi was soon overtaken by commercialization which started providing exotic colours but in a highly dangerous form. Toxic chemicals are being used to get the desired colours: ! Purple from Chromium Iodide ! Red from Mercuric Oxide ! Green from Copper Sulphate ! Black from Lead ! Glitter from Mica and glass All these are highly dangerous to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract, can cause renal disorder and some are even carcinogenic. They do not /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

wash away easily, get mixed in drains and sewage systems and pollute water bodies and the soil. The festival, which used to be a healthy revelry of both men and women, boys and girls, is no longer an exuberant, healthy event. Women folk shy away in fear of being splashed and smeared with toxic colours, enamel paint, and even cow dung. Ideally, the joyous festival of Holi is meant to celebrate the arrival of Spring while the colours used in Holi are to reflect the various hues of spring season. But unfortunately, in modern times Holi does not stand for all things beautiful. Like various other festivals, Holi too has become ruthlessly commercialized, boisterous and yet another source of environmental degradation. To de-pollute Holi and make it in sync with nature, as it is supposed to be, several social and environmental groups are proposing a return to more natural ways of celebrating Holi. The aim of this article is to generate awareness amongst people about the various harmful effects around Holi celebrations and encourage people to celebrate an eco friendly Holi! Over the years, with the disappearance of trees in urban areas and greater stress for higher profits these natural colours came to be replaced by industrial dyes manufactured through chemical processes. Around 2001, two environmental groups called Toxics Link and Vatavaran, based in Delhi, did a study on all the three categories of colours available in the market - pastes, dry colours and water colours. The study revealed that all of these three forms of chemical Holi colours are Chemical Colour Black Lead Oxide Green Copper Sulphate

Health Effects Renal Failure Eye Allergy, Puffiness and temporary blindness Silver Aluminium Bromide Carcinogenic Blue Prussian Blue Contract Dermatitis Red Mercury Sulphite Highly toxic can cause skin cancer Source : Vatavaran /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

hazardous. According to their researched fact sheet on Holi, the pastes contain very toxic chemicals that can have severe health effects. Please check the table above to know about the chemical used in various Holi colours and their harmful effects on human body. Action Taken by Environmental Groups : There are a few publications on the studies done by several environmental groups, who took up the cause to encourage people to return to a more natural way of celebrating Holi. ! Navdanya, Delhi published a book called Abir Gulal, which spoke of the biodiversity that was the source of natural colours. ! Development Alternatives, Delhi and Kalpavriksh, Pune have developed educational tools to teach children simple ways of making their own natural Holi colours. ! The CLEAN India campaign has been teaching children how to make beautiful natural colours. Play Holi the Vedic Way : By using safe, natural colours we not only save our skins but also help save our environment and conserve our biodiversity. When these colours percolate into the soil and water they do not add toxicity to our blue planet, and cause no harm to the myriad life forms that live in the soil and water. Thereby, we also popularize the diverse plants and trees that give us these colours, and live life the Vedic way, our ancient and most precious heritage. Here’re some recipes of natural colours that will make your Holi naturally colourful ! : Red (Dry) : Red Sandalwood Powder/ Raktachandan / Lalchandan (Pterocarpus santalinus) has a beautiful red colour, which is beneficial for the skin and is used for face packs, etc. This can be used instead of Red gulal. Dry red hibiscus flowers in the shade and powder it to make a lovely red colour. To increase the bulk add any flour to it, in proportion to the vibrancy of the colour you want to obtain. Sinduria

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(Annato) has a water chestnut shaped fruit, which contains lovely brick colour red seeds. These yield both dry and wet colours. Green (Dry) : Use mehendi / henna powder (not mixed with amla) separately or mix with equal quantity of any flour to attain a lovely green shade. Dry mehendi will not leave colour on your face as it can be easily brushed off. Only mehendi mixed in water might leave a slight colour on your face. Many people like smearing other person’s hair with colours. How about doing it with mehendi powder and saving a trip to the parlour ? Dry and finely powder the leaves of Gulmohur tree for a green. Crush the tender leaves of the Wheat plant to obtain a natural safe green Holi colour. Sparkling Saffron (Wet) : The Flame of the Forest (Butea monosperma), known as Tesu, Palash or Dhak in Indian languages, is the source of the wonderful, traditional colour for Holi The flowers are soaked overnight in water and can

also be boiled to obtain a fragrant yellowish orange coloured water. Legends say Lord Krishna used to play Holi with Tesu flowers, which also have some medicinal properties. Boil flower petals of Semul/ Silk Cotton, (a red variety of Bombax ceiba) in water. Both Tesu and Semul bloom during February-March. Dazzling Yellows (Dry) : Mix two teaspoons of haldi / turmeric powder with double the quantity of besan (gram flour). Haldi and besan are extremely healthy for our skin, and are also used widely as a ubtan while taking bath. You can use the ordinary haldi or ‘kasturi’ haldi which is very fragrant and has enhanced therapeutic effects. Besan can be substituted by wheat / rice / arrowroot flour or talcum powder. So, bid farewell to synthetic, unhygienic colours and play hall with a renewed zest with herbal colours. Happy Holi. Herbal Holi !"

(The author teaches in the Department of Clothing and Textiles (Home Science), AAU, Jorhat)

(39 šõˡ๠š¹à )

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&i¡à ">¸t¡³ A¡à¹o¡ú &Òü γÚìáà¯àt¡ Åø㮡j¡àW¡à™¢ ël¡A¡à¹ Ká-Ká[>¹ K®¡ã¹ `¡à> ëƒ[J Òü³àì>Òü "[®¡®è¡t¡ Ò’º ë™ ët¡*ò A¡[ºA¡t¡à¹ š¹à šøA¡à[Åt¡ The Statesman A¡àA¡t¡t¡ ëÎÒü¤á¹ìt¡Òü ël¡A¡à δšA¢¡t¡ &i¡à šø¤Þê¡ šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹[ạú šâ—ã Åøã³t¡ã [ƒ¤¸¤àºà ël¡A¡à¹ íÎìt¡ W¡à[¹i¡à šåy Δzà> "à¹ç¡ ƒå\>ã A¡>¸à¹ íÎìt¡ Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡à¹ Îà}Îà[¹A¡ \ã¯> "à[ẠÎó¡º "à¹ç¡ ÎåJ¹¡ú "¯Î¹¹ šàát¡ Åà[”z³Ú \ã¯> šà¹ A¡[¹ 76 ¤á¹ ¤ÚÎt¡ ¤à‹¢A¡¸\[>t¡ A¡à¹ot¡ 1983 W¡>¹ 16 &[šøº t¡à[¹ìJ P¡¯àÒài¡ã ë³[l¡ìA¡º A¡ìº\t¡ Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡àÒü ÒüÒºãºà δ¬¹o A¡ì¹¡ú [¤`¡à> "à¹ç¡ γà\îº "àK¤ìØn¡à¯à "¯ƒà>¹ ѬàÛ¡¹ ¤Ò> A¡[¹ "γ l¡ü[Š±ƒ Î}NøÒàºÚt¡ ¤t¢¡³à>¹ &A¡ ºàJ šòÚÈ[Ë¡ Òà\๠>³å>๠³à\t¡ Îå–ƒ¹®¡àì¯ Î}¹[Û¡t¡ íÒ Ñ¬A¡ãÚt¡à ëQàÈoà A¡[¹ìá ël¡A¡àÒü Î}NøÒ A¡¹à ëšàÞ꡹ Òà\à¹t¡îA¡* "[‹A¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒ >³å>๠ºKìt¡ ¤× šø\à[t¡¹ "[A¢¡l¡ "à¹ç¡ [¤[®¡Ä šø\à[t¡¹ l¡ü[Š±ìƒ¡ú Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡à¹ A¡³¢¹à[\ ë™ "à[\* γàì>Òü šøàÎ}[KA¡ t¡à¹ šø³ào Ò’º 2006 W¡>t¡ šøA¡à[Åt¡ &J> Kì¯Èoà-šy, ™’t¡

l¡0 ë³àÒ> K}ìKàšà‹¸àÚ >à³¹ &\> [¤`¡à>ãìÚ Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡àÒü 1955 W¡>¹ 28 &[šøº t¡à[¹ìJ ët¡[t¡Ú๠ƒ¹} [\ºà¹, šào¤à¹ã¹š¹à Î}NøÒ A¡¹à &[¤‹ l¡ü[Š±ƒ¹ >³å>àA¡ &[¤‹ >tå¡> šø\à[t¡ ¤å[º k¡à¯¹ A¡¹à¹ šàát¡ ël¡A¡à¹ >à³ìt¡Òü Cryptocarya dekae ¤å[º >à³A¡¹o A¡[¹ìá¡ú Kì¯ÈoàšyJ>t¡ l¡üìÀJ A¡[¹ìá – The species is named after its collector Mr. G. K. Deka who made an extensive plant collection in North East India (Bull. Bot. Surv. India, 48 Vol., 2006)ú &ìA¡ ‹¹ìoÒü 1972 W¡>t¡

Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡à¹ \ã[¯t¡ A¡àºìt¡Òü l¡0 "à¹. &á ¹à* "à¹ç¡ l¡0 ë\. ë™àìáó¡ >à³¹ ƒå\> [¤`¡à>ãìÚ "¹ç¡oàW¡º¹š¹à "à[¤ÍH๠A¡¹à šø\à[t¡ &i¡à¹ >à³ ël¡A¡à¹ >à³t¡ Rubus ghanakantae [A¡Ú [ƒìº t¡à¹ &ì>ƒì¹ ™å[v¡û¡ ƒÅ¢àÒü[Ạ– The authors have the pleasure of naming this species after Shri Ghanakanta Deka, the vetern assistant of Shillong Herbarium (ASSAM), who has rendered valuable service for the Flora of Assamú"

([ºJA¡ ‘®¡à¹t¡ãÚ l¡ü[Š±ƒ \¹ãš’¹ [Å«º} ÅàJàt¡ A¡³¢¹t¡, Kì¯ÈA¡ "à¹ç¡ šè줢àv¡¹ ®¡à¹t¡¹ &\> \>à\àt¡ [¤`¡à> [ºJA¡¡ú ët¡ìJt¡¹ ¤t¢¡³à> ¹W¡>à šøà[”zA¡ 1 [l¡ìW¡´¬¹, 2007 Î}J¸àt¡ šøA¡à[Åt¡ íÒ[ạú t¡àì¹ š¹à ët¡ìJt¡¹ ">å³[t¡ ÎàìšìÛ¡ šø`¡à>t¡ šå>¹ ³å[‰t¡¡ú)

35 /

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"γãÚà γà\t¡ ët¡*ò &ìA¡¤àì¹Òü "J¸àt¡ ; ët¡*ò¹ >à³ Ò’º Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡à¡ú [¤`¡à> Kì¯Èo๠¤àì¤ ë¤àJà>> ëÒ[³Âi¡ì>Òü 1808 W¡>t¡ šø=³ "γ¹ š¹à l¡ü[Š±ƒ Î}NøÒ A¡[¹[ạú [A¡”ñ "γt¡ "à‹å[>A¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒ[¤`¡à>¹ Òü[t¡ÒàÎ "๴± ÒÚ "γt¡ W¡àÒ "à[¯ÍH๠ëÒà¯à¹ šøàÚ ºìK ºìKÒü¡ú 1835 W¡>t¡ >à=à[>ìÚº ¯à[ºá "à¹ç¡ l¡üÒ[ü ºÚà³ [Nø[ó¡=¹ ë>tõ¡â«t¡ "Òà Assam Tea Delegation – &Òü ëšà> šø=³¤à¹¹ ¤àì¤ ë®¡ïìKà[ºA¡ "γ¹ [¤[®¡Ä k¡àÒü¹š¹à [¤[®¡Ä l¡ü[Š±ƒ¹ >³å>à Î}NøÒ A¡[¹[Ạ"à¹ç¡ ÒüÚ๠šàṚ¹àÒü ¤× [¤ø[i¡á l¡ü[Š±ƒ[¤`¡à>ã¹ &Òü ®è¡Jr¡îº "àK³> Q[i¡º¡ú t¡à¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ ë\. [K¤á>, i¡³àá º¤, ë\. [l¡. ×A¡à¹, [i¡. =³á>, ëó¡ºA¡>à¹, \\¢ ¯ài¡, [á. [¤. AáàA¢¡, "àÒü. &ÒüW¡. ¤à[A¢¡º, &ó¡. [A¡} l¡>¯àl¢¡ ">¸t¡³¡ú [A¡”ñ δšèo¢ "γ ëA¡[–ƒøA¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒ Kì¯Èo๠Òü[t¡ÒàÎ "๴± ÒÚ 1873 W¡>¹š¹à, ë™[t¡Úà P¡Ñz஡ ³à> >à³¹ [¤ø[i¡á [¤ÈÚà\>A¡ "γ¹ šø=³ ¤> Î}¹Û¡A¡¹ê¡ìš [>™å[v¡û¡ [ƒÚà ÒÚ¡ú ët¡*ò "γ¹š¹à ¤õÒ;Î}J¸A¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒ¹ >³å>à Î}NøÒ A¡[¹ ël¡¹àlå¡>t¡ =A¡à l¡ü[Š±ƒ[¤`¡à>ã ë¤ø>[l¡áîº "‹¸Ú>¹ ¤àì¤ ëšø¹o A¡[¹[ạú ëÎÒü >³å>àγèÒ¹ š¹à – ë¤ø>[l¡ìá ¤× >tå¡> šø\à[t¡¹ "à[¤ÍH๠A¡[¹[Ạ"à¹ç¡ ët¡*ò [W¡>àv¡û¡ A¡¹à &ìA¡ài¡àÒòt¡ >³å>à P¡Ñz஡ ³àì> ët¡[t¡Ú๠"àáà³ ó¡ì¹Ê¡¹ ³åJ¸ A¡à™¢àºÚ [Å«ºR¡t¡ Î}¹Û¡o A¡¹à¹ ¤¸¯Ñ‚à A¡[¹[ạú 1912 W¡>t¡ "γ¹ [W¡ó¡ A¡[³á>๠á๠"àA¢¡ìl¡º "à캢 "e¡ºìi¡à¹ l¡ü[Š±ƒA塺¹ δšèo¢ Kì¯Èoວ¡ t¡=¸ì¹ "γ W¡¹A¡à¹¹ t¡¹ó¡¹š¹à &J> [A¡t¡àš šøÑñt¡ A¡¹à¹ Îìšà> ëƒ[J[áº, ™àìt¡ "γ¹ "¹o¸®è¡[³t¡ ëšà¯à ³èº¸¤à> l¡ü[Š±ƒ δšƒÎ³èÒ l¡üš™åv¡û¡®¡àì¯ ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡[¹ "=¢ Î}NøÒ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹ "à¹ç¡ "ຢ¹ ">åì¹à‹ ³ìt¡ ët¡[t¡Ú๠/ 36

W¡¹A¡àì¹ P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ "[®¡ºàÈã Flora of Assam >à³¹ Kì¯Èoà Nø”‚J>¹ A¡à³ A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ "àáà³ ó¡ì¹Ê¹ "[t¡[¹v¡û¡ l¡üš-¤> Î}¹Û¡A¡ ¹àÚ¤àÒàƒå¹ l¡üìš–ƒø >à= A¡à[gºàºA¡ ƒà[Úâ« [ƒìÚ¡ú "๴± Ò’º ¤¹ "γ¹ ƒåK¢³ "¹o¸t¡ [¤[®¡Ä l¡ü[Š±ƒ¹ ">åÎÞê¡à>¹ "[®¡™à>¡ú Î}NøÒ A¡¹à ¤õÒ;Î}J¸A¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒ >³å>๡ú [A¡”ñ "àA¡[ѶA¡®¡àì¯ Flora of Assam – "¹ A¡à³ δšèo¢ ëÒà¯à¹ "àKìt¡Òü 1928 W¡>¹ 25 "ìC¡à¤¹t¡ l¡üìš–ƒø >à= A¡à[gºàº¹ "A¡àº [¤ìÚàK Q[i¡º¡ú Òk¡à; Qi¡à &ì> &i¡à ƒå왢àK¹ ³à\ìt¡Òü ël¡¹àlå¡>t¡ A¡³¢¹t¡ ¤> [¤ÈÚà [š. [á. A¡à[gºàº ëƒl¡üt¡àA¡¹ "à‹¹ç¡¯à A¡à³ δšèo¢ A¡¹à¹ ƒà[Úâ« NøÒo A¡[¹ 1929 W¡>¹ "àáà³ ó¡ì¹Ê¡îº "à[Òº "à¹ç¡ ëšà> šø=³¤à¹¹ ¤àì¤ l¡ü[Š±ƒ[¤`¡à>¹ &i¡à ÅàJà šø[t¡Ë¡à A¡[¹ìº¡ú [štõ¡¹ "à‹¹ç¡¯à A¡à³¹ ƒà[Úâ« NøÒo A¡[¹ ët¡*ò γNø l¡üv¡¹-šè¤¢àe¡ºt¡ ¤¸àšA¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒ >³å>à Î}NøÒt¡ >à[³ š[¹º¡ú &Òü A¡à™¢t¡ ët¡*ò¹ ÎÒàÚA¡à¹ã¹ê¡ìš ÎÒì™àKã Ò’º "àáà³ ó¡ì¹Ê¡¹ ëA¡Òü¤à\ì>à >¯[>™åv¡û¡ A¡³¢W¡à¹ã¡ú t¡àì¹ &\> "à[Ạ>º¤à¹ã [\ºà¹š¹à [Å«ºR¡îº ®¡àK¸¹ "ìÞÈot¡ "Òà Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡à¡ú ël¡A¡àÒü [>\¹ Îà³à>¸ "à>åË¡à[>A¡ [ÅÛ¡àì¹Òü &A¡àNøt¡à, 'A¡à[”zA¡t¡à "à¹ç¡ &A¡[>Ë¡àì¹ [>\ìA¡ &ì> &i¡à Ñz¹îº "àP¡¯àÒü íº K’º ™à¹ ¤àì¤ ëƒÅ¹ l¡ü[Š±ƒ Òü[t¡Òàι W¡¹A¡à¹ã ƒÑzàì¤\t¡ ët¡*ò¹ >à³ ‘ëÎàoàºã "àJì¹’ì¹ [ºJà íÒìá¡ú >º¤à¹ã [\ºà¹ ëƒïAå¡[á Kò௹ [=¹ç¡ ël¡A¡à "à¹ç¡ "[´¬A¡à ël¡A¡à¹ ³à\å šåy¹ê¡ìš 1907 W¡>t¡ Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡à¹ \–µ ÒÚ¡ú ëƒl¡üt¡àA¡¹ "A¡àº [¤ìÚàK¹ ¤àì¤ "à[=¢A¡ íƒ>¸Òü ëƒJà [ƒÚàt¡ ël¡A¡à¹ "à>åË¡à[>A¡ [ÅÛ¡à ë¤[áƒè¹ "àP¡¯à¤ ë>à¯à[¹ìº¡ú Òü}¹à\ã [¤ÈÚ ë>àìÒà¯àîA¡ìÚ ël¡A¡à¹ "à[ẠëA¡¯º &³. [®¡. ÑHºæ ¹ [ÅÛ¡à¡ú 17 ¤á¹ ¤ÚÎt¡ A¡³¢Î}Ñ‚à>¹ ÎÞê¡à>t¡ ël¡A¡à *ºàº[Ò "γ¹ ët¡[t¡Ú๠¹à\‹à>ã [Å«ºR¡t¡ "à¹ç¡ 1929 W¡>¹ ëÅȹ ó¡àìº "àáà³ ó¡ì¹Êt¡ "à¯Å¸A¡ ëÒà¯à ëA¡Òüi¡à³à> šƒ¹ &i¡à šƒt¡ ³A¡¹º Ò’º¡ú ët¡*ò¹ A¡à³ Ò’º Flora of Assam –"¹ ƒà[Úâ« ëºà¯à [š. [á. A¡à[gºàº¹ ¤àì¤ l¡üv¡¹-šè¤à¢ e¡º¹ [¤[®¡Ä šøà”z¹š¹à l¡ü[Š±ƒ Î}NøÒ A¡¹à "à¹ç¡ ëÎÒü[¤ºàA¡A¡ [W¡>àv¡û¡ A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ "à¯Å¸A¡ ëÒà¯à W¡à[¹[yA¡ í¤[ÅÊ¡¸ "à[ƒ¹ í¤`¡à[>A¡ t¡=¸ "àÒ¹o A¡¹à¡ú [¤®¡àKt¡ ë™àK [ƒìÚÒü Òü}¹à\ã >\>๠γθàÒü ëƒJà [ƒ[Ạël¡A¡à¹ ΖµåJt¡, A¡à¹o *š¹¹ ¤×ìA¡Òü\> [¤ÈÚà "à[Ạ[¤ø[i¡á "à¹ç¡ Flora of Assam – "¹ še¡³ Jr¡¹ ¤àì¤ A¡à³ A¡[¹ =A¡à >Kà šøìƒÅ¹ ¹à\î>[t¡A¡ [¤ÈÚà t¡=à QàÒü ëKày¹ [¤ìÅÈ`¡ &>. &º. ¤ì¹à "à[Ạ[¤ø[i¡á [¤ÈÚà¡ú 37 /

ët¡*ò¹ ºKìt¡à Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡àÒü ¤× γÚt¡ A¡à³ A¡[¹¤ ºKà íÒ[ạú ëÎÒü¤àì¤Òü ël¡A¡àÒü [>\¹ ëW¡Ê¡àì¹Òü [¤[®¡Ä šå[= "‹¸Ú> A¡[¹ Òü}¹à\ã ®¡àÈàìi¡à "àÚv¡ A¡[¹¤îº ÎÛ¡³ íÒ[Ạ"à¹ç¡ šøàÚ ºìK ºìKÒü "àÚv¡ A¡[¹¤îº ÎÛ¡³ íÒ[Ạl¡ü[Š±ƒ [W¡>àv¡û¡A¡¹o¹ [¤[®¡Ä í¤`¡à[>A¡ >ã[t¡-[>Ú³¡ú "àáà³ ó¡ì¹Ê¡¹ W¡àA¡[¹t¡ ë™àK [ƒÚ๠ºìK ºìKÒü Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡à l¡üv¡¹-šè¤¹ [¤[®¡Ä šøà”z¹š¹à l¡ü[Š±ƒ¹ >³å>à Î}NøÒ¹ "[®¡™à>t¡ >à[³ š[¹º¡ú ë³QàºÚ¹ l¡àl¡üA¡ã, ë\à¯àÒü, >}šå, ëW¡¹àšågã, ºàÒü[º}A¡i¡, ëš>å¹W¡ºà, ³ó¡º}, >à¹[i¡Úà}, Kàì¹à šàÒ๠; "¹ç¡oàW¡º¹ (ët¡[t¡Ú๠NEFA) A¡àì³}, [W¡Úà}, ëºà[Òt¡ ; "γ¹ ‹å¤¹å ã¹ š¹à Å[ƒÚà; >Kà šàÒ๹ ¤× ƒåK³¢ šøà”z¹š¹à "๴± A¡[¹ ¤t¢¡³à>¹ ¤à}ºàìƒÅ¹ [áìºi¡ [\ºà¹š¹à ¤× ³èº¸¤à> l¡ü[Š±ƒ¹ >³å>à Î}NøÒ A¡[¹ìº¡ú [štõ¡¹ l¡ü[Š±ƒ Î}NøÒ¹ Î}J¸àìi¡à W¡[Àá Òà\à¹t¡îA¡ "[‹A¡ A¡[¹ [š. [á. A¡à[gºàº "àáà³ ó¡ì¹Ê¡¹š¹à [>\¹ k¡àÒüîº šøt¡¸à¤t¢¡> A¡¹àt¡ 1931 W¡>¹ Flora of AssamJ> ¤> [¤ÈÚà &. ƒàìÎ šøA¡àÅ A¡¹à¹ ƒà[Úâ« NøÒo A¡[¹ìº¡ú ët¡*òA¡ ÎÒàÚ A¡[¹ìº "à> &\> ¤> [¤ÈÚà [á. &á. šå¹A¡àÚÑ‚Ò¡ü ú 1934 W¡>¹š¹à 1940 W¡>¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ Flora of Assam J> šòàW¡i¡à Jr¡t¡ šøA¡àÅ íÒ *ºàº¡ú 1929 W¡>t¡ "àáà³ ó¡ì¹Ê¡t¡ ë™àK [ƒÚà Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡àÒü Flora of Assam J> šøA¡àÅ ëÒà¯àîºìA¡ [™[¤ºàA¡ ³à>åÒ¹ ºKt¡ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ Îåì™àK šàìº, ëÎÒü[¤ºàA¡ ³à>åÒ¹ ÎÒì™àKt¡ "à>åË¡à[>A¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒ[¤`¡à>¹ šø[ÅÛ¡o >=A¡àîA¡* [¤ÈÚìi¡à¹ šøàÚ[¤ºàA¡ šøàìÚà[KA¡ [ÅÛ¡à &ì>ƒì¹ "àÚv¡ A¡[¹ìº ë™ l¡ü[Š±ƒ Î}NøÒ, >³å>à šøÑtñ ¡ A¡¹à, [W¡>àv¡û¡ A¡¹à "à¹ç¡ >³å>à Î}¹Û¡o¹ &\> [¤ìÅÈ`¡ íÒ l¡ü[k¡º¡ú ºàìÒ ºàìÒ ëƒÅ¹ ¹à\î>[t¡A¡ š[¹ì¤Åt¡ š[¹¤t¢¡> "à[Ò¤îº ‹[¹ìº¡ú &[ƒ> ëƒìŠѬà‹ã>t¡à šàìº "à¹ç¡ Òü}¹à\¹ Òàt¡¹š¹à Û¡³t¡à "à[Òº ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ¹ Òàt¡îº¡ú Flora of Assam J> šøA¡àÅ ëÒà¯à¹ šàṚ¹àÒü "àáà³ ó¡ì¹Ê¡¹ l¡ü[Š±ƒ[¤`¡à>¹ ÅàJàìi¡àt¡ Kì¯Èoà³èºA¡ A¡à³-A¡à\ šøàÚ Ñ‚[¤¹ íÒ š[¹[ạú ÒüÚ๠l¡üš[¹* ÅàJàìi¡àt¡ Flora of Assam – "¹ ¤àì¤ Î}NøÒ A¡[¹ [W¡>àv¡û¡ A¡[¹ ë=à¯à šøàÚ še¡[ºá Òà\๠"[t¡ ³èº¸¤à> l¡ü[Š±ƒ >³å>๠[A¡ A¡¹à Ò’¤ t¡à¹ P¡oà-Kò=à W¡[º "à[Ạ; A¡à¹o "γ ¤> [¤®¡àK Kì¯Èoà³èºA¡ ÅàJà &i¡à¹ ¹J๠¤¹ &i¡à šÛ¡šàt¡ã >à[ạú "à>Òàìt¡ ¤õ[i¡á W¡¹A¡àì¹ 1890 W¡>t¡ A¡[ºA¡t¡àt¡ šø[t¡Ë¡à A¡¹à ‘®¡à¹t¡ãÚ l¡ü[Š±ƒ \¹ãš’ [¤®¡àKìi¡à [¤ø[i¡á P¡[W¡ ë™à¯à¹ šàát¡ &ºàKã íÒ š[¹ "à[Ạ"à¹ç¡ Ѭà‹ã> ®¡à¹t¡ W¡¹A¡àì¹ ÒüÚàA¡ šå>¹ç¡ðã[¯t¡ A¡¹à¹ A¡=à ®¡à[¯[ạú t¡à¹ /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

