Pragyan Vol 07 Issue 01

00 Editorial 01 Editor’s Mail Box 02 Campus Update ............................................../ Surjya Chutia 07 Academic World Around 08 Panorama Personality 14 An Engineer from IIT, now a Farmer Exam and Education 16 "‹¸Ú> ëA¡ïź δšìA¢¡ ....../ Career

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19 ëA¡[¹Ú๠ë\¸à[t¡ .............................................../ >ã[º³ ë\¸à[t¡ ëÎ>àš[t¡ 24 Advice for students Entering XI 25 Exam Schedule - 2009 26. Career Tabloid Science and Tech. 27. Greatest Total Solar Eclipse of the Century ......../ Uday Narayan Deka 30. Total Solar Eclipse-2009 : How to Observe it Safely.../ Dr. Rajib Bordoloi 33. Waste Management at Personal Level........................../ Anirban Ghosh 35. 39.

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Language and Literature 41 45

A Perspective of the Assamese Language .................../ Rajen Barua My Rendezvous with Prague : ........ Czech Rep../ Dr. Rajib Bordoloi

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54 59 64 69

Social Science 71 State, Patriarchy and Women .................../ Dr. Swarna Lata Baruah 78. Indian Philosophy — Some Reflections ................/ Dr. Bandana Puzari 83 Health Issues in Developing Countries ......................./ Anita Baruwa Students’ Column A¡[¤t¡à : ÎåÅà”z ëAò¡à¯¹, ºÛ¡ì\¸à[t¡ ¤¹ç¡¯à, \Ú”z[\; ¤¹ç¡¯à 85

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Editorial Board Patron : Dr. Bhuban Gogoi Adviser : Dr. Achyut Borthakur, President, ACTA, Tinsukia College Unit Editor in Chief : Rana K. Changmai Executive Editor : Sushanta Kar Editors : Monika Devi, Rashmi Dutta, Mayuri Sarma Baruah, Manashi Rajkhowa, Nilimjyoti Senapati, Surjya Chutia, Dr. Kamalesh Kalita Students’ Representatives : Pankaj Gohain, (Magazine Secretaty, TCSU) Published by : Secretary, Assam College Teachers’ Association (ACTA), Tinsukia College Unit, Tinsukia College, Tinsukia - 786125 Contact : Web : http://sites.google.com/site/pragyan06now Cell : 9954226966 email : [email protected], [email protected] Printed at : The Assam Computers (Govt. app ‘A’ Category Press) email : [email protected] Tinsukia - 786125 (Assam)

It’s very meaningful for the North East Finally, I was able to read the magazine (online). It is a very nice and professional publication. Coming out of Tinsukia, I think it is very meaningful for all in the North East. I will send some literary contribution in Assamese and English in near future. I’m delighted to see the report of the visit of two students to the Space Talk event at St Anthony’s college in Shillong. Please, thank them on behalf of Friends of Assam and Seven Sisters. Please send me full names and the classes of the students as well as of the teacher who attended there so that FASS may issue a Certificate to each of them. Please keep up the good work. Thanks Rajen Barua Chairman, Friends of Assam and Seven Sisters, HQ, Houston, USA email : [email protected]

I salute your effort ! This was easy to open (on-line) and read. Very fine job! That must have been a lot of work. I salute your effort. Keep it up.... Chandan Mahanta St. Louis, Missouri State, USA; e-mail : [email protected]

This time it’s a bit different

I’ll try to be a contributor I will try to contribute valuable article on North East Region. I am sorry to see my name being mistakenly typed wrongly. It is written as Mohem Naorem. It must be Mohen Naorem. Anyway, what’s in a name? Our mission is to promote and work for welfare of our region. I will read the journal and try to be a regular contributor if possible in every issue now. I also publish a magazine to promote our culture, language and identity. I would like to send some copies for the college and editorial staffs, do send me your mailing address. Mohen Naorem Editor The Manipur Journal Imphal, Manipur-795004

Heartiest congratulations to the whole team of Pragyan for the successful completion of six years long journey. Long live Pragyan! Pragyan this time is little different from its previous issues. Like to read the cover story which is quite appropriate as we hardly remember the great people who contributed a lot for the development of our e-mail:[email protected] culture and society. Tanusree Sarker Lecturer in Political Science, (Editor’s Note: We are sorry Women’s College, Tinsukia.; email : [email protected] for the mistakes we have made with Mohen’s name in Totally fit for all his article “North East Girls I’ve just downloaded (and read) the (March, 09) issue....and trying to are Very Beautiful” download the other issues of Pragyan. But I can say that the issue is published in the March,09 totally fit for all kinds of students as well as General Readers....I’ll issue of Pragyan. We simply try my best to make it more popular... regret for that. We’ll be * Partho Gogoi cautious next time. ) Ex-H.S. Student,2004-06 batch

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/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

It has scholarly articles I got your Pragyan sent by post. Magazine has scholarly articles. It is good looking and well composed. MB Qasmi, Mumbai e-mail:[email protected]

It’s really nice I’ve visited the Pragyan’s site. It is really a nice journal. I’ve visited your personal orkut profile as well. It’s great to know that you are a Bengali literature teacher in our college. Please, give my respect to Sri Rana Changmai sir and all other teachers of my college. Thank you. * Anirban Ghosh – an alumni Chittaranjan Loco Works, West Bengal e-mail: [email protected]

Provide more current tips As a regular reader of Pragyan I hope to get some new and useful information from this. If we get some current study and career tips then the usefulness of Pragyan will increase and the market value of this will increase. This journal will serve as the Gita of students and ex-students. * Biki ( nick name) B’com 2nd year

I’ll contribute I’m an ex-student of Tinsukia College. I had Major in History. It’s really nice to see this college journal (on-line). I will definitely try to contribute something to Pragyan. Best of luck. * Mamoon – an Alumni

Prochesta Ashadharon Prochesta Ashadharon ! Antorikata Nirvejal ! Antorik Shubheccha ! Paramita (Prajna) Bhowal an Alumni of 1984 batch commented in Pragyan’s website.

‘šø`¡à>’ "γãÚà Îà[Òt¡¸t¡ &A¡ >tå¡> >à³ íÒ ¹*A¡¡ >³ÑH๠"à¹ç¡ [¤×¤¤ãÚà *ºK \>àìºòà¡ú ¤×[ƒ>¹ š¹à Òü-ë³Òüº >A¡[¹ Òàìt¡ì¹ [º[J³ ¤å[º* [º[J¤îº ¤àA¡ã =à[A¡ ™àÚ¡ú ... "àìšà>àìºàA¡¹ ‡à¹à šøA¡à[Åt¡ ‘šø`¡à>’& >tå¡> ™åK¹ áày-áàyãA¡ "à¹ç¡ `¡à> [ƒÚA¡¡ú ®¡àº ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ >àK[¹A¡ A¡[¹ K[Øn¡ ët¡àºA¡¡ú ®¡àº >àK[¹A¡¹ "à¹ç¡ šøAõ¡t¡ ë>tõ¡â«¹ "®¡à¯¡ú ëƒl¡üt¡à¹ (Ѭà‹ã>t¡à Î}Nøà³ã šà>ã¹à³ ƒàΠδš[A¢¡t¡ Î}¤àƒ, ³àW¢¡ 2009, šø`¡à>) A¡=à "à¹ç¡ ë³à¹ (">å¤àƒ) A¡[¤t¡à šøA¡àÅ A¡¹à¹ A¡à¹ìo ¤×ìt¡à ‹>¸¤àƒ¡ú P¡¯àÒài¡ã ë¤à³à¹ >K¹ã¡ú t¡àt¡ `¡à>¹ Îå-W¡ZW¢¡à¹ "®¡à¯¡ú >¹A¡àÎå¹¹ γÚì¤à¹ ®¡àº "à[ạú ÒüÚ๠š¹à Òü}¹à\ã Å¦ì¹ ®¡¹à "àW¡[¹t¡ "γãÚ๠ƒÒAå¡[¹³à> "àìºàW¡>ã *ºàÚ¡ú t¡à¹ "à‹à [¤W¡[ºt¡ ë™ï¯> δšA¢ ¡ ãÚ¡ú [t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚ๠[>[W¡>à "¯ìÒ[ºt¡ k¡àÒü¹ š¹à *ìºà¯à `¡à> γõ‡ý¡ ‘šø`¡à>’ &A¡ >tå¡> šƒìÛ¡š¡ú γÚt¡ ³Òü [ƒAô¡ƒÅ¢ã [A¡áå ëºJà [º[J =à[A¡³¡ú ([W¡[A¡;Îà ÅàÑ|, ëÎ>à-¤à[Ò>ã "à[ƒ δšìA¢¡)¡ú ‘šø`¡à>’ "γãÚà Îà[Òt¡¸t¡ &A¡ >tå¡> >à³ íÒ ¹*A¡¡ú ‘šø`¡à>’¹ γèÒ ÎƒÎ¸-΃θàîº ë³à¹ "à”z [ ¹A¡ Aõ¡t¡`¡t¡à `¡àš> A¡[¹ìºà¡ú l¡à@ [¤A¡àÅ A塳๠ƒàÎ šøàv¡û¡> ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ [¤³à> ¤à[Ò>ã¹ [W¡[A¡;A,¡ ¹àÒüì>à \à}Kº &l¡ô쮡e¡à¹, ¤à}Kàºå¹ç¡-37

* Scribed in Pragyan’s Orkut Profile Readers may choose whatever language they feel comfort with to write in mail box. But for better communication we prefer English and Assamese. – Editor /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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CWSD Observed International Women’s Day

As per the guidelines of U.G.C, the ‘Cell for Women Studies and Development’ (CWSD) of Tinsukia College was set up in the year 2005. Since its inception, the cell has been organizing various programmes and workshops for bringing awareness among the womenfolk in different aspects such as health and hygiene, social equality, self dependence etc. in different times. The cell also observes International Women’s Day regularly. This year (2009), besides its normal programmes, the cell also organized a special felicitation programme on the occasion of

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International Women’s Day. A group of members of the cell felicitated Dr. Swarnalata Boruah, Retired Prof. & HoD of History department, Dibrugarh University, Ex-president of Indian History Congress (2006) — Mediaeval period, renowned feminist of the state, and also one of the pioneers of the women movement in the country, at her residence at Dibrugarh, who has been suffering illness since long days. She was felicitated with a Muga Shawl and a Maan-patra by Bontimala Devi President, CWSD, Tinsukia College. The other members in the group were Anjana Goswami, Roshmi Dutta, Dr. Sanjukta

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

Gohain Boruah, Dr. Meenakshi Chamua, Dr Rupali Gogoi, Anita Boruah, Dr. Achyut Borthakur and Sushanta Kar. Dr. Boruah praised the women’s cell for its various deeds and hoped for milestones in the future. She expressed distress at the fact that, despite constituting half of the world’s population, women are still deprived of their rights and privileges in a patriarchal society that

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relegates them to a lower status. She also pointed out that women were in no way less than men in their ability and capacity to work. She suggested the members to organize more seminars, workshops, projects etc. in women related issues specially in the remote areas of the state. She also suggested to submit projects to the National and International organizations related to the issues for its funding.

Dr. Rajib Bordoloi Attended International Seminar at Prague

Dr. R Bordoloi, HoD, Physics department, Tinsukia college participated and presented paper at the international conference on ‘Photonics’ that was held at Prague, Czech Republic from 20-23 April, 2009. The Seminar was organized by the Society for photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) – U.S.A, a pioneering organization devoted to most advanced photonics research in the world. Total six hundred scientists and technological wizards from all over the world took part in the seminar. Dr. Bordoloi’s Paper had two parts – theoretical and experimental, presented on 21st & 22nd April, respectively. It may be mention here that very recently Dr. Bordoloi has been conferred Ph.D Degree by Dibrugarh University for his Research Work entitled ‘A Study on a Laser Induced Non-linear Phenomena in Molecular Media’.

Dr. Rajib is in the middle of the picture with two co-participants, one of them is Prof. Kato (right) of Japan, who heads the Photonics Dept. of Photonics Lab, Japan.

Science Day Observed

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National Science Day was celebrated by the Assam Science Society, Tinsukia branch on 28 February, 2009, with a day long programme. The programme started with the hoisting of the society’s flag by Sri Dilip Kalita, president of the branch in the morning in front of its office at Tinsukia college. The others programmes of the day were a seminar on ‘Remote Sensing and GIS

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

— a New Horizon of Science’ was held at Jatiya Vidyalaya, Tinsukia, where Dr. Kamalesh Kalita delivered a thought provoking lecture. A Science Exhibition was also part of the day’s programme held at Jatiya Vidyalaya, Tinsukia. The day long programme ended with vote of thanks offered by Dr. Dipika Bhattacharjee. Secretary, Assam Science Society, Tinsukia branch.

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Mathletics Competition, 2009

Ma t h e m a t i c s d e p a r t m e n t o f Tinsukia college successfully conducted the Mathletics Competition, 2009 on 31st May at the Tinsukia College Centre among the students of Class V to Class XII from different institutions of Tinsukia district. The competition was held in 39 different centres all over the state. Assam Academy of Mathematics was the main organizer of the Competition. Altogether 60 teams participated in the competition from 10 different schools at the Tinsukia College Centre It may be mentioned here that the Assam Academy of Mathematics will organize

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World Environment Day Observed

The World Environment Day 2009 was observed at Tinsukia College on 5th June 2009, with a day long programme, which was organised jointly by Assam Science Society, Tinsukia branch, Department of Zoology, Tinsukia College and ‘Ed-en’ (A society for environment education) Tinsukia. World Environment Day has been observed all over the world since 1972. The theme of the World Environment Day’ 2009 was ‘Your

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planet needs you – UNite to combat climate change !’ Sit and draw, poster with the slogan contest, open house nature game cum quiz contest on environment issues for students were organized on the day. A lecture on the topic ‘Role of Civil Society in Bio Diversity Conservation’ was delivered by Dr. Rishi Das, HoD, Zoology dept. of the college, Students from different schools took part actively in the programmes.„

Campus Recruitment Drive at the College

Emergency Management and Research Institute (EMRI), Assam in association with

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Mathematics Olympiad, 2009 on September 6, which will also be held at Tinsukia College Centre. Interested candidates may contact the Mathematics Dept. during the last part of August for its application forms.„

Placement Cell, IQAC, Tinsukia College conducted a campus interview at Tinsukia college /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

on 3rd June 2009 for selecting candidates for Emergency Medical Technician. The selection procedure was in two phases – written test examination and personnel interview (Viva). More than 50 candidates from the students of the college appeared in the selection test. Finally six qualified candidates have been selected to employ for EMT. They are – 1. Dheraz Moran, 2. Jagya Phukan, 3. Gukul Nanda Boruah, 4. Santonu Saikia, 5. Joyanta Boruah and 6. Prabhat Boruah Moreover, some B.Sc. appeared candidates who had cleared the written test examination will be called for personnel interview at Guwahati later on. The EMRI is a non profit organization in the PPP (Public Private Partnership) model. It has tie-up with over 55 private and govt. hospitals in Assam to ensure immediate patient stabilization on admission to the hospitals. A free service, anyone, any where in the operational area can call the toll free number 108 for any emergencies (Medical, Police, Fire) and help will

reach them in an average of 15 minutes in urban area and 20 minutes in rural area. It handles all kinds of Medical emergencies like acute abdomen illness, respiratory disorders, asthma attacks, heart attacks, suicide, and pregnancy related cases, road accidents etc. It also handles police emergencies like theft, bodily offence, property offences etc. Having started its operation in the state on 6th Nov. 2008, EMRI – Assam today operates with over 102 Ambulances serving a population of nearly three crores.

Ph.D Awarded to Rajib Konwar

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Dr. Rajib Konwar, Senior Lecturer, Physics Department, Tinsukia College has been conferred Ph.D Degree by Dibrugarh University for his Research Work entitled ‘Optical and Spectroscopic Studies of Some Stratified Media’. He has been working the guidance of Prof. G.D. Baruah, Emritus Fellow, AICTE, Dept. of Physics, Dibrugarh University. (The Updater teaches Economics in the College) (Contd. from Page 7)

Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh Career Counseling Session Organized Po s t - g r a d u a t e St u d e n t s ’ U n i o n o f the Dibrugarh University recently organized a career counseling session at Rang Ghar auditorium. More than 500 students of the university attended the session. Career counselor Gauranga Kr Sharma informed the students about the emerging sectors of the 21st century. /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

The counseling session was also chaired by chief manager, SBI regional office, Dibrugarh, Bimal Debroy, and Branch manager, SBI, Dibrugarh University Branch, Sanjeev Kumar. They discussed at length various career opportunities in the financial services sector and ways to build careers. [PEB]

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Tripura University, Agartala

Conference of Physics Academy Held The Sixth National Conference of Physics Academy of the Northeast was recently held at the department of Physics, Tripura University. The conference provides a platform for information and dissemination of knowledge in the emerging areas of physics as well as of its interdisciplinary relevance. Altogether 79 participants presented their papers in various branches of physics like nuclear physics, astrophysics and the like.