A¡à™¢¤¸¯Ñ‚à¹ê¡ìš 29 ³àW¢¡, 1954 W¡>t¡ A¡[ºA¡t¡àt¡ ³åJ¸ A¡à™¢àºÚ¹ [·ý¡à”zì¹ "à> W¡à[¹i¡à ÅàJà A¡à™¢àºÚ št¡à¹ [·ý ¡ à”z ëºà¯à ÒÚ¡ú l¡ü v ¡¹-šè ¤ ¢ à e¡º¹ l¡ü [ Š± ƒ Aå ¡ º¹ [W¡>àv¡û¡A¡¹o, >à³A¡¹o¹ ºKìt¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒ šø\à[t¡ì¤à¹¹ >³å>à Î}NøÒ A¡[¹ &[i¡ "à”z@¹àÊ¡öãÚ ³à>¹ l¡ü[Š±ƒ >³å>à Î}NøÒàºÚ šø[t¡Ë¡à¹ [·ý¡à”zì¹ 1 &[šøº, 1956 W¡>t¡ [Å«ºR¡t¡ ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ l¡ü[Š±ƒ \¹ãš [¤®¡àK¹ &i¡à ÅàJà Ñ‚àš> A¡¹à Ò’º¡ú "γ ¤> [¤®¡àKt¡ "A¡³¢o¸ íÒ =A¡à l¡ü[Š±ƒ[¤`¡à>¹ ÅàJàìi¡à¹ ºKìt¡ \¹ãš [¤®¡àKìi¡à¹ šøÑzà[¯t¡ Î}NøÒàºÚ¹ šøà=[³A¡ δšƒ¹ê¡ìš ëºà¯à Ò’º Flora of Assam "¹ ¤àì¤ Î}KõÒãt¡ šøàÚ še¡[Àá Òà\๠l¡ü[Š±ƒ >³å>àA¡¡ú \¹ãš [¤®¡àKìi¡àt¡ ƒÛ¡t¡à "à¹ç¡ "[®¡`¡t¡à¹ [®¡[v¡t¡ Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡àA¡ ë\¸Ë¡ í¤`¡à[>A¡ ÎÒàÚA¡¹ê¡ìš ³A¡¹º A¡¹à Ò’º¡ú "๴± Ò’º >tå¡> "[®¡™à>, >tå¡> ™àyà¡ú &Òü¤à¹ Î}ì™à[\t¡ [A¡áå³à> >tå¡> >tå¡> k¡àÒü, [A¡áå³à> "\à> šøà”z¹¡ú l¡ü[Š±ƒ Î}NøÒàºÚt¡ >³å>๠Î}J¸à še¡[Àá Òà\๹ š¹à yû¡³à; ¤à[Øn¡¤îº ‹[¹ìº¡ú "à”z@¹àÊ¡öãÚ ëÅøo㤇ý¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒ[¤`¡à>ã Î}т๠ºKt¡ γ[³[t¡ ¹Û¡à A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ Î}NøÒàºÚìi¡à šgãÚ> A¡ì¹à¯à Ò’º "à¹ç¡ "à”z@¹àÊ¡öãÚ Î}Ñ‚àÒü ÒüÚ๠>à³A¡¹o A¡[¹ìº ‘ASSAM’ ("γ) Î}NøÒàºÚ¡ú "à>åË¡à[>A¡ A¡à[¹A¡¹ã [Åۡ๠"[¤Òì>* ël¡A¡à [¤®¡àK¹ ÎA¡ìºàì¹ ƒõ[Ê¡t¡ l¡üv¡¹-šè¤¹ l¡ü[Š±ƒ [W¡>àv¡û¡A¡¹o¹¹ &\> [¤ìÅÈ`¡t¡ š[¹ot¡ íÒ[ạú ëÎÒü¤àì¤ ët¡*òA¡ ÎA¡ìºàì¯ Living Dictionary "àJ¸à [ƒ¤îº ‹[¹ìº¡ú ºàìÒ ºàìÒ ët¡*ò¹ ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒ >³å>๠Î}NøÒ¹ Î}J¸àìi¡à* ¤õÒ; "àA¡à¹t¡ ¤à[Øn¡¤îº ‹[¹ìº "à¹ç¡ \¹ãš [¤®¡àKìi¡àt¡ A¡³¢\ã¯>¹ Îà³¹[o ³¹àîºìA¡ ëšàÞ꡹ Òà\à¹t¡îA¡ "[‹A¡ >³å>à Î}KõÒãt¡ Ò’º¡ú ëÎÒüì¤à¹ "à[\* "Û¡t¡ "¯Ñ‚àt¡ "γ l¡ü[Š±ƒ Î}NøÒàºÚt¡ Ιt¡ì>ì¹ Î}¹Û¡o A¡¹à íÒìá¡ú &Òüìi¡àì¯Òü &\> "γãÚà ³à>åÒ¹‡à¹à A¡¹à Τ¢¤Òõ ; l¡ü[Š±ƒ >³å>๠Î}NøÒ (Herbarium Collection)ú \¹ãš [¤®¡àKîº "Ò๠šàát¡ Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡àÒü "à> &i¡à A¡à³ "[t¡ ƒÛ¡t¡àì¹ šàº> A¡[¹ìº¡ú 1950 W¡>t¡ "γ ¤> [¤®¡àìK "๴± A¡¹à "[A¢¡l¡ Òàl¡üáìi¡à* \¹ãš [¤®¡àìK 1956 W¡>t¡ [>\¹ "àÚv¡îº íº "à[Òº¡ú t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ ºàK[t¡Úຠ\ã[¯t¡ "[A¢¡l¡ ël¡A¡àÒü l¡üv¡¹-šè¤¢àe¡º¹ [¤[®¡Ä k¡àÒü¹š¹à Î}NøÒ A¡[¹ìº "à¹ç¡ l¡üš™åv¡û¡®¡àì¯ ¹ç¡Òü "à¹ç¡ [W¡>àv¡û¡ A¡[¹ ëÎÒü[¤ºàA¡A¡ [¤®¡àK¹ "‹ã>t¡ =A¡à ¹àÊ¡öãÚ "[A¢¡l¡[¹Úà³t¡ Î}¹Û¡o A¡[¹ìº¡ú t¡àì¹ šøàÚ 300 šø\à[t¡ìÚ "à[\* "[A¢¡l¡[¹Úà³¹ ëÅ஡ऋ¢> A¡[¹ "àìá¡ú /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

ÒüÚ๠[®¡t¡¹t¡ ët¡*ò¹ >KàšàÒ๠"à¹ç¡ šài¡A¡àÒü šàÒ๹ Î}NøÒìi¡à "à[Ạ[¤ìÅÈ®¡àì¯ l¡üìÀJì™àK¸¡ú šøoàºã¤‡ý¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒ[¤`¡à>¹ (Plant Taxonomy) Kì¯Èoàt¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒì¤à¹ šøAõ¡[t¡¹š¹à Î}NøÒ A¡[¹ ">àìi¡à [™³à> P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ t¡à¹ šàá¹ š™¢àÚt¡, ë™ì> – >³å>àìi¡à l¡üš™åv¡û¡®¡àì¯ ít¡Ú๠A¡¹à, Î}¹Û¡o A¡¹à "à¹ç¡ Ç¡‡ý¡ [W¡>àv¡û¡A¡¹o "[‹A¡ P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢¡ú &Òü ÎA¡ìºà[¤ºàA¡ "à[Ạël¡A¡à¹ >Jƒš¢ot¡¡ú Ká-Ká[>¹ ºKt¡, ët¡*ò¹ K®¡ã¹ δšA¢¡ K[Øn¡ l¡ü[k¡[ạú [¤[®¡Ä ‹¹o¹ l¡ü[Š±ƒ¹ á[¤ ët¡*ò "òà[A¡[áº, [>\¹ \à³¢à> ëA¡ì³¹àìi¡àì¹ [¤[®¡Ä l¡ü[Š±ƒ¹ ó¡ìi¡à tå¡[º[ạú [™ ¤õÒ; š[¹³ào¹ l¡ü[Š±ƒ ël¡A¡àÒü \ã[¯t¡ >àÒü¤à >³å>à¹ê¡ìš "γ l¡ü[Š±ƒ Î}NøÒàºÚîº Î}NøÒ A¡[¹ "à[>[áº, ëÎÒü ÎA¡ìºà[¤ºàA¡ì¹Òü l¡üš™åv¡û¡ [W¡>àv¡û¡A¡¹o¹ ¤¸¯Ñ‚à A¡¹à íÒ[ạú ët¡*ò Î}NøÒ A¡¹à >³å>àì¤à¹ "à[\îºìA¡ ëƒÅ¹ >à³aºà "ìºJ [¤`¡à>ãìÚ [¤[®¡Ä A¡à¹ot¡ [¤[®¡Ä γÚt¡ "‹¸Ú> A¡[¹ìá¡ú "[t¡ P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ A¡=àìi¡à Ò’º – Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡àÒü l¡üv¡¹-šè¤ [¤[®¡Ä šøà”z¹š¹à Î}NøÒ A¡¹à \ã[¯t¡ l¡ü[Š±ƒ "à¹ç¡ t¡à¹ >³å>àì¤à¹¹ š¹à >tå¡> 15 i¡à šø\à[t¡ "à¹ç¡ &i¡à 뮡¹àÒü[i¡ ¤à \àt¡ "à[¤ÍH๠íÒìá¡ú ÒüÚ๠"àKîºìA¡ &Òü šø\à[t¡[¤ºàA¡¹ [¤ÈìÚ [¤`¡à> δšèo¢ "Þê¡A¡à¹t¡ "à[ạú Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡à¹ Î}NøÒ¹ "à[¤ÍH๠ëÒà¯à >tå¡> šø\à[t¡[¤ºàA¡ Ò’º : Cotoneaster nagensis (Rosaceae), Mycetia mukharjiana (Rubiaceae), Rhyncoglossum lazulinum (Gesneriaceae), Taxillus assamicus (Loranthaceae), Trigonostemon chatterjii (Euphorbiaceae), Dendrobium Khasianum (Orchidaceae), Eulophia santapaui (Orchidaceae) Hedychium calcaratum (Zingiberaceae), Hedychium rubrum (Zingiberaceae), Deyexia nagarum (Poaceae), Polysthicum heteropaleaceum (Dryopteridaceae), Hedychium dekianum (Zingiberaceae), Pogostemon dasianum (Lamiaceae), Derris elliptica var. Chittagongensis (Fabaceae), Cryptocarya dekae (Lauraceae), Hedychium gracillimum (Zingiberaceae) ¡ú

&¤à¹ Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡àÒü "àƒà ëKày¹ l¡ü[Š±ƒ &ì\àšà \Ú”zãÚà šàÒ๹ ë\à¯àÒü¹ *W¡¹¹š¹à Î}NøÒ A¡[¹[ạú "‹¸Ú>¹ šàát¡ K³ ëšà¯à K’º ë™ Òü "àKìt¡ "à[¤ÍH๠ë>àìÒà¯à Hedychium Ko¹ &i¡à >tå¡> šø\à[t¡ "à¹ç¡ ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ \¹ãš [¤®¡àK¹ ƒå\> ë\¸Ë¡ [¤`¡à>ã l¡0 &. &á. ¹à* "à¹ç¡ l¡0 [l¡. &³. ®¡à³¢àÒü¡ šø\à[t¡ìi¡à¹ >à³t¡ ¹à[Jìº / 38

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Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡à¹ \ã¯> A¡àºt¡ šòàW¡J> Kì¯Èoà-šy šøA¡àÅ íÒ[Ạ®¡à¹t¡¹ ³™¢àƒàδšÄ Kì¯Èoà "àìºàW¡>ãt¡¡ú "à>åË¡à[>A¡ A¡à[¹A¡¹ã [Åۡ๠"®¡à¯¹ ¤àì¤ Kì¯ÈoàšyìA¡ÒüJ>t¡ šø=³ ëºJA¡¹ (First author) Aõ¡[t¡â« >àšàìº* ëA¡¯º &³ [®¡ šàá &\> ¤¸[v¡û¡ìÚ [¤`¡à>¹ ë³ï[ºA¡ Kì¯Èo๠[ƒÅìt¡à "àK¤Øn¡à¤ š¹à &ì> "¯ƒà> ¤× [Å[Û¡t¡ ³à>åÒ¹ ¤àì¤* "àƒÅ¢¹ A¡à¹o Ò’¤ šà칡ú ël¡A¡à¹ Kì¯Èoà šyìA¡ÒüJ> Ò’º : 1. D. B. Deb & G. K. Deka. 1965. A new spe2.

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cies of Trigonostemon Bl. from the Khasi Hills, The Indian Forester 91:577-578 A. S. Rao & G. K. Deka. 1970. Two New Adventives to the Shillong Flora, Bulletin Botanical Survey of India 12 (1-4) : 263-264 J. Joseph & G. K. Deka. 1972. Trias pusilla Joseph et Deka – a new species of Orchid From Khasi and Jaintia Hills Meghalaya (Assam), J. Indian Botanical Society 21:378-380 G. Panigrahi, S. Chowdhury, DCS Raju & G. K. Deka. 1964 – A contribution to the Botany of Orissa, Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India 6:237-266 J. Joseph & G. K. Deka 1960. Additional Host for Korthalsella opuntia (Thunb.) Merr. Current Science 29 (7) : 292

Q>A¡à”z ël¡A¡à¹ Î}NøÒγèÒ Kì¯Èo๠[ƒÅt¡ [A¡³à> P¡¹ç¡â«šoè ¢ "à[Ạt¡à¹ šø³ào ¤×t¡ "àìá, ƒåi¡à³à> l¡üƒàÒ¹ìoÒü ÒüÚ๠¤àì¤ ™ì=Ê¡ú ëƒÅ¹ &\> >à³aºà l¡ü[Š±ƒ [¤`¡à>ã l¡0 &>. [š. ¤àºàAõ¡Ì¡ìo (Flora of Jowai) >à³¹ Kì¯Èoà Nø”J‚ >¹ ®è¡[³A¡àt¡ [º[Jìá – the self-taught botanist G. K. Deka (1930-1983), who made extensive collections and added, perhaps one of the largest collections of plants from Khasi and Jaintia Hills to the Forest Herbarium¡ú 1964 W¡>t¡ ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ l¡ü[Š±ƒ

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šøó¡å À KîK A¡àº¹ \㯔z [A¡´¬ƒ”zã šå¹ç¡È [¤Ìå¡šøÎàƒ ¹à®¡à¹ Ît¡ã=¢ÎA¡º¹ [¤[®¡Ä\>¹ A¡ºì³[ƒ, "=¤à ë³ï[JA¡®¡àì¯ Ç¡>à, \>à A¡=à "à¹ç¡ A¡à[Ò>ãì¤àì¹ ÎƒàìÚ íÎ[>A¡ [Å¿ã K¹àA¡ã¹ [¤ÈìÚ >-> A¡=à \>àt¡ ÎÒàÚ A¡[¹ "à[Òìá¡ú A¡³ì¹l¡ ¹à®¡à¹ \–µ Åt¡¤È¢ l¡üšºìÛ¡ γNø ¹à\¸J>t¡ [¤[®¡Ä Î}Kk¡>, ¤¸[v¡û¡ìÚ (ëºJìA¡) "ì>A¡ >tå¡> t¡=¸ δ¬[ºt¡ šø¤Þê¡, Nø”‚ šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ Ko[Å¿ã K¹àA¡ã¹ ™ì=à[W¡t¡ ³èº¸àÚ> A¡[¹¤ ºà[Kìá¡ú "à>Òàìt¡[ƒ ¹à®¡à¹ "ì>A¡ \㯔z Ît¡ã=¢Òü >à>à ³à‹¸ì³[ƒ ¹à®¡à¹ [¤ÈìÚ t¡=¸ ι¯¹àÒ A¡[¹ "àìá ™[ƒ* Ît¡ã=¢ÎA¡º¹ "[t¡ A¡³Î}J¸ìA¡ìÒ Nø”‚àA¡àì¹ Ñ¶õ[t¡W¡à¹o A¡[¹ìá¡ú "à³à¹ ëºJ[>¹ [Åì¹à>à³à "[t¡ \>[šøÚ ¹à®¡à¹ š¹³ ¤Þêå¡ (A¡³ì¹lô¡) ë³àÒ>ºàº ³åJà\¢ã¹ ‘ÎÒA¡³¢ã¹ ƒš¢>t¡ [¤Ìå¡ šøÎàƒ ¹à®¡à’ – Nø”‚J>¹ "à[Ò¢ ">åA¡¹o A¡¹à íÒìá ™[ƒ* ¹à®¡à샯¹ ">¸ &K¹àA¡ã Ît¡ã=¢ íź Jà¹Q¹ãÚ๠Nø”‚ ‘³å[v¡û¡ š=¹ š[=A¡’ – >à³¹ Nø”‚J>¹ š¹à ºà®¡ A¡¹à &A¡à}Å [¤Ìå¡šøÎàƒ ¹à®¡à¹ [¤ÈìÚ šàk¡A¡¹ "àKt¡ ƒà[R¡ ‹¹à¹ šøÚàÎ A¡¹à íÒìá¡ú ‘³å[v¡û¡ š=¹ š[=A¡’ – Nø”‚¹ ëºJA¡ íź Jà¹Q¹ãÚà ÒÚìt¡à ë³àÒ>ºàº ³åJà\¢ã¹ š™¢àÚ¹ \>[šøÚ ëºJA¡-Ît¡ã=¢ >ÒÚ; ëÎìÚ "à³à¹ &Òü ëºJàì¹ &ÒüK¹àA¡ã ëºJA¡-Ît¡ã=¢ìA¡à &Òü Îåì™àKìt¡ [W¡>à[A¡ A¡[¹ [ƒ¤ ºKà íÒìá¡ú &Òü Nø”‚J> ºÚàᢠ¤åA¡ Ê¡ìº, (P¡¯àÒài¡ã) 1998 W¡>t¡ šø=³ šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ìá¡ú Nø”‚J> "[®¡>¯ú "àu\ã¯>ã ë™> ºKà Nø”‚J> &γڹ "à¹.[W¡.[š."àÒü. ƒº¹ "àuìKàš> A¡àº¹ Òü[t¡ÒàÎ ¤å[º¤ šà[¹¡ú ë¹à³àXA¡¹ ¤o¢>àì¹ Nø”‚Jì> W¡[Àá¹ ƒÅA¡¹ "[”z³ γڹ "γ¹ Îà³à[\A¡-¹à\î>[t¡A¡ Òü[t¡ÒàÎ ƒà[R¡ ‹[¹ìá¡ú Nø”‚J> Ζƒ®¢¡t¡ l¡0 Òãì¹> ëKòàÒàÒü¹ &[i¡ P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ ³”z¤¸ íÒìá – ‘‘ ¤t¢¡³à> Å[t¡A¡à¹ W¡[Àá¹ ƒÅA¡¹ ëÅȹ [šì> "γt¡ [¤Ú[š š¹à "à¹.[W¡.[š."àÒü "àì–ƒàºì> l¡üNø\àt¡ãÚt¡à¤àƒã "àì–ƒàº> ë>àìÒà¯àîA¡* "γ¹ \àt¡ãÚ \ã¯>t¡ [¤šåº "àìºàØl¡> Îõ[Ê A¡[¹[ạú "γ¹ [¤[®¡Ä \>ìKàË¡ã¹ Aõ¡ÈA¡ \>t¡à¹ l¡üš[¹* [>³—-³‹¸[¤v¡ ëÅøoã "à¹ç¡ ™å¯-áày γà\t¡ t¡à¹ K®¡ã¹, l¡ü„ãš>à³Ú šø®¡à¯ š[¹[ạú [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à¹ ƒì¹ ¤¸[v¡û¡* t¡àt¡ \[Øl¡t¡ íÒ š[¹[ạú >à>à yç¡[i¡-[¤W塸[t¡ Îìâ«* ëÎÒü "àì–ƒàº>¹ ë>t¡à "à¹ç¡ A¡³¢ãÎA¡º¹ t¡¸àK, "àƒÅ¢[>Ë¡à ëƒÅ ëšø³ ëA¡àì>* "ѬãA¡à¹ A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à칡ú &Òü šå[=¹ ¹W¡A¡ íź Jà¹Q¹ãÚà "à[ẠëÎÒü "[N—™Kå ¹ &[i¡ [ó¡¹R¡[t¡¡ú Ѭà‹ã>t¡à "àì–ƒàº>¹ ®¡¹šA¡¹ š¹à [‡t¡ãÚ ³Òà™å‡¡ý îºìA¡ A¡àºìáà¯à "àP¡[¹ [ºJà ët¡ìJt¡¹ ‘ƒåK³¢ š=¹ ™àyã’ šå[=ìÚ Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ šØn¡æî¯ Î³à\¹ [¤šåº Î³àƒ¹ ºà®¡ A¡[¹ìá¡ú ‘³å[v¡û¡ š=¹ š[=ìA¡’ ët¡ìJt¡¹ "[®¡™àyã \ã¯>¹ [šá¹ A¡à[Ò>ã ">åš³ ®¡à¯-®¡àÈàì¹ šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ìá¡ú’(l¡0 Òãì¹o ëKòàÒàÒü,1/9/98,P¡¯àÒài¡ã [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ)¡ú l¡0 Òãì¹o ëKòàÒàÒü¹ &Òü >ã[t¡-ƒãQ¢ "[®¡³t¡¹ /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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ë™àìK[ƒ šàk¡A¡A¡ íź Jà¹Q¹ãÚ๠&[i¡ W¡³å š[¹W¡Ú [ƒÚà Ò’º¡ú ƒåJ> [¤ìÅÈ Î³Ú¹ Òü[t¡ÒàΠѬ¹ê¡š Nø”‚¹ šøìot¡à, ‘"[N—™åK¹ [ó¡[¹R¡[t¡’ K¹àA¡ã¹ ‘³å[v¡û¡ š=¹ š[=A¡’ Nø”‚t¡ l¡üŠ±à[Ît¡ [¤Ìå¡šøÎàƒ ¹à®¡à – &Òü "[t¡ \>[šøÚ Ko[Å¿ã ‘íÎ[>A¡ [Å¿ã’ K¹àA¡ã¹ '[t¡Òà[ÎA¡ ƒÑzàì¤\¹ &A¡à}Å ƒà[R¡ ‹[¹¤ ëJà\à íÒìá¡ú Î[k¡A¡ t¡à[¹J šàÒ[¹ Nø ” ‚ A ¡à¹ Jà¹Q¹ãÚàÒü ѬãA¡àì¹à[v¡û¡ÎÒ [º[Jìá ë™ – 1949-50 W¡>¹ A¡=à¡ú l¡ü\[> "γt¡ ">¸à>¸ A¡³¢ãÎA¡ìº Åø[³A¡ Î}Kk¡>t¡ ¤¸Ñz íÒ "àìá¡ú Î}Kk¡ì> Τº [®¡[v¡ ºà®¡ A¡¹à Îìâ«* ‘"ìW¡t¡> Åø[³A¡A¡ Kãìt¡ì¹, >ài¡ìA¡ì¹, >õt¡¸ì¹ "àƒÅ¢Kt¡ [ÅÛ¡à [ƒÚ๠l¡üì„ìŸ [¤Ìå¡šøÎàƒ ¹à®¡àA¡ [ºlå¡, ³àìQ¢[¹i¡à, [l¡Kî¤t¡ Åø[³A¡ ή¡à, Î}Kãt¡à>åË¡à>¹ "àìÚà\> A¡[¹ ¤v¡ûõ¡t¡à "à¹ç¡ Kãt¡ š[¹ì¤Å> A¡¹à¹ A¡à™¢ÎèW¡ã ëºà¯à íÒ[ạú ëÎÒü ">åÎ[¹ &[ƒ> [¤šÃ¤ã [Å¿ã [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à, l¡üìš> ƒàÎ, >ì¹> A¡[ºt¡à íK ³àìQ¢[¹i¡àt¡ l¡üš[Ñ‚t¡ Ò’º¡ú šø=ì³ [l¡K Åø[³A¡ ³Úƒà> &J>t¡ Åø[³A¡ ή¡à¹ "àìÚà\> A¡[¹ šøW¡à¹ A¡¹à íÒ[ạú [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à "à¹ç¡ l¡üìš> ƒàìÎ ëÎÒü Åø[³A¡ ή¡àt¡ ¤v¡û¡õ t¡à [ƒ¤ ¤å[º¡ú W¡à[¹*ó¡àìº ¤¸àšA¡ šøW¡à¹ W¡[ºº¡ú ëÒ\๠ëÒ\๠Åø[³ìA¡ ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ [šøÚ Koì>t¡à ¹à®¡à¹ ¤v¡ûõ¡t¡à Ç¡[>¤îº γì¤t¡ Ò’º¡ú ëÎÒü ή¡àt¡ ë³àÒ> ºàº ³åJà\¢ã* "à[ạú ¹à®¡à "à¹ç¡ l¡üìš> ƒàÎ ™=à γÚt¡ ή¡àÑ‚ºãt¡ l¡üš[Ñ‚t¡ ëÒà¯àt¡ ÎÒÑ÷ Åø[³ìA¡ ‘[¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à [\–ƒà¤àƒ, l¡üìš> ƒàÎ [\–ƒà¤àƒ !’ ëÅÃàKà>-‹ÿ¤[>ì¹ "àA¡àÅ ¤t¡àÒ ³åJ[¹t¡ A¡[¹ [¤šåº "àƒ¹[o \>àÒü[ạú [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à¹ l¡ü„㜠A¡q¡t¡ Îà‹à¹o Åø[³A¡-Aõ¡ÈìA¡ ¤å[\¤ š¹à ®¡àÈàt¡ ³àG¢¤àƒ¹ t¡à[wA¡ ®¡àÈà "๴± Ò’º¡ú ëÒ\๠ëÒ\๠ëÅøàt¡à [>Ñz§¡ íÒ ët¡*òìºàìA¡ šøào¹ ë>t¡à¹ ®¡àÈo Ç¡[>캡ú [t¡[> Qsi¡à¹ "[‹A¡ Î³Ú &ìA¡¹àìÒ &Òü ®¡àÈo [ƒ[Ạl¡üƒå¢ ®¡àÈàt¡¡ú ¹à®¡à¹ l¡üƒå¢ ®¡àÈàt¡ K®¡ã¹ ƒJº "à[ạú ‘[>®å¢¡º, W¡³;A¡à¹ l¡üZW¡à¹o, Ŧ Îåº[ºt¡, t¡=à [¤šÃ¯ã ëW¡t¡>à \KàÒü tå¡[º¤ š¹à ®¡àÈo Ç¡[> ">à-"γãÚà ®¡àÈãÎA¡º "àÆW¡™¢à[Þt¡ íÒ[ạú šøÎ}Kìt¡ A¡*ò ë™ – ¹à®¡à &K¹àA¡ã ®¡àÈà[¤ƒ "à[ạú "γãÚà [JºgãÚà šø[t¡ìi¡à \>ìKàË¡ã¹ ®¡àÈ๠l¡üš[¹* Òü}¹à\ã, [Ò–ƒã, ¤R¡àºã, l¡ü[Øl¡Úà, 뮡à\šå¹ãìA¡ ‹[¹ Τ¢³åk¡ 17 i¡à ®¡àÈà ³àtõ¡®¡àÈ๠ƒì¹Òü A¡¤ šà[¹[ạú ³> A¡[¹¤ ºKãÚà ë™ – "γãÚà ®¡àÈàìt¡à ¹à®¡àìƒì¯ t¡;γ Ŧ¹ >¤ãA¡¹o A¡[¹ ¤× Îåº[ºt¡ Ŧ-δ±à¹ Îõ[Ê A¡[¹[ạú