Biswajit Saha of Jadavpur University bagged the Syeda Kainat Memorial Award for best oral presentation on condensed matter physics. The Amiyabala Devi Award for best oral presentation in other than condensed matter physics was given to Sanjeev Kalita for his paper on “Late Time Cosmic Acceleration of a Flat Matter Dominated Universe with a Constant Vacuum Energy”. The best poster award went to Mizoram University. A Technoquest festival was part of the proceedings. [PEB]

Assam University, Silchar CISCO and HCL Comnet for Campus Wide Network With an aim to provide a campuswide network that would enable students and faculty to access the internet and internet based resources, Assam University, Silchar has selected CISCO and HCL Comnet for widening the network to offer uninterrupted connectivity to its academic community, i.e. faculty and students. This uninterrupted connectivity will surely enrich learning and teaching experiences there. Though the university has deployed

CISCO’s campus wide network earlier, now Cisco is carrying on a campus upgrade process with the latest Cisco equipments at the University. Assam University, a teaching cum affiliating University, established in 1994, has nine different schools (including major disciplines such as Social Sciences, Humanities, Languages and others) with 29 departments. The five districts under the jurisdiction of the University have as many as 51 undergraduate colleges. ©Assam Tribune, and Pradeep Dutta, ([email protected])

(Contd. on Page 6)

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/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

Archer Jayanta Bagged Gold in Croatia Jayanta Talukdar clinched the men’s individual gold and helped India win the team event in the Archery World Cup Stage 2 at Porec, Croatia, on 9th May,09. Talukdar, an Assamese youth, upset Athens Olympic gold medalist Marco Galiazzo of Italy by 110-108 in the final to clinch his second gold. Earlier, the trio of Talukdar, Rahul Banerjee and Mangal Singh Champia won India the men’s recurve team gold. Born in 1987, Talukdar’s journey from a promising youngster to India’s top archer has been nothing less than remarkable. Jayanta was picked up by archery coaches at a talent hunting camp in Guwahati, his native place. At the subsequent training camp in Tata Archery Academy, Jamshedpur, Jayanta impressed the coaches with his physical strength and focused attitude. In 2004, Jayanta emerged as the top performer of the Indian team which made history by winning the silver medal at the junior Worlds in Britain. It was the country’s first medal at a World championship. In 2005, Jayanta became India’s top archer when he upstaged a few seasoned stars to clinch the Olympic round at the 25th Senior Nationals in Kochi. The same year, Jayanta made history as he became the first Indian archer to win the gold medal /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

in the FITA Meteksan Archery World Cup at Porec, Croatia. The May, 09th’s performance was his and his team’s second consecutive team gold after bagging the first at Santo Domingo World Cup Stage 1 on April 5, 2009. India had beaten Great Britain in Stage 1 final. The trio had bagged India the first team gold in World Cup series winning at Antalya (Turkey) in 2008. This was followed by two more already this year. Talukdar also won his third headto-head contest against the Italian Galiazzo, all played at Porec. He first tamed Galiazzo in 2006 on way to the gold medal, and again beat him in 2008 and now in the final on May 9th. Talukdar held the lead in the first two ends of three arrows each at 55-52. He surprisingly conceded two points in the third end to allow the Italian to narrow the gap to 81-82. When Galiazzo hit an eight with his second arrow of the final end of t h e

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three arrows, the Indian needed a nine to win. Talukdar hit a 10 to take the second crown in Porec. In the men’s team summit clash, Russia trailed by one point (54-55) in the first end, recovered in the second end to tie the match at 108 points at halfway mark.However, India took

the lead in the third end at 164-162. Russia showed their best in the last end, but it was not enough to beat the Indians. Archery Association of India president V.K. Malhotra and secretary general Paresh Nath Mukherjee congratulated the winners. [PEB]

The Manipur Journal – A Different Initiative A monthly journal on promotion of culture, language and identity of the North East Region was launched on Feb 15, 2009 at the Manipur Press Club in Manipur. A function to mark launching of the journal was held at Manipur Press Club here on that day with DIPR Director T. Sitlhou as Chief Guest, President in-charge of the Editor’s Forum Manipur P. Ibochouba as functional president and former news Editor of AIR Imphal Seram Mangi and College of Agriculture, CAU Dean Dr N. Iboton as guests of honour. Observing that larger communities of India and the world work t o

promote and spread their culture and tradition to other parts of the world, The Manipur Journal lamented that North East Regions are still unable to showcase their culture, tradition and identity to other nations. The Journal will focus on exposing the culture and tradition of the North East Region. It will also feature articles and stories on culture, traditions and national identities of different nations of the world. Mohen Naorem is the editor of the Journal. Consulting editors include Yuichi Imoue for Japan, Stephen Christopher and Adrienna Rose Block for Korea, Rajen Barua and Shanti Thokchom for the USA. It might be mentioned here that Mohen has included his name as one of the distinguished member of the Pragyan family, as one of his write ups, ‘North East Girls Are Very Beautiful’ got published in the March,09 issue of Pragyan and he was kind enough to help to improve Pragyan’s website well.

Now it’s Non-Resident North East Indian’s Turn Indian Diaspora has played a major role in shaping India’s political and economic history. The influence is such that a ministry (Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs) has been created to look after their affairs. In contrast to states like Kerala, Punjab and Gujarat, the number of NRIs from Assam and the entire North East is miniscule and of relatively recent origin. Moreover, they are mostly professionals. Hence it would be unrealistic to assume huge investments from NRNEIs. Keeping this in mind, the North East India

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Internation Meet – 2010 (NEIIM-2010) is organized to tap the vast “knowledge bank” of the NR-NEIs. The event will take place on 11 & 12 January, 2010 at Guwahati. The dates have been chosen so that NR-NEIs travelling to India to attend the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas on 7-9 January will find it convenient to attend NEIIM-2010 in Guwahati. Moreover for visiting Assamese NRIs Magh Bihu uruka falls on 13 January. The NR-NEIs can act as catalysts in the development of the region through the transfer of their knowledge and skills and by facilitating /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

investments from large foreign corporates. NEIIM-2010 will be a one & half day programme with a number of sessions so that maximum number of delegates can participate in their area of expertise & interest. The Organising committee has already

started the process of Preliminary Registration from 1st June, 09 . NR-NEI’s are being requested to send their names to Bidyananda Barkakoty , Organising Committee Member, NEIIM-2010. He can be contacted on : Cell : +91-9435046211, Email : [email protected]. [PEB]

Silchar Railway Station Renamed Bhasha Sahid Station Prime Minister Manmohan Singh instructed the Railway Ministry to rechristen the Silchar Railway Station as ‘Bhasa Sahid Station, Silchar’. The Ministry will announce its decision in forth coming Union Rail Way Budget. It’s a achievement of ‘Sammilito Samskritik Mancha’, a platform of various cultural organizations of Silchar town, and Bhasa Sahid Station Sahid Smaran Samiti. Under the leadership of these two organizations the people of the Barak valley fought for last two year to rechristened the station and the newly launched Silchar-Agartala train. Last year, in the month of June, both the organization collected 1,44,000 signatures from the people of various section of the society, irrespective of caste-creed-language and religion, in an memorandum demanding the

rechristening the station. Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi agreed and promised to do the needful. Now, after one year the New Union Government has decided to honour the language martyrs who sacrificed their lives for their language on May 19, 1961. The Union Railway Minister Mamata Banerjee might personally visit Silchar after Railway Budget to formally inaugurate the new name-plate.

It may be mention here that it’s not only the people of Barak Valley that demanded the renaming. The people and the Government of neighbouring state of Tripura also joined with them. [PEB]

AMC Among the Top 10 in the Country The Assam Medical College secured 10th rank among government medical colleges in a nationwide survey done by Education Times-Gfk recently. Significantly, the AMC has also been recognised as the best among medical colleges in the Eastern Zone. A total of 225 institutions were surveyed /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

and their performance in nine categories was evaluated before the rankings were awarded. Dr Borbora said that credit for the new recognition was due to a number of people, including the students, the staff and those at the health department who were involved in giving a boost to the oldest medical college

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of the region. “The turnaround of the AMC is a collective effort, and everyone deserves praise,” he mentioned. Referring to new steps taken in the college, Dr TR Borbora, the Principal of the college asserted in front of the media that the college was adopting a zero-tolerance approach towards ragging. Three female students, found responsible for ragging, have already been rusticated sending a strong message to all. The AMC is now in the middle of an ambitious expansion programme. From 2007,

funds have been available to create new infrastructure and bring in a range of sophisticated equipment. The academic atmosphere has improved, and the morale of students, faculty and staff has gone up. The institution currently has an annual intake of 170 students for the MBBS course and 107 students for the PG programme. It has faculty strength of 381, and its 18 PG departments make it one of the bigger medical colleges in the country. © Buljit Buragohain ([email protected]), Assam Tribune

Amrit Pritam Won IIFA Award Amrit Pritam of Assam has won the International Indian Film Academy (IIFA) Awards, 2009 for best sound designing of the film Ghajini. He won the award jointly along with Oscar-famed Resul Pookutty. Pritam, who hails from Jorhat, is the first person from Assam and the entire Northeast to have won an IIFA award. Currently Pritam and Resul Pookutty have been jointly working on actor/director Saurabh Shukla’s Pappu Can’t Dance Saala.

Assamese Writer Wins British Scholarship Aruni Kashyap, who earned fame in the Assamese literary scene with his essay ‘The Identity Crisis of Assamese Youth’ (Asomiya Juva Prajanmar Poricitir Xonkot), published in ‘Satsori’, has won the prestigious Charles Wallace India Trust Scholarship to participate in a creative writing course at the University of Edinburgh. The angry personal essay argued that the shoddy literature syllabi in Assam schools gradually reduce the interests of the Assamese youth on Assamese literature. Aruni debuted with a popular monthly column in the Assamese daily ‘Amar Asom’, when he was a young undergraduate student at St. Stephen’s College, Delhi. Since then he has published short stories, essays, literary essays and poems in English and Assamese magazines. His stories and poems are mostly set in Assam and the violence that plagues his state finds expression in them in complex ways. Currently he is lending finishing touches to his novel ‘The House with a Thousand Novels’, a family saga set in rural

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Assam, with the “secret killings phase” of the nineties as background. He wants to write a novel soon on the harrowing Assam Agitation since he feels that the new generation of Assamese doesn’t know much about this nationalist movement and the national and international media has not presented its true picture to the world; the history textbooks are also silent about this phase that changed Assam forever. Under this scholarship, he will be attending a creative writing course during the month of August, under some well known British authors. The Scottish Universities International Summer School organises this program every year. The 2008 summer school was once again a truly /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

international affair, with participants from 27 different countries and Man Booker Prize short listed author Philip Hensher teaching a master class in fiction. This year the creative writing courses will be taught by authors such as popular

playwright Douglass Maxwell, Man Booker Prize short listed author James Robertson and many others. © Buljit Buragohain ([email protected]) Assam Tribune

Gate’s Grant to Assamese Doctor Dr. Bikul Das, an original resident of Sualkuchi near Guwahati and a graduate of Gauhati Medical College, has got the prestigious Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation grant to explore “bold and largely unproven ways” to improve health in developing countries. Dr. Das, at his late forties working with Stanford University Medical School in California, will explore the potential role of stem cells in treating latent tuberculosis infection. His name for the $100,000-grant figured among 81 researchers from 17 countries in the list that was announced on Monday in Seattle. The endowment was awarded through the foundation’s

Grand Challenges Explorations initiative, which aims to develop a pipeline of creative ideas that could change the face of global health. One of the new grants was awarded to Dr Bikul Das of Stanford University Medical School, who has studied cancer stem cell biology for the last decade but maintains an interest in infectious diseases due to his clinical training in India and Bhutan. The new grant will enable him to explore the potential role of stem cells in latent TB infection. © The Times of India, Buljit Buragohain ([email protected])

Lijjat Papad Celebrated 50th Anniversary Eighty-year-old Jaswantiben Jamnadas Popat is the only survivor of a group of semiliterate Gujarati housewives who founded Lijjat Papad 50 years ago. She celebrated the Lijjat golden jubilee on 15 March, 09 with 45,000 other women who are part of the women-only cooperative. Mrs. Popat cannot believe that what started as a desperate move to ‘supplement the family income’ 50 years ago has come so far. When seven housewives of them, popularly known as ‘seven sisters’, started their business it was not meant to become so big.It is indeed a big business today, with an annual turnover of nearly $100m and a flourishing exports account to boot. It’s as if a real life fairy tale turned to be true. The Lijjat trade began when seven Gujarati housewives decided to exploit the only skill they knew – cooking. They were semi-literate which restricted their chances to get jobs. But they realised their papad-making expertise could be used to earn small amounts of money to help their husbands reduce their financial responsibility. On 15 March 1959, they gathered on the /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

terrace of an old building in a crowded South Mumbai locality and rolled out four packets of papads to sell. The ‘seven sisters’, started production with the princely sum of 80 rupees (now $1.50), borrowed from a good Samaritan, Chaganlal Karamsi Parekh, a social worker with entrepreneurial brains. It was Chaganlal, who advised them that if they wanted to experience success, never accept donations. They have never ignored his advice. Soon the entrepreneurship expanded in Mumbai’s overcrowded and povertystricken shanty towns. Three months later the business had 25 women. The trade began to expand as a co-operative. In a few years they had

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branches all over Mumbai and in subsequent years all across India. The women received one award after another. Exports flourished. They were on a roll - from poppadoms they branched out into soaps, savouries, chutneys and pickles. Now after fifty years Lijjat papads are a perfect example of how a sustainable business can be built, providing large-scale employment to rural women, who are illiterate but skilled. And when such skills are given an organisational structure on a co-operative basis a long term sustainable model assures success.

Most of the 45,000-strong female workforce live in slums or one-room hutments, with communal bathrooms and toilets. They are still part of what is known as the working class. But working for Lijjat Papads gives them financial security. They are now capable of taking decisions, sending their children to schools and keeping their men on the straight and narrow. The Lijjat women have proved that success does not necessarily need money and infrastructure, as long as there is determination.„ © http://news.bbc.co.uk

Astrometry Nabs Another Exoplanet Researchers for half a century have tried — and failed — to use the motion of stars moving across the sky to discover planets that lie beyond the solar system. Now a team has finally used the method, known as astrometry, to find one of these orbs. The newfound extrasolar planet, six times heavier than Jupiter, orbits the low-mass star VB 10 some 20 light-years from Earth, report Steven Pravdo and Stuart Shaklan of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California in the July Astrophysical Journal. The traditional method of identifying extrasolar planets, which now number more than 350, relies on tracking the velocity of a parent star along the line of sight to Earth — rather than across the sky. Because an orbiting planet pulls its parent star ever so slightly to and fro, the star’s line-ofsight motion speeds up and slows down periodically, revealed by telltale shifts in the color of starlight recorded from Earth. This technique, known as the wobble or Doppler shift method, detects heavyweights that lie close to their star most easily, since such planets produce the largest changes in that star’s speed along the line of sight to Earth. But the method can only reveal the minimum mass of a planet. In contrast, the astrometric method, which

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records the positions of stars as they slowly drift across the sky, pins down the exact mass of a planet. The method favors massive planets that lie far from a parent star, since such planets cause a star to move by the largest amount across the sky. Researchers have previously used astrometry to measure the precise mass of planets found with the wobble method, but this is the first time the technique has been used to discover an extrasolar planet. The planet found by Pravdo and Shaklan lies about as far from its star as Mercury, the solar system’s innermost planet, lies from the sun. Yet the newly discovered body, unlike Mercury, is relatively cool since its parent star is only one-twelfth the mass of the sun and therefore produces much less radiation and heat. The researchers say that because the astrometric technique finds massive planets that orbit far from parent stars, the method could identify stars that might be examined in follow-up studies for smaller, Earth-mass planets with tighter orbits. A search for those close-in bodies might best be examined with the wobble method. Should VB 10 harbor a rocky planet that lies much closer in, it might be habitable — or at least contain liquid water.„ ©Ron Cowen./ www.sciencenews.org /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

(One of the most interesting themes at last year’s Pan-IIT event was the session on rural transformation. IITians who have chosen an offbeat career hogged the limelight at the event. The star at the event was R Madhavan, an alumnus of IIT-Madras. This is Madhavan’s success story as a farmer as he told to the audience...)

Passion for agriculture:I had a passion for agriculture even when I was young. I don’t know how my love for agriculture started. I only know that I have always been a nature lover. I used to have a garden even when I was a teenager. So, from a home garden, a kitchen garden, I gradually became a farmer! My mother used to be very happy with the vegetables I grew. Studying at IIT-Madras: My family was against my ambition of becoming an agriculturist. So, I had to find a livelihood for myself. I wrote IIT-JEE and got selected to study at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. I enjoyed studying mechanical engineering.My intention was to transform what I study into what I love; mechanisation of farming. I felt the drudgery in farming is much more than in any other industry, and no one had looked into it. Working for ONGC after IIT : I started my career at the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC). My father refused to give me any money to start farming. So I asked the officials to let me work at the offshore sites, on the rigs. The advantage was that I could work on rigs for 14 days and then take 14 days off. I chose to work on the rigs for nine years, /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

uninterrupted. My first farm land: After 4 years, I saved enough money to buy six acres of land. I bought land at Chengelpet near Chennai. I chose that land because the plot had access to road and water. Back in 1989, a man in a pair of trousers aroused curiosity among the farming community. That was not the image of a farmer! Tough beginning as a farmer : I became a full fledged farmer in 1993. It was tough in the beginning. Nobody taught me how to farm. There was no guidance from the gram sevaks or the University of Agriculture. I ran from pillar to post but couldn’t find a single scientist who could help me. I burnt my fingers. My first crop was paddy and I produced 2 tonnes from the six acres of land, it was pathetic.When I lost all my money, my father said I was stupid. I told him, it didn’t matter as I was learning. It was trial and error for me for three years. Until 1997, I was only experimenting by mingling various systems. Going to Israel to learn : In 1996, I visited Israel because I had heard that they are the best in water technology. Take the case of corn. They harvest 7 tonnes per acre whereas we produce less than a tonne. They harvest up to 200 tonnes of tomatoes, whereas here it is 6 tonnes, in similar area of land.