[l¡K Åø[³A¡ ³Úƒà>t¡ [ƒÚà ®¡àÈo¹ Îà¹à}Å Nø”A‚ ¡à¹ íź Jà¹Q¹ãÚàìƒì¯ ƒà[R¡ ‹[¹ìá – ‘‘Åø[³A¡-Aõ¡ÈA¡ \>t¡àÒü \Kt¡¤àÎãA¡ 뮡àA¡t¡ ®¡àt¡, [šÚàÒt¡ šà>ã, 뤳à¹t¡ +È‹, ™à>-¤àÒ>, Q¹-ƒå¯à¹, A¡º-A¡à¹Jà>à, "àA¡àÅã ™à>, ¹àÑzàšƒå[º, ÑHºæ -A¡ìº\, "Ñ|-ÅÑ|, ë¤à³à-¤à¹ç¡ƒ "à[ƒ ë™àKà> ‹[¹ìá¡ú &Òü ÎA¡ìºà "àìšà>àìºàA¡¹ Îõ[Ê "à¹ç¡ "¤ƒà>¡ú Åø³\ã¯ã \>KìoÒü šøìt¡¸A¡ \à[t¡¹ Îõ[Ê-Î}ÑH[õ t¡¹ ¤àÒA¡, ëÎìÚìÒ šøÒ¹ã*¡ú [l¡Kî¤t¡ ¤×t¡ l¡àR¡¹ A¡º-A¡à¹Jà>à, ëÅà‹à>àKà¹, [¤[®¡Ä [Å¿-l¡ü샸àK, Kì¤Èoà-[¤`¡à>àK๠K[Øn¡ l¡ü;šàƒ> ¤õ[‡ý¡ A¡[¹ "àìšà>àìºàA¡¹ Åø³¹ [¤[>³Út¡ [¤v¡¤à>¹ A¡à¹ìo l¡üšì®¡àK¹ δ±à¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡ A¡[¹ìá¡ú šøA¡õ [t¡¹ δšƒ¹ *š¹t¡ šøA¡õ t¡ìt¡ ÎA¡ìºàì¹ Î³à> "[‹A¡à¹ =à[A¡¤ ºà[K[áº, [A¡”ñ [¤ìÅÈ &A¡ ëÅøoã¹ ³à>åÒ¹ "[‹A¡à¹ Ò’¤îº šà캡ú ³à>¯ \à[t¡* šøA¡õ [t¡¹ ÎõÊ "à¹ç¡ δšƒ [¤ºàìA¡à¡ú’’ ëÎÒü ή¡à¹ ¹à®¡à¹ ®¡àÈo¹ [A¡Úƒ}Å Nø”J‚ >¹ š¹à [ƒÚà Ò’º¡ú ¹à®¡à¹ šøàÚ ƒåìÒ\๠šõË¡àì\à¹à ƒåi¡à Jr¡¹ ¹W¡>௺ãt¡ ‘®¡àÈo [Åt¡à>t¡’ šøA¡à[Åt¡ ®¡àÈo ëA¡ÒüJ>¹ ¤à[Òì¹* "[º[Jt¡ ®¡àÈoì¤à¹ ëA¡àì>à Ît¡ã=¢, Îå‹ã\ì> Îà¹à}Å ¹ê¡št¡ [º[Jt¡®¡àì¯ [ƒ¤ š¹à Ò’ìº ¤×³èº¸¤à> t¡=¸-δšƒ Ò’ºìÒìt¡>¡ú "àìºàW¡¸ Nø”J‚ >t¡ ¹à®¡à¹ ®¡àÈo ƒãQºãÚàîA¡ šøàÚ 3 šõË¡à\å[¹ ƒà[R¡ ‹[¹ìá ëºJìA¡¡ú Åø[³A¡ ³Úƒà>¹ ">å[Ë¡t¡ ¹à\ׯà ή¡à¹ [ƒ>àÒü Î[Þê¡Úàîº [l¡Kî¤ Aáà¤t¡ Î}Kãt¡à>åË¡à>¹ "àìÚà\> íÒ[ạú Î}Kãt¡à>åË¡à>¹ ³åJ¸ [Å¿ã t¡=à "àA¡È¢o "à[Ạ[¤Ìå¡šøÎàƒ ¹à®¡à¡ú Î}Kãt¡ìšø³ãì¹ [l¡Kî¤ Aáठ¤× "àKì¹ š¹à l¡üƒ[å º³åƒ[å º Ò’º¡ú ëÒ\๹ "[‹A¡ ëÅøàt¡àÒü >㹤, K´±ã¹, K³K³ãÚà š[¹ì¤Å Îõ[Ê A¡[¹ìº¡ú ƒÅ¢A¡ ëÅøàt¡àÒü "àÞê¡à¹ìt¡, [>Ñz§¡t¡àì¹ ¹à®¡à¹ Kãt¡ Ç¡[>¤îº "àA塺 íÒ šøt¡ãÛ¡à A¡¹à¹ γÚt¡ ³e¡¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ Nøàì³àìó¡à> ë¹A¡l¢¡¹ ¹à®¡àì¹ Kãìt¡ì¹ ¹àÒü\A¡ Î}Kãt¡ "àA塺 A¡[¹ tå¡[ºìº¡ú ‘‘Îå¹¹ áì–ƒ áì–ƒ, ³Òà "à>ì–ƒ, ëJà\t¡ ëJà\ [³ºàÒü [¤l¡üKº¹ l¡üƒàÎã Îå¹t¡ "Nøι ëÒà¯à¹ ƒì¹ ³å[v¡û¡ Î}Nøà³t¡ l¡üšoãt¡ Ò’¤îº Î}Kãìt¡* ³à>[ÎA¡®¡àì¯ šøÑtñ ¡ A¡[¹¤ šàì¹ t¡àìA¡ ƒÅ¢ìA¡ "àÚâ« A¡[¹[ạú ¹à®¡à¹ [¤šÃ¤ã Î}Kãt¡ Î[Þê¡Ú๠"¤Ú¯ Îõ[Ê A¡[¹[Ạ[¤šÃ¤ã Îå¹¹ A¡q¡ƒàì>¡ú Òà¹ì³à[>Úà³t¡ "àRå¡[º¹ ë¤àìº Î}Kãt¡¹ t¡à> l¡üì–µàW¡> A¡¹à Û¡oìt¡ Î}Kãt¡ìšø³ã ƒÅ¢ìA¡ A¡¹t¡à[ºì¹ ¹à®¡àA¡ δ±àÈo \>àÒü[ạú šøt¡å ¸w¹t¡ ¹à®¡àÒü ëÅøàt¡àÎA¡ºA¡ [¤>Úã A¡ìq¡ "[®¡>–ƒ> \>àìº, ‘"àìšà>àìºàA¡¹ l¡ü;ÎàÒ-

It is a multi-lingual column. Our valued writers can contribute write-ups in any of the four languages — English, Assamese, Bengali and Hindi. — Editor.

41 /

/Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

l¡ü „ ãš>๠"àÅãÎ íº [Å¿ã íÒìáò à , ëÎìÚìÒ Kãt¡ š[¹ì¤Å> A¡¹à¹ ƒì¹ ¹à®¡à¹ Î}Kãt¡ ëA¡àì>à šo¸ "àìšà>àìºàA¡¹ ƒåJt¡ ³Òü ƒåJã, ÎåJt¡ ³Òü ÎåJã¡ú Åø³\ã¯ã ‰¤¸ >à[ạú Åø³\ã¯ã, ë³Ò>t¡ã, ƒ[¹‰ \>t¡àA¡ Î}K[k¡t¡ \>t¡à¹ "šøA¡à[Åt¡ ƒåJ 뤃>à, Òòà[Ò A¡àì–ƒà> Kãt¡¹ A¡[¹ ëÅøoã í¤È³¸Òã> Î೸¤àƒã γà\ Kk¡>¹ ÒìA¡ ¹W¡>àì¹, Îå¹¹ t¡àì>ì¹ šøW¡r¡ ¤à-³à¹[ºì¹ W¡àA¡î>Úà "à[> ë>JàÒü->î¤, Òà[¤ìÚ-\}Qìº, ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à ³åA¡[ºîA¡, ëÅàÈA¡ "t¡¸àW¡à¹ã ëKàË¡ãA¡ ‹å[ºÎ¸à; A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¡ú ëÅøàt¡à ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à "àuìKàš> š”‚àì¹, ή¡à-Î[³[t¡ šà[t¡, Kãt¡ ¹àÒü\ÎA¡º, "à[ƒ³ γà\t¡ "š™¢àœ šøAõ¡[t¡¹ Jàƒ¸ Îà³Nøã š[¹ì¤Å> A¡[¹ Ko [¤šÃ¯t¡ \[Øl¡t¡ ¹à®¡àÒü [l¡Kî¤ Aáह ëÛ¡y "àÒ¹o¹ šøìW¡Ê¡àt¡ ël¡A¡à-ël¡ìA¡¹ãìÚ šøoÚt¡ l¡üZáà[Ît¡ Î[Þê¡Ú๠Î}Kãt¡à>åË¡à> [>Åà 9 ¤\àt¡ Îà³[¹ [ºl塳åJã íÒ ë™ï¯>¹ ëšà¯à-ë>àìšà¯à, [t¡t¡à-ëA¡Òà-[³k¡à Ѭàƒ, 빺t¡ l¡ü[k¡ Î}Nøà³ã ™àyà "๴± A¡[¹[ạú [l¡Kî¤, ³àìQ¢[¹i¡à, [ºlå¡ "e¡ºt¡ Î}Kk¡>¹ ™àyàt¡ Kãìt¡ì¹, >õt¡¸ì¹, [ºJ[>ì¹ šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹[ẠÒê¡ƒÚ š¹Åà Îå³‹å¹ Îå¹t¡¡ú Òü ™åK¹ ƒà¤ã ™[ƒ* "àA¢¡[Èt¡ "àA¢¡ÈoãÚ [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à¹ íÎìt¡ "à[Ạíź Jà¹Q¹ãÚà¡ú 빺t¡ íK šà[¹šà[Å«A¢ ¡t¡àìt¡ "à[³ì¤à¹ ¤åì\¢à¯à Aõ¡[Ê¡ìt¡ [¤ì®¡à¹, ™[ƒ* =àìA¡àìt¡ ¹à®¡àÒü Jà¹Q¹ãÚàA¡ >ãºå ë³[‹¹ Kãt¡ &i¡à Kà¤îº ¤àÑz¯ š[¹yào¹ ÎÞê¡à>ã ">å®è¡[t¡¹ [¤°à[”z[¤ºàA¡ ÎìW¡t¡> ‹[¹ìº, ëºJA¡ Jà¹Q¹ãÚàÒü* ¹à®¡à¹ "àìƒÅ l¡üìšÛ¡à Î}Nøàì³ì¹ìÒ t¡¸àK A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú ¤t¢¡³à> ™åK &i¡³¹ A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à[¹ KàÒü[áº, ‘‘¹v¡û¡¹ [ºJ>ãìÚ / "à[³ [º[J ™åK, Û¡³t¡à ‡–‡¹ ™åK, ëÅøoã Î}Nøà³¹ ™åK¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ "à³à¹ ™à³ / "à[³ [º[J ™à³ / Òü[t¡Òàι ƒåJ[> šàt¡ / ¹\à³å[v¡û¡A¡à³ã KàÚA¡-Kà[ÚA¡àÒü, [ºJA¡-[º[JA¡àÒü KØn¡à Τ¢Òà¹à ³Òà¹\๠A¡à[Ò>ã / Î}Î๠t¡¸àKã ‹³¢¹ ¤àoã / ë>=à[A¡¤ Î}ÑHõ[t¡, [ºJ[>ì¹, Kãìt¡ì¹, >õt¡¸ì¹ Ò’¤ ºà[K¤ ëÅàÈA¡- ë>=à[A¡¤ / ë>=à[A¡¤ [ºJà t¡àt¡¡ú’’ šå ò [ \š[t¡A¡ [>@ìÅÈ A¡¹à &A¡ ‹à¹à¤à[ÒA¡ Î}Nø à ³ã íź Jà¹Q¹ãÚà >à³¹ &Òü "J¸àt¡, "=W¡ "Îà‹à¹o šøìW¡Ê¡àú’’’ Î}Kãt¡à>åË¡à>t¡ Kãt¡ š[¹ì¤Å>¹ šè줢 ¹à®¡àÒü ëºJA¡ K¹àA¡ã¹ ‘³å[v¡û¡ š=¹ š[=A¡’ ¤¸[t¡yû¡³ã Òü[t¡ÒàÎ Î}Kãt¡ ëšø³ã ¹àÒü\¹ l¡üì„ìŸ [ƒÚà &Òü ®¡àÈo "à[³ ("àu\ã¯>ã³èºA¡) Nø”t‚ ¡ ¹à®¡à¹ [™ì¤à¹ [ƒÅ šøÑ£å¡[i¡t¡ íÒìá ‘³å[v¡û¡ š=¹ š[=A¡’ Nø”‚¹ 69-70 šõˡ๠š¹à ×¤× t¡àì¹ ƒå[i¡³à> [W¡y šàk¡A¡îº "àK¤ìØn¡à¯à Ò’º¡ú ¹à®¡à [>ì\ tå¡[º [ƒìºà¡ú ÒüÚ๠[šW¡t¡ A¡³ì¹l¡ ¹à®¡àÒü Ѭ-¹[W¡t¡, Ѭ- [>ì\Òü &A¡ Ko \àK¹o, Ko-Î}ÑHõ[t¡ "à[áºú \>t¡à¹ Îå ¹ àì¹à[št¡ "àk¡i¡à Kãt¡ š[¹ì¤Å> A¡ì¹¡ú &Òü ³àì\ ³àì\ Qå[¹ óå¡ì¹àìt¡, ¤¸Ñz =àìA¡àìt¡, ÎA¡ìºà k¡àÒüìt¡ Î}Kãt¡à>åË¡à> Î[Þê¡Úà 6 ³à> ¤\๠š¹à 9 ¤\àîºìA¡ ¹à®¡à¹ [W¡”zà, ³oãÈà, ƒÅ¢>, ¤¸[v¡û¡â« šø[t¡®¡à¹ ³[o-³åAå¡t¡à W¡[º[ạú "à[\A¡à[º¹ KàÚA¡ÎA¡ìº ºàJ ºàJ i¡A¡à¹ &[¹ íK[ạú [Î[¤ºàA¡ Î}KõÒãt¡ Ò’ìº ¹à®¡à "[‹A¡ [¤[>³Út¡ [¤×쳺à "à[ƒt¡ ³ƒ-®¡à} JàÒü ëKàìi¡Òü [>Åà šøìaà[ºt¡ Ò’¤¡ú" ([ºJA¡ W¡à¤å¯à¹ [l¡.[l¡."๠³Òà[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ "γãÚà ®¡àÈà "à¹ç¡ Îà[Òt¡¸¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡ú &K¹àA¡ã "Nøoã γà\-Î}ÑHõ[t¡ A¡³¢ã¡ "à¹ç¡ ëºJA¡¡ú)

Career Tabloid

STAFF SELECTION COMMISSION BRIEF NOTICE JUNIOR TRANSLATORS (COLS) EXAMINATION, 2009 F. No. 3/01/2009-P&P. Staff Selection Commissior’) will hold on Sunday, the 24th May, 2009. an open competitive examination all over country, for recruitment to the post of Junior Translator (CSOLS) in the pay band of Rs. 930034800 plus Rs. 4200 (Grade Pay). 2. Number of Vacancies : The number of vacancies willbe determined later: Reservations will be made as per Govt. Orders for S.C. ST, OBC, etc. 3. Age Limits ( As on 21.02.2009 ): Not exceeding 30 years. Usual age relaxation will be admissible to SC, ST, OBC, PH. ExS, etc. as per Government Orders in force. /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

4. Educational Qualification (As on 21.02.2009): Essential : Masters Degree of a recognized University or equivalent in Hindi or English with English or Hindi as a compulsory or elective subject or as, a medium of examination at degree level. OR Masters Degree of a recognized University or equivalent in any subject other than Hindi or English with Hindi or English medium and English or Hindi as a compulsory or (Contd. on Page 48 )

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¤[”z³àºà 냯ã [áày-áàyã¹ ¤×ìt¡Òü ‘¹à®¡à [ƒ¯Î’ >àì³ì¹ l¡üƒô™àš> ëÒà¯à ">åË¡à>ìi¡à¹ A¡=à \àì> – [ÅÇ¡ "¯Ñ‚àt¡ ¤à [A¡ìÅà¹-™å¯A¡ "¯Ñ‚àt¡ [¤[®¡Ä šøA¡àì¹ "}Å NøÒìoà A¡[¹ìá ! [A¡”ñ, [A¡³à> áày-áàyãìÚ šøAõ¡t¡ "=¢t¡ &Òü\>à ¤¸[v¡û¡¹ [¤¹º ¤¸[v¡û¡â«¹ [¤ÈìÚ \à[>¤îº "àNøÒ šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ìá ¤à šØn¡à-Ç¡>à A¡[¹ìá ëÎÒü [¤ÈÚt¡ "¯ìŸ Îì–ƒÒ¹ "¯A¡àÅ >=A¡à >ÒÚ¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à샯¹ \–µ Åt¡¤È¢ l¡üƒô™àš>¹ &Òü ¤á¹ìi¡àt¡ áày-áàyã¹ l¡üì„ìŸ [ºJà ët¡ìJt¡¹ \ã¯> "à¹ç¡ šø[t¡®¡à¹ [W¡>à[A¡-ÎèW¡A¡ &Òü šø¤Þê¡ì¹ "”z¹¹ K®¡ã¹ Åø‡ý¡àg[º ™à[W¡ìáòà &Òü\>à ¤ì¹o¸ ¤¸[v¡û¡îº¡ú]

"γ¹ \àt¡ãÚ "à¹ç¡ Îà}ÑH[õ t¡A¡ \ã¯>t¡ [¤Ìå¡šøÎàƒ ¹à®¡à ¤t¢¡³à> &A¡ >³Î¸ ¤¸[v¡û¡¡ú ¤[o¢º ¤¸[v¡û¡â«¹ "஡àì¹ ¹à®¡àìƒì¯ "γãÚà \à[t¡ "à¹ç¡ "γ¹ γà\-\ã¯>îº [ƒ í= ë™à¯à "¯ƒà>¹ ¤àì¤Òü ët¡ìJt¡¹ >à³ – ™Å-J¸à[t¡ "à[\ "γ¹ Wå¡ìA¡-ëA¡àìo šøÎà[¹t¡ ; ÅS¡¹-³à‹¯¹ ƒì¹Òü ë\¸à[t¡-[¤Ì塹 >àì³à "γãÚ๠³ðàKt¡ íÒ š[¹ìá¡ú ¤×³åJã šø[t¡®¡àì¹ šø[t¡®¡àÅàºã "à[Ạ¹à®¡à샯¡ú šØn¡à-Ç¡>à, ëJº-닳à[ºt¡ 볋à "à¹ç¡ ƒÛ¡t¡à¹ š[¹W¡Ú [ƒÚ๠l¡üš[¹* "γ¹ γà\, [Å¿-A¡ºà, Î}ÑH[õ t¡, ®¡àÈà-Îà[Òt¡¸, ¹à\>ã[t¡, γà\>ã[t¡, "=¢>ã[t¡, [¤šÃ¯ "à[ƒ "ì>A¡ ëÛ¡yt¡ ët¡ìJt¡ Ѭ-šø[t¡®¡àì¹ ®¡àѬ¹¡ú l¡üƒà¹t¡à, ³à>¯t¡àì¤à‹ "à[Ạët¡ìJt¡¹ Ѭ®¡à¯t¡ ëÎàot¡ Îå¯K๠ƒì¹¡ú "¯Ñ‚àšÄ \>ìKàË¡ãÚ š[¹Úູ Δzà> íÒ*, W¡¹A¡à¹ã W¡àA¡[¹¹ šøìºà®¡>¹ š¹à ³åv¡û¡ íÒ ÎÒ\ιº \ã¯> "àƒ[¹ íº ëA¡àì>à [>Ú³-ÅõTºà¹ ³à\t¡ ëÎà³à¤îº [>[¤W¡¹à &Òü\> ³à>¯t¡à¤àƒã ¤¸[v¡û¡¹ [W¡”zà‹à¹à, \ã¯>-ƒÅ¢> "à¹ç¡ ƒè¹ƒõ[Ê¡ìÚ ët¡ìJt¡¹ P¡o³åM¡ý ¤õv¡ìi¡àìA¡ >ÒÚ [A¡áå šº³îA¡ Ò’ìº* ÅàÎ> ™”| "à¹ç¡ ë¤ï[‡ý¡A¡ γà\ìA¡ ‹[¹ γNø "γ¤àÎãìA¡ "àA¡[È¢t¡ "à¹ç¡ šø®¡à¯à[Þt¡ A¡[¹ìá¡ú ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ ëºà®¡-ºàºÎà, ºà®¡à-ºà®¡¹ [W¡”zà-®¡à¤>๠š¹à ¤× ƒè¹t¡ ët¡ìJt¡¹ "¯Ñ‚à>¡ú Ѭà‹ã>³>à, "àìšà>쮡àºà Ѭ®¡à¯¹ ¹à®¡à샯 "à[Ạ&K¹àA¡ã šøA¡õ t¡ γà\-[¤šÃ¯ã, "à\–µ [Å¿ã "à¹ç¡ [Òît¡Èã "γãÚà¡ú \ã¯> A¡àºìt¡ [A¡´¬ƒ[”zt¡ š[¹ot¡ ëÒà¯à [¤Ìå¡šøÎàƒ ¹à®¡à샯¹ \–µ 1909 W¡>¹ 31 \à>å¯å à¹ãt¡ ¤t¢¡³à>¹ ¤à}ºàìƒÅ¹ n¡àA¡à W¡Ò¹t¡¡ú [štõ¡ "à[Ạ[¤ø[i¡á "àì³àº¹ Îà³[¹A¡ [¤®¡àK¹ W¡àA¡[¹ÚຠW¡ƒ¢à¹ ¤àÒàƒå¹ ëKàšàº W¡–ƒø ¹à®¡à "à¹ç¡ ³àtõ¡¹ >à³ ëKk¡ã ¹à®¡à¡ú l¡üšà[‹ ‘¹à®¡à’ Ò’ìº* &*òìºàA¡ ¹à®¡à \> δ߃àÚ¹ >ÒÚ, ¤ìØl¡à-A¡áà¹ã \> δ߃àÚ¹ìÒ¡ú [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à샯¹ A¡A¡àA¡ Å[>¹à³ A¡áà¹ã¹ (³åáàÒà¹ã) ³õt¡å ¸¹ [šát¡ "[®¡®¡à¯A¡¹ ¹à®¡à l¡üšà[‹ìA¡ NøÒo A¡[¹ [štõ¡ ëKàšàº W¡–ƒø ¹à®¡à Ò’º¡ú ëÎÒü ">åy¡û ì³Òü [¤Ìå¡šøÎàƒ ¹à®¡à¡ú 43 /

/Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

n¡àA¡àt¡ =àìA¡àìt¡Òü ët¡ìJìt¡ ¤à}ºà ³à‹¸³t¡ šøà=[³A¡ [ÅÛ¡à δšÄ A¡[¹ ët¡\šå¹îº "à[Ò [=t¡à[š º’¤ ºKà ÒÚ¡ú A¡à¹o ëÎÒü γÚìt¡ [št¡àA¡¹ ³õt塸t¡ ¹à®¡à샯¹ š[¹Úàìº Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ ëƒl¡üt¡àìA¡ Îà[\ ë=à¯à ët¡\šå¹¹ Q¹îº P¡[W¡ "àìÒ¡ú ët¡\šå¹¹ W¡¹A¡à¹ã ÒàÒüÑH溹 š¹à 1926 W¡>t¡ [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡àÒü ƒ¹} [\ºà¹ [®¡t¡¹ìt¡ šø=³ íÒ ë³[i¡öA¡ šàá A¡[¹ ‘Aå¡Òü>ô &³ìšøáô ë³ìl¡º’ ºà®¡ A¡ì¹¡ú [>ìW¡Òü [ÅÇ¡ A¡àºìt¡ [štõ¡¹ áyáòàÚ๠š¹à ¤[e¡t¡ íÒ* ÎåѬàÑ‚¸¹ "[‹A¡à¹ã ¹à®¡à샯 ÑHæºãÚà "¯Ñ‚๠š¹àÒü "t¡¸”z 볋à¤ã "à¹ç¡ "‹¸¯ÎàÚã "à[ạú óå¡i¡¤º, [yû¡ìA¡i¡, Ò[A¡ "à[ƒ ëJºt¡ šà¹ƒ[Å¢t¡à šøƒÅ¢>¹ ºìK ºìK ÎUãt¡, >õt¡¸, "[®¡>Ú, [W¡y[Å¿ "à[ƒ ÎåA塳๠A¡ºàìt¡à [>\¹ šø[t¡®¡à¹ ѣ塹o Qi¡à¤ šà[¹[ạú l¡üìÀJì™àK¸ ë™ [ÅÛ¡àP¡¹ç¡ "à¹ç¡ ë\¸Ë¡¹ šø[t¡ =A¡à Åø‡ý¡à-Ζµà>, ºK-γ>ãÚ๠ºKt¡ A¡¹à ÎÒ\ δšA¢¡ "à¹ç¡ "àK¹oå¯à, ë>tõ¡â« Î庮¡ Ѭ®¡à¯¹ ¤àì¤ ët¡ìJt¡ ÎA¡ìºàì¹ [šøÚ®¡à\> Ò’¤ šà[¹[ạú ëÎìÚ áày "¯Ñ‚๠š¹àÒü ¹à®¡àìƒì¯ Îà}Kk¡[>A¡ ƒÛ¡t¡à "à¹ç¡ ë>tõ¡â« ¤Ò>¹ "Ò¢t¡à "\¢> A¡[¹[ạú ë³[i¡öA¡ šàW¡ A¡¹à¹ šàát¡ ët¡ìJt¡¹ l¡üZW¡ [ÅÛ¡à "‹¸Ú>¹ ">åË¡à> "à[ẠA¡ºA¡àt¡à¹ ëW¡Òüsiô¡ šº A¡ìº\, [¹š> A¡ìº\, ëA¡àW¡[¤Ò๹ [®¡ìC¡à[¹Úà A¡ìº\ "à¹ç¡ ¹}šå¹¹ A¡à¹-³àÒüìA¡º A¡ìº\¡ú &Òü ÎA¡ìºà ">åË¡à>ìt¡ ët¡ìJt¡ "à[Ạ"àK¤Øn¡à, W¡Aå¡t¡ š¹à áày¡ú šƒà=¢[¤ƒ¸à [¤ÈÚt¡ ">àá¢ íº [¤.&W¡.[W¡ ëi¡Ê š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ Aõ¡[t¡â«ì¹ l¡üv¡ão¢ ëÒà¯à ¹à®¡à샯 [A¡”ñ "¯Ñ‚๠t¡àØl¡>àt¡ š[¹ [šáîº A¡ºà ÅàJàt¡ "‹¸Ú> A¡[¹¤îº ¤à‹¸ ÒÚ¡ú [¹šo A¡ìº\t¡ =àìA¡àìt¡Òü ѬìƒÅã "àì–ƒàº> W¡[º =A¡à γÚt¡ šå[ºW¡- ëW¡à¹à}ìW¡à¯à¹ Îì–ƒìÒ áày ë>t¡à ¹à®¡à샯¹ ³> "ΔñÊ "à¹ç¡ "t¡ãË¡ A¡[¹ ët¡àºàt¡ [®¡ìC¡à[¹Úà A¡ìº\îº ëi¡öXó¡à¹ ºÚ¡ú ëÎÒü γÚîºìA¡ šøt¡¸Û¡®¡àì¯ [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à "àì–ƒàº>t¡ \[Øl¡t¡ ëÒà¯à >à[ạú "¯ìŸ Ѭà‹ã>t¡à¹ Ѭš— ët¡ìJt¡¹ "à[ạú Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ "àì–ƒàº>¹ šø®¡à¯ ¤à[Øn¡ "Òàt¡ ël¡A¡à [¤Ìå¡šøÎàƒ¹ [>®¢¡ãA¡, Ѭà‹ã> ³>à ³>ìi¡àìt¡à Îåœ íÒ =A¡à [¤ø[i¡á [¤ì¹à‹ã ³ì>஡௠\à[K l¡ü[k¡º¡ú A¡àì¹à W¡Aå¡t¡ >š¹àîA¡ ët¡ìJìt¡ ëA¡àW¡[¤Ò๹ ¹à\ šøÎàƒ¹ [Î}Ò ƒå¯à¹t¡ ÅàÎA¡ [¤ì¹à‹ã š’ʡ๠"òà[¹ìº [™J>¹ ëºJàÒü W¡¹A¡à¹ã ³Òºt¡ ™ì=Ê "àìºàØl¡>¹ Îõ[Ê A¡[¹[ạú t¡à¹ [šáìt¡à >K¹¹ ¤W¡à¤W¡à Ñ‚à> ƒåJ>³à>t¡ ³ì>-³ì> [¤ø[i¡á W¡¹A¡à¹¹ št¡àA¡à >³àÒü ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ št¡àA¡à l¡üìv¡àº> A¡[¹[ạú šå[ºW¡-ëW¡à¹à}ìW¡à¯à¹ Îì–ƒÒ t¡\¤\ãÚà "à¹ç¡ ÎA¡ìºà ëÛ¡yìt¡ "àK¹oå¯à &Òü ët¡ì\àƒãœ ™å¯A¡\>¹ *š¹t¡ š[¹º ™[ƒ* šøt¡¸Û¡ šø³ào¹ /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

"®¡à¯t¡ ët¡ìJt¡A¡ ëNøœ¡à¹ A¡[¹¤ ë>௹à Ò’º¡ú [¤šƒ¹ šè¤¢à>å³à> A¡[¹ ¹à®¡à샯 ët¡\šå¹îº P¡[W¡ "à[Òº¡ú ët¡\šå¹ìt¡à ët¡ìJt¡ [¤ø[i¡á [¤ì¹à‹ã "àì–ƒàº>t¡ \[Øl¡t¡ íÒ Î®¡à-Î[³[t¡, ëÅ஡à™àyà "à[ƒ Îà}Kk¡[>A¡ A¡à³-A¡à\t¡ [ºœ ëÒà¯à¹ J¤¹ šø³à[ot¡ ëÒà¯àt¡ [®¡ìC¡à[¹Úà A¡ìº\¹ š¹à ¤à‹¸t¡à³èºA¡ ëi¡öXó¡à¹ [ƒÚ๠ºKìt¡ Ñ•àt¡A¡ Wè¡lØ ¡à”z š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ "¯t¡ão¢ ëÒà¯àìt¡à ¤à‹à "àì¹àš A¡¹à Ò’º¡ú [ÅÛ¡à "à‹àìt¡ Î³àœ ëÒà¯à¹ "àÅS¡àt¡ l¡üšàÚ ë>šàÒü ¹}šå¹¹ A¡à¹ô-³àÒüìA¡º A¡ìº\t¡ Òü}¹à\ãt¡ ‘Ζµà>’ ÎÒA¡àì¹ [¤, & ëÅøoãt¡ ®¡[t¢¡ Ò’º¡ú &ÒüJ> A¡ìº\ìt¡à áày [ÒW¡àìš ëA¡¯º šØn¡à-Ç¡>àìt¡ ¤¸Ñz >à=à[A¡ áàyÎA¡º¹ ºKt¡ A¡ìº\¹ ÎA¡ìºà A¡à³-A¡à\ìt¡ \[Øl¡t¡ íÒ ÎA¡ìºàì¹ ƒõ[Ê "àA¡È¢o A¡[¹¤îº γ=¢ Ò’º¡ú [šìá šå[ºW¡¹ A¡à™¢A¡ºàš¹ š¹à š[¹yào ë>šàÒü [γà>ìt¡ "à>åË¡à[>A¡ [Åۡ๠Îà³¹[o ³à[¹ ¹}šå¹ &[¹¤îº ¤à‹¸ Ò’º¡ú ƒåJ¹ [¤ÈÚ, 볋à¤ã áày íÒ* ëÅÈt¡ ¹à®¡à샯 ëNø\ìå ¯i¡ Ò’¤ ë>à¯à[¹ìº¡ú "¯ìŸ [\`¡àÎà, ">åÎ[Þê¡;Îà, "‹¸Ú> ÑšõÒà "à¹ç¡ Îà‹>à ët¡ìJt¡¹ [>t¡¸ ÎÒW¡¹ íÒ =à[A¡º¡ú n¡àA¡àt¡ =A¡à γÚìt¡ "=¢à; áàyà¯Ñ‚๠šøà=[³A¡ š™¢àÚìt¡ ‘¹à\à Ò[¹ÆW¡–ƒø’ >à³¹ >ài¡A¡¹ \[¹Úìt¡ ¹à®¡àìƒì¯ "[®¡>Ú \ã¯>¹ šàt¡[> ë³[º[ạú ët¡[t¡Ú๠š¹àÒü ÎUãt¡ "à¹ç¡ >õt¡¸¹ t¡à[ºì³à íº[ạú [šá¹ A¡àºt¡ ët¡ìJìt¡ "‹¸Ú>Å㺠"à¹ç¡ [\`¡àÎå ³>ìi¡à¹ ¤àì¤ "γ¹ Òü³è¹[Î³è¹ °[³ ÎUãt¡, ¤àƒ¸, >õt¡¸-A¡ºà¹ `¡à> "àÒ¹o A¡[¹ [Î[¤ºàA¡¹ l¡ü š ™å v ¡û ¡ ">å Å ãº> "à¹ç ¡ š[¹ì¤Å>t¡ ³ì>à[>ì¤Å A¡[¹[ạú "γãÚà Aõ¡[Ê-Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ šø[t¡ Åø‡ý¡àÅãº, ÅS¡¹-³à‹¯¹ Îõ[Ê "à¹ç¡ šø[t¡®¡à¹ šø[t¡ K®¡ã¹ "à>åKt¡¸ =A¡à ¹à®¡àìƒì¯ ÎUãt¡->õt¡¸-A¡ºà Îà‹>àt¡ "àu[>ìÚàK A¡[¹ ëÎÒüì¤à¹¹ W¡W¢¡à A¡[¹[Ạ"à¹ç¡ Kì¯Èoວ¡ `¡à>A¡ [¤[¤‹ ¹W¡>๠³àì\ì¹, ¤v¡ûõ¡t¡à¹ ³àì\ì¹ "à¹ç¡ š[¹ì¤Å¸ A¡ºà¹ ³à‹¸ì³ì¹ šøA¡àìÅà A¡[¹[ạú šàÒà¹í®¡Úà³¹ [¤[®¡Ä \>-δ߃àÚ Îà³[¹ A¡¹à ët¡ìJt¡¹ "‹¸Ú>¹ š=à¹J> "à[Ạ[¤Ñzõt¡¡ú ">>¸ šø[t¡®¡à‹¹ ¤¸[v¡û¡ "à[Ạ[¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à¡ú ëÎÒü γڹ ‘šøàW¡ã> A¡à³¹ê¡šã >õt¡¸ Î}Q’¹ ºKt¡ \[Øl¡t¡ íÒ ët¡ìJt¡ >õt¡¸¹ Îà‹>à "à¹ç¡ Kì¯Èoàt¡ ³N— íÒ[ạú [yŹ ƒÅA¡ "à¹ç¡ W¡[ÀŹ ƒÅA¡¹ "๴±[o A¡àºt¡ >õt¡¸¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ ¹à®¡à샯¹ Îà󡺸¹ [>ƒÅ¢> ëšà¯à ™àÚ "γ¹ ¤à[Ò¹ìt¡à¡ú A¡àÅã [Ò–ƒå [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚt¡ ">å[Ë¡t¡ ëÒà¯à Îà}ÑHõ[t¡A¡ ">åË¡à>t¡ ëÎÒü γڹ [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚJ>¹ l¡üšàW¡à™¢ l¡0 Τ¢šÀã ¹à‹àAõ¡Ì¡o šø³åìJ¸ "ì>A¡ P¡oã-`¡à>㠃ŢA¡¹ l¡üš[Ñ‚[t¡t¡ / 44

¹à®¡àìƒì¯ ët¡ìJt¡¹ [¤J¸àt¡ [ů t¡àr¡¯ >õt¡¸¹ ºKìt¡ ‘*\àšà[º’ "à¹ç¡ ‘A¡àºãÚ ƒ³> >õt¡¸’ šøƒÅ¢> A¡[¹ "ì>A¡ šøÅ}Îà ºà®¡ A¡[¹[ạú ëÎÒü >õt¡¸à>åË¡à>ìt¡ ët¡ìJìt¡ ëÅøË¡ >õt¡¸[ſ㹠Ζµà> ëšà¯à¹ l¡üš[¹* ëÎào¹ ë³ìl¡º ºà®¡ A¡¹à¹ A¡=à [¤[®¡Ä \>¹ ëºJ๠š¹à \>à ™àÚ¡ú &Òü[J[>ìt¡ &i¡à A¡=à l¡üìÀJ A¡¹àìi¡à ®¡àº ë™, ¹à®¡à샯¹ >õt¡¸ šø[t¡®¡à¹ ¤àì¤ ëÎÒü ">åË¡à>ìt¡ ¹à‹àAõ¡Ì¡oìƒì¯ ët¡ìJt¡A¡ ‘A¡ºàP¡¹ç¡’ l¡üšà[‹ [ƒ[Ạ¤å[º [º[Jt¡ "à¹ç¡ ë³ï[JA¡ ¹ê¡št¡ šøW¡[ºt¡ íÒ "à[Òìá¡ú [A¡”ñ ëÎÒü [¤ìÅÈ ">åË¡à>ìi¡à¹ [¤ÈìÚ ët¡ìJìt¡ [>ì\Òü t¡¹ç¡o Òà\[¹A¡àìƒ¯îº [ºJà [W¡[k¡t¡ ëÎÒü ѬãAõ¡[t¡¹ A¡=à l¡üìÀJ A¡¹à >àÒü¡ú ¹à®¡à샯¹ "[t¡ Q[>Ë¡ ëÎÒü ">åË¡à>t¡ l¡üš[Ñ‚t¡ =A¡à ¤¸[v¡û¡ìÚ* ëÎÒü [¤ÈÚt¡ ëA¡à¯à >àÒü ¤à \ì>à¯à >àÒü¡ú ët¡ì>Ò’ìº ¤× ¤[o¢º ¤¸[v¡û¡â«¹ ¹à®¡à샯¹ >à³t¡ =A¡à &Òü ‘A¡ºàP¡¹ç¡’ "[®¡‹àì¹ ët¡ìJt¡¹ í¤[W¡y¸šèo¢ šø[t¡®¡àA¡ "à¹ç¡ [¤šÃ¯ã Îv¡àA¡ Îã³à¤‡ý¡t¡à¹ ³à\îº i¡à[> ">à íÒìá ë>[A¡ ëÎÒüìi¡à* [¤W¡à™¢ [¤ÈÚ Ò’¤ šà칡ú [™ [A¡ >Ò*A¡, ¹à®¡à샯¹ ëšï¹ç¡Èƒãœ, ¤[ºË¡ ëW¡ìÒ¹àì¹ >W¡à >àW¡t¡ >õt¡¸¹ ÎA¡ìºà P¡o, í¤[ÅÊ¡¸ "à¹ç¡ Îà‹>àt¡ ³åMý¡ íÒ [¤[ÅÊ ¤¸[v¡û¡ÎA¡ìº "ì>A¡ šøÅ}Îà A¡[¹ íKìá¡ú t¡à¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ ®¡à¹t¡¹ [¤J¸àt¡ >õt¡¸[Å¿ã l¡üƒÚÅS¡ì¹ A¡ºA¡àt¡à¹ ëNÃठ[=ìÚi¡à¹t¡ ¹à®¡à샯¹ >õt¡¸ ëƒ[J A¡¹à ³”z¤¸ šø[o‹à>ì™àK¸, ‘‘There are certain distinct features in Rabha’s dance that I should learn from him.’’

‘‘Îå¹ì¹ ëƒl¡üºì¹ ¹ê¡šì¹ šè\à¹ã’’ – [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡àÒü Kã[t¡A¡à¹, Îå¹A¡à¹, KàÚA¡, [>샢ÅA¡, š[¹W¡àºA¡ ¹ê¡ìš "γ¹ ÎUãt¡ \Kt¡ìA¡à γõ‡¡ý A¡[¹ íKìá¡ú ‘ë\¸à[t¡ ÎUãt¡’¹ ƒì¹Òü ‘¹à®¡à ÎUãìt¡à’ "γãÚ๠¤åA¡å ¹ "àìšà>¡ú l¡üìÀJ A¡¹à ë¤à‹ÒÚ "šøàÎ[UA¡ >Ò’¤ ë™, ‘¹à®¡à ÎUãt¡’ &Òü Ŧ ™åKìº šøA¡õ t¡ìt¡ [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡àA¡ šø[t¡[>[‹â« >A¡ì¹ ; ‘[¤Ìå¡ ÎUãt¡’ ¤à ‘[¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à ÎUãt¡’ ¤å[ºìºìÒ Îà=¢A¡ ®¡àì¯ ët¡ìJt¡¹ Kãt¡ìA¡ ¤å\डú >Ò’ìº "γ¹ ¹à®¡à \> δ߃àÚ¹ Kãt¡-³àt¡¹ ºKt¡ &A¡àA¡à¹ A¡[¹ ®¡¤à¹ =º =à[A¡ ™àÚ¡ú ët¡ìJìt¡ ÅàÑ| Ζµt¡ ¹ê¡št¡ ÎUãt¡ A¡ºà¹ Îà‹>à A¡[¹[áº, W¡W¢¡à A¡[¹[ạú &Òü [¤ÈÚìt¡à >õt¡¸¹ ƒì¹Òü ¹à®¡à샯¹ "‹¸Ú> "à[ẠšøW塹¡ú ÎUãt¡->õt¡¸¹ Îà‹>àt¡ ÅàÑ|ãÚ "à¹ç¡ š¹´š¹àKt¡ ¹ê¡š¹ ºKt¡ "γ¹ \>\àt¡ãÚ Îå¹-δšƒ "à¹ç¡ >õt¡¸-δšƒìA¡à ët¡ìJìt¡ γÞÚ¹ ³àì\ì¹ Îà³[¹ íº[ạú ët¡ìJt¡¹ ‡à¹à ¹[W¡t¡ Kãt¡t¡ [¤ÈÚ¤Ññ "à¹ç¡ ®¡à¯¹ í¤[W¡y¸ ºÛ¡¸oãÚ¡ú š[¹ì¤Å-š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡ 45 /

"à¹ç¡ l¡üì„Ÿ ">å™àÚã Kãt¡¹ ®¡àÈ๠Ŧ, á–ƒ "à¹ç¡ Îå¹t¡àº¹ γÞÚ Îà‹>¹ šø[t¡®¡à ¹à®¡à샯¹ &A¡ l¡üìÀJì™àK¸ [¤ìÅÈâ«¡ú "Aõ¡[y³ ³à>¯à>å®è¡[t¡ šøA¡àìÅ Kãt¡ì¤à¹A¡ \>[šøÚt¡à šøƒà> A¡[¹ìá¡ú ë™ì>îA¡ ëšø³-[¤¹Ò¹ Kãt¡ ¹W¡>à A¡[¹ìá ët¡ì>îA¡ í>Î[K¢A¡, í¤šÃ[¯A¡ "à¹ç¡ Aõ¡ÈA¡-Åø[³A¡ \àK¹o¹ Kãìt¡à ët¡ìJìt¡ ¹W¡>à A¡[¹ìá, [™ì¤à¹t¡ Kã[t¡A¡à¹ \>¹ "àì¤K-[¤‹å¹, ">å®è¡[t¡ šø¯o ³>ìi¡à¹ ºKìt¡ γà\ ÎìW¡t¡>t¡à¹ š[¹W¡ìÚà [ƒìá¡ú "γãÚà ÎUãt¡ \Kt¡t¡ ¹à®¡à샯¹ Kãt¡Î³èÒ¹ ëÎìÚìÒ &A¡ ÎåA¡ãÚà ëÎï–ƒ™¢, ³Òâ« "à¹ç¡ [¤ìÅÈâ« "àìá¡ú áày "¯Ñ‚àt¡ [>ì\ šØn¡à [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡ ιѬt¡ã¹ šø[t¡³à K[Øn¡ šè\à A¡¹à J[>A¡¹ [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à샯¹ [W¡y [¤ƒ¸àìt¡à ƒJº "à[ạú ">¸à>¸ [W¡y "S¡>¹ l¡üš[¹ ÅS¡¹ã A¡ºàAõ¡[ʹ šè\à¹ã ¹à®¡àìƒì¯ [¤ìÅÈ®¡àì¤ Åøã³”z ÅS¡¹ P¡¹ç¡¹ A¡à¿[>A¡ [W¡y "S¡> A¡[¹ ™åK³ãÚà J¸à[t¡ "\¢> A¡[¹ìá¡ú ¹à®¡àìƒì¯ "òA¡à ëÎÒü [W¡yìA¡ "à[\ "γ¹ ¹àÒüì\ šàÒüìá, ëƒ[Jìá¡ú ëÎÒüìi¡à* δ±¯ íÒìá ët¡ìJt¡¹ Îåì™àK¸à ÎÒ‹[³¢>ã¹ šøìW¡Ê¡àt¡¡ú Îå - Îà[Ò[t¡¸A¡ šø Ú àt¡ ë³[ƒ>ã ëW¡ï‹å ¹ ã샯¹ ‘ëó¡ì¹}Kàƒà*’ ¹à®¡à샯 >ài¡¸A¡à¹ "à¹ç¡ "[®¡ì>t¡à¹ ¹ê¡šìt¡à šøÅ}[Ît¡ ¤¸[v¡û¡¡ú >õt¡¸->à[i¡A¡à, Îà³à[\A¡ >ài¡A¡, A¡à¤¸ >ài¡A¡, ¤å¹gã³èºA¡ >ài¡A¡, \ã¯>ã³èºA¡ >ài¡A¡ "à¹ç¡ A¡=àá[¤¹ [W¡y->ài¡¸ [ºJ๠l¡üš[¹* ëÎÒü γèÒ¹ š[¹W¡àº>à, [>샢Å>à "à¹ç¡ ë¹A¡[l¢¡R¡¹ A¡à³t¡ ™åv¡û¡ "à[Ạ"à¹ç¡ ³e¡, [W¡ì>³à "à¹ç¡ °à³¸³à> [=ìÚi¡à¹t¡ [®¡Ä ¹R¡ã W¡[¹yt¡ "[®¡>Ú A¡[¹ ƒÅ¢A¡A¡ ³åMý¡ A¡[¹[ạú Τº, Îåk¡à³, ƒãQ¢ìƒÒã, K®¡ã¹ A¡q¡Ñ¬¹ "à¹ç¡ [>Jååòt¡ "[®¡>Ú šø[t¡®¡à "à[Ạ¹à®¡à샯¹ "[®¡ì>t¡à \ã¯>¹ ³èº "àA¡È¢o¡ú "γãÚà W¡º[ZW¡y\Kt¡¹ ¤ài¡A¡i¡ãÚà "à¹ç ¡ "γãÚà Î}ÑH õ [ t¡ \Kt¡¹ "à>\> šø®¡à¯Åàºã [Å¿ã ë\¸à[t¡šøÎàƒ¹ ‘\Ú³t¡ã’ [W¡ì>³à, ‘ëÅà[ot¡ Aåò¡¯¹ã’, ‘A¡àì¹R¡¹ [º[K¹ã’¹ [¤[®¡Ä A¡à³t¡ ÎÒì™àK A¡¹à¹ ºKìt¡ ë¹A¡[l¢¡R¡¹ A¡à³ìt¡à A¡ºA¡àt¡àt¡ íK ë\¸à[t¡šøÎàƒA¡ ÎÒàÚ A¡[¹[ạú ¹à®¡à샯¹ [>\ì¹à Åø ã Åø ã ÅS¡¹ìƒ¯, Åø ã Åø ã ³à‹¯ìƒ¯ "à¹ç ¡ ëA¡Òü ¤ àJì>à ÎUãt¡àìºJ¸¹ ë¹A¡[l¢¡R¡¹ A¡à³ A¡ºA¡àt¡à¹ ëW¡ì>àºà ëA¡à´šà>ãt¡ A¡[¹[ạú "γãÚà γà\, Îà[Òt¡¸, ‹³¢, Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ šø[t¡ "àK¤ìØ n ¡à¯à "tå ¡ º>ãÚ "¯ƒà>¹ ¤àì¤ ët¡ìJìt¡ ³Òàšå¹ç¡È\>àA¡ ÅøãAõ¡Ì¡ "à¹ç¡ [º*>àl¢¡’ l¡à [®¡[X¹ ºKt¡ &ìA¡Åà¹ãìt¡ Ñ‚à> [ƒ[ạú &Òü\>à ‘Î¤¢P¡oàA¡¹¹ê¡šã ¤¸[v¡û¡¹ /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