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I stayed in one of the kibbutz, which is a cooperative farm for 15 days. I understood what we do is quite primitive. It was an eye opener for me. They treat each plant as an industry. A plant producing one kilo of capsicum is an industry that has 1 kilo output. I learnt from them that we abuse water. Drip irrigation is not only for saving water but it enhances your plant productivity. We commonly practice flood irrigation where they just pump water. As per the 2005 statistics, instead of 1 litre, we use 750 litres of water. Dr Lakshmanan, my Guru : I met Dr Lakshmanan, a California-based NRI, who has been farming for the last 35 years on 50-60,000 acres of land. He taught me farming over the last one decade. Whatever little I have learnt, it is thanks to him. I knew a farm would give me much better returns in terms of money as well as happiness. Working for money and working for happiness are different. I work and get happiness. What more do you need? No guidance in India : I said at one platform that we have to change the curriculum of the agricultural universities. What they teach the students is not how to farm, but how to draw loans from a bank! What they learn cannot be transformed to reality or to the villages. The problem in the villages is not mentioned in the university. There is a wide gap and it is getting worse. Making profits : After burning my fingers for four years, from 1997 onwards, I started making profits. Even though it took me four years, I did not lose hope. I knew this was my path even though I didn’t have any guidance from anyone. In those days, communication was slow. Today, I can get guidance from Dr Lakshmanan on Skype or Google Talk, or through e-mail. I send him the picture of my problem and ask his guidance. In those days, it took time to communicate. There was no Internet or connectivity. That was why it took me four years to learn farming. Today, I would not have taken more than six months or even less to learn the trick! The farming cycle: I started crop rotation after 1997. In August, I start with paddy and it is harvested in December. I plant vegetables in December itself and get the crops in February. After that, it is oil seeds

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like sesame and groundnut, which are droughtresistant, till May. During May, I go on trips to learn more about the craft. I came back in June-July and started preparations on the land to get ready for August. In 1999, I bought another four acres. My target is a net income of Rs 100,000 per annum per acre. I have achieved up to Rs 50,000. Selling the products : I sell my produce on my own. I have a jeep and bring what I produce to my house and sell from there. People know that I sell at home. I don’t go through any middle man.I take paddy to the mill, hull it and sell it on my own. In the future, I have plans to have a mill too. These days, people tell me in advance that they need rice from me. I have no problem selling my produce. Engineering helps in farming : More than any other education, engineering helps in farming because toiling in the soil is only 20 per cent of the work. About 80 per cent of farming needs engineering skills. Science is a must for any farming. I have developed a number of simple, farmer-friendly tools for farming areas like seeding, weeding, etc. as we don’t have any tools for small farmers.If I have 200 acres of land, I can go for food processing, etc. My next project is to lease land from the small farmers for agriculture. The village will prosper with food processing industries coming there. My yield will also be more with more land. Abdul Kalam visits the farm : Dr Abdul Kalam visited my farm when he was the President, after hearing about what I was doing. He spent around two hours on my farm. During his visit, he said: “We need not one, but one million Madhavans!” If I am able to inspire or create even one entrepreneur, I will be very happy, because that is what Dr Kalam wished me to do. Experimental farming : Every acre of my land has ten cents of experimental farming. I have done this for the last 15 years. This is a part of my research and development. Some of it may fail, but even if I succeed at one thing, that is enough for me. Entrepreneurship in the village : I feel that the number of people engaged only in farming should come down. Instead of ten people, there should Contd. on Page 18 /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

[ºJA¡¹ δšìA¢¡ : "àì³[¹A¡à¹ [³ì>W¡’i¡à šøìƒÅ¹ ëW¡–i¡ š’º (City of St. Paul, Minnestota, USA) >K¹¹ "[‹¤àÎã ë™àìW¡ó¡ ëóø¡S¡ ëºr¡Wô¡¤à\¢àì¹ (Joseph Frank Landsberger) ¤t¢¡³à> Î}J¸à¹ š¹à &Òü [Åt¡à>t¡ &A¡ >tå¡> ‹à¹à¤à[ÒA¡ "๴± A¡[¹ìº¡ú ë™àìW¡ó¡, [™\> ë\à’ >àì³ì¹* \>à\àt¡, &\> [¤Å«[¤J¸àt¡ "‹¸Ú> š¹à³Å¢ƒàt¡à (Study Counsellor) 1981 "à¹ç¡ 1991 W¡>t¡ Curriculum and Education Systems "à¹ç¡ International Management [¤ÈÚt¡ Ñ•àt¡ìA¡àv¡¹ ë\à’¹ šàá¹ \ã¯>¹ Kì¯Èo๠[¤ÈÚ "à[ẠLearner Characteristics and Attributes; Established Sabbatical Precedent for Professional Staff¡ú

"‹¸Ú> A¡àºì¹ š¹à ët¡*ò γNø [¤Å« °³o A¡[¹ìá "à¹ç¡ šõ[=¯ã¹ ¤× [¤J¸àt¡ [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ "à¹ç¡ [ÅÛ¡àšø[t¡Ë¡à>t¡ &Òü [¤ÈìÚ ¤v¡ûõ¡t¡à [ƒ "à[Òìá¡ú ëÎÒü ¤v¡ûõ¡t¡àγèìÒì¹ ët¡*ò Î\àÒü tå¡[ºìá ët¡*ò¹ 믤-áàÒüi¡ : Study Guides and Strategies (www.studygs.net)¡ú ¤× šå¹ÑHàì¹ì¹ Ζµà[>t¡ ë\à’ "‹¸Ú> δš[A¢¡t¡ ¤× Nø”‚ "à¹ç¡ 믤-áàÒüi¡¹ ¹[W¡Út¡à¡ú ët¡ìJt¡¹ š[¹A¡[¿t¡ &J[> l¡üìÀJì™àK¸ W¡àÒüi¡¹ >à³ History of Romani Emigration From India &Òü šøàW¡ã> Nø”‚J> "àW¡ºìt¡ ët¡*ò W¡ã>¹ \å [ó¡ "à¹ç¡ c¡à} [c¡Úà>ìÒà}-¹ (Xu Fie and Zhang Tianhong) ºKìt¡ ™åi¡ãÚàîA¡ ">åÎÞê¡à> A¡[¹ δšàƒ>à A¡[¹ šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ìá¡ú &Òü Nø”‚Jì>Òü šø³ào ë™ W¡ã> "à¹ç¡ ®¡à¹t¡¤È¢¹ [¤ÈìÚ* ë\à’¹ ®¡àìº[J[> "‹¸Ú> "àìá¡ú ë\à’¹ ºKt¡ "à³à¹ ë™àKàì™àK "àA¡[ͶA¡¡ú ët¡*ò¹ W¡àÒüi¡¹ ÎÞê¡à> ëšà¯à¹ šàát¡ "à[³ ëšà>ìšài¡ãÚàîA¡ ët¡*òA¡ ‘šø`¡à>’¹ ¤àì¤ [ºJà š[k¡Úà¤îº ">åì¹à‹ \>à*ò, "à¹ç¡ &ìA¡ºìK &Òü [¤ÈÚt¡ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ ÒüZáà šøA¡àÅ A¡ì¹òàú"à³à¹ šøt¡¸àÅà ³ìt¡Òü ët¡*ò "à³àîº [™ìi¡à ë³Òüº š[k¡Úàìº ëÎÚà íÒìá : Greetings Sushanta ! Thank you for writing, the compliments, and your request. I am glad that you value presenting your content in Assamese and perhaps we can collaborate on a project. Generally I resist duplication of my English on othet websites, mostly because of the problem with duplication, as well as the administrative challenge of keeping track of who has used my content when I upgrade sites. Also the interactive exercises cannot be duplicated.

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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However, if you translate the content you find valuable into Assamese, then you can also cite the English source on my Website. I could then take that translation and make it available on my Website, include it in interactive exercises, and include a link to both your college and magazine. My Website is very prominent in international education, and this will further raise the profile of your effort. This is a thought. If you do not want to translate, then I suggest a descriptive link to my subjects and my Website. This has worked very well with other educational institutions. Thank you again for all. Regards. Joe Educationally inclined Wisdom to discern the right path Courage to take it Discipline of joy to encounter it jos f landsberger; mail to [email protected]

t¡à¹ ºKìt¡ ët¡*ò &Òü ÎèW¡>à "‹¸àÚ[i¡ ëšø¹o A¡ì¹¡ú &Úà "๴±[o¡ú ët¡*ò¹ šø¯Þê¡ì¤à¹ "à[³ "γãÚàîº ">å¤àƒ A¡[¹ ‘šø`¡à>’t¡ šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ ™à³¡ú ët¡*ò ÒüÚ๠šø[t¡ìi¡à "‹¸àÚ [>\¹ W¡àÒüi¡t¡ l¡üšÑ‚àš> A¡[¹ ™à¤¡ú t¡àt¡ "à³à¹ ‘šø`¡à>’¹ [>\à W¡àÒüi¡ì¹à Î}ì™àK =à[A¡¤¡ú &ìA¡ƒì¹ ‘šø`¡à>’¹ W¡àÒüi¡¹ ‘ëÒà³ìš\’t¡ "à[³ Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ ët¡*ò¹ W¡àÒüi¡¹ Î}ì™àK Ñ‚àš> A¡[¹ìáà¡ú "à[³ "àÅà A¡[¹ìáà, ë\à’¹ ºKt¡ "à³à¹ &Òü ¤Þêå¡â« ƒãQ¢Ñ‚àÚã Ò’¤ "à¹ç¡ t¡à¹ š¹à "à[³ l¡ü®¡Ú šÛ¡ [¤ƒ¸àÚt¡[>A¡ ëÛ¡yJ>t¡ ºà®¡à[Þt¡ Ò³¡ú : ">å¤àƒA¡ "à¹ç¡ ‘šø`¡à>’¹ ³åJ¸Î´šàƒA¡ - ¹àoà W¡à}³àÒü

[™ ÎA¡ìº ëA¡ì>îA¡ [Å[A¡¤ ºàìK t¡àA¡ \àì> ët¡*òìºàìA¡ ™ì=Ê \àì>¡ú -ÿ- ëÒ>¹ã ¤øç¡A¡áô "àƒà³áô "àìšà>๠"ài¡àÒüt¡îA¡ 󡺃àÚA¡ [ÅA¡o¹ š=ìi¡à Ò’º [>\ìA¡ \>๠³àì\[ƒ¡ú "àìšà>๠[ÅA¡o Îà³=¢¸¡ú "àšå[> "t¡ãt¡t¡ Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢¸t¡àì¹ ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡¹à š‡ý¡[t¡ ¡ú "àšå [ > \à[>¤îº Òü Z áà A¡¹à [¤ÈÚìi¡à¹ šø [ t¡ "àìšà>๠"àNøÒ "à¹ç¡ `¡à>ú "àìšà>๠¤àì¤ šƒà=¢ [¤`¡à> [Å[A¡¤îº ÎÒ\ Ò’¤ šàì¹ [A¡”ñ ëi¡[>Wô¡ ëJº¹ [¤ÈìÚ [Å[A¡¤îº A¡[k¡> Ò’¤ šà칡ú >àÒü¤à ÒüÚ๠[¤š¹ãt¡ìi¡à* Ò’¤ šà칡ú ÎA¡ìºà [ÅA¡ìoÒü &ìA¡ài¡à šø[yû¡Úà, [™ìi¡à [A¡áå³à> n¡àšt¡ δšèo¢ ÒÚ¡ú [ÅA¡o¹ W¡à[¹i¡à n¡àš Ò’º : &Òü šõË¡àA¡ ášà A¡¹A¡ *"à¹ç¡ šøÅì— A¡Òüi¡à¹ l¡üv¡¹ [ƒÚA¡¡ú t¡à¹ [šW¡t¡ "àìšà>๠l¡üv¡¹ γèÒ¹ "à¹ç¡ ">¸ "‹¸Ú> [>샢[ÅA¡à (Study guide) ¹ ÎÒàÚt¡ [>\¹ ¹o>ã[t¡ šøÑñt¡ A¡[¹ º*A¡¡ú "t¡ãt¡¹ š¹à "๴± : "àšå[> ëA¡ì>îA¡ [Å[A¡¤ [¤W¡àì¹ &Òü Ζƒ®¢¡t¡ "àìšà>๠"[®¡`¡t¡à [A¡? "àšå[> [A¡ ®¡àº šàÚ? š[Øn¡¤îº, γθà γà‹à> A¡[¹¤îº (to solve problems)? ³åJÑ‚ A¡[¹¤îº? "à¤õ[v¡ A¡[¹¤îº? ¤¸àJ¸à A¡[¹¤îº (to interpret)? ƒºãÚ®¡àì¯ A¡=à šà[t¡¤îº? 17 /

"àšå[> Îà¹à}Å ít¡Ú๠A¡[¹¤ \àì>ì>? "àšå[> [A¡ š[Øn¡[ẠëÎÒü [¤ÈìÚ [>\ìA¡ šøÅ— A¡[¹ìáì> >àÒü¤à šå>¹ãÛ¡o A¡[¹áàì>? [¤[®¡Ä l¡ü;ι š¹à t¡=¸ "àÒ¹o¹ Îå[¤‹à "àìá ë>? "àšå[> [>\¢>t¡à ®¡àº šàÚì> "‹¸Ú> ëKài¡ ®¡àº šàÚ? "àšå[> ¤× ëA¡Òüi¡à W¡³å "‹¸Ú> í¤k¡A¡ ®¡àº šàÚ ë> &i¡à ƒãQº í¤k¡A¡ ®¡àº šàÚ? "àìšà>๠"‹¸Ú> "®¡¸àÎì¤à¹ ëA¡ì>? ëÎÒüì¤à¹ ëA¡ì>ƒì¹ K[Øn¡ tå¡[ºìá? ëA¡à>ìi¡à ë¤[á A¡à³t¡ "à[Òìá "à¹ç¡ ëA¡à>ìi¡à ">à¯Å¸A¡? "àšå[> [ÅA¡à A¡=àìi¡à "à>A¡ "ài¡àÒüt¡îA¡ ®¡àºîA¡ ëA¡ì>îA¡ ¤å\à¤? [º[Jt¡ š¹ãۡ๠\[¹Úìt¡, [ÅÛ¡àA¡àºã> l¡üv¡¹ A¡àA¡t¡¹ \[¹Úìt¡, ë> ÎàÛ¡à;A¡à¹¹ ë™àìK[ƒ? ¤t¢¡³à>îº "àK¤àØn¡A¡ : &Òü [¤ÈÚìi¡àt¡ ³Òü [A¡³à> "àNøÒã? &Òü [¤ÈÚìi¡à [Å[A¡¤îº ³Òü [A¡³à> Î³Ú J¹á A¡[¹¤ [¤W¡àì¹à? ë³à¹ ³ì>àì™àK¹ ëA¡àì>à¤à šø[t¡‡–‡ã "àìá ë>[A¡? ë³à¹ Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢¸t¡à¹ š[¹ì¤Åìi¡à Î[k¡A¡ ë>? ³Òü ëA¡à>ì¤à¹ [>Ú”|o A¡[¹¤ šàì¹à? ëA¡à>ì¤à¹ ë³à¹ [>Ú”|o¹ ¤à[Ò¹t¡? ëÎÒü "¯Ñ‚àì¤à¹A¡ ³Òü Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢¸t¡àîº š[¹¤[t¢¡t¡ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹³ ë>? &Òü [¤ÈÚìi¡à [Å[A¡¤îº ë³à¹ [™ [·ý¡à”z "àìá, t¡àA¡ /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

[A¡ìÒ šø®¡à[¯t¡ A¡[¹ìá? ë³à¹ [A¡¤à "òàW¡[> "àìá ë>[A¡? ë³à¹ "òàW¡[>ìÚ šè¤¢¹ "[®¡`¡t¡à "à¹ç¡ ë³à¹ [>\Ѭ [ÅA¡o š‡ý¡[t¡A¡ [¤ì¤W¡>à A¡[¹ìáì>? šø[yû¡Úàìi¡àîº "àÒA¡; [¤ÈÚ ¤Ññ @ >à³ ¤à [Åì¹à>à³à [A¡ ? šøA¡i¡ íÒ š¹à ³èº Ŧ (Key words) ëA¡à> ëA¡Òüi¡à? ëÎÒüìA¡Òüi¡à ³Òü ¤å[\ šàÒüìáàì>? &Òü Ζƒ®¢¡t¡ ³Òü Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ [A¡ \àì>à? ÒüÚ๠íÎìt¡ δšA¢¡ãt¡ [¤ÈÚì¤à¹ \àì>à ë>? ëA¡ì> ‹¹o¹ l¡ü;Î "à¹ç¡ t¡=¸Òü ë³àA¡ ÎÒàÚ A¡[¹¤? ³Òü ëA¡¯º &i¡à l¡ü;Îìt¡ (ë™ì> šàk¡¸šå[=) [>®¢¡¹ A¡[¹³ ë>? "[t¡[¹v¡û¡ l¡ü;ι "à¯Å¸A¡ Ò’¤ ë>[A¡? ³Òü ë™[t¡Úà šìØ n ¡à, ët¡[t¡Úà ‘šØ n ¡à[J[> ¤å [ \ šàÒüìáàì>’ ¤å[º [>\ìA¡ ëÅàì‹àì> ? ³Òü t¡t¡àît¡ÚàîA¡ ë™à¯à l¡ü[W¡t¡ ë> ºàìÒ ºàìÒ ë™à¯à l¡ü[W¡t¡? ™[ƒ [A¡¤à &i¡à ¤å[\ >àšà*ò, ët¡[t¡Úà [A¡Ú ¤å\à >àÒü &Òü A¡=àìi¡à ëÅàì‹àì>? š[Øn¡ =àìA¡àìt¡ í¹ [ƒ* "à¹ç¡ Îà¹à}Å šøÑñt¡ A¡ì¹à ë>[A¡? *

³Òü í¹ ™à*ò ë>[A¡ "à¹ç¡ &Òüìi¡à ™å[v¡û¡šèo¢ íÒìáì> ¤å[º šøÅ— A¡ì¹à ë>? ³Òü í¹ ™à*ò ë>[A¡ "à¹ç¡ ÒüÚàA¡ ³èº¸àÚ> A¡ì¹à ë>? ("=¢à; Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ šØn¡à [¤ÈÚ¹ ºKt¡ ³Òü Ζµt¡ ë> "Ζµt¡ -ÿ-ÿ- &Òü A¡=à [¤ì¤W¡>à A¡ì¹àì>?) &Òü Ζƒ®¡¢t¡ ë³àA¡ γڹ šøìÚà\> ë>[A¡ ™àìt¡ [A¡áå [W¡”zà A¡[¹ šå>¹ [¤ÈÚìi¡àîº l¡ü®¡[i¡ "à[Ò¤ šàì¹à ? &Òü A¡=àìi¡à "à> [ÅA¡à¹ç¡¹ íÎìt¡ "àìºàW¡>à A¡¹àìi¡à "à¯Å¸A¡ ë>[A¡ ™àìt¡ ³Òü t¡=¸Î³èÒ šøÑtñ ¡ A¡[¹ º’¤ šàì¹à? &Òü [¤ÈÚ¹ *š¹t¡ A¡tõ¢¡â« =A¡à &\> ¤¸[v¡û¡ ë³à¹ "à¯Å¸A¡ ë>[A¡, ë™ì> &\> [ÅÛ¡A¡, Nø”‚àKà[¹A¡? šå>¹ãÛ¡o K[Øn¡ ët¡àºà : ³Òü ëA¡à>[J[> Î[k¡A¡îA¡ A¡[¹ìºà? ³Òü ëA¡à>ìi¡à ë¤[á ®¡àºîA¡ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹ìºàìÒìt¡>? A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ ë³à¹ ίºt¡à "à¹ç¡ ƒè¤º¢ t¡à[J[>¹ íÎìt¡ ë³à¹ "òàW¡[>J> [³º JàÒüìáì>? ³Òü Î[k¡A¡ W¡t¢¡Î³èÒ ¤à[W¡ íº[áìºàì>? ³Òü ®¡àºƒì¹ ë³àJ[> ³à[¹ìºà ë>? ³Òü [>\¹ šø[t¡ [>Ú³à>å¯t¢¡ã "à[áìºàì>? ³Òü Aõ¡t¡àA¡à™¢¸ Ò’ìºà ë>? &[t¡Úà ë³à¹ Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢¸t¡à l¡üƒ™ô àš> A¡[¹¤ šàì¹à ë>? (yû¡³Å@)

&Òü >tå¡> ‹à¹à¤à[ÒA¡ šø¤Þê¡[i¡¹ šø[t¡ìi¡à "‹¸àÚ ‘Ê¡à[l¡ KàÒül¡Wô¡ &r¡ ëÊ¡öìi¡[\’¹ 믤W¡àÒüi¡t¡ Ñ‚à> šà¤ ¤å[º ÒüÚ๠®¡àÈà* ëÎÒü ƒì¹ š[¹A¡[¿t¡¡ú ‘ášà A¡¹A¡’ Ŧ ƒåi¡àA¡ šàk¡ìA¡ ‘šø[t¡[º[š šøÑñt¡ A¡¹A¡’ ¤å[º* š[Øn¡¤ šà칡ú (">å¤àƒA¡ Òü}¹à\ã ®¡àÈà "à¹ç¡ Îà[Òt¡¸¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡)

(Contd. from Page 15)

An Engineer from IIT, now a Farmer only be two people. I am not saying the eight should go jobless. What we should do is, create employment in the villages based on other agro activities like value addition, processing, etc.We can go for mechanisation in large areas so that the cost per acre goes down. In India, the cost per every meal is very high. So, my next concern is, how do you make it cheap. In America, the unskilled working for one hour can earn three meals a day. Here, in the rural areas, even if they work for one day, they can’t get one meal a day. How do you /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

bring down the cost? By producing more food. So, my intention is to make more food. Food insecurity in India : The United Nations says 65 per cent of the world population suffers from food deficiency, and India ranks first in the list. About 49 per cent of our children are undernourished. This means our future generation will be affected. If we are not going to give attention to this area, we are in for real trouble. Food insecurity is more threatening than an atom bomb! © http://theheadlinestoday.com/2008/12

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&Òü¤á¹ ëA¡–ƒøãÚ ëºàA¡ìίà "àìÚàK¹ "Îà³[¹A¡ ëί๠š¹ãۡ๠ó¡ºàó¡ìº γNø "γ¤àÎãîº &A¡ "à>– ƒ¹ ¤t¡¹à íº "à[>캡ú ³åk¡ &Q๠\> šøà=¢ã &Òü š¹ãۡ๠Wè¡lØ ¡à”z ¤àW¡[>t¡ l¡üv¡ão¢ ëÒà¯àìi¡à ÎòW¡àÒü ¹à\¸J>¹ ¤àì¤ W¡³A¡šøƒ šøƒÅ¢>¡ú ÎA¡ìºà [ƒÅìt¡ šàáš¹à ¤å[º "Δñ[Ê¡ "à¹ç¡ Òã>³>¸t¡àt¡ ®å¡[K =A¡à "γ¹ \>Îà‹à¹ìo t¡=à ¹à\¸J>¹ ÎA¡ìºà šøW¡à¹ ³à‹¸ì³ &Òü Îà󡺸A¡ [¤\Ú l¡üÀàìÎì¹ "àƒ¹[o \>à캡ú [A¡”ñ &i¡à ¤á¹¹ ëA¡Òü\>³à> šøà=¢ã¹ Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢t¡àA¡ íº l¡üÀà[Ît¡ íÒ =à[A¡ìº ¤à "àuΔñ[Ê¡ º[®¡ìº >Ò’¤¡ú &Òü Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢t¡à¹ ‹à¹à¤à[ÒA¡t¡à ¹Û¡à A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú ëA¡¯º [W¡[®¡º W¡à[®¢¡ìá\ š¹ãÛ¡àÒü >ÒÚ, ÎA¡ìºà ‹¹o¹ ¹àÊ¡öãÚ š™¢àÚ¹ šø[t¡ì™àKãt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ "à³à¹ áàyáàyãÎA¡ìº Aõ¡[t¡â« šøƒÅ¢> A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú ëA¡Òü\>³à> áày-áàyã¹ Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢t¡à šøW¡à¹ ³à‹¸³¹ [Åì¹à>à³ Ò’¤ ºKãÚà ëÒà¯àìi¡à Τ¢®¡à¹t¡ãÚ š™¢àÚt¡ ¹à\¸J>¹ áày-áàyãÎA¡º¹ ƒå¤¢º [Ñ‚[t¡¹ìÒ š[¹W¡àÚA¡¡ú ÎA¡ìºà šø[t¡ì™àKãt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ "γ¹ áày-áàyã¹ l¡üv¡ão¢¹ Ò๠¤õ[‡ý¡ šà¤ ºà[K¤ "à¹ç¡ &ì> š¹ãÛ¡à γèÒt¡ "γ¹ áàyáàyãÎA¡º¹

19 /

"à[‹št¡¸ &A¡ [>Ú³ãÚà Qi¡>àt¡ š[¹ot¡ Ò’ìºìÒ "àW¡ºìt¡ ¹à\¸J>¹ Îå[ƒ> "à[Ò¤¡ú ëºàA¡ìίà "àìÚàK (UPSC) ¹ "[t¡ Ζµà>\>A¡ "Îà³[¹A¡ ëÎ¯à š¹ãÛ¡à (Civil Services) t¡ "γ¹ áàyáàyãÎA¡º¹ ó¡ºàó¡º Îì”zàÈ\>A¡ ë>àìÒà¯à¹ ¤× A¡à¹A¡ "àìá¡ú &Òüì¤à¹ š™¢àìºàW¡>à A¡[¹ ƒè¹ A¡[¹ìºìÒ "γ¹ áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº ÒüÚàt¡ l¡üÄt¡ ó¡ºàó¡º šøƒÅ¢> A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¤¡ú šø=³ A¡=à Ò’º -ÿ-ÿ- &Òü š¹ãۡ๠δšìA¢¡ áàyáàyã ÎA¡º¹ ³à\t¡ Î\àKt¡à ¤õ[‡ý¡ A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú &[t¡Úà* "à³à¹ "[‹A¡à}Å áày-áàyãì¹ ëºàA¡ìίà "àìÚàK¹ ‡à¹à ">å[Ë¡t¡ "Îà³[¹A¡ ëί๠š¹ãۡ๠[¤ÈìÚ ëA¡àì>à γ¸A¡ ‹à¹oà >àÒü¡ú "¯ìŸ ë³[l¡Ú๠Aõ¡šàt¡ &Òü¤à¹ &Òü δšìA¢¡ ™ì=Ê¡ šøW¡à¹ íÒìá "à¹ç¡ ¤× Î}J¸A¡ áày-áàyã &ì> š¹ãۡ๠šø[t¡ "àNøÒã ëÒà¯à ëƒJà íKìá¡ú &Òü¤à¹ l¡ü@ ³à@ š¹ãۡ๠ó¡ºà󡺹 šàát¡ ¤× Î}J¸A¡ Aõ¡[t¡ áày-áàyãìÚ "àÒü-&&á¡ (IAS) ëÒà¯à ÒüZá๠A¡=à šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ìá¡ú [A¡”ñ ët¡*òìºàìA¡à šøAõ¡t¡ìt¡ &Òü š¹ãÛ¡à δšìA¢¡ [A¡³à> "¯Kt¡ [Î Îì– ƒÒ\>A¡¡ú "àW¡ºìt¡ &Òü š¹ãÛ¡àìi¡à δšìA¢¡ ¤× ‘³ã=’ šøW¡[ºt¡ íÒ "àìá¡ú ¤×ìt¡Òü &Òü š¹ãÛ¡à

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

¤× A¡[k¡> ¤å[º ®¡à[¯ ƒè¹¹ š¹àÒü >³ÑH๠A¡¹à¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡ ¤×ìt¡ "àìA¡ï ‘šà>ã[³î=’ ¤å[º ‹[¹ íº &ì>ìÚ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ ¤ìÒ¡ú ¤×ìt¡ "àìA¡ï ®¡àì¯ [ƒÀãîº KìºÒü "àÒü-&-&á Ò’¤ šà[¹¡ú [A¡”ñ ëA¡àì>à A¡ìº\t¡ [™ ëA¡àì>à l¡üšàìÚì¹ (l¡ì>Ÿ> ¤à ëA¡[šìi¡Å¸> [ó¡ [ƒ Ò’ìº*) >à³ ®¡[t¢¡ A¡[¹ l¡àv¡û¡¹ / Òü[g[>Ú๠¤à &³ [¤ & ëÒà¯à¹ ƒì¹ ‘ëA¡à[W¡} ëW¡si¡à¹t¡’ šø[ÅÛ¡o ºìºÒü "àÒü-&-&á ëÒà¯à¹ [>ÆW¡Út¡à >à=àìA¡¡ú &Òü š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ l¡üv¡¢ão Ò’¤¹ ¤àì¤ ƒãQ¢[ƒ>ãÚà šøÑñ[t¡¹ šøìÚà\>¡ú ëA¡¯º [>\¹ [¤ÈÚ¹ "‹¸Úì>Òü ™ì=Ê¡ >ÒÚ, Îà‹à¹o `¡à>¹ ®ò¡¹àìºà ™ì=Ê¡ W¡ÒA¡ã Ò’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú ëÎÒü [ƒÅt¡ [A¡”ñ "à³à¹ 볋à "à>[A¡ ÅãÈ¢ Ñ‚à> ƒJº A¡¹à áày-áàyãÎA¡ìºà "[t¡ ëÅàW¡>ãÚ ®¡àì¯ šàáš¹à¡ú "¯ìŸ "à³à¹ ¹à\¸J>¹ Τ¢y Îà‹à¹o `¡à>¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ íƒ>¸ ƒÅà [¤ƒ¸³à>¡ú "à³à¹ ë³[l¡ÚàÒü Î}™åv¡û¡ "Îà³à[¹A¡ š¹ãۡ๠ó¡ºàó¡º t¡à[ºA¡à¹ ëÅȹ ó¡àìº =A¡à ÎA¡ºìA¡à "àÒü-&-&á ¤>àÒü [ƒìÚ, ¹àÒüì\* t¡àìA¡ ÎòW¡à ¤å[º ®¡à[¯ =àìA¡¡ú [A¡”ñ Òü ®¡[¯È¸t¡ šø\–µ¹ áàyáàyãÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ Û¡[t¡A¡à¹A¡ Ò’¤ šà칡ú ¤àÑz¯ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡¹ δšìA¢¡ ®¡[¯È¸ìt¡ šø[t¡ì™àKãt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡à [ƒ³ ¤å[º ®¡¯à áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº "¯[Òt¡ ëÒà¯à "[t¡ \¹ç¡¹ã¡ú &Òü¤à¹ l¡üv¡¢ão ³åk¡ 11 \> š¹ãÛ¡à=¢ã¹ ³ày ƒå\>ìÒ "àÒü.&.&á [¤ÈÚ๠ëÒà¯à [>ÆW¡Út¡à "àìá, ëÎÒü Ú à \à[>ìºìÒ ®¡[¯È¸ìt¡ "àÒü . &.&á Ò’³ ¤å [ º ®¡à[¯ =A¡à áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à¹ K[t¡ ">审¯ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¤ "à¹ç¡ [>\ìA¡ "[‹A¡ šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à¹ ¤àì¤ šøÑñt¡ A¡[¹ tå¡[º¤ šà[¹¤¡ú "à[³ šø`¡à>¹ šõË¡àt¡ Òü[t¡šè줢 "Îà³[¹A¡ ëÎ¯à š¹ãۡ๠δšìA¢¡ ™ì=Ê¡ [¤Ñzà[¹t¡®¡àì¯ "àìºàW¡>à A¡[¹ìáòà¡ú &[t¡Úà t¡à¹ šå>ì¹à[v¡û¡ >A¡[¹ "àNøÒã áày-áàyãÎA¡ºA¡ ³àì=à A¡¤ ëJàì\òà ë™ &Òü š¹ãÛ¡à A¡[k¡>, [A¡”ñ "δ±¯ >ÒÚ¡ú "à>[A¡ "àÒü.&.&á Ò’¤¹ ¤àì¤* Îà}Qà[i¡A¡ ë³‹à ¤à W¡³A¡šøƒ ó¡ºàó¡º A¡¹à¹ "à¯Å¸A¡ >àÒü¡ú Îà‹à¹o ¤å[‡ý¡ ¤õ[v¡¹ áày-áàyãìÚ* [>\¹ "‹¸¯ÎàÚ¹ ¤ºt¡ &Òü š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ ®¡àº ó¡º ëƒJå*¯à¤ šà칡ú &Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ "ài¡àÒüt¡îA¡ šøìÚà\> Ò’º š[¹A¡[¿t¡ šøÑ[ñ t¡, í‹™¢, ">åÅãº> "à¹ç¡ K®¡ã¹ "àu[¤Å«àΡú A¡ìº\ / [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ š¹ãۡ๠ºKt¡ šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡à &ìA¡ >ÒÚ¡ú [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ "[t¡ Îà}Qà[i¡t¡ [¹\àÂi¡ A¡¹à \ì>* šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ ¤¸=¢ Ò’¤ šà칡ú A¡à¹o, A¡ìº\ [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ áày-áàyã \>¹ ëA¡¯º [¤ÈÚKt¡ `¡à>¹ š¹ãÛ¡à ëºà¯à ÒÚ¡ú [A¡”ñ, šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à ³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ šøà=¢ã \>¹ ëA¡àì>à [>[ƒ¢Ê¡ [¤ÈÚ¹ šà[r¡t¡¸ ëW¡à¯à¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡ Îà³[NøA¡ `¡à> "à¹ç¡ ¤¸[v¡û¡â«¹ ³èº¸àÚ> A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú [™ìA¡àì>à Τ¢®¡à¹t¡ãÚ šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡à [ƒ¤ ëJà\à áày-áàyãìÚ [>\¹ Îà‹à¹o `¡à>¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡ A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ ™â— A¡[¹¤ ºàìK¡ú t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ ¤àt¡[¹ A¡àA¡t¡, "àìºàW¡>ã "à[ƒ [>Ú³ãÚàîA¡ "à¹ç¡ šå}Jà>åš}å J®¡àì¯ "‹¸Ú> A¡¹à¹ "®¡¸àÎ A¡[¹¤ ºàìK¡ú ™à¹ "®¡à¯t¡ ¤× Aõ¡[t¡ áày* šàát¡ ³åJ ë=ìA¡W¡à JठºKà ÒÚ¡ú /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à> : Environmental Science Îà´ß[t¡A¡ ³à>¯ γàì\ ΖµåJã> ëÒà¯à ®¡Úà¤Ò γθà γèÒ¹ ">¸t¡³ íÒìá š[¹ì¤Å šøƒèÈo¡ú šøƒèÈo¹ ó¡ºt¡ "à³à¹ ¤àÚå, ³à[i¡, šà>ã ÎA¡ìºà &ì>îA¡ ƒè[Èt¡ íÒ š[¹ìá ë™ &Òü ‹¹à t¡=à ÒüÚ๠\ã¯A塺¹ ®¡[¯È¸t¡ "[Ñzâ« "à[\ [¤šÄ íÒ š[¹ìá¡ú š[¹ì¤Å šøƒÈè o¹ ó¡ºt¡ Îõ[Ê¡ ëÒà¯à γθ๠®¡Úà¤Òt¡à ">å‹à¯> A¡[¹ "à[\ [¤Å« \å[¹ š[¹ì¤Å Î}¹Û¡o¹ ¤àì¤ Î\àKt¡à ¤õ[‡ý¡ šàÒüìá¡ú ÒüÚ๠¤àì¤ š[¹ì¤Å Î}¹Û¡o "à¹ç¡ t¡à¹ ºKt¡ \[Øl¡t¡ "à>åÈ}[KA¡ [¤ÈÚγèÒ "‹¸Ú>¹ ¤àì¤ &A¡ ÎåA¡ãÚà "‹¸Ú> [¤ÈÚ KØn¡ íº l¡ü[k¡ìá "à¹ç¡ t¡à¹ P¡¹ç¡â« "à¹ç¡ \>[šøÚt¡à yû¡³àt¡ ¤õ[‡ý¡ šàÒüìá¡ú [¤Å«¹ l¡üÄt¡ ëƒÅì¤à¹t¡ Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ ‰ç¡t¡ [¤A¡àÅ Q[i¡ìá "à¹ç¡ ëÎÒü [¤ÈÚ¹ áày Kì¯ÈA¡ ÎA¡º¹ ¤\๠W¡à[Òƒà* ¤õ[‡ý¡ šàÒüìá¡ú ®¡à¹t¡ìt¡à Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ "‹¸Ú>¹ ¤àì¤ [¤[®¡Ä [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡ [¤[®¡Ä šàk¡¸yû¡³ ³åA¡[º A¡¹à íÒìá¡ú š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ (Environmental Science) [ÅÛ¡à NøÒo A¡¹à áày áàyãÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ "à[\ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ¤× š= ³åA¡[º íÒìá¡ú š[¹ì¤Å ÎìW¡t¡>t¡à ¤õ[‡ý¡¹ ºìK ºìK W¡¹A¡àì¹* šøƒÈè o [>Ú”|o t¡=à š[¹ì¤Å Î}¹Û¡o [¤ÈÚt¡ P¡¹ç¡â« [ƒ¤îº íºìá¡ú [¤[®¡Ä A¡º-A¡à¹Jà>à, l¡ü샸àK, ¤õÒ; šø[t¡Ë¡à> γèìÒ* šøƒÈè o [>Ú”|o¹ ¤àì¤ [¤[®¡Ä A¡à™¢¤¸¯Ñ‚à Òàt¡t¡ íºìá¡ú &Òü[¤ºàA¡ [ƒÅ t¡â«à¤‹à> A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤ šøìÚà\> íÒìá š[¹ì¤Å [¤ÈÚA¡ [¤ìÅÈ `¡à> "à¹ç¡ "Ò¢t¡à δšÄ ëºàA¡¹¡ú ÒüÚ๠ó¡ºt¡ š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ "Ò¢t¡à δšÄ ¤¸[v¡û¡¹ ™ì=Ê¡ W¡à[Òƒà Îõ[Ê¡ íÒìá¡ú &Òü [¤ÈÚ¹ [ÅÛ¡à šøàœ¡ ¤¸[v¡û¡ìÚ W¡¹A¡à¹ã / ë¤W¡¹A¡à¹ã l¡ü®¡Ú Jr¡ìt¡ A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš> šà¤ šà칡ú ¤t¢¡³à> γÚt¡ &ì> [¤ÈÚ "‹¸Ú> A¡[¹ Îà‹à¹oìt¡ t¡ºt¡ [ƒÚà ëÛ¡y γèÒt¡ ëA¡[¹Ú๠K[Øn¡¤ šà[¹¡ú 1¡ú l¡ü샸àK (Industry) 2¡ú Kì¯Èoà "à¹ç¡ l¡üÄÚ> (R & D) 3¡ú Îà³à[\A¡ l¡üÄÚ> (Social development) 4¡ú š[¹ì¤Å Îà}¤à[ƒA¡t¡à (Environment journalism) Òüt¡¸à[ƒ¡ú š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ W¡à[Òƒà "à¹ç¡ \>[šøÚt¡à ¤õ[‡ý¡¹ šø[t¡ 21 /