A¡ã[t¢¡ "à¹ç¡ ¤¸[v¡û¡â«¹ ³Ò⫹ šø[t¡ "t¡¸”z Åø‡¡ý àÅ㺠¹à®¡àìƒì¯ Å}A¡¹ã A¡ºà-Aõ¡[Ê¡¹ Îà‹>à, Kì¤Èoà "à¹ç¡ šøW¡à¹-šøÎà¹t¡ "àu[>ìÚàK A¡[¹[ạú ‘A¡ãt¢¡>, ƒÅ³, >à³ìQàÈà Ò*A¡ "à³à¹ ëÅ’ ¤å[º "”z@A¡¹ìoì¹ ®¡¤à¹ ºKìt¡ "}A¡ãÚà >ài¡, ®¡à*>à, ¤¹Kãt¡ "à[ƒ¹ ÎyãÚà ¹ê¡šìi¡àA¡ í¤`¡à[>A¡ ¹ê¡št¡ šø[t¡[Ë¡t¡ A¡¹à¹ šøÚàÎ A¡[¹[ạú ët¡ìJt¡¹ [W¡”zàt¡ "à[Ạš¹´š¹àKt¡ "à¹ç¡ =ºå¯à Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ l¡ü‡ý¡à¹ "à¹ç¡ š[¹Åã[ºt¡ ¹ê¡št¡ ëÎÒüì¤à¹¹ šøìÚàK A¡[¹ l¡üš™åv¡û¡®¡àì¤ šøW¡à¹ A¡¹à¡ú "γ¹ ºåœ íÒ ë™à¯à 냯ƒàÎã >õt¡¸¹ šå>¹ç¡‡ý¡à¹ "à¹ç¡ δßÎà¹o¹ A¡à¹ìo A¡¹à ëW¡Ê¡àÒü* ët¡ìJt¡¹ &Òü [W¡”z๠'A¡à[”zA¡t¡àìA¡ šø³ào A¡ì¹¡ú ‘¤ìÒ[³Úà>’ [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à샯¹ ¤o¢àn¡¸ šø[t¡®¡à¹ "à> &i¡à [ƒÅ Ò’º Îà[Òt¡¸ ëίà¡ú "γ¹ \àt¡ãÚ "à¹ç¡ Îà}ÑHõ[t¡A¡ \ã¯>¹ ºKt¡ Î}šõv¡û¡ ¹à®¡à샯¹ Îà[Òt¡¸ W¡W¢¡à [A¡”ñ ÅõT[ºt¡ ¹ê¡št¡ ëšà¯à >à™àÚ¡ú ¤òàÒã, "à¤àÒ>, íƒ[>A¡ "γ, "γ ¤àoã "à[ƒ A¡àA¡t¡-"àìºàW¡>ãt¡ ët¡ìJt¡¹ [A¡áå³à> ³èº¸¤à> ëºJà šøA¡à[Åt¡ íÒ[ạú ‘"γãÚà Aõ¡[Ê¡¹ W¡³å "஡àÎ’ ¹à®¡à샯¹ šø=³ šøA¡à[Åt¡ šå[=¡ú A¡[¤, Kã[t¡A¡à¹, >ài¡¸A¡à¹, šø¤Þê¡A¡à¹, \ã¯>ã "à¹ç¡ K¿-l¡üš>¸àÎ ¹ìW¡àt¡à ¹à®¡à샯 &\> Îå¤v¡û¡à* "à[ạú Îà³à[\A¡, Îà}ÑH[õ t¡A¡, ¹à\î>[t¡A¡ A¡à¹ot¡ "γ¹ ¤à "γ¹ ¤à[Ò¹ìt¡à [¤[®¡Ä k¡àÒüt¡ Qè[¹-š[A¡ óå¡ì¹àìt¡ "à>[A¡ Î[yû¡Ú ƒºãÚ A¡³¢ã ëÒà¯à¹ ¤àì¤ W¡¹A¡à¹¹ ë¹àÈt¡ š[¹ šºàt¡A¡ íÒ =àìA¡àìt¡* ¤à A¡à¹àKà¹t¡ =àìA¡àìt¡* ë™[t¡ÚàÒü [™ ®¡à¯ ³>îº "àìÒ ët¡ìJìt¡ [º[J[ạú [ºJ๠¤àì¤ ëA¡àì>à [¤ìÅÈ š[¹ì¤Å¹ šøìÚà\>ãÚt¡àt¡ P¡¹ç¡â« [>[ƒ[ạú [šìá ëÎÒüì¤à¹ Îà³[¹Îåt¡[¹ ¹J๠"®¡¸àÎ ët¡ìJt¡¹ >à[ạú &Òü Ѭ®¡à¯ìi¡à¹ ¤àì¤Òü ¹à®¡à샯¹ ¤× ¹W¡>à ëÒ¹àÒü K’º ¤à ë>àìÒà¯à Ò’º¡ú ët¡ìJt¡¹ Ѭ®¡à¯¹ ºKt¡ š[¹[W¡t¡ ët¡ìJt¡¹ ºKt¡ =A¡à ëA¡àì>à ëA¡àì>à ¤¸[v¡û¡ìÚ [A¡áå³à> ëºJà Îà³[¹ ¹à[J[ạú ¤× ¹W¡>à "à‹à lå¡J¹ãÚà, ¤× ¹W¡>à [¤[®¡Ä "¯Ñ‚àt¡ ëÒì¹à¯à, >Ê ëÒà¯à¹ ºKìt¡ [A¡áå³à> δšèo¢ ¤à "δšèo¢ ¹ê¡št¡ &A¡àº¹ ÎÒA¡³¢ã ¤à ÎÒì™àKã A¡àì¹à¤à¹ Òàt¡t¡ =à[A¡ ë™à¯à¹ A¡=à* Ç¡>à ™àÚ¡ú ÎA¡ìºàìA¡ "àìšà>â«ì¹ Îà¯[i¡ ëºà¯à, [¤Å«àÎ A¡¹à ¹à®¡à샯 ë™ ëJÚàºã ³>¹ "à[áº, [>\¹ ëºJà Î}¹Û¡o¹ šø[t¡ ë™ "A¡ìoà [W¡[¹Úàá >à[Ạ&Òüì¤à¹ A¡=àÒü šø³ào A¡ì¹¡ú ¹à®¡à샯¹ ³õt塸¹ [šát¡ [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à ‘ëÎò௹oã Î[³[t¡’ìÚ [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à ¹W¡>௺㒠šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ l¡ü[ºÚàÚ¡ú t¡à¹ [šát¡ ët¡ìJt¡¹ šâ—ã ë³à[Ò>㠹஡àÒü š[¹Úູ "à¹ç¡ ¹à®¡à샯¹ P¡o³åMý¡ ¤¸[v¡û¡ÎA¡º¹ ÎÒàÚt¡ /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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[A¡”ñ "γ¤àÎã¹ ÎÒàÚ, šøà=¢>à "à¹ç¡ [>\ì¹à \ãÚàÒü =à[A¡ A¡¹à Ò’¤ "à¹ç¡ ëÅøoã Ѭà=¢, ¹à\î>[t¡A¡ Ѭà=¢¹ š¹à "òàt¡¹t¡ "γ¹ ÒìA¡ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ ƒå¤¢à¹ ¤àÎ>àA¡ š¹à®è¡t¡ A¡[¹ =à[A¡ ¤t¢¡³à> "γ¹ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡ ÒꡃÚU³ A¡[¹ ¹\àQ¹ãÚà, [>Ú[t¡ìÚ ët¡ìJt¡A¡ íº K’º 1969 W¡>¹ 20 \å>t¡¡ú šø\àQ¹ãÚà šøìt¡¸A¡ \> "γãÚàÒü ët¡ìJt¡¹ A¡³¢ "à¹ç¡ Èà[k¡ ¤á¹ãÚà \ã¯> A¡àºt¡ "γ "à¹ç¡ "γãÚ๠¤àì¤Òü [W¡”zàA¡ l¡ü[W¡t¡ ®¡àì¤ ³™¢àƒà [ƒ¤¡ú [¤[®¡Ä \>¹ ëºJàt¡ ët¡ìJìt¡ [W¡”zà A¡[¹[áº, A¡à³ A¡[¹[áºú "¯ìŸ ³à>åÒ ¹à®¡à샯¹ [¤ÈìÚ A¡¹à ³”z¤¸ "à¹ç¡ t¡=¸¹ ëJ[ºì³[º [ÒW¡àìš ët¡ìJt¡¹ ëƒàÈ-ƒå¤¢ºt¡à* ë™ >à[Ạ&ì> >ÒÚú "òàt¡¹à¤îº Kì¯ÈoàuA¡ "‹¸Úì>ì¹ Î[k¡A¡ [·ý¡à”z [A¡”ñ ët¡ìJt¡¹ l¡üƒà¹ ³à>¯t¡à¤àƒã ‘"γãÚà’ šøàoìi¡àì¯ ëºà¯àì¹à šøìÚà\> "àìá¡ú ÎàÒÎ, ƒÛ¡t¡à, "‹¸Ú>, Åø³, ëA¡àì>à A¡ši¡à[º¹ "àÅøÚ >îº [>Ѭà=¢®¡àì¯Òü "γ¹ Îà[¤¢A¡ "à¹ç¡ 볋à =A¡à Îìâ«* ÅõTºàÒã>t¡à "à¹ç¡ šøoàºã¤‡ý¡t¡à¹ l¡üv¡¹o¹ A¡=àÒü ®¡à[¤[Ạ"à¹ç¡ ëÎÒüƒì¹Òü A¡[¹¤îº "à>ìA¡à "®¡à¯ìt¡ ët¡ìJt¡¹ šø[t¡®¡à¹ ë™ì>ƒì¹ ѣ塹o Q[i¡¤ ºà[K[Ạët¡ì>ƒì¹ >Ò’º – &Òüìi¡à A¡=à* [>ÆW¡Ú ѬãA¡à™¢¡ú ëšø¹oà [ƒ[ạú ëÅÈt¡ ¹à®¡à샯¹ ƒåi¡à l¡ü[v¡û¡ì¹ Åt¡¤à[È¢A¡ã¹ Åø‡ý¡àg[º \ãÚàÒü =A¡à A¡àºt¡ ët¡ìJìt¡ [™[J[> ëšà¯à >à[Ạ[ÒW¡àìš [ºJà &Òü šø¤Þ꡹ Îà³¹[o ³à[¹ìáòà – ‘‘&i¡à \à[t¡¹ ³õt塸¹ šàát¡ ¹à®¡à샯A¡ ëÎÒü[J[> [ƒÚà íÒìá¡ú ët¡ìJt¡¹ \ã¯> ƒÅ¢> "à¹ç¡ "àƒÅ¢¹ ‡à¹à l¡ü‡å‡ý¡ íÒìÚ Ò*A¡ ¤à ºKt¡ "à> &i¡à \à[t¡¹ γÞÚ Ò’¤îº Ò’ìº š¹Ñš¹¹ "àì¤K¹ šøà‹à>¸¹ A¡à¹ìoÒü Ò*A¡ "γãÚà γàì\ [®¡t¡¹t¡ l¡ü®¡Ú¹ [¤ÈìÚ Î´šèo¢ `¡à> =A¡à l¡ü[W¡t¡¡ú [>\¹ ët¡ìJt¡¹¡ ³õt塸 [t¡[=ìi¡à "à>åË¡à[>A¡t¡àì¹ šàº> A¡ì¹; ‹³¢, Aõ¡[Ê, γà\ "à¹ç¡ Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ l¡üš[¹ "à>¹ ‹³¢, Aõ¡[Ê, ή¡à-Î[³[t¡, šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à, "àìºàW¡>à W¡yû¡ "à[ƒ šà[t¡ γà\ "à¹ç¡ Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ [¤ÈìÚ K®¡ã¹ `¡à> =A¡à l¡ü[W¡t¡¡ú ëÎòà¯ì¹¡ú &i¡à γÚt¡ &W¡àì³ ët¡ìJt¡A¡ ‘spoiled child’ š¹Ñš¹¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ "Aõ¡[y³ "à¹ç¡ "à”z[¹A¡ Åø‡¡ý à ¹à[J A¡àº¹ ¤å[º [t¡¹ÑH๠A¡¹à, "à>[A¡ 1962 W¡>¹ W¡ã>¹ "àyû¡³o¹ ¹=¹ W¡A¡àt¡ "NøK[t¡¹ t¡àìº t¡àìº šøK[t¡¹ "Îã³ ¤àìi¡[ƒ γÚt¡ ƒàKã "àW¡à³ã¹ ƒì¹ šQàì¹ ¤à[Þê¡ ¹àÑzàì¹ i¡à[> [>¤îº "Nøι ëÒà¯à l¡ü[W¡t¡¡ú’’ ‘‘šø[t¡ìi¡à \à[t¡-l¡üš\à[t¡¹ Aõ¡[ÊìÒ ³à[i¡¹ Aõ¡[Ê¡ú Aå¡[q¡t¡ ë>àìÒà¯à ÅàÎA¡ ™”|¹ l¡ü샸àKìt¡à "à[\A¡à[º ¹à®¡à샯¹ ³õt塸 [t¡[= l¡üƒô™àš> A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú [A¡”ñ &[t¡Úà* &Òü[J[>ìÚ* "γãÚà Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ ¹ê¡šà”z¹ "à[>ìá – ë™> ¹à®¡à샯¹ Îõ[Ê "à¹ç¡ A¡³¢¹ Î[k¡A¡ ³èº¸àÚo Ò’¤îº K[t¡ìA¡ ">åA¡´šàì¹ >ÒÚ, ÒüÚàt¡ =A¡à ³åAå¡t¡àì¤à¹ ¤åi¡[º ¤àA¡ã¡ú Î[k¡A¡ ³èº¸àÚ> Ò’¤ ët¡[t¡ÚàìÒ, ë™[t¡Úà ët¡ìJt¡¹ ³Òà> "γãÚà Î}ÑHõ[t¡A¡ KØn¡ [ƒ¤îº "àÒòà, "‹¸Ú> Îõ[Ê A¡³¢, \ã¯>-ƒÅ¢> "à¹ç¡ "àƒÅ¢¹ [>¹ìšÛ¡ š™¢àìºàW¡>à A¡¹à¡ú’’" ÎÒàÚA¡ Nø”‚ @ [®¡Ä\>¹ ƒõ[Êt¡ [¤Ìå¡ ¹à®¡à : ³åJ¸ δšàƒ>à -ÿ- Î虢¸ Òà\[¹A¡à ([ºJA¡ "γãÚà ®¡àÈà "à¹ç¡ Îà[Òt¡¸¹ [ÅÛ¡[Úyã¡ú) (Contd. from Page 42) Staff Selection Commission elective subject or as a medium of examination at degree to English and vice-versa from a recognised University. level. OR 5. Fee: Rs. 100/- (Rupees One Hundred only) No fee for Masters Degree of a recognized University or equivalent Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, in any subject other than Hindi or English with Hindi and Physically Handicapped and Ex-Servicemen. English as a compulsory or elective subject or either of the two 6. Closing Date : The last date .for receipt of application as medium of examination and the other as a compulsory or in the concerned Regional/ Sub Regional Office of the elective subject at degree level. AND Commission will be 20.03.2009. However. for the (II) Recognised Diploma or certificate Course in candidates residing in remote areas, the last date will be Translation from Hindi to English and vice-versa or Two 30.03.2009. years experience of translation work from Hindi to English 7. For,other details, candidates may please refer to the and vice-versa in Central or State Government Offices detailed Notice for the said Examination published in including Government of India Undertaking. Employment News/Rojgar Samachar dated 21.02. 2009. Desirable : (i) Knowledge at the level of Matriculation of a This Notice with Application Format may be downloaded recognised Board or equivalent of one of the languages other from SSC’s website http://www.ssc.nic.in and can be used than Hindi mentioned in’ the Eighth Schedule of the by the candidates for making an Application for this Constitution. (ii) Degree or Diploma in translation from Hindi Examination. © davp /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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³ì> [áº>à ®¡Úl¡¹, [áº>à [št¡à ³àt¡à¹ ÅàÎ> ®¡ã[t¡¡ú KàìØl¡àÚà>샹 K¿P¡\ì¤ ¹àt¡ ë¤[Å ÒìÚ ëKìº, &A¡[i¡ Kà[Øl¡¹ 뮡t¡¹ nå¡ìA¡ [>[ÆW¡”z ³ì> Qå[³ìÚ =àA¡t¡, ¤à[Øl¡ [ó¡ì¹ ™à¤à¹ A¡=à[i¡* ³ì> šØl¡t¡>à¡ú’’ t¡à¹ íA¡ìÅàì¹¹ &Òü 뤚ì¹àÚ஡ठ– [>ì\ìA¡ [>ìÚ [á[>[³[> ëJºà – ÅàÎ> ÅõTºà¹ K[r¡ìt ¡>à "àÎà [Ạt¡à¹ š¹¤t¢¡ã \ã¤ì>¹ "Š±tæ ¡ í¤[ÅÊ¡¸¡ú \ã¤> ‡ì–‡¹ [¤A¡àìÅ ³à[oA¡ [>ì\Òü [ºìJìá> – ‘‘&A¡[ƒìA¡ 뙳> ®¡àº¤àÎt¡à³ ºàº ‹èìºà®¡¹à ÎÒì¹¹ ë>à}¹à šå¹àìoà [Q[g ëºàA¡àºÚ, ë³àìi¡Òü [ÒÎठ=àA¡t¡ >à ë™ ™à샹 ÎìU [³º[á-[³Å[á, ëJº‹èìºà íÒ íW¡ A¡¹[á, t¡à¹à ¤ÚìÎ ¤Øl¡ "=¤à ëáài¡, Î}Îàì¹¹ ³àš A¡à[k¡ìt¡ ®¡‰ "=¤à ëáài¡ìºàA¡ – ët¡³[> ®¡àº¤àÎt¡à³ ÎÒì¹¹ "àìÅ šàìÅ Ç¡‹å A¡ìÚA¡i¡à Aåò¡ìØl¡ Q¹ [>ìÚ KØl¡à ëáài¡-ëáài¡ Nøà³, ¤È¢àÚ ®¡¹à "๠Åãìt¡¹ Ç¡A¡ì>à >ƒã, ó¡òàA¡à ³àk¡ "๠¤åì>àKàìá¹ \à³ &¤} áØl¡àì>à Τå\ Åà캹 ' ¤>¡ú’’ ÑHæº šà[ºìÚ W¡ìº ë™ìt¡> i¡àUàÒü캹 >ƒã¹ ‹àì¹ ë>àU¹ A¡¹à ë>ïA¡à¹ ³à[c¡ìƒ¹ ³àìc¡ t¡à샹 ÎìU ®¡à¤ \[³ìÚ t¡à샹 ³ì‹¸ ƒå’-W¡à¹ [ƒ> [t¡[> ë=ìA¡ "àÎìt¡>¡ú ³à[oìA¡¹ ë³\ƒàƒà l¡àv¡û¡à¹ – [t¡[> ³à[oìA¡¹ &Òü \ã¤> šøoàºã šá–ƒ A¡¹ìt¡> >à¡ú [A¡”ñ \ã¤> δšìA¢¡ ™à¹ ³ì> &Òü ‘ëA¡>’ šøÅ— – ÅõTºà ë¤àì‹ ®¡‰ \ã¤ì> "àÎ๠Ѭš— [t¡[> ³ì>šåìÈ ¹àJìt¡ šà¹ì¤> ëA¡³> A¡ì¹ ? t¡¤å "à¤[ŸA¡ * '[ZáA¡ K[oìt¡ ëºi¡à¹ [>ìÚ šø=³ [¤®¡àìKÒü ³¸à[i¡öA¡ šàÅ A¡¹ìº> – "àÒü.&Î.[Î* šàÅ A¡¹ìº> šø=³ [¤®¡àìK¡ú A¡ºA¡àt¡à ëšø[Îìl¡Xã A¡ìºì\ ®¡[t¢¡ Òìº> K[oìt¡ ">à΢ [>ìÚ¡ú "àÒü.&Î.[Îìt¡ =àA¡ìt¡Òü Jå ¤ [ÎKì¹i¡ ëJìt¡ Ç¡¹ç ¡ A¡¹ìº>, ³ƒ ‹¹ìº>¡ú ">åÅãº>-™åKà”z¹ Òüt¡¸à[ƒ ¹à\î>[t¡A¡ ƒìº¹ ÎìU ë™àKàì™àK Ç¡¹ç¡ ÒìÚ ëKìá¡ú A¡}ìNøìι "àìšàÎ >ã[t¡¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡ t¡J> W¡¹³š”‚ã \àt¡ãÚ¤à샹 l¡üŠ±¤ ÒìÚ[ạú ³à[oA¡ ™J> A¡ìºì\¹ áày t¡J> &Òü í¤šÃ[¤A¡ l¡ü–µàƒ>à áày샹 ³ì‹¸Òü ¤¸àšA¡ [¤Ñzõ[t¡ ºà®¡ A¡ì¹[ạú [¤`¡àì>¹ áày [ÒÎàì¤ [t¡[> A¡¿>๠¹Uã> \K; ëáìØl¡ ¤àÑzì¤ >à³ìt¡ ëW¡ìÚìá>, ÒꡃÚàì¤ìK¹ ëW¡ìÚ ÎÒ\ ™å[v¡û¡-[¤`¡àì>¹ l¡üš¹ [t¡[> [>®¢¡¹ A¡¹ìt¡> ë¤[Å¡ú 13-14 ¤á¹ ¤ÚìÎÒü ¤[S¡³, ¤¹ã–ƒø >à= – Ź; Îà[Òìt¡¸ t¡à¹ šàk¡ ëÅÈ ÒìÚ ëKìá¡ú A¡ìº\ \ã¤ì> šìØl¡ìá> ¤àÒü줺, \ã¤ì>¹ \[i¡º Nø[”‚ Jåºìt¡ Qåì¹ ë¤[Øl¡ìÚìá> óø¡ìÚìl¡¹ ³ì>à [¤ìÅÃÈìo¡ú Îà[Ò[t¡¸A¡ Ҥ๠Ѭš— t¡ò๠[Ạ>à, [A¡”ñ Îà[Òìt¡¸¹ /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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®¡à¤àºåt¡à ë=ìA¡ t¡à샹 ƒ[¹‰ * [¤ìÅÃÈoìA¡ ¹Û¡àA¡¹ìt¡ šàì¹> [>ú ¤[S¡³, ¹¤ã–ƒø >à= &¤} Ź; W¡ì–ƒø¹ W¡[¹yP¡ìºà &¤} [¤ÈÚ¤Ññ [>\Ѭ ¤õìv¡ &A¡i¡à šèo¢t¡à ëšìÚ[Ạ– [¤ÈÚ¤Ññ¹ š[¹¤t¢¡ì> >tå¡> ëºJA¡¹à ëÎÒü šèo¢t¡à¹ šì= ëA¡> Òòài¡ìº> >à, t¡àÒü [Ạ³à[oìA¡¹ šøÅ—¡ú ®¡‰ \ã¤ì>¹ [¤ì¹à‹, ®¡r¡à[³, Òã>t¡à, Ѭà=¢š¹t¡à, "[¤W¡à¹, ">àW¡à¹, [¤A¡à¹NøÑzt¡à, Î}ÑH๠[šøÚt¡à, ™à[”|A¡t¡à t¡òà¹à ">àÚàìÎ &[Øl¡ìÚ ëKìº>¡ú &Jàì>Òü ³à[oìA¡¹ "àuγàìºàW¡>à – ‘‘®¡‰ š[¹¤àì¹ \–µ ëšìÚ[á t¡ƒ>å¹ê¡š Òê¡ƒÚ "๠³>, "=W¡ ®¡‰ \ã¤ì>¹ Aõ¡[y³t¡à, ™à[”|A¡ ®¡à¤ šø¤ot¡à Òüt¡¸à[ƒ "ì>A¡ [A¡áå¹ [¤¹ç¡ì‡ý¡ ‹ãì¹ ‹ãì¹ [¤ì‰àÒ ³à=à tå¡ìºìá "à³à¹Òü ³ì‹¸¡ú "à[³ [>ì\ ®¡à¤ šø¤o "=W¡ ®¡à¤ šø¤ot¡à¹ >à>à "[®¡¤¸[v¡û¡ìA¡ >¸àA¡à[³ ¤ìº [W¡ì> Qõoà A¡¹ìt¡ "๴± A¡ì¹[á¡ú’’ A¡ìÀà캹 ëºJA¡¹à "¤à‹ ë™ï> "[‹A¡àì¹¹ ƒà[¤ \à[>ìÚ [áìº>¡ú [A¡”ñ ³à[oA¡ [Ñ‚¹ ³[ÑzìÍH ë™ï> A¡à³>à A¡ã®¡àì¤ ³à>åìȹ \ã¤ì> šø®¡à¤ [¤Ñz๠A¡ì¹ ëÎi¡à [¤ìÅÃÈo A¡ì¹ ëƒJìt¡ W¡àÒüìº>¡ú óø¡ìÚìl¡¹ ë™ï> [¤ìÅÃÈìo ¤¸[v¡û¡ ³èJ¸, ¤¸[v¡û¡¹ ³ì>à[¤A¡ºì>¹ \>¸ [t¡[> γà\ìA¡ ƒàÚã A¡ì¹ìá>¡ú ³à[oA¡ ëƒìJìá> γNø γà\ìA¡ – ³èº γθài¡à Îà³à[\A¡, ™à¹ [®¡[v¡³èìº ¹ìÚìá "=¢>ã[t¡¡ú ³àA¢¡Î¤à샹 [ÅÛ¡àÚ [t¡[> ¤ºìt¡ ëW¡ìÚìá> ë™ ‘‘ë™ï>¤õ[v¡¹ ëW¡ìÚ* "=¢î>[t¡A¡ Å[v¡û¡ "[‹A¡t¡¹ ë³ï[ºA¡ Å[v¡û¡, &¤} γàì\¹ ¤[Ò캢àìA¡¹ ³t¡ ³à>åìȹ "”z캢àìA¡¹* t¡à [>Úà³A¡ Å[v¡û¡¡ú’’ l¡üv¡¹ A¡àìº &Òü "=¢>ã[t¡¹ šì=Òü ³à>åìȹ ëÅøoã ëW¡t¡>àìA¡ \à[KìÚ l¡üv¡¹ìo¹ l¡üšàÚ Jå\ ò ìt¡ ëW¡Ê¡à A¡ì¹ìá>¡ú ³à[oìA¡¹ ëáài¡ K¿ : ³à[oA¡ ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àìÚ¹ šø=³ Îà[Ò[t¡¸A¡ šøÚàÎ t¡ò๠‘"t¡Îã³à³ã’¡ú "¤Å¸ Îà[Ò[t¡¸A¡ Ҥ๠ëA¡à> l¡üì„Ÿ [>ìÚ ¹W¡>à >Ú, ‘"t¡Îã³à³ã’ K¿[i¡ &ìÎìá &A¡i¡à W¡¸àìºg ë=ìA¡¡ú t¡;A¡àºã> δ²à”z š[yA¡à ‘[¤[W¡yàÚ’ ³à[oA¡ ¤ì–ƒàšà‹¸àìÚ¹ &Òü šø=³ "à[¤®¢¡à¤¡ú t¡J> [t¡[> áày, [>ì\¹ "àκ >à³ ¤¸¤Ò๠>à A¡ì¹, l¡àA¡ >àì³ "=¢à; ³à[oA¡ ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ >àì³ [>ì\¹ š[¹W¡Ú [ƒìº>¡ú tò¡à¹ ®¡àº >à³ šøì¤à‹ A塳๠¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ¡ú [¤Ç¡‡ý¡ Îà[Òt¡¸ Îà‹>àÚ š¹¤t¢¡ãA¡àìº &Òü >à³ ¤¸¤Ò๠A¡¹ì¤> ¤ìº [k¡A¡ A¡ì¹[áìº>¡ú [A¡”ñ [t¡[> A¡àº\Úã ÒìÚ ¹Òüìº> &Òü ³à[oA¡ ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ >àì³Òü¡ú ³à[oA¡ ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àìÚ¹ šøA¡à[Åt¡ šø=³ K¿ Î}A¡º> ‘"t¡Îã³à³ã* ">¸à>¸ K¿’¡ú &Òü Î}A¡ºì> ¹ìÚìá – /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

"t¡Îã³à³ã, ë>A¡ã, ¤õÒv¡¹ * ³Òv¡¹, [Åšø๠"š³õt塸, Î[š¢º, ëšàØl¡à A¡šà[º, "àK”ñA¡, ³à[i¡¹ ÎàA¡ã, ³ÒàÎ}K³ * "àuÒt¡¸à¹ "[‹A¡à¹ – ë³ài¡ ƒÅ[i¡ K¿¡ú &Òü K¿ P¡ìºà óø¡ìÚ[l¡Ú ³>Ñzw &¤} Ź; W¡ì–ƒø¹ šø®¡à¤ [³Åøìo &A¡ "Š±æt¡ [Å¿¹ã[t¡ìt¡ šøA¡àÅ ëšìÚìá¡ú "àìá "àuÛ¡Úã Îà‹>๠A¡=à, ¹ìÚìá \ã¤> ™”|o๠&A¡ ³³¢ì®¡ƒã Î幡ú K¿P¡ìºà ë¹à³à[si¡A¡ [A¡”ñ ëA¡à> "àØl¡Êt¡à ë>Òü, ¤à׺¸ ¤[\¢t¡¡ú [A¡áåi¡à Òül¡üì¹àšãÚ K¿¹ã[t¡¹ šø®¡à¤ ¹ìÚìá¡ú ³à[oA¡ tå¡ìº ‹¹ìt¡ W¡ìÚìá> \ã¤> * ή¡¸t¡à¹ ®¡àr¡à[³ ®¡‰ ³åìJàìŹ ³‹¸[¤v¡ \ã¤> [¤Aõ¡[t¡ – &Jàì> ë¹à³à[si¡A¡ ¤àt¡à¤¹o ¤àÑz¤t¡à Ûå¡p A¡ì¹[>¡ú t¡ò à ¹ [‡t¡ãÚ K¿ Î}A¡º> ‘šø à îK[t¡Òà[ÎA¡’¡ú šøàîK[t¡Òà[ÎA¡, ëW¡à¹, ³à[i¡¹ ÎàA¡ã, ™àyà, šøAõ¡[t¡, ó¡òà[Î, ®è¡[³A¡´š, "Þê¡, W¡àA¡¹ã, ³à=๠¹Òθ – ƒÅ[i¡ K쿹 Î}A¡º>¡ú ¤ºìt¡ ëKìº ³à[oìA¡¹ Îà[Òt¡¸ J¸à[t¡ &Òü šøàîK[t¡Òà[ÎìA¡¹ \>¸¡ú \ã¤> ¹Òìθ¹ &A¡i¡à ÑšÊ "஡àÎ K¿ P¡ìºàìt¡ óå¡ìi¡ l¡ük¡º¡ú šøàîK[t¡Òà[ÎA¡ "Þê¡A¡à¹ šø¤Ò³à>t¡àÚ ³à>¤ ³>ìA¡ "àZáÄ A¡ì¹ ¹àìJ, "=W¡ \ã¤ì>¹ ¤[ºË¡t¡à W¡[¹yP¡ìºàA¡ šèo¢t¡à [ƒìÚìá¡ú ëÅøoã ëW¡t¡>àÚ, [¤‹ÿ¤Ñ‚ \ã¤ì>¹ ³à>åÈP¡ìºà >à>஡àì¤ ë™> Òòà[šìÚ l¡üìk¡ìá, – &A¡i¡à \ã¤> ™”|o๠á[¤¡ú ³à[oA¡ ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àìÚ¹ tõ¡t¡ãÚ ëáài¡ K쿹 Î}A¡º> ‘[³[Ò * ë³ài¡à A¡à[Ò>ã’¡ú K¿P¡ìºà Òº – [i¡A¡[i¡[A¡, [¤šâ—ãA¡, áàÚà, Òàt¡, [¤Øl¡´¬>à, ¤A¡³à[¹, A¡[¤ * ®¡àÑHì¹¹ ºØl¡àÒü, "àÅøÚ, íź\ [źà, JåA¡ã, "¤P¡[q¡t¡ * {Î[Øl¡¡ú ëW¡t¡> ³ì>¹ [>샢[ÅA¡à ë³ì> ³à>åÈ Î³àì\ [>ì\ìA¡ šø[t¡[Ë¡t¡ A¡ì¹, [A¡”ñ &Jàì>Òü t¡à¹ ëÅÈ š[¹W¡Ú >Ú, t¡à¹ "¤ìW¡t¡> ³ì>¹ [yû¡ÚàÚ "ì>A¡ [¤Aõ¡t¡, "[¤Å«àθ &¤} Qõo¸ Qi¡>à* A¡t¡ ÎÒì\ Qìi¡ ™àÚ – "àÎìº ³ì>à[¤ìÅÃÈìo¹ ‹à¹à¤à[ÒA¡t¡àÚ & K¿P¡ìºà ¹[W¡t¡ ÒìÚìá¡ú [>\ šà[ºt¡ A¡>¸à¹ ëšø³ "àA¡àTà A¡ì¹ K쿹 >àÚA¡ l¡üšº[§¡ A¡ì¹ ë™ Î¤ [A¡áå¹ š¹ – ‘‘"àìá Ç¡‹å ">à[ƒ, ">”z * ÅàÅ«t¡ ëšø³, šÇ¡ šàJã, ³à>åÈìA¡ "àÅøÚ A¡[¹Úà* ë™ ëšø³ [W¡¹A¡àº [>ì\¹ γNøt¡à ¤\àÚ ¹à[JÚàìá¡ú’’ 1939 Îàìº šøA¡à[Åt¡ ÒÚ ³à[oA¡ ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àìÚ¹ K¿ Î}A¡º> ‘ιãÎõš’, 12 [i¡ K¿ – ³Òà\>, ¤>¸à, ³³t¡à[ƒ, ³ÒàA¡à캹 \i¡à¹ \i¡, P¡œ ‹>, šò¸àA¡, [¤Èàv¡û¡ ëšø³, [ƒA¡ š[¹¤t¢¡>, >ƒã¹ [¤ì‰àÒ, ³Òà¤ã¹ * "¤ºà¹ A¡=à, ƒå[i¡ ëáàj K¿ (ë¤à³à * šà=¢A¡¸) ιãÎõš¡ú ³à>¤ /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

ή¡¸t¡à¹ &A¡i¡à ëW¡àJ ‹òà‹àì>à ¹ê¡š "àìá – [A¡”ñ "àØl¡àìº ë™ [¤Aõ¡[t¡ * [¤A¡à¹ ¹ìÚìá t¡àìA¡ tå¡ìº ‹¹à ÒìÚìá ιãÎõš Kì¿¡ú ³à>åìȹ [>³¢³ ëºà®¡, ³t¡º¤ã W¡yû¡à”z, [¤A¡à¹ Òã> Î}Î๠šàº> &¤} ë™ï> [W¡”zà &Òü K¿ Î}A¡ºì> ¹ê¡š ºà®¡ A¡ì¹ìá¡ú &Jì> ëA¡à> ëÎ[si¡ì³si¡ ¤à ®¡à¤àì¤K ë>Òü¡ú Îà‹à¹o ³‹¸[¤v¡ * [>³— ³‹¸[¤v¡ ³à>åìȹ \[i¡º [W¡”z๠Nø[”‚ Jåìº ‹¹à¹ ëW¡Ê¡à¡ú [¤[W¡y Ѭà샹 t¡ò๠K¿ Î}A¡º> ‘ë¤ï’¡ú ë³ài¡ 13 [i¡ K¿ ¹ìÚìá Î}A¡ºì>¡ú &Òü ë¤ï¹à γàì\¹ [¤[®¡Ä δ߃àÚ * ëKà[Ë¡¹¡ú šå¹ç¡È Åà[Ît¡ γàì\ >à¹ã¹ * ë™ [¤[W¡y \K; "àìá, [W¡”z๠\[i¡ºt¡à "àìá &Òü ë¤ï¹à t¡à šøA¡àÅ A¡ì¹ìá¡ú t¡à샹 ëA¡l¡ü¤à Aå¡;[Ît¡, ëA¡l¡ü¤à ³t¡º¤ã, ëA¡l¡ü¤à "ì¤àºàú [A¡”ñ t¡à샹 ³ì‹¸* ¤ìÚìá &A¡ "ƒ³¸ ¤àÎ>à¡ú ®¡‰t¡à¹ ë¤Å iå¡Aå¡ ¹Û¡à A¡¹ìt¡ t¡à¹à "ì>ìA¡Òü [t¡ìº [t¡ìº Û¡ìÚ ™àÚ, ëA¡l¡ü¤à [¤ì‰à[Ò>ã ÒÚ, "àuQàt¡ã ÒÚ¡ú ³à>åìȹ šågã®è¡t¡ šàš * ¤¸[®¡W¡àì¹¹ ¤[º ÒÚ >à¹ã, &A¡i¡à [¹v¡û¡t¡à, ¤[e¡ìt¡¹ "àt¡¢>àƒ K¿ P¡ìºàìA¡ \[i¡º \ã¤ì>¹ [®¡[v¡ ®è¡[³ìt¡ šø[t¡Ë¡à [ƒìÚìá¡ú ‘γå쉹 Ñ¬àƒ’ – 1943 & šøA¡à[Åt¡ K¿ Î}A¡º> ú ³‹¸[¤v¡ ">i¡>t¡à[Øl¡t¡ "=W¡ &[KìÚ W¡ºà¹ ¤àÎ>à-ºà[ºt¡ ³à>åȹà [A¡ A¡ì¹ ë¤òìW¡ =àìA¡ – ³à[oA¡ t¡àÒü ëƒJìt¡ ëW¡ìÚìá> &Jàì>¡ú γà\ š[¹¤t¢¡ì>¹ A¡=à ™t¡Òü ¤ºà ëÒàA¡ &샹 \ã¤> \åìlØ ¡ ë™ ™åì‡ý¡¹ Û¡t¡, \¹à¹ [W¡Òû¡ "àÎìº t¡à γàì\¹ &A¡ ¡®¡Uå¹ ¹ê¡š, ³õt¡å ¸ ë™> šàìÚ šàìÚ \[l¡ìÚ ¹àìJ – t¡¤å ³‹¸[¤v¡ t¡à¹ K[r¡ ëáìØl¡ "àÎìt¡ šàì¹ >à¡ú 13 [i¡ K쿹 &Òü Î}A¡ºì> ‘[®¡Ûå¡A¡’ ëÅøË¡ K¿¡ú ³Òà™å‡ý¡ * ƒå[®¢¡ìÛ¡¹ ši¡®è¡[³ìt¡ ¹[W¡t¡ K¿ Nø”‚ 뮡\ມú ®¡ÚS¡¹, ë¹à³àX, ‹> \>-ë™ï¤>, ³åìJ ®¡àt¡, ë³ìÚ, [ƒìÅÒà¹à Ò[¹>ã, ³õt¡\ì> ëƒÒ šøào, ë™ ¤òàW¡àÚ, [¤ºàγ>, ¤àÎ * Ѭà³ã Ñ|ã – &Òü &Kà¹[i¡ Kì¿ š[¹šà[i¡ ®¡‰ \ã¤ì>¹ "àØl¡àìº ³à>åìȹ A¡ƒ¢³àv¡û¡ ë™ [ƒA¡ W¡àšà šìØl¡ =àìA¡ ³à[oA¡ t¡àìA¡Òü ¹ê¡šà[Út¡ A¡¤à¹ ëW¡Ê¡à A¡ì¹ìá>¡ú ‘še¡àìŹ ƒå[®¢¡ìÛ¡ ³à>åìȹ \ã¤ì> ë™ ®¡àU> ëƒJà [ƒìÚ[áº, ™åì‡ý¡¹ Î³Ú ³à>åìȹ >ã[t¡ì¤à‹ ë™ [Å[=º ÒìÚ šìØl¡[áº, &P¡[º t¡à¹Òü š[¹W¡Ú¡ú 1353 í¤ÅàìJ, Î}ìA¡t¡ ®¡¤> ë=ìA¡ ¤à}ºà¹ ƒå[®¢¡ìÛ¡¹ ši¡®è¡[³ìt¡ ëºJà ëÈàº[i¡ K쿹 Î}A¡º> ‘"à\ A¡àº š¹Ç¡¹ K¿’ Nø”‚[i¡ šøA¡à[Åt¡ ÒÚ¡ú &Jàì> "àìá – "à\A¡àº š¹Ç¡¹ K¿, ƒå@ÅàÎ>ãÚ, >³å>à, ¤åØl¡ã, ëKàšàº / 52

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tõ¡Ì¡àÒü íA¡ =A¡à A¡=àì¤à¹ ¤à[¤¢ìÚ Ç¡[> "à[ẠW¡A塹 ëºàt¡A¡ ‹[¹ ¹à[J¡ú &i¡à Ŧ* ³åJ¹ š¹à *ìºà¯à >à[Ạt¡àÒü¹¡ú ³õt塸 [A¡? "\Ñ÷ ³år¡! Òàt¡-®¡[¹ ‹è[º¹ ¤åAå¡t¡ ët¡ì\ì¹ ¹àR¡ºã íÒ š[¹ =A¡à &ìA¡ài¡à ³à}Î[šr¡! &ÒüÚàÒü ë>[A¡ Ît¡¸? ëƒ*ºKà [ƒ>¹ ®¡Úà¤Ò [W¡y? @ ¤à[¤¢ @ ×, @ [A¡ ®¡à[¤á? @ >஡àì¤à ¤å[ºìº* ³>¹ š¹à ëÎÒü ƒõŸì¤à¹ ³Òü* &¹àÒü W¡[º¤ ë>à¯àì¹à¡ú ‘³õt塸*ìt¡à &i¡à [Å¿’ – ¤å[º º’¤ šà[¹³ \àì>à? &Òüì¤à¹ ƒõŸ ëƒJ๠š¹à "’t¡[ƒì> ë³à¹ ³>ìi¡à¹ K[t¡ ºKठš¹à >àÒü¡ú \ãÚàÒü =A¡à¹ ¤àÎ>à* ëÅÈ íÒ "à[Òìá¡ú ³³¹ [ÅJàÒü "à¹ç¡ ³à[i¡¹ W¡à[A¡¹ ëšàÒì¹ "³à[>Åà ƒè¹ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¤ \àì>à ? @ t¡Òü [k¡ìA¡Òü íA¡á A¡à[¤¢ ! "à[\ Òü³à> [ƒ>¹ [šáìt¡à ³Òü ¹[v¡û¡³ ƒàƒàA¡ šàÒ[¹¤ š¹à >àÒü¡ú Å™¸àÅàÚ㠳๠³åJîº W¡à¤ š¹à >àÒü; šø[t¡ìi¡à ³åÒèt¢¡ìt¡ Î\º íÒ =A¡à W¡Aå¡™å[¹¹ ®¡àÈà ³Òü \à[>¤îº [¤W¡¹à >àÒü¡ú &i¡à "à욺¹ ëÎà¯àƒ º’¤îº ³à "à[\* š}P¡ Źãì¹ "ìšÛ¡à A¡[¹ "àìá [Î "Òàîº –! \åÒüìÚ šå[¹ A¡’ºà íÒ š¹à A¡}A¡àº ΃õÅ "¤Ú¤ìi¡à ë™[t¡Úà šå>¹ áàÒü Ò’¤îº \åÒü¹ ³à\t¡ &[¹ [ƒÚà Ò’º ët¡[t¡Úà ÒÚìt¡à šõ[=¯ã¹ A¡¹ç¡ot¡àA¡ n¡à[A¡ ‹[¹[Ạ>㹤t¡à¹ [Ò³ Åãt¡º њŢÒü¡ú @ &Òüì¤à¹ [W¡”zà A¡[¹ \àì>à [A¡¤à ºà®¡ "àìá¡ú [™ íÒ K’º Ò’º, &[t¡Úà [>\ìA¡ Î}™t¡ A¡¹; [A¡¤à &i¡à W¡àA¡[¹¹ ÎÞê¡à> A¡¹à Ò’ìº ®¡àº "à[ạú Î}Îà¹J> ¤¹ \[i¡º¡ú γڹ ºKt¡ Jàš Jà¤îº, JàÒü í¤ \ãÚàÒü =à[A¡¤îºìA¡ [A¡¤à &i¡à >A¡[¹ìºìt¡à >Ò’¤¡ú @ t¡Òü [k¡ìA¡Òü íA¡á ¤à[¤¢; [>\¹ ®¡[¹¹ *š¹t¡ [=Ú [ƒ¤ š¹à ë>ïÒ*òìt¡Òü "àA¡àÅã ιK ®¡à[R¡ š[¹º¡ú ³à>åÒ [ÒW¡àìš \ãÚàÒü =à[A¡¤îº &Òü šõ[=¯ãt¡ ¤à [A¡³à> ™”|oà 뮡àK A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤! ¹’ ¤à[¤¢ W¡àÒ &A¡àš A¡ì¹àîK – &Òü¤[å º tõ¡Ì¡à ¤Ò๠š¹à l¡ü[k¡º¡ú @ >àºàìK Ò’¤ ëƒ, "àìáà ë™[t¡Úà ë¤ìºK &[ƒ> Jà³[Ò¡ú ët¡à¹ ³àA¡ìÒ &¤à¹ W¡àÒü ™à*ò........... ¤à[¤¢ ë™[t¡Úà Q¹ šàÒü[áºîK ët¡[t¡Úà Î[Þê¡Úà šøàÚ Îàt¡³à> ¤à[\[ạú ³àA¡ ¤à¹à–ƒàìt¡ ³> ³à[¹¤[Ò =A¡à ëƒ[J t¡àÒü¹ "ºš ë\àA¡à¤îº ³> K’º ³àA¡A¡ t¡àÒü Îå[‹[Ạ– @ [A¡ Ò’º ³à, ëƒl¡üt¡àîº ³>t¡ š[¹ìá ë>[A¡ ? @ >ÒÚ "’, "à[\A¡à[º [ƒ>-A¡àº ®¡àº >ÒÚ, t¡Òü 55 /

"ÒàîºìA¡ ¤ài¡ W¡àÒü "à[áìºà¡ú ®¡[¹ Òàt¡ ‹åÒü ëKòàÎàÒü Q¹t¡ W¡à[A¡Ká aºàîKìW¡à> ™à, ³Òü W¡àÒ¹ ¤¸¯Ñ‚à A¡ì¹àîK¡ú "àÒüt¡à* í¹ "àìá ët¡àîºìA¡¡ú ¤à[¤¢ìÚ W¡à[A¡ aºà¤îº íK ëƒìJ ë™ ¤i¡ºìi¡àt¡ ët¡ìºÒü >àÒü¡ú ‹èš &l¡àº aºàÒüìÚÒü t¡àÒü ëKòàÎàÒü Q¹¹ š¹à *ºàÒü "à[Òº¡ú ³àìA¡ "à[\A¡à[º A¡=àì¤à¹ ¤¹ šàÒ칡ú t¡àÒü ¹à[t¡šå¯à ëKòàÎàÒü Q¹t¡ ëÎà³à*òìt¡Òü ët¡º >àÒü ¤å[º íA¡[ạú W¡àÒ¹ ëi¡¤åºt¡ ¤[Ò ¤à[¤¢ìÚ tõ¡Ì¡àÒòt¡¹ Q¹¹ "¯Ñ‚๠A¡=à ³àA¡ "à¹ç¡ "àÒüt¡àA¡A¡ íA¡ K’º; "àÒüt¡àA¡¹ W¡Aå¡ì¯[ƒ í¤ "Òà W¡Aå¡ìºà ëƒ[J t¡àÒü "à¹ç¡ ¤ÒºàÒü >îA¡ [>\¹ ëA¡àk¡àîº íK [¤W¡>àt¡ ¤àK¹ [ƒìºîK¡ú @ ¤à[¤¢ [A¡ A¡[¹á t¡Òü ? Ç¡[ºìÚÒü ë>[A¡ ? ³àA¡¹ ³àt¡t¡ l¡üW¡šô JàÒü l¡ü[k¡º t¡àÒü¡ú ³àA¡ì>à ëA¡[t¡Úà t¡àÒü¹ ëA¡àk¡àîº ëÎà³àÒü "à[Òº K’ì³Òü >àšà캡ú @ ³à, ëƒl¡üt¡àîº ëó¡à>ìi¡à ºKàÒü "àìáà, ëW¡à¯àìW¡à> ºàÒüì>Òü ëšà¯à >àÒü &[t¡ÚàîºìA¡¡ú ³Ñz Kà\à &i¡à ³à[¹º t¡àÒü ³àA¡¹ "àKt¡¡ú >Ò’ìº ë™ ³àìA¡ t¡àÒüA¡ Ç¡Òü ¤[Ò =A¡àt¡îA¡ šØn¡îK ™à ¤å[º A¡’¤¡ú &Òü¤à¹ t¡àÒü [¤.&. ó¡àÒüì>º [ƒ¤¡ú š¹ãÛ¡àîº [ƒ> "àìáÒü, [A¡³à>ì>à š[Øn¡ =à[A¡¤ t¡àÒü¡ú "à³[> ºà[Kìá t¡àÒü¹¡ú ³àì\ ³àì\ t¡àÒü ®¡àì¯ ëA¡[t¡Úàì>à š[Øn¡ ëÅÈ Ò’¤¡ú \ã¯>¹ ëÅÈ ³åÒèt¢¡îºìA¡ š[Øn¡ìÚÒü ™à¤ ºà[K¤ ë>[A¡ ? ëA¡àì>ì>à l¡ü[ºÚàìº &Òü šØn¡à¹ [W¡ìÊ¡³ìi¡à! ëƒ[J Ç¡[>* ëƒJå> ¤× A¡à³ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¡ú W¡à[i¢¡[ó¡ìA¡i¡J>¹ A¡à¹ìo Òü³à> A¡Ê [A¡Ú A¡[¹¤ ºàìK ? t¡à¹ [šát¡ ëÎÒüì¤à¹ íº W¡àA¡[¹ [¤W¡à[¹ Òà¤à=å[¹ Jठºà[K¤¡ú t¡=à[š [šá³åÒtè ¡¢ ìt¡ t¡àÒü¹ ³>t¡ šì¹ ëƒl¡üt¡àA¡îº¡ú ¤àÚå ëÎ>à [¤®¡àKt¡ W¡àA¡[¹ A¡¹à ëƒl¡üt¡àA¡¹ Jå¤ ÒüZáà t¡àÒüA¡ ®¡àºîA¡ šìØn¡à¯àÒü l¡üZW¡ [Å[Û¡t¡à A¡¹à¹¡ú ®¡àìÚA¡t¡îA¡ t¡àÒüA¡ ë¤[á ³¹³ A¡ì¹ ëƒl¡üt¡àìA¡¡ú @ ¤à[¤¢ "àìA¡ï &¤à¹ ëƒl¡üt¡à¹îº ëó¡à>ìi¡à A¡’¹ìW¡à>? &Òü¤[å º ³àA¡ "à¹ç¡ "àÒüt¡àA¡ [i¡.[®¡.¹ ΖµåJt¡ ¤[Òº¡ú ëA¡Òü¤à¤àì¹à l¡àìÚº A¡¹à¹ šàáìt¡à ëA¡àì>à ŦÒü Ç¡>à >K’º ëó¡à>ìi¡à¹¡ú ¤à[¤¢ W¡Aô¡ JàÒü l¡ü[k¡º, [A¡¤à &i¡à ">à[³ "àÅ}A¡àt¡ t¡àÒü [¤W¡>๠š¹à l¡ü[k¡ ¤[Ò š[¹º¡ú ѬKìt¡à[v¡û¡ A¡[¹ìº t¡àÒü ëÒ ®¡K¤à>, ëƒl¡üt¡à [k¡ìA¡Òü "àìáìt¡à? t¡àÒü "àìA¡ï l¡àìÚº A¡[¹ìº >à´¬à¹ìi¡à¡ú ët¡ì>ìt¡ "àÒüt¡àA¡ t¡àÒü¹ *W¡¹ šàìº[Ò – @ ¤à[¤¢ šàÒüáì> ëƒl¡üt¡àA¡ ? @ >àÒü "àÒüt¡à, >àÒü ëšà¯à ! /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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ëÎÒü[ƒ>àJ> \Kt¡¹ šøìt¡¸A¡ì¹ ºKìt¡ "àu¹Û¡à¹ A¡à¹ìo ™å[ò \¤îº A¡¹à ®å¡A¡®å¡A¡[> "à¹ç¡ &[t¡Úà t¡à¹ ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à ë>\ º¹àÒü º¹àÒü ƒåºà¯t¡ã¹ "W¡º "à¹ç¡ ë¤R¡à º’¹àìi¡à¹ ëW¡àºà¹ "àK A¡à³å[¹ ®å¡A¡®å¡A¡àÒü =A¡à ëW¡ìÒ¹àìi¡à¹ ³à\t¡ "àA¡àÅšàt¡àº šø쮡ƒ¡ú ƒåºà¯t¡ã¹ [>\¹ ë¤R¡à º’¹àìi¡à¹ šø[t¡ [™ƒì¹ ³àÚà *šì\ Aå¡A塹 ëšà¯à[ºìi¡àîº* &ìA¡Òü ³àÚà l¡üšì\¡ú t¡àÒü ¤å[\ šàÒüìá š[¹ì¯ìŠѬ®¡à¯ κ[> A¡ì¹¡ú ëÎÒüA¡à¹ìo ÒìA¡-[¤ÒìA¡ ëJW¡ìJW¡àÒü =A¡à ¹ç¡[Foã\>ã¹ šø[t¡* t¡àÒü¹ ëA¡àì>à "àìÛ¡š >àÒü¡ú "àKìt¡ ¹ç¡[Foã¹ Î’ìt¡ A¡à[\Úà A¡[¹¤îº l¡üƒ¸t¡ ëÒà¯à ƒåºà¯t¡ã¹ "à[\A¡à[º ³ì> ³ì> t¡àÒüîº šåìt¡ï ÒÚ¡ú Òk¡à; &A¡ "ìºï[A¡A¡ Å[v¡û¡ìÚ ë™> t¡àÒüA¡ ¤å\àÒü [ƒìº [>\¹ ó塺A塳ºãÚà ëáà¯àºãA¡ ¤¸¯ÎàÚt¡ ¤×¯àÒü ëši¡ ®¡¹à¤îº ¤à‹¸ ¹ç¡[FoãìÚ ë™> "à>A¡ Kà[º šà[¹ ¤åA¡å ¹ ë¤à\à šàt¡ºàÚ¡ú ë¤à\à šàt¡ìºà¯à¹ "[‹A¡à¹ìi¡àìt¡à A¡à[Øn¡ 뚺ठë>à¯à[¹¡ú ¤×ìt¡à l¡ü\àK¹ã [>Åà t¡àÒü 뤹¹ [Îìi¡à šàì¹ ¹ç¡[Foã¹ ëW¡šà A¡àì–ƒà> Ç¡[> šà¹ A¡[¹ìá¡ú ¹ç¡[Foã¹ ¤åA¡å ®¡R¡à A¡àì–ƒà> "à¹ç¡ ƒåºà¯t¡ã¹ ë¤à¤à º’¹àìi¡à¹ 냃àl¡ü[¹ì¤à¹t¡ *ìºà¯à A¡àì–ƒà>¹ ³à\t¡ "àA¡àÅ-šàt¡àº šø쮡ƒ¡ú &[¤‹ ¤t¢¡³à>A¡ KW¡[A¡-ëó¡ì>[A¡ >Ê A¡¹à¹ A¡àì–ƒà> "à¹ç¡ "à>[¤‹ "[>[ÆW¡t¡ ®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ A¡à¹ìo *ìºà¯à A¡àì–ƒà>¡ú ƒåºà¯t¡ãìÚ A¡à[–ƒ[ạú A¡à[–ƒ¤îº ¤à‹¸ íÒ[ạú NøàÒA¡¹ Jà[t¡¹-¤à[t¡¹t¡ ¤¸Ñz =àìAò¡àìt¡Òü [ÒW¡àš¹ ëJ[ºì³[ºt¡ ë™[t¡Úà ƒåºà¯t¡ã¹ t¡ºìši¡ìi¡àì¯ t¡àÒü¹ W¡àƒ¹¹ ³à\ì¹ ®å¡³å[A¡ ³à[¹[áº, ƒåºà¯t¡ã ®¡Út¡ >ãºà íÒ íK[ạú t¡àÒü¹ ƒåW¡Aå¡t¡ ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à ³à\[>Åà Aå¡A塹-[ÅÚàìº ë>ó¡àì>ó¡ A¡¹à ³R¡Ò¹ iå¡Aå¡¹à ®¡à[Ò l¡ü[k¡[ạú iå¡A塹àìi¡àì¯ t¡àÒüîº W¡àÒü "jÒàθ A¡[¹ ¤×t¡ l¡àR¡¹ ³à}Î[šr¡ &i¡à íÒ t¡àÒüA¡ ëJ[ƒ íº óå¡[¹[ạú ¤àA¡ã ëA¡àk¡àì¤à¹¹ ëáà¯àºãì¤àì¹ t¡àÒüA¡ ¤àì¹ ¤àì¹ >Ê A¡[¹ 뚺à¤îº ë\๠[ƒÚ๠Îìw* [A¡¤à &i¡à "\à> Å[v¡û¡¹ ¤ºt¡ ƒåºà¯t¡ãìÚ &i¡à º’¹à \–µ [ƒìº¡ú t¡à¹ "A¡o³à> ³åJJ>, "A¡o³à[> "àRå¡[ºì¤à¹ Wå¡Òü W¡àÒü, ³¹³ A¡[¹ ƒåºà¯t¡ã¹ "”z¹J> Åòàt¡ šì¹¡ú &[i¡ 냯[ÅÇ¡¹ "àK³>t¡ ë™> &\àA¡ ë¤Å¸à ‘³à’ Ò’º¡ú ëA¡àì>àì¯ Î¹ç¡ i¡à쯺 &J>, ëA¡àì>àì¯ ëW¡àºà &i¡à, ëA¡àì>àì¯ KàJã¹ ƒà>ã [ƒ*òìt¡ [ƒ*òìt¡ ƒåºà¯t¡ã¹ Kòà[k¡¹ ‹> ®¡à[R¡¤ ºKàÒü >Ò’º¡ú &J> δšèo¢ "Ç¡‡ý¡ k¡àÒüt¡ γàì\ "Ç¡‡ý¡ ¤å[º ѬãAõ¡[t¡ [ƒÚà &ƒº ³à>åÒ¹ ¤åAå¡t¡ ƒåºà¯t¡ã "à¹ç¡ t¡àÒü¹ ëA¡àºà¹ ëAò¡W塯àìi¡à &[ƒ> ‘Ç¡‡ý¡’ Ò’º¡ú [A¡”ñ \–µìt¡ [™ "Ç¡‡ý¡t¡à t¡à¹ Òàt¡-®¡[¹ìA¡ ‹[¹ δšèo¢ "¤Ú¤t¡ šøA¡i¡ íÒ /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

š[¹º¡ú t¡àA¡ ³¹³t¡ [ƒÚà >à³ì¤à¹ šàÒ[¹ ¹ç¡Û¡ &ƒº >à¹ã¹ ³à\t¡ [Î ‘ë¤à¤à’ >à³¹ "[‹A¡à¹ã Ò’º¡ú ƒåºà¯t¡ã šø=ì³ ë¤à¤à íÒ íK[áº, [A¡”ñ &[t¡Úà t¡àÒü¹ "àìÛ¡š >àÒü¡ú ë¤à¤à º’¹àìi¡à¹-"¯[Ñ‚[t¡t¡ ¤¸¯ÎàÚ ¤Þê¡ A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤* "àìÛ¡š >àÒü¡ú ¹ç¡[Foã¹ ÎåÑ‚ ëáà¯àºã\>ã "à¹ç¡ Kãt¡à¹ ³¹³ ºKà º’¹àìi¡àîº W¡àÒü ƒåºà¯t¡ãìÚ "àìÛ¡š >A¡ì¹¡ú ƒåºà¯t¡ãìÚ \àì>, ¹ç¡[Foã¹ ëáà¯àºã ¹àoã ë™[t¡Úà Î[Þê¡Úà Îà[\-A¡à[W¡ [š¹à[ºt¡ ¤ìÒ, t¡àÒü¹ ³àA¡¹ ¤Úι &\àA¡ >à¹ãìÚ t¡àÒüA¡ "[®¡Åàìšì¹ [¤ìÞê¡ "à¹ç¡ Kãt¡à¹ º’¹àìi¡à ? [ƒAô¡Òà¹à ëÎÒü ¤àºA¡[i¡ìÚ "àRå¡[ºt¡ ‹[¹ íº "àìÒ &ìA¡à &ìA¡à\> NøàÒA¡¡ú ¹ç¡[Foã¹ ëáà¯àºã\>ã ë™[t¡Úà ëºì¤\à> íÒ ëÅàì¯ "à¹ç¡ Kãt¡à¹ º’¹àìi¡àì¯ ëW¡àt¡àº¹ Jài¡J>t¡ ³’Ò¹ A¡àì³à¹t¡ "ài¡àÒ šà[¹ =àìA¡, ƒåºà¯t¡ã¹ º’¹àìi¡à [>[ÆW¡t¡ íÒ t¡àÒü¹ ¤åAå¡t¡ ³åJ Pò¡[\ š[¹ =àìA¡¡ú ƒåºà¯t¡ã¹ ëÎìÚ "àìÛ¡š >àÒü¡ú "àìÛ¡š A¡[¹¤îº t¡àÒü A¡à¹o [¤W¡à[¹ìÚÒü ëšà¯à >àÒü¡ú [ƒ>ìi¡à¹ Òà[\¹à A¡[¹ "à[Ò ëW¡àt¡àºt¡ ®¡[¹ [ƒ[áºìÒ ; ƒåºà¯t¡ãîº W¡àÒü ¹ç¡[FoãìÚ [W¡d¡[¹ [W¡d¡[¹ A¡’¤îº ‹[¹ìº – ‘ëÒì¹ï, ³Òü >îA¡[áìºàì> ? ³àÒüA¡ã¹ \àt¡ ëKài¡àÒüá ëA¡ìºÒü? A¡à[º ët¡à¹ Îå–ƒ¹ã\>ã¹ NøàÒìA¡ ë³à¹ ëáà¯àºã¹ NøàÒA¡A¡ A¡à³å[¹ ëJƒàÒü [ƒìº¡ú &ì>ƒì¹Òü ™[ƒ W¡ìº, "à[³ ƒå¯à¹ ³à[¹ ƵÅà>t¡ Ç¡Òü =A¡àÒü ®¡àº¡ú ëÎÒü\>ã ³à[¹ìº ³à[¹[¤¡ú >Ò’ìº ë³à¹ Òàt¡t¡ [W¡‹à Ò’¤...¡ú’ ¹ç¡[Foã¹ [šá¹[J[> "ÅÃ㺠¤àA¡¸¤ào Ò\³ A¡[¹¤îº ƒåºà¯t¡ã¹ Î³Ú ºà[Kº ™[ƒ* Qi¡>àìi¡à [A¡ íÒìá ¤å[\¤îº t¡àÒü¹ ¤àA¡ã >’¹º¡ú t¡àÒü ³¹³ìt¡ ¤åi¡[º ">à Aå¡A塹 ëšà¯àºã\>ã &[t¡Úà "à¹ç¡ ëšà¯à[º íÒ =A¡à >àÒü¡ú ƒåºà¯t¡ã¹ "àƒ¹ ™â—t¡ t¡àÒü &\>ã ë>àìƒàA¡à ³¹³ ºKà Aå¡Aå¡¹îº š[¹¯t¢¡> Ò’º¡ú ƒåºà¯t¡ãA¡ ëƒ[J A¡’¹¤à¹ š¹à "à[Ò t¡àÒü ƒåºà¯t¡ã¹ A¡àÈt¡ Òà[\¹ Ò’º¡ú ƒåºà¯t¡ã¹ W¡Aå¡t¡ t¡àÒü¹ [šìá [šìá ºà[K "Òà [¤[¤‹ ¹R¡¹ ¤àA¡ã \ã¯ìA¡Òüi¡à¹ "[Ñzâ« ‹¹à >š¹àîA¡ >à=à[A¡º¡ú [ÎÒòt¡¹ ³à\ì¹ ëA¡àì>à¤à &i¡àÒü ë™ ë™à¯à¹à[t¡ ¹àoã¹ NøàÒA¡A¡ A¡à³å[¹ìº ëÎÚà ¤å[\¤îº* ƒåºà¯t¡ã¹ ¤àA¡ã >¹’º¡ú Aå¡A塹\>ãîº W¡àÒü ‹³A¡ &i¡à [ƒÚ๠ƒì¹ A¡[¹ ƒå¯à¹ ëk¡[º ƒåºà¯t¡ã ¤Ò๠[®¡t¡¹ ëÎà³àº¡ú ë¤R¡à º’¹àìi¡à¹ W¡à¯[>ìi¡àì¯ ë™> ƒåºà¯t¡ãA¡ íA¡ìá [Î šå>¹ "A¡ºÅ¹ãÚà íÒ š[¹º¡ú Aå¡A塹\>ãìÚ* ºK [¤W¡à[¹ t¡à¹ ºK &[¹ìº¡ú ƒåºà¯t¡ãìÚ &i¡à K®¡ã¹ ׳å[>ÚàÒ A¡à[Øn¡ º’¹àìi¡àA¡ ëJà¯à¤Ññ ™t¡>àÒü [ƒÚàt¡ ºà[Kº¡ú (56 šõË¡àîº)

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/Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