ºÛ¡¸ ¹à[J ÒüÚàA¡ "à[³ ®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠"àJ¸à [ƒ¤ šàì¹òà¡ú A¡à¹o š[¹ì¤Å¹ "¯Û¡Ú [™ Òà¹t¡ Q[i¡¤îº íºìá ™’t¡ γNø [¤Å«Òü ">àKt¡ [ƒ>t¡ š[¹ì¤Å Î}¹Û¡o¹ Τ¢à[‹A¡ P¡¹ç¡â« [ƒ¤îº ¤à‹¸ Ò’¤¡ú ëÎÒü ëÛ¡yt¡ ‹à™¢ A¡¹à šåò[\* ët¡ì>ƒì¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡ šà¤¡ú t¡à¹ ó¡ºt¡ "ƒè¹ ®¡[¯È¸t¡t¡ š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>ãÎA¡º¹ W¡à[Òƒà "àÅàt¡ãt¡®¡àì¯ ¤õ[‡ý¡ šà¤¡ú ëA¡[¹Ú๠[>¤¢àW¡>¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ [‡‹àt¡ =A¡à áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à> "‹¸Ú> A¡[¹ [>\¹ ¤àì¤ &A¡ [¤Å«\>ã> ëA¡[¹Ú๠(Global Career) K[Øn¡¤ šà칡ú Kt¡à>åK[t¡A¡ ëÛ¡y γèÒ¹ š¹à "àtò¡[¹ "à³à¹ áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ ¤Òº ëÛ¡yJ>t¡ šøì¤Å A¡[¹ [>\ìA¡ ®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ ¤àì¤ Îà\å A¡¹àìt¡à [>ÆW¡Ú ®¡àº Ò’¤¡ú šàk¡¸yû¡³ "à¹ç¡ [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à> @ š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ Ñ•àt¡A¡ (B. Sc) "à¹ç¡ Ñ•àt¡ìA¡àv¡¹ (M. Sc), l¡ü®¡Ú š™¢àÚt¡ "‹¸Ú> A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¡ú ë¤[ᮡàK [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡ &Òü [¤ÈÚ¹ Ñ•àt¡ìA¡àv¡¹ šàk¡¸yû¡³ (M. Sc in EV Sc.) "àK¤ìØn¡à¯à ÒÚ ™[ƒ* ¤× [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡ ÒüÚàA¡ Ñ•àt¡A¡ ³Òºàìt¡ "‹¸Ú>¹ Îå[¤‹à "àìá¡ú &Òü [¤ÈÚ¹ Ñ•àt¡ìA¡àv¡¹ šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ >à³®¡[v¢¡ A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ šøà=¢ã [¤`¡à>¹ Ñ•àt¡A¡ (B. Sc) ëÒà¯à šøìÚà\>¡ú t¡ºt¡ &Òü [¤ÈÚ¹ "‹¸Ú>¹ Îå[¤‹à =A¡à ëA¡ÒüJ>³à> [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>¹ >à³, šàk¡¸yû¡³ "à¹ç¡ ë™àK¸t¡à l¡üìÀJ A¡¹à Ò’º : 1)

Delhi University, Delhi. /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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Course : B.Sc. Ev.Sc. Eligibility : 10 + 2 with Physics. Jamia Hamdard University M. Sc. Ev.Sc (Eligibility : B.Sc) Delhi College of Engineering. (M.Sc. Ev.Sc) JNU, New Delhi (M.Sc. Ev.Sc) Sambalpur University, Orissa. Course : PG Dip. in Environmental Education and Management. Eligibility : Degree / PG in any Discipline. Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Environment Education & Research Bharati Vidyapeeth University Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune 411 043 Maharashtra. Course : B.Sc/ M.Sc on Ev. Sc SNDT Women’s University, Mumbai Course : Environmental and Development (Post Graduation) Duration : 1 Year Eligibiliy : Only female candidated with graduation or post graduation in any subject. Marathwada University, Maharashtra Course : M.Sc. Ev.Sc. Eligibility : BSc. Duration : 2 years B.R. Ambedkar Marathwada University,

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11.

12. 13.

Aurangabad-431004, Maharashtra Course : M.Sc. Ev.Sc Eligibility : B.Sc. Duration : 2 years Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur, Maharashtra Course : M.Sc. Environmental Geology Eligibility : B.Sc. Duration : 2 years Assam University,Dargakona, Silchar-11 Courses : i] M.Sc. (by course work). Duration : Two Years (Four Sem). No. of seats : 31 ii] M.Phil ( by course work and dissertation). Duration : Three Semesters. No. of seats: 13 iii] Ph.D. (by research work) iv] D.Sc. v] PGDTM (by course work) Duration : Two Semester Gauhati University, Guwahati Courses : M.Sc, M.Phil and Ph.D Tezpur University, School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources. i] Dept. of Energy ii] Dept. of Environmental Studies iii] M.Sc in Environmental Science For more information visit : www.indicareer.com.

[>[ÆW¡t¡ ëA¡[¹Úà¹

W¡ài¢¡àl¡ &A¡àl¡üìsi¡si¡¡ : Chartered Accountant (CA) [¤v¡ãÚ ëÛ¡yJ>¹ ëA¡[¹Úà¹Î³èÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ &ìA¡¤àì¹ ÅãÈ¢t¡ =A¡à ">¸t¡³ ëA¡[¹Ú๠Ғº W¡ài¢¡àl¡ &A¡àl¡üìsi¡si¡, W¡³åîA¡ CAú Òü ¤t¡¢³à> γڹ &A¡ "[t¡ \>[šøÚ ëA¡[¹Úà¹, ™’t¡ šøt¡¸àÔà>¹ ºKìt¡ Îå–ƒ¹ 󡺹 Îåì™àK "àìá¡ú ëƒÅ¹ "=¢>ã[t¡¹ [™³àì> [¤A¡àÅ Ò’¤, CA ÎA¡º¹ W¡à[Òƒà "à¹ç¡ P¡¹ç¡â«* [γàì> ¤õ[‡ý¡ šà¤¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ ®¡[¯È¸t¡ δ±à¯>๠ó¡àº¹ š¹à* Òü &A¡ šø=³ šW¡–ƒ¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠[ÒW¡àì¤ Ñ¬ãAõ¡[t¡ ºà®¡ A¡[¹ìá¡ú CA Ò’º [ÒW¡à¤ ¹Û¡à, [ÒW¡à¤ š¹ãÛ¡à (Auditing) "à¹ç¡ A¡¹ Î}yû¡à”zãÚ [¤ÈÚ¹ [¤ìÅÈ`¡¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ Î¹ç¡, l¡àR¡¹ ÎA¡ìºà ¤¸¯Îà[ÚA¡ šø[t¡Ë¡à>ìt¡ CA ÎA¡º¹ ëί๠šøìÚà\>¡ú ëA¡à´šà>ã "àÒü> ">åÎ[¹ [™ ëA¡àì>à ëA¡à´šà>ã¹ [ÒW¡à¤ š¹ãۡ๠¤àì¤ CA [>™å[v¡û¡ [ƒÚà ¤à‹¸t¡à³èºA¡¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ CA ÎA¡º¹ W¡à[Òƒà ™ì=Ê¡ "àìá "à¹ç¡ Òü yû¡³àt¡ ¤õ[‡ý¡ šàÒüìá¡ú CA Ò’¤¹ ¤àì¤ &\> ¤¸[v¡û¡ (Institute of Char/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

tered Accountants of India (ICAI) ¹ ΃θ

Ò’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú &Òü ">åË¡à>¹ ΃θšƒ ºà®¡¹ ¤àì¤ &i¡à [¤ìÅÈ šàk¡¸yû¡³ Î³àœ¡ A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú ICAI ‡à¹à š[¹W¡à[ºt¡ &Òü šàk¡¸yû¡³¹ [t¡[>i¡à Ñz¹ "àìá @ -ÿ- (i) Competency Professional test (CPT) (ii) Professional competency Exam (PCE) (ii) Final Exam. l¡üZW¡t¡¹ ³à‹¸[³A¡ (10 + 2) l¡üv¡ão¢ ¤à "¯t¡ão¢ áàyáàyãìÚ CA šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ (CPT) >à³ ®¡[t¢¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú

ëKàìi¡Òü ¤á¹ \å[¹ &Òü šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ >à³ ®¡[t¢¡ W¡[º =àìA¡¡ú / 22

š¹ãÛ¡à ¤á¹t¡ ƒå¤à¹ (ë³ "à¹ç¡ >쯴¬¹) ">å[Ë¡t¡ ÒÚ¡ú "à>Òàìt¡ ¤à[o\¸¹ Ñ•àt¡A¡ (B Com with 50% marks), "=¤à 55% >´¬¹ ÎÒ ">¸ [¤ÈÚA¡ Ñ•àt¡A¡ÎA¡ìº ëšà>ši¡ãÚàîA¡ PCC šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ >à³ ®¡[t¢¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú PCE l¡üv¡ão¢ áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº &ìA¡à\> A¡³¢¹t¡ CA ¹ "‹ã>t¡ šø[ÅÛ¡à=¢ã (Articled clerk) [ÒW¡àì¤ >è¸>t¡³ &¤á¹ A¡à³ A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú t¡à¹ šàát¡ CA Wè¡lØ ¡à”z š¹ãÛ¡à šàá A¡[¹ &\> CA [ÒW¡àì¤ [>\¹ >à³ šgãÚ> A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¤¡ú [>™å[v¡û¡¹ [ƒÅ¹ š¹à CA &A¡ "[t¡ [>[ÆW¡t¡ ëA¡[¹Ú๡ú Articled / Audit clerk [ÒW¡àì¤ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ γڹ š¹àÒü áàyáàyãÎA¡º¹ l¡üšà\¢> "๴± ÒÚ¡ú CA [ÒW¡àì¤ šgãÚ> ºà®¡ A¡¹à¹ šàát¡ W¡¹A¡à¹ã / ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ l¡ü®¡Ú Jr¡ìt¡ ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ ¤àì¤ [>[ÆW¡t¡ [>ìÚàK¹ šèo¢ Îåì™àK "àìá¡ú ®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ [>ÆW¡Út¡à [¤W¡¹à "à¹ç¡ t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ šøt¡¸àÔà> º¤îº Îà\å =A¡à ÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ CA Ò’¤ šàì¹ šø=³ šW¡–ƒ¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๡ú &Òü šàk¡¸yû¡³ NøÒo A¡[¹¤ [¤W¡¹à áàyáàyãÎA¡ìº t¡º¹ [k¡A¡>àt¡ ë™àKàì™àK A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú

¹à\>ã[t¡* Ò’¤ šàì¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠: Politics as a Career

¹à\>ã[t¡ ¤å[ºìºÒü ¤×ìt¡Òü >àA¡ ëA¡àW¡àÚ¡ú [¤ìÅÈîA¡ [Å[Û¡t¡ ™å¯ W¡à³¹ ³à\t¡ ¹à\>ã[t¡¹ šø[t¡ &A¡ [¤¹àK ®¡à¯ ëƒJà ™àÚ¡ú 볋à áày-áàyãÎA¡º¹ "[‹A¡à}ÅÒü ¹à\>ã[t¡ "à¹ç¡ ¹à\î>[t¡A¡ [¤ÈÚγèÒ¹ δšìA¢¡ ë>[t¡¤àW¡A¡ ƒõ[Ê¡®¡}Kã šøA¡àÅ A¡¹àìi¡à šøàìÚÒü ëƒ[J¤îº šà*ò¡ú "¯ìŸ "à³à¹ ëƒÅ¹ ¹à\>ã[t¡[¤ƒ ë>t¡àÎA¡º¹ A¡à³ A¡à\ ëƒ[Jìº ¹à\>ã[t¡¹ šø[t¡ [¤¹àK \–µàìi¡à Ѭ஡à[¯A¡¡ú [A¡”ñ &[t¡Úà Î³Ú Îº[> íÒìá¡ú ëÎï [Î[ƒ>àîº "[Å[Û¡t¡, "‡ý¡¢ [Å[Û¡t¡, "š¹à‹ã t¡=à "®¡¤¸ ëºàA¡¹ [¤W¡¹o ®è¡[³ ¹ê¡ìš š[¹K[ot¡ ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ ¹à\>ã[t¡t¡ &W¡à[i¡ š[¹¤t¢¡>¹ ¤t¡àÒ ¤[º¤îº íºìá¡ú ¹à\>ã[t¡t¡ [Å[Û¡t¡ ëºàA¡¹ Î}J¸à ¤à[Øn¡ìá, ¤à[Øn¡ìá ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ P¡¹ç¡â«¡ú ë™à¯à ƒÅA¡t¡ ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ ¹à\>ã[t¡t¡ l¡üZW¡ [Å[Û¡t¡ ëºàA¡¹ šø®¡à¯ ¤õ[‡ý¡ ëšà¯à ëƒJà íKìá¡ú ®¡à¹t¡¹ ¤t¢¡³à>¹ šø‹à> ³”|ã l¡0 ³>ì³àÒ> [Î} "Gó¡’l¢¡, ëA¡[´¬\ ö ¹ [ÅÛ¡àšøàœ¡ "à”z@¹àÊ¡öãÚ J¸à[t¡ δšÄ "=¢>ã[t¡¹ Kì¯ÈA¡, "‹¸àšA¡, [¤ìÅÈ`¡¡ú l¡0 [ÎR¡¹ &Òü¤à¹¹ ³”|ã ή¡à¹ ƒÛ¡t¡à "à¹ç¡ A¡³¢šiå¡i¡à¹ [®¡[v¡t¡ ">¸à>¸ W¡¹A¡à¹ã l¡üZW¡ šƒ¹ šøà=¢ã [>¤¢àW¡>¹ ƒì¹Òü [>¤¢àW¡> A¡¹à íÒìá ³”|ã ÎA¡ºA¡¡ú [š [W¡ƒà´¬¹³ Ò’º Ò஢¡àƒ¢ [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ &³. [¤. & [l¡Nøã‹à¹ã, &³.&W¡ Aõ¡Ì¡ ëi¡GàW¡¹ š¹à "àÒü>¹ [l¡Nøã ëºà¯à "à”z¹àÊ¡öãÚ "àÒü> [¤ìÅÈ`¡, A¡[šº [W¡¤àº [¤[ÅÊ¡ "àÒü>`¡, í¤ìƒ[ÅA¡ š[¹yû¡³à (¹à[\¸A¡) ³”|ã¹ ‡à[Úâ« ëºà¯à ÅÅã =à¹ç¡¹ [¤[ÅÊ¡ Aå¡i¡>ã[t¡[¤ƒ t¡=à ¹àÊ¡öÎ}Q¹ šøàv¡û¡> "¯¹ Î[W¡¤¡ú ³”|ãή¡à¹ ">¸à>¸ ë\¸Ë¡ ΃θ ÎA¡º¹ "[‹A¡à}ÅÒü l¡üZW¡ [Å[Û¡t¡ ëÒà¯à¹ ºKìt¡ >¯[>¤à[W¢¡t¡ t¡¹ç¡o ³”|ãÎA¡º "à‹å[>A¡ [ÅÛ¡àì¹ [Å[Û¡t¡¡ú ‘®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ 1. Guwahati Branch of Eastern šø‹à>³”|ã’ "àJ¸à ëšà¯à ¹à׺ KàÞê¡ã ‘l¡üÄÚ> "=¢>ã[t¡¹’ &³.[ó¡º [l¡Nøã ‹à¹ã¡ú India Regional Council, "àìA¡ï ³”|ã ή¡à¹ Τ¢A¡[>Ë¡ ΃θà "àKà=à W¡à}³à "àÒü>¹ Ñ•àt¡A¡ ëÒà¯à¹ The Institute of Chartered l¡üš[¹ š[¹ì¤Å ¤¸¯Ñ‚àš>à [¤ÈÚA¡ &³. [ó¡º [l¡Nøã ‹à¹ã¡ú ¤t¢¡³à> ëºàA¡Î®¡à¹ Accountants of India "‹¸Û¡à ³ã¹à A塳๠šè줢 ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ í¤ìƒ[ÅA¡ ëί๠(IFS) [¤ÈÚà "à[ạú Ambari (Near AGP Office), ¹àÊ¡öãÚ ¹à\>ã[t¡t¡ P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ Ñ‚à> ƒJº A¡[¹ =A¡à ¤× ëA¡Òü\> ë>t¡à-ë>yãìÚ Guwahati : 781001 Assam Phone : 03612513774 ¹à\î>[t¡A¡ \ã¯> "๴± A¡[¹[Ạáày ë>t¡à [ÒW¡à줡ú [¤ìÅÈîA¡ \¯àÒ¹ºàº email : [email protected], ë>Ò¹ç¡ [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ &ÒüìÛ¡yt¡ [¤ìÅÈ Îå>à³ "àìá¡ú "γ¹ ¹à\>ã[t¡¹ [email protected] ¤t¢¡³à>¹ ¤×ìA¡Òü\> ƒÛ¡ ë>t¡à "à[ẠA¡i¡> A¡ìº\ "à¹ç¡ ë\.[¤ A¡ìº\ Web : www.icaiguwahati.org áày Î}т๠šøàv¡û¡> [¤ÈÚ¤¤ãÚà¡ú [¤Kt¡ [>¤¢àW¡>t¡ ¤× "š¹à‹ã ¹à\>ã[t¡A¡¹ 2. St. Edmund’s College š¹à\Ú [¤š¹ãìt¡ [Å[Û¡t¡, t¡¹ç¡o šøà=ã¹ [¤\ìÚ ëƒÅ¹ ¹à\>ã[t¡îº >tå¡> Laitumukhrah Road š[¹¤t¢¡>¹ "àK\à>>ã [ƒìá¡ú ëƒÅ &J>¹ l¡üÄ[t¡¹ ¤àì¤ l¡àv¡û¡¹, Òü[g[>Úà¹, Shillong - 793 003, Meghalaya "àì³àºà, [ÅÛ¡A¡, [¤`¡à>ã¹ ºKìt¡ ƒÛ¡ì>t¡àì¹à šøìÚà\>¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ "à³à¹ Phone : 0364-229993 ëW¡àA¡à ¤å[‡ý¡¹ áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº ¹à\>ã[t¡¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ šøì¯Å A¡[¹ 3. Asansol Branch of EIRC of ICAI, ÒüÚàìA¡à ëA¡[¹Ú๠[ÒW¡àì¤ º’¤ šà칡ú ‘¹à\>ã[t¡ ƒKà¤à\¹ ëÅÈ ICAI Bhawan "àÅø Ú ’ ¤å [ º ®¡à[¯ =A¡à¹ [ƒ> "à[\ *A¡[ºº¡ú Kalyanpur Housing More Vivekananda Sarani P.O. Asansol Dist. Burdwan : 713305 West Bengal