ιѬt¡ã šè\à, [>l¡ü\ ºàÒü®ô¡ "à¹ç¡ ‹å>ãÚà ëáà¯àºãì¤à¹ i¡³àW¡ ëÎàìoà¯àº ¤åAå¡t¡ íº óå¡[¹ìáà &Aò¡à\[º [>Ú¹ ƒåW¡Aå¡t¡ &l¡àº Åão¢A¡àÚ ‹èš ιѬt¡ã "àÒüW¡¹ot¡ l¡ü;ÎK¢à A¡[¹³ ë³ï> Òꡃڹ A¡\ºà *òk¡ šøƒÅ¢>ã ë³ºà ¤[Òìá Wå¡[º >ó¡[o*ÚàîA¡ìÚ "à[Òìá Åãt¡º ¹à[t¡ìi¡à A¡šàºt¡ óå¡[ºìá Î虢³åJã ó塺 ‹å>ãÚ๠ëKàÞê¡t¡ ¤àK[¹ óå¡ì¹ Åt¡à¦ã¹ [¤È P¡¯àsi¡à>àì³à¹ l¡àìÚ¹ãt¡ >šå}ÎA¡ &ì³[¹A¡à¹ "àÒü> [¹Jôi¡à¹ ëÑHºt¡ A¡Úƒã¹ W¡Aå¡šà>ã "=¢Òã> šàA¢¡, [¤[¹Úà[> ³à>¯ "[‹A¡à¹¹ ÅÃ’Kà> ! "γ[®¡[v¡A¡ [>¤¢àW¡>¹ t塺àW¡>ã [>l¡ü\ ºàÒü®¡¹ ƒìÒàK¹àA¡ã ‹å>ãÚà ëáà¯àºã ëJà¯à-A¡àì³à¹àt¡ ¤¸Ñz [>l¡ü\ô ëW¡ì>º ëA¡Òüi¡à ¤åA塹 "³õt¡ Jà¤îº ë>àìšà¯à Åt¡ >à¤à[ºA¡à [¤yû¡ã ë™à¯à¹ [ÒW¡àš ëA¡[t¡Úà º’¤à ë³ï> γƒº¹ [>W¡à> ™[ƒìÒ A¡àì¹à¤àA¡ ºàìK "[\t¡ ³Ò”z¹ š[¹ÚàºA¡ Îå[‹¤à ët¡ì\ì¹ [ºJà Òü[t¡ÒàÎ šø[t¡K¹àA¡ã ‹å>ãÚà ëáà¯àºã¹ ºàÒüóô¡ i¡àÒü³ [W¡³¹ κ[> ÒüÚàt¡ =àìA¡ [>¹ì¯ l¡üWå¡[š ‹å>ãÚ๠Î}`¡à ë³à¹ Kò௹ šàk¡Åàºàt¡ [¤>à³è캸 [A¡[>¤ šà[¹ Îìšà>¹ ë¤àìA¡àW¡àt¡ ë\à>¤àÒü¹ Îà‹å Ç¡>à šø[t¡\> ³à>åìÒ "à[\* ™’t¡ NøàÎ A¡[¹¤ ëJàì\

Îã³àÒã> ">”z [ƒK”z ³èº ši¡å¢Kã\ (¤øà[\º) A¡[¤ : \å[ƒ= šƒ¢> "γãÚà ">å¤àƒ : l¡à@ [¤A¡àÅ A塳๠ƒàÎ ‘‘Corrimos, sin aliento a los bosques hermosura de sombra completa Alcanzaron labios a labios como en trance Sin huella de aliento para quebrar la magia Las olorosas y quebradizas hojas cobijaro ......’’ — Judith Pordon

K®¡ã¹ ¤>îº "à[³ "àì¤Kt¡ ‹š[ºÚàÒüìáòà, [¤ìt¡àš> áòàÚàì¹ "௹à K”z¤¸¹ ³à\t¡ *ìJà¹à-ë³àìJà¹à *òk¡ ΃õÅ &A¡à-ë¤A¡à ¤>š=, ëÎÒü ™àƒå¹ ë³à[Ò>ã ³àÚà ®¡}K A¡[¹¤îº ë™ "à³à¹ [JÚàìºà >àÒü "à[³ ‹š[ºÚàÒüìáòà¡ú ëA¡l¡üó¡àìº Aò¡àÒüi¡ãÚà JWô¡JW¡ãÚà ëAò¡W¡à šàt¡-¤ì>ì¹ l¡ü®¡¹à Q> ë\àìšàÒ๠³àì\ ³àì\ ëƒìJòà Î¹ç¡ Î¹ç¡ l¡ü–µåv¡û¡àì¹ Òà[º-\à[º =A¡à l¡üƒ} l¡àº, ëƒ[JìºÒü ¤åAå¡ Ò³ Ò³ A¡ì¹ ³>¹ l¡üºàÒìt¡ ! ëÎÒü Îål¡üZá ÅàºKá ë\àšà¹ t¡ºìt¡ "à[³ [¤K[ºt¡, "àì¤[Kt¡ * [¤ºã>¡ú t¡àìt¡Òü [¤ºã> íÒ "àìA¡ï ‹š[ºÚàìºòà Îã³àÒã> "Îã³ [ƒK”z...ú ë\àìšàÒ๠l¡àº-šàt¡ì¤àì¹ ³¹³ìt¡ ³àì\-³àì\ Wå¡[º "àWå¡[¹ [ƒìÚ ëÎÒü\>ã ¹à}n¡àºã¹ ƒì¹; ëÎÒü l¡üºàÒìt¡ ë³à¹ ³‹å¹ íÅů¹ "”zt¡ ³Òü ët¡[t¡Úà ëÎÒü Åàºì\àšà¹ íÎìt¡ šàÅ-¤Þê¡> A¡[¹¤ Jå[\[áìºòà [A¡”ñ ³¹Òà ó塺¹ šàš[¹¹ ƒì¹ ÎA¡ìºà šàÒ[¹ìºòà &[t¡Úà .....¡úú! ët¡\-¹R¡à ë¤[ºìi¡àA¡..... ë³àA¡ &i¡à ¤ài¡ ºàìK "àÞê¡à¹A¡ ëƒJå¯à³ [ƒ>¹ ëšàÒ¹ [A¡³à> ®¡àº !!!

i¡³àW¡ ëÎàìoà¯àº : ¹ÎàÚ> [¤`¡à> [¤®¡àK¹ 뺤ì¹i¡¹ã ÎÒàÚA¡ "à¹ç¡ l¡üƒãÚ³à> A¡[¤¡ú l¡à@ [¤A¡àÅ A塳๠ƒàÎ : šøàv¡û¡> ¤àÚå ëÎ>à [¤ÈÚà, [W¡[A¡;ÎA¡, ‘¹àÒüì>à \à}Kº &l¡ô쮡e¡à¹’ (¤àUຒ¹)¹ šø[t¡Ë¡àšA¡ ú /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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Mohem Naorem

W

hat is so special of the North East girls? We need to find out the motives of the Delhi people or other Indian’s mindset that leads to frequent eveteasing, molestation and rape of our girls? “North East girls are very beautiful”, said one of the Editors of a premier fashion and modeling magazine based in National Capital Region (NCR). “Their skins are flawless…they are little angels, we need new faces from these regions.” I got this remark while working for a Fashion magazine as Executive Editor. Today, I am quoting his words in the backdrop of the recent molestation and harassment of North East girls by their landlord.

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The tragic incident in the early hours of December 13, 2008 where the landlord knocked at the door of a rented room at Sikandrapur, DLF Phase–I in Gurgaon is another crime meted out to our girls in Delhi and its adjoining areas. The two girls had come to Gurgaon on December 11 in search of a suitable job. In the very week of the International Human Rights Day, our girls are humiliated and discriminated. And the law of the country is protecting the culprits, as usual. There are also girls from other states of India. And not a single report of rape, molestation or eve-teasing against the girls from Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu or Bihar. However, we heard of raping and molesting foreign tourists from countries like Germany, France, Japan, China and other South Asian countries in Rajasthan, Goa or Delhi. Can we compare our girls with these foreigners? Is this the reason for sexually abusing NE girls? Are we alien here in India or some refugees from foreign countries? If they regard us as foreigner, then our struggle for a separate country is legitimate and politically acceptable? If it is a fact, then the Central government should proclaimed to the world that North Eastern states were never a part of India. Otherwise, they should protect and take necessary actions to save our integrity and community from further exploitations in Delhi or other Indian cities. /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

We also need to know why the Biharis (people from Bihar) owners and managers of small private company always search for NE girls as their Personal Secretaries or Receptionists or sales girls in shopping malls. Why the fashion photographers wants models or new face from our region for bold, inner wears or compromising photo shoots? Why so many beauty parlors recruit our innocent girls? Why we have started a so called live-in culture in rented rooms, misguiding to our landlords as brother-sister relationship. Why so many MMS scandals are uploaded online which depicts immoral acts of our own girls and boys? And why our parents and guardians do not think twice to question what type of jobs their daughters are doing – part time, freelance or full time? We need to critically analyze these unsolved myths, if we want to protect further crimes on our community. Most of our girls are staying in posh colonies of New Friends Colony (near Jamia Milia Islamia), South Extension Part I and II, Vasant Kunj, Greater Kailash I and II, Munirka, Lajpat Nagar and Kotla in South Delhi. Every weekend, these girls will end up in some bars around Defence Colony, M- Block market of Greater Kailash or Vasant Kunj. They are also seen in McDonalds, Pizza Hut and Multiplexes like the PVR, 3C’s or the WAVES. Often they have a fluent accent in US or UK English, lavish lifestyles and extravagance in Shopping Malls. No one could say they are our girls. It seems they felt inferior to converse in our own regional dialects. We could see our girls in public places like Ansal Plaza or Lodhi Gardens cajoling, hugging and kissing their so called lovers (mostly outsiders - people not from our region). When they saw us among the crowd, they used to ignore our presence. Such behaviors, if properly noticed by the outsiders would surely think the girls have no one to protect their chastity or morality. And the horrifying tales of

exploitations, molestations and rapes continues like the Dhaula Kuan car rape case, Munirka business woman case and the North Campus cyber café case. The role of state government is to deploy one of the state battalion in Delhi with a sole purpose of protecting our own sisters from the gangs of Northern India. We may approach the state government of 8 states to send security forces. It may be the Manipur Rifles, the Sikkim Police, Assam police or Nagaland police. There are battalions of Tamil Nadu police in Delhi. Such presence of our police force will discourage the people from eve teasing or harassments to our girls. Our girls may also feel safe and secure then. The MPs from our region should collectively work, forgetting about their political affiliations and voiced for a North East Women Commission, in line with National Commission for Women (NCW). If there can be DONER to look after the development of our region, why can’t we have separate women commission to protect our girls at National level. They should pressurize the centre to pass a Bill for the protection and preservation of our identity, culture and unity. It is a good sign that many student organizations based in Delhi are expressing their support for the cause of NE states. Organizations like the Manipur Student Association of Delhi (MSAD) and Assam Student Association of Delhi (ASAD) are spearheading recent issue of molestations on our girls. We need more voluntary participations from Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh to have more impact on our cause for unity and integrity. We also need International organizations like Friends of Assam and Seven Sisters (FASS) to support our mission of uniting the region. Most importantly, we should respect our traditions and cultures. We cannot duplicate other’s lifestyle which have no place in our society!!

(The author is a renowned reporter and writer of NE India. He edits the popular daily ‘The Manipur Times’) /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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Arup Baisya

[Communist manifesto in 1848 …. In this crises, there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would have seemed an absurdity – the epidemic of over-production …]

A

World Bank report states – “ the number of malnourished people with a record rise of 44 million in the year 2008, is estimated to be total 967 million. The number of most hungry people is 1.4 billion and that of hungry people is another 3 billion. The hungry people in India, that claims to be largely free from the impact of global economic crisis, is 200 million. The situation of hungry people in the so called developed states of India are worse than Sub-Saharan Africa.” These are the official figures. The real situation is more horrifying than the official figures reveal. These figures are rising rapidly with every passing time. Thousands of working people are losing their jobs regularly. The factory shutters are getting down one after

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another. The unemployment rate and the number of unemployed are increasing leaps & bounds. The common toiling masses, the people of backward communities and countries, since long, have been facing the brunt of this crisis of the system in this way in their own lives. In the case of recent American Sub-Prime crisis also, the backward Afro-American, Hispanics in the American society have slided down further in socio-economic ladder. Those people, who do not have own roofs over their heads, also availed the sub-prime loan with a desire to have their own home. But the happenings that made the leaders at the helm of the affairs of the system scary and jittery, are the fall of the centre of capitalism (that makes the system restless and fragile) and the shattered myth of liberal economy of self regulating market depending on supply and demand. The American sub-prime crisis has its grievous impact on global economy. The inevitable fallout of the bursting of the profit bubble of the speculative finance which does not get invested in production sectors, is the norms of the crisis ridden capitalist system. The melting down of bullish speculative finance along with bursting of dot com /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

bubble were experienced in the recent past several times. But on every occasion, Government support has been extended to provide liquidity to the system to create financial bubble by spending tax payers’ money. Just after the dot com crisis, American Federal Reserve Bank lowered the federal fund rate (Repo rate in case of Indian Reserve Bank i.e. rate of interest with which Reserve Bank provide credit to other Banks). Lower interest rates increased the lending of housing loan of the Banks and the amount that household could pay for homes. As the housing price rose, this increased lenders’ confidence in the security of these newly issued mortgage loans. In this rising trend of housing price, the financial players started speculative investment on future prices. The private mortgage companies issued loans with high interest rate, but equating the initial installment (EMI) either on interest only or interest plus a very small portion of loan amount, to keep it at a very low level. As a result, the consumers with a very weak economic condition or credit worthiness started taking loans in large number. Some home owners took the loan by mortgaging the rising price of their homes and spent this loan amount on luxury goods. But the issuance of new loan is the beginning of the process. The private lending companies or the mortgage originator sells their mortgage backed loans to the Government institutions Freddie Mae, Fannie Mae, Government-insured entity Ginnie Mae or to Wall Street investment banks such as Goldman Sachs, Citibank, Merrill Lynch etc. These banks depending on the mortgages, then issue bonds to the market and the bonds are purchased by Pension Fund, insurance companies, Hedge Fund, the rich individuals from the market. The yield of these mortgage backed securities or bonds is supported by the pass-through of payments of interest and principal from the underlying pool of mortgage debt. Banks realizes profits as service charges. The collateralized debt obligation ( CDO ) is one of the most prevalent amongst plethora of financial assets engineered /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

from the level of risk factors of these mortgage backed securities (MBS). Due to the large speculative investment on the rising home loans and home price, huge rise of this CDOs were recorded in between the year 2000 to 2006. Beginning in 2004, The Wall Street underwent rapid expansion and started purchasing CDOs from the sponsoring Bank by issuing ‘Asset backed commercial papers’ to raise fund. Commercial papers are short term debt from one to ninety days. To insure commercial papers, the sponsoring Bank guarantees a back up line of credit in the event that the issuer of commercial papers does not have sufficient cash on hand to settle these obligations at the time they come due. This way the sub-prime speculative market experienced a massive boom. The debt and investment has fiercely grown without any bound. The explosive growth of profit in the speculative market was recorded till the installment payments of borrowers of sub-prime loan were smooth. But due to the rise in interest rate of Federal Reserve as a preemptive strike against inflation and rise in equated monthly installment (EMI) after the initial period of low EMI, the borrowers of sub-prime loan became incapable to pay the EMI and began defaulting on their obligations. The foreclosure of mortgaged houses started taking place and housing price began tumbling down. Alarm began to spread among the players in the market. The CDO buyers including Pension Fund, Hedge Fund, large insurance companies became panicky. The investment Banks started incurring loss. One after another institutions went bankrupt. The crisis spread to whole of Europe. Banks stopped issuing new loans and the FIIs started withdrawing capital from the share market by selling their equity holdings and worldwide crash in share market resulted. It’s a situation of both liquidity & profitability crunch. The productive investment becomes more scarce. Due to the fall in purchasing power, the consumer demand dips further. More & more production unit starts reducing their production

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level as well as retrenching the workers. As a result a vicious cycle of decreasing consumer demand and further adverse impact on capitalist system are set in motion. When productive investment is not profitable, the capitalist earn profit from the bank financed investment in the financial market and the market explodes with artificial asset value which is many times more than the real asset value. In this situation, the capitalist pundits lead us to a mythical plane of self-regulating market without state intervention. [Capital Volume 3 –” ... Economic crisis first appear as financial crises because the slowdown in profitable productive activity forces small capitalists into ‘adventurous channels’ – speculation, fraudulent credit, fraudulent stock....”] The extreme form of this situation is revealed through recent sub-prime crisis. The present worldwide crisis of capitalism due to cover-production and declining consumer purchasing-power indicates great depression like situation after 1929 black Thursday. The capitalist roaders are reciting the rhymes of old formulations in unison to stimulate the system. Before verifying the effectiveness of the clichés pronounced by the capitalist roaders, let us see the situation of America, the centre of the global capitalist economy. General Electric Chairman Jack Owell said “ there is a capacity of over-production in almost all industries.” This capacity of over-production makes new investment unprofitable that hinders the global economic growth. General motor incurred a loss of 10.6 billion in 2005 and Ford 7.24 billion in first three quarters of 2006. The steel production capacity is 20% i.e. 200 million tons more than the actual demand. Robert Brenner opined that net utilization level is merely 2.5 – 3% of total capacity of telecom network and only 13% in the case of Sea-bed cable network. The American trade deficit and budget deficit has skyrocketed. This deficit is financed by China, Japan and other countries who purchase American Treasury Bonds and create dollar reserves. These

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countries are also dependent on American consumer market. The decline in American consumer demand sends alarming signal to these countries, especially to China. By this time, many of the Chinese Export Industries have closed down making the workers jobless. The cheap Chinese labour is the key to China’s export business and attraction for foreign investment in China. Recession in American economy and rapid rise of unemployment and poverty are the cause of concern for the exporting countries like China. If the American recession deepens further, then China will try to come out of the symbiotic relation with America and search for alternative route. This alternative route will include the increase of internal consumer demand through state investment, opting for the policy of nationalization instead of privatization, formation of regional group for Asian trade in regional currency instead of dollar driven trade. This regional market is not at all negligible under the present scenario of squeezing global market, if the countries like China-Japan-India-Korea-Thailand are taken into consideration. If this happens, then the American Economy will be hit harder. The recession in America and Euro Zone in one hand and the challenges against the control over the world trade and sources of raw material like oil, has shaken & dwindled the American world hegemony. In these circumstances, the rise of many forms of regional groupings is not unexpected. That the capitalist roaders have found a way out of the quagmire of recession in capitalist centre, leading towards depression, is still not in sight. To evade complete meltdown of the financial system in the event of the subprime crisis, the US Government announced an emergency bail out package of $700 billion to be used to buy up virtually worthless mortgage backed securities held by financial institutions. But it’s a matter of three days to dampen the spirit of those who discovered that this package is not yielding any result. Only a month after the Lehman Brothers collapse that set off the Banking crisis, the potential cost to the government of the latest bailout package comes /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

to $2.5 trillion, triple the size of the original $700 billion rescue package, which centered on buying distressed assets from Banks. This has now taken the form of offering liquidity to the financial system in a crisis, followed by directly injecting capital into such institutions and finally, if needed outright nationalization. Although the Federal Reserve and U.S. Treasury have been intervening massively, the full dimension of the crisis is still seem to elude them. In these circumstances, a section of Capitalist class and the left intellectual like Pravat Pattanaik are advocating Keynesian prescription. The logics are as follows. In the phase of current economic recession which is perceived to be heading towards depression, the private capitalists would not make any productive investment. So Government should invest in production sector so that the investment generates new employment opportunity. Due to increase in employment, average income of the people will increase and as a result the demand for consumer goods will also increase. In this way of endeavour for full employment & increase of purchasing-power through reducing taxes, will increase the effective demand & thus crisis might be overcome. Pravat Pattanaik advocated imposition of restriction on the global movement of the capital. He emphasized increase of Government investment on agriculture, agricultural based industries and food-grain production for the countries like India-China and on infrastructure, welfare measures for the countries like America. But the question is, whether this increase of Government expenditure through the increase of Budget deficit & curtailing tax-burden on people, is sustainable? This cannot be continued & the structural crisis of capitalism cannot be evaded by merely nationalizing Bank & Insurance sector and imposing Government regulation on finance market. The way, Savez has nationalized the oil sector and the revenue being earned thereof is

being spent for the upliftment of the livingstandard of the common masses, similar measures should be taken to impose Government control over the wealth-resources and to reduce the inequality of income. The policy of steep hike of salary of a few and not providing minimum wages to a large section of people must be changed. Moreover, social control over the Government investment must be established, because there will not be any real change if the state investment is of bureaucratic nature. The bureaucratic capital & private capital are complementary to each other. That means that only advocating Keynesian prescription of increasing demand through full employment and state investment will not yield much result, unless socialist orientation is attributed in production & distribution. During great depression after 1929 crash, Roosevelt implemented a part of Keynesian prescription, but the consequence is known to all. However, according to few, Keynes prescribed socialization of investment in his General Theory. Whatever it may be, the demand which would be created through the upliftment of living standard of common masses will be different from the production capacity of present commodities. So the crisis brewing up due to over-production & falling rate of profit needs to be countered through an approach of new socialist model of people’s power & welfare. Conflicts between two opposing forces is gaining momentum. The forces to create a world of hunger, malnutrition & joblessness is on the one side and people’s uprising & working class emancipation to combat it on the other. Who will be victorious out of the conflicts between two opposing forces – a total destruction or a new creation — or a new deal of balance of compromise between two, will be visible in near future. It is certain that the capitalism has still not found a way out to revitalize it from the present great crisis & decay. For humanity to survive, capitalism must die.!

(The author is a renowned writer and social worker of Silchar as well as state. He prepared the write up for Pragyan on Nov., 2008) /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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Ajit Ch. Phukan

Introduction : The decade of the 1990s is marked by the disintegration of the old order worldwide, as well as a transitional process towards a new economic order. In this decade, most of the developing countries have initiated economic reforms with the purpose of revitalising their economic potentials. Both the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have prescribed the restructuring of their economies in order to convert to free market principles where state control of economic activity must b e radically reduced by the removal of state subsidies. At the same time, the privatisation of state assets, and f i s c a l , monetary

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and exchange rate policies must be adjusted to international norms, and the trade regime must be oriented towards exports, while not restricting import penetration, through a process of a trade liberalisation. This decade has also witnessed a series of economic reforms policies for securing optimal allocation of resources along with foreign participation for significant economic development in the economies of West Asia and India. Now, while the liberalisation and privatisation processes have got momentum in the 1990s in these two areas, it can now be observed that the political structure of government and public administrations, particularly in the oil-rich countries of the Gulf, have tended towards reduced interference with the functioning of their economies. Even the centralised planned economic administrations of countries like Syria, Egypt and Iraq are turning more and more towards the the market economy, with a view to securing optimal allocation of economic resources. Need for economic reforms in India : The wave of economic liberalisation and privatisation started in the Indian economy from the beginning of the 1990s. The economic performance of India was never upto the mark under centrally planned and controlled regimes. The thrust of the economic reforms initiated by the Government of India on 3rd July, 1991, aimed at /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

activating the forces of competition, efficiency and globalisation. The reform was also concerned, to a great extent, with industrial policy, trade policy and foreign investment as well as the fiscal and monetary policies. It became inevitable because, in the earlier restrictive regime, there was little incentive to improve the macroeconomic structure of the Indian economy in order to make it more export oriented. Economic reform was put into force to bring a dimensional change in the relative roles of public and private sectors in India. Need for economic reforms in Arab world : On the other hand, why the oil boom era could not result in the desired economic growth in West Asian economies is a matter of debate, both among policy makers and economists in the Arab world as well as outside the region. It must, however, be noted that most of the regimes are now changing the previous economic policies they had been pursuing under the controlled planned economies. As can be seen, from the mid 1980s and onwards, there was growing concern on the need for economic reform in the region. The international Monetary Fund (IMF) has particularly been concerned with what it saw as one of the main effects of the conclusion of the Uruguay Round and the establishment of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Thus, in the framework of their agreements with the IMF and the world Bank, many West Asian countries geared up towards economic and financial restructuring, deregulation and export-oriented production in their economies. In fact, the need for economic reforms clearly pre-dated the Gulf crisis because the losses incurred by state owned companies and those owned by the governments placed an appalling burden on the national budgets. The concerned governments then started to reduce their deficits through various measures like cutbacks in public expenditures, introduction of taxes of welfare services, external borrowing and privatisation of state owned companies etc. The concerned government turned to the private sector for playing a greater role in the initiation /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

of new projects. Economic reforms in West Asian countries, as a result, encouraged many areas of economic life, such as simplifying investment regulations, the development of local capital markets, and easing of trade regulations, etc. Challenges ahead : West Asia is rightly considered the metaphor of a second renaissance : regional, international and industrial. This implies both challenges with accompanied risks, and also opportunities with the associated benefits. Only those economies which are capable of managing the risks and exploiting the opportunities would be better off in the emerging global economic environment. In the new wave of liberalisation and privatisation, there is a scope for potential markets in both the regions to deepen and diversify their corporation and come forward with realistic plans for long-term interdependence based on interlocking interests. Since the beginning of the 1990s, India too has opened up its economy, especially in trade and investment. Its new bid to move away from an import substituting strategy to an outward orientation and its keenness to join the globalisation process is clearly manifest in its reform efforts. The climate for direct investment has shown considerable improvement, in case of West Asia, despite high-profile economic diplomacy and special concessions made to investors in the Gulf, India has not been able so far to attract investment from the Gulf region as it has from Israel. The Indian government is trying hard to secure foreign exchange to meet its heavy oil import bill, which has also resulted in a persistent deficit in India’s trade with the oil exporting countries of the Gulf. Before liberalisation, India could not find a significant place in the West Asian markets, but in the 1990s, as we have seen, the region provided Indian government an opportunity to pursue its policy of export promotion and encouragement of foreign investment. In the new situation, Arab economies are now shifting from western industrial economies to the Asian region for the

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bilateral trade. Since India is enjoying good relations with West Asian countries, it is the right time for India to meet the needs of those markets. We have also seen the immense possibility for mutually beneficial joint ventures in the liberalisation era. One promising trend in this regard is that big industrial houses in India are now identifying various projects to be taken on the basis of joint collaboration. The idea that has now found favour in India is that joint ventures could be established with this region, including Israel, which has great technological advantages. In fact, Israel’s entry into the Indian market provides great opportunities for agrobased industrial development, that promises India competitive advantages in the international market. The West Asian countries are eager to share the technological development of modern India. It would be the advantage of both not to restrict their relationship simply to that of buyers and sellers of crude oil or traditional commodities but to develop a more co-operative relationship. The Gulf countries could take advantage of India’s developing technology and management know-how. The Gulf states, for their part, are developing countries, and, as such, need a stable source of income to finance their various development projects, which invariably require imports of capital goods, foreign technology and expertise at competitive price.

Future Strategies and Conclusion : India’s economic diplomacy has so far not been successful in adequately safeguarding its economic interest abroad, particularly in West Asia. The US and other Western industrial powers are still dominating in West Asia, but India can expect to play a big role in the liberalisation era. Its traditional trading partners like Iran, Kuwait, Iraq, UAE and Egypt still provide a large scope in the emerging market. In such a climate, India can not only participate in petro-chemical development, but can also play an enormous role in plans for diversified industrialisation in most of these countries. It can supply the hardware for infrastructure development. It can provide a variety of high-skilled personnel in engineering, business organisation, economic planning, and the sophisticated branches of most professions. India can now be a potential market for the Arab countries. However, in a fiercely competitive world, every country is trying to develop brand names with the government’s support to penetrate markets across the world. But India’s efforts towards global integration have been modest. In terms of challenges, the greatest challenge and opportunity with Government of India lies in undoing those policies and practices that have not worked satisfactorily so far and embarking on a comprehensive trade policy package that is integrative, realistic and result-oriented.!