([ºJA¡ ¹à\>ã[t¡ [¤`¡à>¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡) (&Òü [Åt¡à>¹ ëºJàγèÒ š[¹[W¡[t¡ ³èºA¡ ëÒ¡ú ѬÚ}-δšèo¢ >ÒÚ¡ú ÒüÚàt¡ [ƒÚà t¡=¸Î³èÒ [¤[®¡Ä l¡ü;ι š¹à Î}KõÒãt¡¡ú Ç¡‡ý¡ t¡=¸ [ƒÚ๠¤àì¤ ÎA¡ìºà šøìW¡Ê¡à W¡ìºà¯à Ѭìt¡* δšèo¢ Ç¡‡ý¡t¡à ƒà¤ã A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯àì¹à¡ú [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>¹ t¡à[ºA¡à šø[t¡[>[‹â«³èºA¡ δšèo¢ >ÒÚ¡ú -ÿ-ÿ- [ºJA¡)

23 /

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

Entering high school is perhaps the most crucial phase in the life of a teenager. This is the time when you will have to make concrete plans about your future. This will determine the course for the rest of your life. The moment you enter XI standard, you should take utmost care in the choice of your subjects. An ideal thing to do is to consult academicians, relatives and guardians. Today, options are not limited to science, mathematics, commerce or arts. If you are good in mathematics, physics and any of the fields related to these subjects appeal to you only then opt these subjects. If you scored good marks in mathematics but were poor in physics or you did not find the laboratory of physics appealing, there are other options for you. There are options available for jobs after X for students in Army, Navy or Coast Guards. You can also refer to a list of institutes for courses in ITI, provided on our site vocational institutes in India. If you have a flair for writing and have a good command over language then you can go for arts in XI standard and simultaneously develop your writing /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

skills. Later you can go for journalism course during your graduation. Likewise, if you have a penchant for music or acting or modeling then you can choose subjects that may help you in pursuing these careers after your XII. For a list of career options in music or acting or modeling please visit our site. If you like pursuing a particular sport then do not feel shy or awkward about it. On the other hand, pursue your studies along with sports. Chose such subjects which may give you ample time to practice that particular sport.This helps you in several ways . It makes it easier for you to pursue a career in sports.There is no alternative to formal education.Formal education equips you better to handle the nuances of the sports. Formal education prepares you, for life, after your sporting career is over.It provides you a chance to display your skills at the pre- University and the University levels. This increases your chances of selection in the National team. Therefore, it becomes imperative that you chose your subjects in XI very wisely and careful deliberation. For a choice of careers in sports please visit our site. Of course, you should give due consideration to the circumstances, social status, priorities of your family, your physical attributes, your own limitations and capabilities and so forth. However, you should keep in mind your own priorities. Academic competence increases if you are able to devote your energies towards the field of your choice. You should keep an open mind. You should not go for the traditional careers just because

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somebody suggested or somebody tried to convince you. You can go for your SWOT analysis i.e. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. You should build on your strong points, try to minimize your weaknesses, try to grab the opportunities that may come your way and be wary of perceived threats. You may consult a professional Psychologist if you so feel like. These days there is a plethora of information. Do a crosscheck about a given career option. Research well in advance over career options. Do not feel shy of seeking the help of a professional Career Counselor. Feel free to consult National Network of Education. You should never doubt your own capabilities. Half the battle is lost when you start doubting your own capabilities.Remember that there is no short cut to success. At the same time, if your field of hobby becomes your field of career, chances of success increase manifold. Arriving at your best career option is possible, only if you gather as much

information as possible on diverse professions and educational opportunities. In no way you should be prejudiced about a job and end up attaching unqualified superiority for professions like medicine, engineering, and the civil services, though one can always have preferences for. Remember at the end of the day all it matters is how much you excel in a profession and the rest follows. The list of careers is perhaps again like the imagination of a poet, endless. Every body has a place under the sun even if the sun is not benign, you can still make your mark under it by choosing a career option close to your heart. Never mind, you are not good at mathematics or science, you can still choose from a plethora of options from the commerce stream, humanities, and vocational courses. You name it and we have it. Here we at National Network of Education are trying a role, howsoever insignificant it may seem, to simplify things for you. With the help of National Network of Education, each career option seems like the grains appear as a pearl on the golden beach.

© www.indiaeducation.net/CareerCenter/Advice

Exam Schedule - 2009-10 Sl No

Exams

1. UPSC Civil Services Exams (Prelims) 2. UPSC CDS (1) 3. Indian Forest Services Exam 4. Spl. class Railway apprentics Exam 5. NDA (I) 6. NDA (II) 7. Central Police Forces (Asstt. Commandants)

25 /

Noti- Last fica- date tions of appln

Sl No

Exams

Noti- Last fica- date tions of appln

Oct

Dec

May

8. SSC Combined graduate Oct Nov level Exam (Prelim)

Feb

Sept Feb

Oct Mar

Feb July

9. Indian Economics Service Exam (IES)

June

July

Dec

10 FTI, Pune Entrance

Mar

Apr

Jun

Feb

Mar

July

Apr

May

Oct Mar May

Nov Apr June

Apr Aug Oct

11 IIMC, New Delhi Mar (Entrance) 12 JNU - Biotechnology Jan Entrance

Mar

May

13 IRMA entrance

Oct

Nov

Aug

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

NE States will have one NIT each Six of the nine new National Institutes of Technology promised by the UPA government will be set up in the Northeast, one in each state without an NIT at present. The human resource development ministry had asked the chief ministers of Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim allocate land for the NITs . The move follows controversial changes to the institutes’ admission policy last year that the northeastern states termed as discriminatory against regions traditionally backward in technical education. The NITs admit students on the basis of their performance in the All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE), a nationallevel test conducted by the CBSE. Till last year, 50 per cent of the seats in the NITs were filled by domiciled candidates of the state in which the NIT is located. The states without

NITs were also allocated reserved seats at other NITs, based on their population. The rationale for the reservation was that most of the NITs were initially set up as Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs) aimed at developing technical education in specific states. A key precondition placed by states for the transfer of these institutes to the Centre as NITs was the continuation of reservation for students belonging to the respective states.Last year, the HRD ministry changed the admission policy for the NITs. The move was considered controversial for two reasons : The institutes are officially autonomous bodies and it is their apex decision making body, the NIT Council, and not the HRD ministry, that is empowered to alter the admission process. Secondly, the new admission policy also ended state-specific reservations, stipulating that all seats would be filled up on the basis of a student’s merit determined by performance in the AIEEE. The end of reservations at the NITs was discriminatory against relatively less developed states, chief ministers of the northeastern states had complained to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, a Rajya Sabha MP from Assam. They feared that students from their states would no longer find minimum proportional representation at the NITs. The New initiative will resolve the issue for ever in a way which was unthinkable even before a year or two. [PEB]

B.Tech at Dibrugarh University The Dibrugarh University will be offering four-year BTech degree from this academic session. An Institute of Engineering /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

and Technology has been set up on the varsity campus for this purpose. The necessary clearances (Contd.on Page 40)

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Uday Narayan Deka

On We d n e s d a y J u l y 2 2 , 2 0 0 9 a n exceptionally long duration total eclipse of the Sun will be visible in eastern part of the globe. The path of Moon’s umbral shadow begins in India and crosses through Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma and China. The instant of greatest eclipse occurs in the Pacific Ocean at 02:35:19 (U.T.). The maximum duration of totality here will be 6m39s. In Assam the eclipse will start around 5:30 a.m. and will end around 7:40 a.m. The totality will be around 6:30 a.m. in Lower Assam and around 6.31 a.m. in Upper Assam. The duration of totality will vary from place to place. Guwahati being on the Latitude of 26011’ (N), will be just out of southern limit of path of totality, which will touch southern limit at 26013’ (N). Northern limit here will be at 27054’(N) and width of path of totality will be around 225 kms. in entire Assam, Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh. Totality will begin around 6.30 a.m. in this region. Central line between northern & southern limit will have maximum duration of totality. Pasight in Arunachal Pradesh is just south of central line in path of totality. Places away from central line on either side will have lesser time of duration of totality. (Places on either side of path of totality will see only partial solar eclipse.) Dhubri in the west & Dibrugarh towards east in Assam although will be inside the path

27 /

o f totality will have lesser duration of 2 minutes 41 seconds & 3 minutes 38 seconds respectively as both the places are away from central line. Total eclipses of the Sun draw solar astronomy enthusiasts to the far corners of the globe. Amateurs are attracted by expectations of the breathtaking beauty of the eclipsed Sun during the few minutes of totality. The sky is then as dark as twilight. Only in the darkness of totality, the solar corona, the outer atmosphere of the Sun, can be viewed with the unaided eye. A total eclipse of the Sun is one of the grandest natural phenomena and the most spectacular celestial event. A total eclipse of the Sun occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth and obscures the Sun completely. A total eclipse, which is a life time experience, is a fascinating phenomenon – our Sun, which is so normally so reliable, is suddenly stained black by the Moon. Any solar eclipse is an interesting event, but a total solar eclipse is the most spectacular astronomical phenomenon that you’ll ever see. During the last 500 years, only three total solar eclipses had swept Assam. The T.S.E. of 17.10.1762 swept Barak Valley. The eclipse of 04.06.1788 swept Brahmaputra valley and third /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

one on 17.07.1814 touched Arunachal Pradesh & Dibrugarh, Tinsukia in Brahmaputra Valley. In the last century, three total solar eclipses occurring in 1980, 1995 & 1999 were visible from Indian soil. However totality of none was visible from N.E.Region.The next total solar eclipse occurring on 22nd July 2009 will dramatically pass over Assam, Bhutan & Aruanachal Pradesh in morning starting from Gujarat. The duration of totality in central line in N.E. Region will be more than 4 minutes i.e. longest duration in recent times. Prominent places like Dhubri, Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Pathsala, Barpeta, Sarthebari, Tihu, Nalbari, Rangia, Tangla, Kalaigaon, Mangaldai, Kharupetia, Rowta, Udalguri, Dhekiajuli, Tezpur, Balipara, Jamuguri, Sootea, Bishanath Chariali, Gohpur, Narayanpur, Banderdewa, Bihpuria, Laluk, North Lakhimpur, Gogamukh, Dhemaji, Silapathar, Jonai, Murkongselek, Sibsagar, Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Doomdooma, Digboi etc. in Assam will be very convenient to observe the event. All these places will be within path of totality and few of them more or less closer to central line. Here in N.E.Region, central line will pass through mostly hilly region making it difficult to observe

the same from such terrain. As the eclipse will occur in morning elevation of the Sun during totality in Lower Assam will be only about 200. In Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, the Sun’s altitude will be around 260 during totality. So observation from plain without obstruction in the eastern horizon will only be useful. A total solar eclipse is dramatic event. The sky begins to darken, the air temperature falls, the winds increase as the Moon’s umbra races toward us. All nature responds; the birds go to roost, flowers close their petals, crickets begin to ring as if evening had occurred. As totality approaches the landscape is bathed in shimmering bands of light and dark and the last few rays of sunlight peak out from behind the edge of the Moon. And finally pearly white corona blazes forth in a star studded midday sky. It is an awesome sight. The total phase of the eclipse is accompanied by the onset of rapidly darkening sky whose appearance resembles evening twilight about half an hour after sunset. The effect presents an excellent opportunity to view planets and bright star in the daytime sky. The brightest and most conspicuous planet will be Venus. It is located in Taurus. During the totality on 22.07.09, the sun’s background constellation will be Cancer near its border with Gemini. Solar eclipses result from the alignment of the Sun, Moon, and Earth on the day of New Moon. Total solar eclipses - in which the Sun is completely blocked by the Moon are a spectacular and rare sight to witness. It is the most beautiful celestial event in the sky. The total phase of Path of Totality in Bhutan, Assam & Arunanchal Pradesh indicating central line of totalty,where totality will be maximum & also indicating duration of an eclipse can and should be seen without any filter. totality in certain prominent places. /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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actively to scientific research – observation of contact timings at different locations along the eclipse path are useful in refining our knowledge of the orbital motions of the Moon and the Earth and sketches and photographs of the solar corona can be used to build a three-dimensional picture of the Sun’s extended atmosphere during the eclipse. Caution : The partial phases of the total solar eclipse upto the display of ‘Diamond Ring’ or any partial or annular solar eclipses must be observed with proper solar filter only. The totality can be observed Sky during Total Solar Eclipse on 22nd July 2009 showing some planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars & Jupiter) and some brilliant stars (Sirius, Rigel, directly without any aid. It can also be photographed Betelgeuse, Aldebaran, Procyon, Pollux, Capella & Deneb) easily without any filter. The brightness by corona is It is completely safe to do so. Certainly the most slightly more than brightness of a full moon. As spectacular and awe-inspiring phase of the eclipse is soon as totality ends, again filter should be used to totality. For a few brief minutes or seconds, the sun’s protect our eyes. We should feel fortunate enough pearly white corona, red prominences and to have a longest duration total solar eclipse in our chromospheres are visible. Photograph of the corona life time. Let us be ready for the event. As the event will be occurring in the monsoon must be made without filter. A solar eclipse offers students a unique period, chance of enjoying the eclipse depends opportunity to see a natural phenomenon that upon availability of clear sky in the morning of illustrates the basic principles of mathematics and 22nd July 2009. In the public interest, Doordarshan has been science taught through elementary and secondary schools. Indeed many scientists (including requested to arrange live telecast of the event from astronomers) have been inspired to study science as a Dibrugarh University Campus since Dibrugarh will result of seeing a total solar eclipse. The rise and fall be most ideal place for observation in the south of environmental light levels during an eclipse bank of Brahmaputra. During monsoon season, illustrates the principles of radiometry and many places in north bank are generally cut off in photometry, while biology classes can observe road communication. It may be mentioned that there will not be any associated behaviour of plants and animals. It is also total solar eclipse over Assam in next 900 years. an opportunity for children of school age to contribute (The author Retired as Manager, Planning, Reserve Bank of India and these days he is the Secretary of The Pragjyotish Amateur Astronomers’ Association, C/o Guwahati Planetarium)

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/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

Dr. Rajib Bordoloi

On the 22nd July 2009, the world will get to see a very special celestial event, the Total Solar Eclipse. However all the world population is not that lucky as the path of totality (the umbra of the shadow of the moon) will be passing through only a small belt on the Globe. Luckily for us, the shadow will be passing through the entire district of Tinsukia and a major portion of Dibrugarh, Darrang and Lakhimpur etc. As a result, we the people of Tinsukia, Dibrugarh etc will be able to observe the rare event, which has occurred here after a huge gap of more than 400 years and it will take more than hundred years for us to get another chance to observe such a phenomenon. Solar eclipse or for that matter any event concerning the Sun has always been the source of inquisitiveness for human since the early days of civilization. Especially the eclipses are always considered with awe and fear. But today we all know, thanks to the knowledge and information provided by the great Astronomers since the days of early civilization, that the Solar eclipse is just a normal celestial event and it provides us with some breathtaking and divine scenes that one can ever get to see in the nature. Another important thing that we get to learn from the works of the great astronomers that we should take utmost care while observing the Sun as it can damage our eyesight without giving us any warning. Given below are some important rules that one must strictly obey while observing the Sun during eclipse. 1. Never look at the Sun a) Directly, even for a very small time. b) Using cheap solar filters supplied by /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

unauthorized vendors. Using dark Goggles or any dark polymer films/ sheets. d) Using photographic films (negatives). e) Using used X-ray plates (the plates that have already been used to take X-ray photo of a person). f) Using telescopes/ binoculars or cameras where proper solar filters are not fitted at all or not fitted properly (always take the help of a trained person). g) Using a mirror or a bucketful of water, where the reflected image of the Sun appears. 2. Always obey the following rules while observing the Sun a) Use a pinhole camera to project the image of the Sun on a wall or floor; you can see the exact view of the eclipse without harming your eyes (see illustration in fig. 1). b) Use proper solar filter marketed by reputed companies or provided by genuine scientific organizations (properly trained and authorized persons of the scientific organizations). c) Use welder’s glass (No. 14). The glass c)

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used by the welders (No. 14) to protect their eyes while welding are recognized by the concerned authorities as good solar filters and they are not very costly also. d) Use mirror projection method. For detail please see the appendix box below. There are many other sophisticated but costly methods available for observing an eclipse. While preparing this article the students and the enthusiasts of this region are only kept in mind and hence only simple and less costly methods have been discussed. Another point to be noted that the x-ray plates can also be used for safe viewing of the eclipse, but it must be (i) unused and (ii) properly exposed to ordinary light (under the supervision of a trained person) before use. Even after that some times it has to be folded twice or thrice to ensure maximum cut off of the harmful radiations. Another truth about the eclipse is that during ‘Totality’ the Sun can be viewed with naked eye APPENDICES : 1. Pinhole Camera Method :

2. Mirror Projection Method

also. During totality the harmful radiations can’t reach us as the Sun is totally covered by the moon. However for that one must i) Know exactly when the totality begins and ends. For that one must have the eclipse calendar at his/ her disposal, also their clocks must be synchronized with the IST or the time followed in the Eclipse Calendar. ii) Normally for a group of people planning to observe eclipse, there should be one trained person (may be a teacher) as a guide and a time keeper with a bell or a whistle. As the totality starts, the keeper rings the bell and the group of people observing the eclipse using solar filters would get rid of their filters and look at the sun directly. As the totality comes to end, the keeper will again ring the bell and the group instantaneously would take their solar filters to view the rest part of the eclipse.

Fig. 1 : Observing the Eclipse using Pinhole Camera. Make a pinhole on a plane cardboard sheet hold it as shown in the figure using your hand or using a stand so that it remains stationary. You can see the image of the sun and the eclipse on the opposite wall clearly.

Fig. 2: Take a small mirror, Cover its reflecting surface with coloured paper and make a small round hole (1 cm diameter) at the center of the paper so that this small opening can reflect Sun rays. Place the mirror on the ground as shown in the figure. If you don’t have a wall nearby, bring a black board from your class room with its stand, hang a white drawing sheet from the board. It will serve as your wall, where the beautiful image of the Sun will appear and you guys can see the beautiful eclipse. But never look at the hole on the mirror directly.

3. Eclipse Calendar (Data Source: NASA and DST, Govt of India): Eclipse time table for some nearby places are also provided here along with Tinsukia town. However there is always possibility of 1% to 2% error as 100% accurate prediction is not possible. Also in some tables the IST could not be given.

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The readers can calculate the IST of their town by simply adding 5 hours 30 min to the UT provided in the tables. For example if the UT of a town is 00:00:00, the corresponding IST will be 05:30:00, i.e. 5-30 am. /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

Old Tinsukia (Lat : 27.48560 N, Long : 95.3560E) Duration of Totality : 3 min 18.2s Magnitude : 1.012 Railway Station

Event Date Time (UT) Alt Azi Start of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:46.1 012.8° 073.6° Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:01:24.0 025.6° 079.4° Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:03:02.7 026° 079.6° End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:42.2 026.3° 079.7° End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:11:52.6 041.1° 086.3° 0 0 Makum (Lat : 27.4851 N, Long : 95.4393 E) Duration of Totality : 3 min 14.2 s Magnitude : 1.012 Date Time (UT) Alt Azi Event Start of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:47.4 012.8° 073.6° Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:01:29.8 025.7° 079.4° Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:03:06.5 026° 079.6° End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:44.0 026.4° 079.8° End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:11:59.5 041.2° 086.4° Duliajan (Lat : 27.35590 N, Long : 95.32290E) Duration of Totality : 2 min 48.1 s Magnitude : 1.008

Event Start of partial eclipse (C1) : Start of total eclipse (C2) : Maximum eclipse : End of total eclipse (C3) : End of partial eclipse (C4) :

Date 2009/07/22 2009/07/22 2009/07/22 2009/07/22 2009/07/22

Time (UT) 00:01:41.6 01:01:33.5 01:02:57.2 01:04:21.6 02:11:46.7

Alt 012.7° 025.6° 025.9° 026.2° 041°

Azi 073.5° 079.3° 079.5° 079.6° 086.2°

Dibrugarh (Lat : 27.46560 N, Long : 95.9150E) Duration of Totality : 3 min 32.5 s Magnitude : 1.015

Azi Date Time (UT) IST Alt Event Start of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:39.0 5:31:39 012.3° 073.4° Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:00:56.6 6:30:57 025.1° 079.2° Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:02:42.5 6:32:43 025.5° 079.3° End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:29.1 6:34:29 025.9° 079.5° End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:11:16.1 7:11:16 040.6° 086° 0 0 Digboi (Lat : 27.3474 N, Long : 95.636 E) Duration of Totality : 2 min 22.2 s Magnitude : 1.006 0 of (UT) Totality : 2 min : Azi 1.006 Digboi (Lat Event : 27.34740 N, Long : 95.636 DateE) Duration Time IST22.2 s Magnitude Alt Start of partial eclipse (C1) : Start of total eclipse (C2) : Maximum eclipse : End of total eclipse (C3) : End of partial eclipse (C4) :

2009/07/22 2009/07/22 2009/07/22 2009/07/22 2009/07/22

00:01:39.0 01:00:56.6 01:02:42.5 01:04:29.1 02:11:16.1

5:31:39 6:30:57 6:32:43 6:34:29 7:11:16

012.3° 025.1° 025.5° 025.9° 040.6°

073.4° 079.2° 079.3° 079.5° 086°

Doomdooma (Lat : 27.56790 N, Long : 95.55360E) Duration of Totality : 3 min 26.5 s Magnitude : 1.015

Event Start of partial eclipse (C1) : Start of total eclipse (C2) : Maximum eclipse : End of total eclipse (C3) : End of partial eclipse (C4) :

Date 2009/07/22 2009/07/22 2009/07/22 2009/07/22 2009/07/22

Time (UT) 00:01:51.7 01:01:31.7 01:03:14.3 01:04:57.7 02:12:10.9

Alt 013° 025.8° 026.2° 026.6° 041.3°

Azi 073.7° 079.5° 079.7° 079.9° 086.5°

(The author teaches Physics in the College) /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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Our home, the Earth is facing the worst environmental crisis. It ranges anywhere from Climate change, Global warming, Global dimming, Fossil fuels, Sea level rise, Greenhouse gases, to Species extinction, Poaching, Endangered species, Environmental impacts of dams, Genetic pollution, Genetically modified food controversies. From Overgrazing, Irrigation, Environmental effects of meat production, to Land pollution, Desertification, Soil erosion, Soil contamination, Soil salination. From Urban sprawl, Habitat fragmentation, Habitat destruction, to Nanotoxicology, Nanopollution, Nuclear fallout , Nuclear meltdown, Radioactive waste, Overpopulation, Ozone depletion — CFC , pollutions – Air, Light, Noise, Visual, Water, Acid rain, Eutrophication, Marine pollution, Ocean dumping, Oil spills, Thermal pollution, Urban runoff, Water crisis, Marine debris, Ocean acidification, Ship pollution, Thermal pollution, Urban runoff, Wastewater, Smog, Tropospheric ozone, Volatile organic compound, and many more. We will have a detailed discussion on each and every topic that our environment is facing in coming issues of Pragyan. Please read regularly and suggest measures. Finding a solution to all these problems is the biggest challenge that humankind is facing today. The task is huge, most difficult one but not impossible. A proper planning and

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a collective effort are necessary on a long term basis. It is the time to react-else it could be too late. Everyone will have to participate in this mass movement. Managing waste is a big challenge in our civilised (so called) society. Huge amount of waste are generated at our home, office and other places. Some simple steps, if taken by us, can reduce the production of waste to a great deal. Adapt Reduce-Reuse-Recycle Policy : The critical fist step of waste prevention is recycling. Please adapt Reduce-Reuse-recycle policy and create awareness about it in public. Ask your local retailers to stock more products made from recycled materials and buy products made from the highest recycled content whenever possible. In general, try to buy products/containers made from recycled material as often as possible to support the recycled product market. When purchasing paper products, look for paper that has been recycled using a minimum of 50% post-consumer waste. Also, purchase from companies that do not use chlorine to bleach their paper products (which creates dioxin waste). Use natural fertilizers for your flower garden and kitchen garden. Create a compost pit, dump the dry leaves and your vegetable wastes into that when it is full, cover it with soil. The composts will be ready by the next season. While in travel, you may not have recycle bins, pack your recyclables and carry back home. Simplify your lifestyle as far as possible. The belongings that you use and enjoy on regular /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

basis, only keep them. Once when you’ll reduce your needs, you’ll purchase less and once you purchase less, you’ll waste less. Try the 30-Day Rule : Before purchasing something, think — Do you really need it? Think about the product’s impact on environment (also associated packaging material) and what impact on environmental will it have during its disposal. When you are thinking about buying something, try the 30-Day Rule – wait 30 days after the first time you decide you want a product to really make your decision. This will eliminate impulse buying. Adapt Use-Wash-Use Policy : Minimise the use of tree and tree-products at home as far as possible. Use cloth napkins / towels instead of paper napkins/towels. Adapt Use-WashUse policy. At work, edit your works on computer itself. Take the printout only when you are done instead of taking printout-edit-do correction-take final printout policy. Create and use note pads from once-used papers. Install a reusable notice board at home to leave message for your family members and roommates instead of writing in a piece of paper. Purchase in Bulk : Purchase the daily requirement commodities in bulk quantity in lieu of buying again and again. This will eliminate the gathering packaging materials. Store the food items reusable containers. Avoid Creating Trash : Avoid creating trash wherever possible. when ordering food, avoid receiving any unnecessary plastic utensils, straws, etc. (ask in advance), buy ice cream in a cone instead of a cup, don’t accept “free” promotional products, buy products with the least amount of packaging, etc. Every little bit of

trash avoided does make a difference! Stop Polythene Shopping : Polythene Shopping are one of the greatest threat to the environment today. Carry your own reusable shopping bags from home for shopping. Refuse the articles given in plastic shopping bags. Ask for paper bags while carrying small sized articles like dal, rice, sugar etc. When staying at a hotel, let the management know that you like to support businesses that adopt environmentally responsible practices (including reducing waste). Suggest the management a Sustainable Solutions for Green Hotels environmental tips. Go for Veg-Food : One of the important steps to protect our environment is to switch to vegetarian diet. Also ensure everyone has enough to eat. The United Nations recently released Livestock’s Long Shadow–Environmental Issues and Options, which concludes that the livestock sector (primarily chickens and pigs) emerges as one of the top two or three most significant contributors to our most serious environmental problems, at every scale from local to global. It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases - responsible for 18% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents. By comparison, all transportation emits 13.5% of the CO2. It produces 65% of human-related nitrous oxide (which has 296 times the global warming potential of CO2) and 37% of all human-induced methane (which is 23 times as warming as CO2). It also generates 64% of the ammonia, which contributes to acid rain and acidification of ecosystems. In addition, the enormous amounts of grain required to feed livestock reduces the amount of food available for the world’s hungry. Buying organic, locally grown food also reduces global warming emissions and helps protect the environment. Think about becoming a lactoovo vegetarian (no meat but some eggs and dairy products) or vegan (no animal products). (to be continued) (For more articles on other environmental issues, Please log on to http://sites.google.com/site/planetgreenactnow/ The author is an alumni of Tinsukia College and now works at Chittaranjan Loco Works, West Bengal. Photograph Courtesy: Papiya Shome ) /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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‘¹³ºàÒü KàJã¹¹ W¡áìš>ìi¡à ëKá¹ Ê¡’®¡t¡ l¡ük¡àÒü \åÒüA塹à [W¡³t¡ [ƒ º¹àº[¹îA¡ šàá[º A¡à[i¡¤îº ¤[Òº¡ú ¤à¹ãì¹ Î๠[>[ƒÚàîA¡ ë¹à¯à šàá[ºƒ¹à¹ š¹à [K[¹ìÚìA¡ "à[> ë=à¯à ¤Þê¡àA¡[¤ìi¡à t¡àÒü ³> A¡[¹ìº -ÿ-ÿ- A¡[¤¹ šàt¡t¡ [A¡áå³à> Î¹ç¡ Î¹ç¡ Ò຋ãÚà ¤¹o¹ [JW¡ô[J[W¡Úà ³[>¹ ƒì¹ ¤Ññ¡ú šàt¡[Jºà P¡W¡àÒü [ƒìº ™[ƒ* [®¡t¡¹¹ t¡¹šìi¡àt¡ ëƒJà šàìº "à³à¹ &¹ã ëºi¡àìi¡à¹ [>[W¡>à ëA¡Òüi¡à³à> ëºi¡à¡ú ëÎÒüìA¡Òüi¡à t¡àÒü P¡áàÒü 뚺à캡ú t¡à¹ šàát¡ A¡[¤ìi¡à ƒåó¡àºîA¡ A¡àìi¡àìt¡ [®¡t¡¹t¡ [º¹[º¹àÒü =A¡à ÅA¡t¡ A¡’ºà ¤¹o¹ šºå ëƒJà šà캡ú Òàt¡t¡ šºå &l¡àº ºKàt¡ t¡àÒü Òàt¡ ‹åÒü 뚺à캡ú’ &Òü Qi¡>àìi¡àt¡ ¹³ºàÒü ëƒJà ëšà¯à ¤Ññ ëA¡Òüi¡à "à[Ạ-ÿ-ÿ- št¡}K¹ A¡oã, ëºi¡à "à¹ç¡ šºå¡ú ³à>åÒ¹ \ã¯>t¡ [™ƒì¹ íÅů, íA¡ìÅà¹, ™å¯à "à¹ç¡ ¤õ‡ý¡ "à[ƒ š[¹yû¡³à š¹Ñš¹ Î}K[t¡ ¹à[J δšÄ ÒÚ [k¡A¡ ëÎÒüƒì¹ št¡}K¹ \ã¯> ¤å¹gãt¡ A¡oã, šºå, ëºi¡à "à¹ç¡ šèo¢¤ÚÑH (š[Jºà, ³à[J ¤à P¡¤¹ç¡¯à) "à[ƒì¹ δšèo¢ ÒÚ¡ú &ì>‹¹ìoì¹ &i¡à Ñz¹¹ š¹à "à> &i¡à Ñz¹îº š[¹¯v¢¡> ëÒà¯à šø[yû¡ÚàA¡ A¡àÚà”z¹o ( Metamorphosis) ë¤àºà ÒÚ¡ú A¡àÚà”z¹o ³àì>ì>à [A¡ @ A¡ãi¡-št¡}K¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ [t¡[>‹¹o¹ A¡àÚà”z¹o ëƒJà ™àÚ : 1) "A¡àÚà”z¹o (Ametabola) : št¡}K¹ "št¡¸Ñz¹ "à¹ç¡ šèo¢ [¤A¡[Åt¡ št¡}K¹ ³à\t¡ "àA¡à¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡¹ ¤àìƒ ">¸

35 /

ëA¡àì>à š[¹¯v¢¡> >Qìi¡¡ú ë™ì> : šå¹oà [A¡t¡àš-šy¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ ëƒJà ëšà¯à ‘[Ắ¡à¹ [ó¡á’¡ú 2) "δšèo¢ A¡àÚà”z¹o (Hemimetabola) @ št¡}K¹ "št¡¸Ñz¹ì¤à¹ \º\ ÒÚ, ÒüÚàA¡ ‘>àÚàƒ’ (Naiad) ë¤àºà ÒÚ¡ú ë™ì> : {\d¡à¡ú 3) yû¡[³A¡ A¡àÚà”z¹o (Paurometabola) @ št¡}K¹ "št¡¸Ñz¹ì¤à¹A¡ ‘[>´£¡’ (Nymph) ë¤àºà ÒÚ¡ú ë™ì> : šÒüt¡àìW¡à¹à¡ú 4) δšèo¢ A¡àÚà”z¹o (Holometabola) @ A¡oã¹ š¹à óå¡[i¡ *ìºà¯à šºåì¤à¹ ëºi¡à ¤àìÞê¡, šàát¡ šèo¢[¤A¡àÅ št¡}K¹ Îõ[Ê¡ ÒÚ¡ú ë™ì> : š[Jºà¡ú št¡}K¹ ή¡¸t¡à [A¡³à> šøàW¡ã>? [¤[®¡Ä št¡}K[¤ƒ¹ γãÛ¡à ">åÎ[¹ 350-500 [>™åt¡ ¤á¹¹ šè줢 [¤Å«t¡ št¡}K¹ "à[¯®¢¡à¤ íÒ[ạú ÑHi¡ìºr¡t¡ "à[¯ÍH๠ëÒà¯à ël¡®¡’[>Úà> (Devonian) ™åK¹ Rhyniella precursor (Pedigo, 2006) >à³¹ št¡}K¹ ó¡[áìºÒü Ò’º ίàìt¡àîA¡ šøàW¡ã> ³à>¯`¡àt¡ št¡}K¡ú l¡ü[Š±ƒ¹Î JàƒA¡ A¡ãi¡ì¤à¹¹ [¤¯t¢¡> íÒ "à‹å[>A¡ št¡}K Îõ [ Ê¡ Ò*ò ì t¡ [yû ¡ i¡à[W¡ÚàW¡ (Cretacious) ™å K îºìA¡ &A¡