(The author teaches Economics)

Career Tabloid National Council for Hotel Management & Catering Technology A-34, Sector-62, NOIDA - 201301 an autonomous body under Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India ANNOUNCES JOINT ENTRANCE EXAMINATION - 2009 for admission to 3 Year B.Sc. in Degree program in Hospitality & Hotel Administration

National Council for Hotel Management & Catering Technology in collaboration with Indira Gandhi National Open University, ofters 3-Year Bachelor of Science Programme in Hospitality and Hotel Administration for batch beginning July 2009. The programme is aimed to produce Hospitality Graduates for their employment at Managerial / Supervisory and other levels in major International/ National Hotel chains, International/National Restaurant chains /Food chains,

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Airlines and Cruiselines Industry, Indian Armed Forces, Indian Railways and others. Interested candidates who have passed or are appearing in 10+2 or equivalent examination from recognized boards may access Council’s website www.nchmct.org for details about admission. Application Form and Information Brochure for JEE-2009 can be obtained from affiliated Institutes of Hotel Management (Contd. on Page 78) /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

Monika Das and Roshmi Dutta

I

n the entire world including India women represent half of the total population. Our former P.M. Pd. Jawaharlal Nehru said that “To awaken the people it is the woman who must be awakened. Once she is on the moves, the nation moves.” But. not in India but all over the world women have been the greatest sufferers and suppressed. Women are generally considered biologically weaker in sex and primarily the producers of human society. But they have been humiliated by generations because patriarchal society family life is planned in such a manner. Gender equality and empowerment of women is recognized globally as a key element to achieve progress in all areas. The feminist movement all over the world demanded equal status for women in social,

/Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

economic and political environment. In India also before independence, equality of rights for Indian women had been ensured in the1931 Karachi session of the congress. But after independence women are under represented in political institutions of the country. Women’s participation in political system is restricted by various traditional forces like caste, religion, weaker sex and family status. In 1952, the UNO adopted a resolution to protect the rights of the women all over the world. Therefore the UNO declared 1975 as the International Women’s Year and 1975-85 as the Women’s Development Decade. The fourth UNO world conference on women was concluded in September, 1995 at Beijing finalizing an action plan to be concretized and implemented in each country. The theme of the conference was equality, peace and development. Pressure from both national and international level compelled our government to give more attention to empowering Indian women from grass root. In 1977 a committee was established to study the status of women. The committee suggested for the establishment of statutory women’s panchayat with a view to increase political participation of women. The National Perspective Plan for women (1988-2000) gives importance to women’s participation in general and

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rural politics. Political empowerment of women therefore is one of the basic objectives of 73rd amendment (1992) of Indian constitution. It means that women got the power to raise their voice in decision making at household, politics and in society. It is argued that political power and access to decision making and authority are important pre-conditions for women’s equality in the nation building process. In 1993 the 73rd amendment act was implemented and introduced 33% reservation of seats for women in Panchayat. J Nehru once said “You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women”. So the status and role are also interlinked with the concept of power and position enjoyed by women in society. This article attempts to assess the role and power of women in North-East India with special reference to Assam. Assam has an agriculture based society where we see a strong role of women in economic affairs. But in political life women are still under represented after independence. Like different parts of India, Assam also has a strong historical background of local self governments. The villages in Assam had a strong Panchayat in different names and forms since long past. Assam was one of the pioneer states in India to enact Panchayat act and establish Panchayati Raj in the State when the Assam Rural Panchayat Act 1948 was passed. This act was amended in 1959, the Assam Panchayati Raj Act 1972, the Assam Panchayati Act 1986 and finally Assam Panchayati Act 1994, which incorporated the provision of the 73rd amendment of the constitution of India. In Assam elections were held in October 1996, for establishing a three tier Panchayati Raj system in the state at the village, intermediate and district level. Table 1 No. of Panchayat at each level in Assam Zilla Parishad 20 Anchalik Panchyat 188 Gaon Panchayat 2223 Total 2431

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For evaluating, promoting and monitoring the level of women empowerment, an attempt has been made through the study of women participation in Panchayat, on the basis of the empirical data generated from some intensive micro studies in four goan Panchayat in Tinsukia District. These Panchayats are (1)Tengapani Gaon Panchayat (2) Barekuri Gaon Panchayat (3) Hapjan Gaon Panchayat (4) Bajaltali Gaon Panchayat. 12 female members of these four Panchayats were interviewed to know the political status of women in grass root level. For the purpose of the paper following indicator has been taken to measure the level of women’s political empowerment along with socioeconomic empowerment. Indicators has been set at three different levels : 1) Indicators as an evidence of women’s empowerment 2) Indicators of access to potential source for empowerment 3) Indicators of the setting for employment. Our Findings : Indicators as an evidence of women’s empowerment (A) Women’s participation in decision making: The survey shows women’s limited participation in decision making both in household and political field. Out of 12 women, 10 women reported that they do not have decision making power at household. This is common in case of most of the married women. Table II shows the household decision making power of married and unmarried female members. ! Women’s participation in household decision making: This indicator examines, who in her household made the decision regarding what item to cook, obtaining health care for herself, purchasing jewellery or other major household items and her going and staying with parents’ house, with friend etc. No. of female members out of 12, age 15-45 who take household decision alone or with some one else: Out of 12 female members 2 were unmarried. From these 2 female members one’s response /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

was positive. Overall decision making power is extremely low. ! Women’s participation in political decision making: In politics, they are proxy representatives. In the survey it was asked whether they fully participate in Panchayat decision, regarding planning, development work, budgeting, location of the projects etc. Most of them said that male members generally use to take the decision as they (female) cannot attend all the meetings regularly due to heavy work load at home. To measure the decision making some questions regarding preparation of report and submission of report were asked. It was the husband or other members of the family who prepare reports and even send the report through her husband or other members of the family. Though most of the female members answer was “yes” to the question whether they attend the meeting regularly and raise their voice in Panchayat, but the actual picture was not that. To find out the reality we asked some male members of the Panchayat. They said that most of the time they keep silent.We found that they (female) are proxy representatives. In case of

some female members as her husband did not get the ticket, he pushes his wife. But she is neither interested nor aware about politics. We adopted another way to find out their decision making power by asking whether they raise their voice regarding injustice or exploitation in their particular area. They said the elders or male members take the decision. Table III shows the political decision making power of the female members. Table shows that though most of them attend meeting regularly, their political decisionmaking power is low. Their participation is symbolic in nature. (B) Women’s freedom of movement: Though freedom of movement was not directly reported, women were asked whether they needed permission to go to different destinations, to the market and to visit friends or relatives. The limitations of these questions as source of information on women’s freedom of movement are immediately obvious, not the least of which is the varied interpretation of the word ‘permission’. According to this measure women’s freedom of movement is very limited.

Table II

Female

Decision about own health care Alone

Married Unmarried

Nil 1

Husband/ someone else’s 10 1

Decision about buying jewellery Alone

Decision about going to market/staying with parents/ friends Husband/ Husband/ Alone someone else’s someone else’s

Nil 1

10 1

Nil 1

10 1

Table III

Attend Meeting

Regularly Sometimes 8

4

Prepare Report

Alone 3

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Husband/ someone else 9

Raise their voice to protest injustice or exploitation Herself 1

Elder male members of the village 11

Voting Decision

Own 2

Husband/ Other members of the family 10

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(C) Women’s acceptance of unequal gender role : This indicator of evidence of empowerment seeks to measure women’s accepantance of different gender roles by examining whether women’s education aspiration for children differ by amount of education that women say should be given to a girl accordingly to the amount they have said should be given to a boy. While women opined that — both boy and girl should be given equal scope of education, majority aspire to give girls less education than boy. This review of the evidence of empowerment of women shows that gender equality is low among women. Son preference remains high and virtually unchanged. A preference for sons also reflects women’s accepantance of gender role that ascribe a higher status to males than females. Indicators of access to potential source for empowerment : (A) Literacy and education: Education is one of the most important mediums through which knowledge and information is acquired. Hence access to education has been recognized as a fundamental right of both men and women. The empowering role of women’s education is multipronged, affecting not only every aspect of women’s life, but also the lives of their children and others who are likely to depend on them. Therefore we have compared women and men in terms of their level of literacy and educational attainment. Our survey shows that the level of literacy and education is also very low. Most of the members, both male and female, education level is under HSLC. However, when we compare the level of literacy among male and female member, we found that there is a discrepancy and female member’s education level is lower than male members. When we raised question about their low education, the female members said the poor family, household burden, baby sitting and their parents’ ignorant attitude are the responsible factor for their low education. Due to lack of education

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the female members are not able to prepare the report of their own ward. They take the help of their family members. As most of the female members of the family are not educated, they seek help from the male members. In indirect way the power is shifted to the male members. (B) Employment; The participation of women in economic activities particularly outside the home is often considered as an important enabling factor affecting economic and social empowerment of women. Not only can employment be a source of economic independence, but it can help to give women a sense of self-worth. In order to evaluate the extent to which women have access to employment that has the potential to provide financial independence we have examined the proportion of women employed. We have found that the proportion employed for cash is as expected much lower. This shows that the female members are not economically independent. Some of the elected female members in Gaon Panchayat said that they have to look to their husband or father even for the communication expenses. Two of the members reported that the system of part time job should be removed from Panchayat. They should be given a high salaried full time job. They can’t actively participate because they are given only Rs. 500.00 (Rupees Five hundred only). (C) Awareness and interest: Hardly any woman representative said that she took up women specific issues in the Panchayat and neither did the women constituents approach her to take up their issues. They are not aware about their rights and are neither interested also. They were asked whether they read newspaper, watch TV etc. Though some of them reported that they read newspaper they do not know about the rights given to them. Indicators of the setting for empowerment : These indicators focus on the circumstance of women’s life and reflect the opportunities available to women. (A) Age at marriage: We found in these /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

respective Panchayats that women’s age at marriage is between 14 to 18 years. Consequently early marriage disempowered women by curtailing their opportunities for sufficient education and skill development impeding proper physical and mental development before taking the huge burden of reproduction and other social obligation. . (B) Residence in nuclear or joint family: Most of the members live in joint family structure. This activity shows that their household burden and working hours are high. Even after their heavy burden they have to draw support from elder members of the family. The above findings highlight that women’s political consciousness is restricted by private domain. (C) Experience of violence: All the female members reported that, they have not yet experienced violence by their family members. (D) Behaviour of male colleague: In Panchayat level the male colleagues behave well with them. Two of the female members reported that due to different political creed, the majority of male members did not give importance to their comments. In such an atmosphere the female members feel uncomfortable when they attend the Panchayat. Suggestion and Conclusion The following suggestions can be made to fulfil the goal of effective political empowerment: 1) Political empowerment is more effective only when the women are educated. Also the masses should be educated to perceive the equality of boy and girl. Most of the women are not aware of their right which is given to them by our constitution.

Hence through education they should be made aware of their rights so that they can consciously participate in all walks of life. 2) Men still consider women subservient to men; they have disapproved granting of equality to women .Deliberate and planned efforts are necessary to change the value system of society. 3) Political empowerment is meaningless without Economic empowerment. So the rural women should convert their skill and labour for productive purpose. In conclusion, we want to draw the attention that women representation in Panchayat level only fulfils the constitutional measures adopted by 73rd amendment of Indian constitution. In real situation it is not much effective. Political mobilization of women on political issues and the conscious political education of women are the essential pre-conditions for more effective political participation. Women’s entry to politics will be effective only if the value system of society is changed. This can be possible if traditional values are replaced by progressive ones. Also they should be liberated from private domain. Gender equality in society, knowledge and awareness, access to and control over economic resources are necessary in the process of political empowerment of women. Women’s entry into political field will be more meaningful if there is independent society oriented agenda. That agenda should not be women oriented but which includes the whole society in a broad sense.!

Bibliography/ Webliography : Assam Govt. website: Status of Panchayati Raj state profile Dutta N L: Empowerment of women -published in Journal of politics vol 5 December, 1998. Economic and Political Weekly xxx1x vol7 February 14-20, 2004. Mahanta Aparna :Human rights and women of north-east India (2005) Kamanth “Empowering the Indian women” The Sentinel 18th August, 2007. (The authors teache Economics and Political Science respectively)

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Anita Baruwa

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n the context of economic development, the educational product as a whole not only includes components of consumption (enjoyment of the fuller life permitted by education) and direct investment (increased earnings to the educated person, i.e. “internal” gains of education), but also “external” gains which accrue to other members of the community, i.e. the economic and social system at large. The most important characteristic of educational investment is externality. This aspect of external benefits of education lies in the change in the social and cultural climate, incident to the widening of horizons, which education entails. At the same time, this benefit result is not an automatic consequence of general education, but only of the

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proper type, quality and quantity of education. Supply of professional people who cannot be absorbed into appropriates positions may readily become an external dis-economy and source of instability. Apart from the factor of externality, educational investment has certain other characteristics: The product of education outlays carries the joint features of consumption and investment. For this reason, the share of resources allocated to education cannot be considered wholly an investment outlay. The consumption component of education may be divided into current consumption (the delights of attending school) and the future consumption (the ability to appreciate life more fully later on). Future consumption being the major element, the consumption component is largely in the nature of a durable consumer good and hence investment. Thus the essential distinction is not between consumption and investment aspects of education, but between education investment which generates imputed income (fuller life later on) and education investment which generates increased factor earnings to the labour supplied by the educated person. The imputed-income component of education tends to be of particularly great importance at the early stages of development. Extension of secondary /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

education becomes the primary goal of education policy in countries with a low level of education capital stock with extension of elementary education and technical training at the next level of capital stick and expansion of higher education at a more advanced stage. Secondly, investment in education is characterized by a gestation period which is substantively longer than that of many other types of capital formation. Periods of ten to twenty years may be involved, depending on how far the education process is carried, and even longer spans may be involved if teacher training is taken into consideration. Even though certain skills may be acquired fairly rapidly, especially if a previous foundation is laid, the educational capital stock cannot be changed quickly, particularly for the more advanced type of education. This is a constraint in investment planning requiring public policy guidance and planning. A further feature of investment in education is the relatively long useful life of the educational asset as compared to other competing investments. Obviously, there may well arise a difference between the government’s and the private investor’s allocation of share for education in investment outlays. The relatively long, useful life makes it necessary that the type of education be chosen in order to meet future demands in particular skills. This applies more to specialized and technical education. Thus, educational planning in the context of a longerterm development view is essential. Finally, the resource cost of education not only includes teachers’ salaries, buildings and

equipment, but also the opportunity cost of lost income on the part of the student. Where there is a general surplus of labour supply, the opportunity cost of foregone earnings will be small or non-existent. Other components of education cost (school teachers’ salaries in particular) tend to be relatively high in developing countries. So, even though the income stream from a given factor input into education will be large, the rate of return on educational investments is therefore not as high. Sensible education targets must be developed by considering the needs of the particular economy and the demands posed by its specific plans in order to absorb additional supplies of educated manpower. The matter of educational priorities is of vital importance. Unless the right kind of education is provided, setting overall targets has little meaning. Educated persons who are unable to find suitable jobs, fail to add to the national product and also become a source of political instability. Since the cost of various types of education differs greatly, the very setting of overall targets has to be based on the composition of education supply. Whether undertaken privately or in the public sector, the necessity for investment planning cannot be denied. Left to household decisions, neither market knowledge, nor foresight nor financial requirements are present which are needed to secure adequate supplies. This is especially the case in developing countries where the whole attitude towards education has to overcome conventional barriers and become reoriented to the development process.!

(The author teaches Economics) (Contd. from 71) National Council for Hotel ... and branches of Canara Bank against Cash Sale. Addresses of the above IHMs and branches of the Canara Banks available on our website. Sale of Application Form from : 16th February, 2009 Cost of Application Form for General & OBC : Rs.800Cost of Application Form for SC/ST/PH Candidates : Rs 400/Last Date of receipt of completed Application Form : 10th April, 2009 Date of Entrance Examination : 9th May 2009 /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

Merit based Counselling for allotment of seats : 3rd week of June, 2009 Commencement of Academic Session : 21st July, 2009 Qandidates may also download Application Form upto 27th March, 2009 from www.nchmct.org and forward their request by Speed Post/ Registered Post only along with requisite demand draft (Rs. 850/- for General & OBC and Rs. 450/- for SC/ST/PH categories) drawn in favour of ‘NCHMCT’ payable at NOIDA. Downloaded Application without requisite fee shall be invalid. © Janasanyog

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Sutapa Chakraborty

Of all the forces that have worked and are still working to mould the destinies of human race, none certainly, is more potent than that the manifestation of which we call religion– Swami Vivekananda. eligion is the most outstanding discovery of mankind which intends to sustain his very being, his dignity as a human spirit, in the midst of all evils. It further reflects the characteristic of a unifying force of unity and is the very constitution of man’s nature. It aims at (Indian Reference) the awakening of spirituality i.e., the realization of the Infinity or Divinity in man (Atmanam Viddhi). Taken in this sense, (positive sense) — ‘Religion’ is meant for the betterment of an individual h u m a n being i n

R

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particular, and for the whole of human race, in general. Herein lies the real significance of a religion. But, unfortunately due to the unnecessary disruptive tendencies which are set as a limit to religion that this positive understanding of religion got affected. Consequently, the conflicts on the issue of religion have become a common feature nowa-days. Although it is a truth in the human history that good and evil, virtue and vice, violence and peace, go together, yet it is also a fact that a correct understanding of religion can not only solve a lot of problems concerning human culture, society and tradition, but also can minimize violence and can assure us peace in this world. This article is, therefore, an effort to highlight that is the right time to pick up a religion which is not only humanistic and practical, but also a universal one. Such an approach to religion can be grasped nowhere than in the philosophy of Swami Vivekananda. Let us explore the essential of his understanding of religion as below : i) His is a Universal Religion : Vivekananda could realize that the end of all religions are the realization of God in the soul. Hence, if one religion is true, then all must be true. Moreover, the significant peculiarity is that inspite of open and even bitter conflicts, most of the major religious sects have atleast continued to live. This shows that conflicts are only apparent, and that they do not affect the /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

inner vitality or the core (the essence) of religion. Now, a question may arise – What is the essence of the variety of Religions? Swamiji discovers, here, that the common point of all religions in a general way is God. The word ‘God’ is being used in its most comprehensive sense. It may be the personal omnipotent and Good God, or may be described as the Universal Existence or the Ultimate Unity of the Universe. Every religion, consciously or unconsciously is struggling towards the realization of this unity or God. As Swamiji said, ‘‘Our minds are like the vessels and each of us tries to arrive at a realization of God. And, God is like the water that fills the vessels of different shapes. In each vessel the vision of God takes a different form. Yet he is one. He is God in every case’’. Thus, by admitting the apparent contradictions in different faiths and the conflicting tenets, Vivekananda taught love and mutual tolerance as the cardinal principles of Religion. For, he firmly believed that the human society would have made far greater advances, had there been no sectarianism, fanaticism and violence in the name of religion. He, therefore, stressed one unity, and fusion of all religions into one Universal Religion. Here, so far a universal religion is concerned, the Swami viewed that it should extend hope to all men and women and help humanity in realizing its true nature – divine nature. Such a religion is Hinduism. Hinduism which is often believed to be a part of the Hindu religion is, however, not at all a religion, but is purely secular. Vivekananda introduced Hinduism as the religion which included tolerance and universal acceptance. Again, while advocating Hinduism as a universal religion, Swamiji was never tired of condemning the ceremonialism and ritualism in it. To him, ‘‘It is in love that religion exists and not in ceremony,.... Unless a man is pure in body and mind, his coming to a temple and worshipping Shiva is useless’’. Swamiji’s motto is, therefore, ‘‘to lead /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

mankind to the place where there is neither the Vedas, nor the Bible, nor the Koran, yet this has to be done by harmonizing the Vedas, the Bible and the Koran’’. So, his universal religion is a plea to realize the dignity of all human beings. ii) The Humanistic Approach : The aspect of universality of religion unfolds, further, Swami Vivekananda’s effort to strengthen the humanistic trend of religion which exalts man as the true abode of divinity against the orthodox religion which portrays man as a miserable sinner, or a weak and helpless being completely at the mercy of God. His unqualified emphasis on love and service, the appeal towards exhorting people to seek God in fellow human beings, his desire to be born again and suffer thousands of miseries so that he could worship the only God, the sum total of all souls, is not only the highest expression of religion but also a clearest statement of humanism. Actually, by giving a humanistic touch to his concept of religion Swami Vivekananda intends to unearth repeatedly the positive approach of religion. According to him, a true religion, thus, not only teaches man to refrain from evil, but also insists on doing good to others. It unites man to his fellows and aims at awakening the spirit within man. ‘Religion’, thus, ‘‘is the idea which is raising the brute unto man and man unto God’’. Infact, if religion is taken away from human society, the residue will be a mass of brutes. Religion gives vision and inspiration to man. iii) The Need for a Practical Religion : Being a twentieth century modern philosopher, Vivekananda could visualise the need for a practical religion. He thus, poses his understanding of religion as more realistic and pragmatic than sheer indulging into uncritical observance of ceremonical practices. That’s why departing himself from the general philosophical approach of the Indian sages, Swami Vivekananda, like Gautama Buddha, emphasizes the importance of removing human misery instead of trying to discuss the nature of truth.

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The first and the foremost key to make religion more easy and practicable Swamiji adopts the concept of free – thinking and allows man to choose freely whatever religion he thinks to be the best. He then speaks of applying the method of Yoga — union with the Divine — in the practical real life, so that our mind and body can become pure and calm and we can have salvation and consequent state of eternal peace and bliss. Religion, furthermore, becomes meaningful only when one can become dynamic and harmoniously assimilate all narrowness in knowledge. In this context, so far the Vedantic vision of direct experience on God in every existence is concerned, it is the definition of a meaningful life of this mundane world. One can free oneself from the shackle of every limitation and narrowness only when one can turn one’s eyes inward and feel the truth of the Advaita philosophy. Swamiji’s belief in Advaitavada, however, could not convert him to a professional philosopher, but develops in him the spirit of a saver and server of humanity. His practical approach is, therefore, firmed with the belief that if any good we want to observe, any peace to sustain in the world, any progress to cherish we must throw our ceremonials overboard and worship the living God, the Man-God. To him, identification of dogmas with religion degraded Books and References : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

man from his divine nature to that of brutes. He called it perfect lunacy to place eatables before the image of God for ten minutes and rebuked zealots for spending crores of rupees on building temples while the whole of common man died of hunger. It is, in this context, that the Swamiji opines – ‘‘That society is the greatest where the highest becomes practical. That is my opinion and if society is not fit for the highest truths, make it so, and the sooner, the better’’. Vivekananda’s universality of religion, we may sum up, renders his philosophy a humanistic one, while the humanism of Vivekananda makes his philosophy practical oriented. Infact, to meet the need of the hour, our concept of Religion has to be changed. The task for us will, therefore, be to take out all that is dross. And, only the essential parts of religion will emerge triumphant out of this investigation. To realize our mission for world peace, we, therefore, are to spread out, after Vivekananda, the message of love, truth and acceptance all over the globe. So, we need a religion of the universal type in which all the variety of religions will be globalized, yet each will retain its individual status. Such an interpretation and understanding of religion will result in the automatic solution to much of our miseries, mutual conflicts and social evils. Simultaneously, this universal religion (based on humanism) will definitely serve as the sole key to unlock the door to world peace.!

The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, Vol. V, VI & VIII. Modern Indian Thought, from Rammohan Roy to Jayaprakash Narayan – D. R. Bali. Contemporary Indian Philosophy – B. K. Lal. A Ph. D. Thesis ( of Gauhati University, Department of Philosophy) on ‘‘The Concept of Religion in the thoughts of Vivekananda and Bankim Chandra Chatterjee : A study’’ – by Sucharita Dey. Swami Vivekananda Centenary Memorial Volume – Ed. R. C. Majumder. Swami Vivekananda in the West, New Discoveries, His Prophetic Mission – Marie Louise Burke. (The author teaches Philosophy)

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f you are a college/ university teacher or a freelance writer then Pragyan is a platform which you can exploit. It has these days online edition as well. We are here to publish your writings. Writings can be sent for any issue. We request you to write clearly on one side of a full scape paper. Name, address, e-mail address, mobile number alongwith the title of the essay should be mentioned on the first page. Please send your suggestions/ opinions on Pragyan this will only make Pragyan a better magazine. We are also prepare to publish thought provoking translated works. - Editor We believe not on the bondage of knowledge, but in its freedom

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/Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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Do you see any man made objects like the Great Wall of China, Pyramid etc ? Ans : He answered that he can see these man made objects from space. 0 (2) What you do when you feel sick ? ¤òà*ó¡àº¹ š¹à : l¡ ¤åº¤åº KîK, `¡àì>–ƒø l¡üšà‹¸àÚ "à¹ç¡ l¡ü³àA¡à”z Ans : He answered that they are well trained ¤¹ç¡¯à¡ú [Å«º} &[ºìó¡si¡ ó¡ºáô¹ t¡ºt¡ /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09

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and physically very strong. Normally they don’t feel sick. If they, then the doctors are ready to help them from the earth. (3) What do you missed most on the earth when you are in space ? Ans : He answered that, he missed his beautiful wife and children.

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ÅÑ|γèÒ ëƒ[J¤îº šàìºòà¡ú ÒüÚ๠l¡üš[¹* ÒüÚàt¡ l¡üv¡¹ šè¤ ®¡à¹t¡¹ Îàt¡-®¡>ã¹ š¹´š¹àKt¡ Îà\-ëšàáàA¡ "à¹ç¡ Î\å ò [ ºÎ³è Ò Îå – ƒ¹îA¡ Î\àÒü ë=à¯à "àìá¡ú šø à Ú "à‹àQsi¡à³à> =A¡à¹ šàát¡ "à[³ [t¡[>* [Å«º} šãA¡t¡ íK l¡üš[Ñ‚t¡ Òìºòà¡ú [Å«º} šãA¡ š™¢¸i¡A¡ÎA¡º¹ &A¡ šø‹à> "àA¡È¢o ëA¡–ƒø¡ú ÒüÚ๠š¹à δšèo¢ [Å«º} W¡Ò¹¹ ³ì>๳ ƒõŸ l¡üšì®¡àK A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¡ú ÒüÚ๠тà>ãÚ ¤\๠γèÒt¡ "à[³ [A¡áå ¤\à¹-γàì¹à A¡[¹ìºòà¡ú "àì¤[º šøàÚ 2.30 ³à> ¤\àt¡ ³Òü "à¹ç¡ ¤Þêå¡ `¡àì>–ƒø P¡¯àÒài¡ã "[®¡³åìJ l¡ü®¡t¡[> ™àyà "๴± A¡[¹ìºòà¡ú [™ìÒtå¡ ¤åº¤åºá๠[¤ìÅÈ A¡à³¹ ¤àì¤ [źW¡¹ ™à¤ ºKà "à[áº, K[t¡ìA¡ ët¡*ò ëÎÒü[ƒ>à Î[Þê¡Úà [Å«ºR¡¹ š¹à [źW¡¹îº ™àyà "๴± A¡[¹ìº¡ú [Å« º } °³o¹ γÚìáà¯àt¡ "à³à¹ [ÅÛ¡àP¡¹ç¡ ¤åº¤åºá๹ š¹à ëšà¯à A¡¿>àt¡ãt¡ ÎÒàÚ ÎÒì™à[Kt¡à¹ ¤àì¤ "à[³ ët¡ìJt¡¹ *W¡¹t¡ ëKàìi¡Òü \ã¯> Aõ¡t¡`¡ íÒ =à[A¡³¡ú [Å«º} °³o¹ ¤àì¤ [ƒÚà &Òü Îå– ƒ¹ Îåì™àK¹ ¤àì¤ šƒà=¢ [¤`¡à> [¤®¡àK¹ šø‹à> l¡0 ¹à\㯠¤¹ƒîºá๹ ºKìt¡ ">¸ [ÅÛ¡àP¡¹ç¡ t¡=à ‘šø`¡à>’¹ ºKt¡ \[Øl¡t¡ [ÅÛ¡àP¡¹ç¡ÎA¡ºA¡ ‹>¸¤àƒ \>àìºòà¡ú "¯ìÅÈt¡ áày-áàyãÎA¡º¹ `¡à> ¤‡ý¡¢ >¹ ¤àì¤ &ì> šƒìÛ¡š ™àìt¡ "àKîº* ëºà¯à ÒÚ t¡àìA¡Òü A¡à³>à A¡[¹ìºòà¡ú!

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# Rana K. Changmai 9435134539 # Surjya Chutia 9954456991 # Sushanta Kar 9954226966 " (email : [email protected]) # Nilimjyoti Senapati 9435134783 # Dr. Kamalesh Kalita 9435132745 " (email : [email protected]) # Ghanashyam Deka 9436353160 " (email : [email protected]) # Dr. Rajeeb Gogoi " (email : [email protected]) # Prafulla Gogoi 9954954075 # Bantimala Devi 9435135049 # Ajit Kar 9435845569 # Deepali Sarma 9854193633

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# Pallavi Gogoi 9435278617 " (email :[email protected] # Tomas Sonowal 9954670662 # Malabika Das Hazarika 9435472987 " Dr. Bikash Kr. Das (email :[email protected]) # Kamal Gogoi 9859821123 " Mohem Naoren (email : [email protected]) " Anita Baruwa (email : [email protected]) # Arup Baisya 9435073117 " (email : [email protected]) # Ajit Ch. Phukan 9435135650 # Monika Das 9435136914 # Roshmi Dutta 9435531540 " (email : [email protected]) /Vol. VI, Issue - III, March'09