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

t¡à[ºA¡à : 1) št¡}K¹ [¤[®¡Ä Ñz¹¹ ëÅøoã[¤®¡à\> Ñz¹ A¡oã šºå

ëºi¡à

[¤[®¡Ä ®¡àK -ÿ-ÿ"šƒã (Apod) "¿šƒã (Oligopod) ¤×šƒã (Polypod) ÒüGàì¹i¡ (Exerate) "¯ìi¡C¡ (Obtact) yû¡àÒüìW¡[ºW¡ (Chrysalis) A¡’¯A¢¡ìi¡i¡ (Coarctate)

l¡üƒàÒ¹o -ÿ-ÿ³à[J P¡¤¹ç¡¯à š[Jºà P¡¤¹ç¡¯à ³= š[Jºà ³à[J

šøàœ¡¤ÚÑH

t¡à[ºA¡à : 2) št¡}[¤ƒ¸à ">å™àÚã št¡}K¹ ¤K¢ãA¡¹o

¤K¢ A¡) Apterygota 1) Thysanura 2) Collembola 3) Protura 4) Diplura J) Pterygota 5) Ephemeroptera 6) Odonata 7) Plecoptera 8) Grylloblatodia 9) Orthoptera 10) Phasmida 11) Dermaptera 12) Embioptera 13) Dictyoptera 14) Isoptera 15) Zoraptera 16) Psocoptera 17) Mallophaga 18) Siphonculata 19) Hemiptera 20) Thysanoptera 21) Neuroptera 22) Mecoptera 23) Lepidoptera 24) Trichoptera 25) Diptera 26) Siphonaptera 27) Hymenoptera 28) Coleoptera 29) Strepsiptera *30)Mantophasmatidae

l¡üƒàÒ¹o Silverfish Springtail Telsontail Japygids Mayfly

[\òd¡à Stonefly Rock Crawlers

ó¡[¹}, A塳[t¡ Stick insect, Leaf insect Earwig Webspiner

šÒüt¡àìW¡à¹à l¡üòÒü-š¹ç¡¯à Zoraptean

[A¡t¡àš¹ *A¡[> W¡¹àÒü¹ *A¡[> ³à>åÒ¹ áຠl¡üA¡[> KàÞê¡ã ëšàA¡ Thrips Antlion, Aphidlion Scorpion fly

š[Jºà Caddisfly

³à[J Fleas

š¹ç¡¯à, ë³ï, ¤¹º P¡¤¹ç¡¯à

Stylopids Gladiator >tå ¡ >îA¡ Ѭ ã Aõ ¡ [t¡ ëšà¯à ¤K¢ ¡ ú "γãÚàt¡ ëKàìi¡Òüì¤à¹ ¤K¢¹ >à³ * ëšà¯à >à™àÚ ¤àì¤, Òü}¹à\ãìÚÒü ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡¹à íÒìá¡ú

[W¡y 1 [¤[®¡Ä št¡}K¹ [l¡´¬ (Pedigo, 2006) /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

[W¡y 2: š[Jºà \àt¡ãÚ št¡}K¹ šºå (Pedigo, 2006) / 36

[W¡y 3 : P¡¤¹ç¡¯à \àt¡ãÚ št¡}K¹ šºå (Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y 7 : št¡}K¹ δšèo¢ A¡àÚàÑz[¹t¡ [¤A¡àÅ ‘³à[J’ (Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y 4 : št¡}K¹ "A¡àÚàÑz[¹t¡ [¤A¡àÅ ‘[W¡º®¡à¹ [ó¡á’ (Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y 5 : št¡}K¹ "δšèo¢ A¡àÚàÑz[¹t¡ [¤A¡àÅ ‘‘ë³’ óáàÒü’’ (Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y 8 : [¤[®¡Ä št¡}K¹ ëºi¡à (A¡), (J) "à¹ç¡ (K) ëº[šl¡’ìŸi¡¹à; (Q) š¹ç¡¯à; (R¡) ³Ò (Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y 6 : št¡}K¹ yû¡[³A¡ A¡àÚàÑz[¹t¡ [¤A¡àÅ ‘[С}K ¤àK’((Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y 9 : šøàœ¡¤ÚÑH P¡¤¹ç¡¯à \àt¡ãÚ št¡}K (Pedigo, 2006)

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/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

ÎåƒãQ¢ š[¹yû¡³à "[t¡yû¡³ A¡[¹¤ ºKàt¡ š[¹[ạú \ã¯\Kt¡t¡ št¡}K¹ šø®è¡â« : šøàoã\Kt¡ìt¡Òü >ÒÚ Î³Nø \ã¯\Kt¡¹ &A¡ ¤×º "}Å, ¤t¢¡³à> št¡}K¹ ƒJºt¡ "àìá¡ú "ƒ¸[š Î}`¡à[Út¡ 1.7 [>™åt¡ šø\à[t¡¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ 45,000 šø\à[t¡ 볹硃r¡ã, 2,50,000 šø \ à[t¡ l¡ü [ Š± ƒ "à¹ç ¡ 9,50,000 šø \ à[t¡ št¡}K (Groombridge, 1992)¡ú \ã¯[¤ìƒ >à³àA¡¹o A¡[¹¤îº ÎÛ¡³ ëÒà¯à &Òü št¡}K γèÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ A¡[º"’ìŸi¡¹à ëº[šl¡’ìŸi¡¹à, ÒàÒüì³>’ìŸi¡¹à "à¹ç¡ [l¡ìŸi¡¹à¤K¢¹, ™=àyû¡ì³ 3, 1.1, 1.1 "à¹ç¡ 0.85 ºàJ šø\à[t¡™åv¡û¡ št¡}KÒü \ã¯\Kt¡¹ 56% k¡àÒü "[‹A¡à¹ A¡[¹ "àìá¡ú Òü³’W¡ (Imm's) >à³¹ št¡}K[¤ƒô K¹àA¡ãìÚ Î³Nø št¡}KA¡ 19 i¡à ¤K¢t¡ ¤K¢ãAõ¡t¡ A¡[¹ìá, ™[ƒ* ¤v¢¡³à> "à‹å[>A¡ [¤`¡à>ãγàì\ ѬãAõ¡[t¡ šøƒà> A¡¹à "à> &i¡à >¤ã> ¤K¢ Ò’º ‘ë³si¡’ìó¡Í¶à[i¡[l¡’¡ú ³à>åìÒìÒ šàì¹ì>[A¡¡? A¡) ³à>åÒ¹ ƒì¹ [ÎÒòìt¡ "àÅøÚÑ‚º [>o¢Ú A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú l¡üƒàÒ¹o Ѭ¹¡ê ìš ë³ï-³à[JìÚ ë³ï-¤àÒ Îà[\¤ \àì>¡ú J) šø™å[v¡û¡ ëA¡ïź ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡[¹ "à¯àÎ Îà[\¤ \àì>¡ú ë™ì> : l¡üòÒü ëšàìA¡ ¤× *J Òàó¡ºå [>\Ѭ A¡ºàëA¡ïÅìºì¹ šøÑñt¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú K) ³à>åìÒ l¡üƒ¸à> Îì\à¯à¹ ëº[JÚàîA¡ [A¡áå³à> l¡üòÒüìÚ ë®ò¡A塹 l¡üƒ¸à> [>³¢ào A¡ì¹¡ú l¡üƒàÒ¹o Ѭ¹ê¡ìš l¡üòÒüìÚ Òàó¡ºå¹ *š¹t¡ ¤¹ >àóå¡ >à³¹ ë®ò¡A塹, Jàƒ¸¹ l¡üì„ìŸ "à¹ç¡ ºKìt¡ "à‰t¡à¹ ®¡à¹Î೸ ¹Û¡à¹ ¤àì¤ K\àÒü ºÚ¡ú Q) ³à>å ì Ò K¹ç ¡ ëšàÒ๠ƒì¹ [A¡áå ³ à> š¹ç ¡ ¯àÒü ë³à¯à-ëšàA¡A¡ ³‹å[>™¢àÎ "àÒ¹o¹ ¤àì¤ ëšàìÒ¡ú ‘ëº[l¡ ¤àl¢¡[¤i¡º’ >à³¹ ëšàA¡ [¤‹¹ &A¡ šø\à[t¡ìÚ ë³à¯à-ëšàA¡A¡ Jàƒ¸ [ÒW¡àìš ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡ì¹¡ú š¹ç¡¯àÒü

³‹å [>™¢àι ¤àì¤Òü ë³à¯à-ëšàA¡A¡ l¡üv¡û¡ ëšàA¡¹ "àyû¡³o¹ š¹à ¹Û¡à A¡ì¹¡ú R¡) Òü ³à>åÒ¹ ƒì¹ ¤×ƒè¹ "[t¡yû¡³ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú ‘³>¢àA¡ ¤ài¡à¹óáàÒü’ >à³¹ š[JºàÒü šøìt¡¸A¡ Åãt¡t¡ ëÒ\๠ëÒ\๠³àÒüº Òül¡ü.&á.&.¹ š¹à šø¤ö\> A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú &Òü šø¤\ ö > l¡üš™åv¡û¡ š[¹ì¯Å ºà®¡¹ l¡üì„ìŸ A¡ì¹¡ú W¡) ‘ë¤K¯³¢’¹ šºå "à¹ç¡ ëºi¡à Îå¹[Û¡t¡ ë³à>๠[®¡t¡¹t¡ [¤A¡àÅ šàÚ¡ú ³à>åÒ "Û¡³ št¡}K ÎÛ¡³ @ A¡) št¡}KÒü [W¡»¡, ë³ï, ³³ "à¹ç¡ ºà šøÑñt¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú J) "Î}J¸ Î¹ç¡ Î¹ç¡ ó塺¹ š¹à ³‹å Î}NøÒ A¡[¹¤ šàì¹, [™ìi¡à A¡à³ ³à>åìÒ "t¡¸à‹å[>A¡ ιgàì³ì¹* A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à칡ú K) [>\Ѭ šà[Jì¹ l¡ü[¹¤ šà칡ú ³à>åìÒ ëÒ[ºA¡œ¡à¹ "à¹ç¡ &ì¹àìšÃì>ì¹ìÒ šà칡ú Q) [>ì\Òü ëšàÒì¹à Îõ[Ê¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú ë™ì> : ë\à>àA¡ã š¹ç¡¯à¡ú R¡) [>\Ѭ *\>t¡îA¡ ¤× P¡o K‹å¹ ¤Ññ ƒà[R¡¤ šàì¹ú ë™ì> : š¹ç¡¯à¡ú W¡) šøìt¡¸A¡ í\[¯A¡ šƒà=¢ - Wå¡[º, šà[J, $º, ³³, ëW¡ºåº’\, ÒàØl¡, ët¡\, l¡ü[Š±ƒ [>™¢àÎ, ³à}Î "à¹ç¡ \”ñ¹ ë¹W¡> ‰¤¸ "à[ƒA¡ Jàƒ¸¹ ¹ê¡št¡ NøÒo A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú "=¢î>[t¡A¡®¡àì¯ P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ Åθ, šøàoã "à¹ç¡ íƒ>[–ƒ> "à[Òºàšà[t¡ ‹ÿ¤}Î A¡[¹ &Å &¤å[¹ ¤ƒ>à³¹ ³à\ìt¡à št¡}K¹ [A¡áå³à> l¡üšA¡à¹ l¡üìÀJ>ãÚ¡ú ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à ³Òà³à¹ã¹ l¡ü;Î [ÒW¡àìš [yû¡Úà A¡¹à št¡}K¹ [A¡áå³à> šø\à[t¡ Jàƒ¸ [ÒW¡àìš* ¤¸¯Ò๠ÒÚ¡ú \ã¯>A¡ "Š±ét¡‹¹ìo ‹à¹o A¡[¹¤ \>à šàîA¡t¡ [Å¿ã št¡}K¹ [¤ÈìÚ \à[> ëÅÈ A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à[¹¡ú

šøÎ}K šå[=

1¡ú A Textbook of Applied Entomology by K.P. Srivastava (1996 Edition and 1st Vol) 2¡ú Insecta – An introduction by Raghumoorthi et al. (2003 Edition) 3¡ú Entomology and Pest Management by L.P. Pedigo (2006 Edition) [˜¡o ѬãA¡à¹ : šàr¡[º[šìi¡à šøÑñ[t¡¹ γÚt¡ [¤[®¡Ä ‹¹ìo ÎÒàÚ "àK¤ìØn¡à¯à¹ ¤àì¤ Åøã³à> W¡yû¡šà[o "à¹ç¡ Åøã³à> ™å[v¡û¡ [·ý¡îº ‹>¸¤àƒ ™à[W¡ìºòà¡ú]

([ºJA¡ >Kà*ò W¡Ò¹¹ "[‹¤àÎã¡¡ú &Òü\> Aõ¡[È [¤`¡à>ã "γãÚà ®¡àÈàt¡ [¤`¡à> [¤ÈÚ¹ &\> º¦ šø[t¡Ë¡ ëºJA¡)

Don't keep your dreams in the eyes. they may drop down as tears. Keep them in your heart. So that every heartbeat reminds you to fulfil your desire. Paramita Prajna : Scribed in Pragyan’s Orkut Profile /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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\ã¯Î³èÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ ΃¸\àt¡ ³à>¯[ÅÇ¡ì¯Òü ÎA¡ìºàt¡îA¡ "ÎÒàÚ "à¹ç¡ "îšot¡¡ú ΃¸\àt¡ &[i¡ [ÅÇ¡ Ѭà‹ã>®¡àì¯ \ãÚàÒü =A¡àìi¡à "δ±¯¡ú šø=³ "¯Ñ‚àt¡ &[i¡ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ Jàƒ¸, ¹Û¡oàì¤Û¡o "à¹ç¡ [A¡áå ³¹³¹ l¡üš[¹* K๠l¡ü³* [¤W¡à칡ú ³à>åÒ¹ Aå¡[¹ ¤á¹ ¤ÚÎîº Åà¹ã[¹A¡ ¤õ[‡ý¡ Qìi¡ ™[ƒ* šø=³ ¤á¹¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡ "à¹ç¡ [¤A¡àÅ [A¡áå ³> A¡[¹¤ºKãÚà¡ú [ÅÇ¡[i¡¹ ¤ÚÎ ¤à[Øn¡ ë™à¯à¹ ºìK ºìK Òü \[i¡º¹ š¹à \[i¡ºt¡¹ "¯Ñ‚àîº "àK¤à[Øn¡ íK =àìA¡¡ú šø=³ "¯Ñ‚àt¡ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ Jål¡ü¤ *W¡¹¹ š¹à [™ ëƒìJ ¤à Ç¡ì> t¡à¹ š¹àÒü [Å[A¡¤îº "๴± A¡ì¹¡ú [A¡áå ">审¯ "à¹ç¡ ëKàÞ꡹ š¹àÒü [Î A¡àì¹à¤à¹ l¡üš[Ñ‚[t¡ ">审¯ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú &Òü "¯Ñ‚àt¡ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ ƒõ[Ê¡ [Ñ‚¹ A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯àì¹ ëÎìÚìÒ ëA¡àì>à ¤Ññ¹ á[¤¹ Ñ‚à[Úâ« Jål¡ü¤ A¡³ ÒÚ "à¹ç¡ ó¡ºt¡ [ÅÇ¡[i¡ìÚ "њʡ ¹ê¡št¡ìÒ ¤Ññì¤à¹ ëƒìJ¡ú [Î ¤×ƒè¹¹ ¤Ññ ëƒJàt¡ "Îå[¤‹à ÒÚ¡ú &Òü γÚt¡ ëƒJà ¤Ññì¤à¹¹ á[¤ [ÅÇ¡¹ ³>t¡ >à=àìA¡¡ú Ź㹹 "}K-šøt¡¸}Kì¤à¹ [®¡>ô [®¡>ô Òà¹t¡ ¤àìØn¡¡ú Ź㹹 ëA¡àì>à ëA¡àì>à "}KÒü "à>ì¤à¹¹ t塺>àt¡ ÅãìQø š[¹šB¡t¡à ºà®¡ A¡ì¹¡ú íÅů "¯Ñ‚àt¡ Ź㹹 ">¸à>¸ "}K¹ t塺>àt¡ ³è¹ìi¡à¹ "àA¡à¹ "à>åšà[t¡A¡®¡àì¯ ë¤[á l¡àR¡¹ ÒÚ¡ú [ÅÇ¡¹ ëƒÒ¹ [¤A¡àÅ *š¹¹ š¹à t¡ºîº ÒÚ¡ú [ÎÒòt¡¹ ¤à× ƒåJ>t¡îA¡ ®¡[¹ƒåJ>¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡ [A¡áå ³”‚¹ 39 /

K[t¡t¡ ÒÚ¡ú šø=³ìt¡ [l¡[R¡ "à¹ç¡ ¤à×¹ [¤A¡àÅ ÒÚ, t¡à¹ šàát¡ìÒ l¡ü¹ç¡ "à¹ç¡ ®¡[¹¹ Kk¡>¹ [¤A¡àÅ Qìi¡¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ [ÅÇ¡[i¡ìÚ ¤[Ò¤îº ëºà¯à¹ "àKìt¡Òü ëA¡àì>à ¤Ññ Jà³å[W¡ ‹[¹¤ šà칡ú [ÅÇ¡ l¡àR¡¹ ëÒà¯à¹ ºìK ºìK ³à}ÎìšÅãγèÒ [¤A¡[Åt¡ ÒÚ¡ú l¡àR¡¹ l¡àR¡¹ ³à}ÎìšÅãì¤à¹ Î¹ç¡ Î¹ç¡ ³à}ÎìšÅãt¡îA¡ ‰ç¡t¡ K[t¡t¡ ¤àìØn¡ "à¹ç¡ ³à}ÎìšÅã¹ Îe¡àº> Ñ‚éºt¡à¹ š¹à yû¡ì³ ÎåÜt¡àîº š[¹¤[t¢¡t¡ ÒÚ¡ú Î³Ú šà¹ ëÒà¯à¹ ºìK ºìK "®¡¸àι \[¹Úìt¡* ³à}ìšÅãì¤à¹ š[¹šåÊ¡ ÒÚ "à¹ç¡ [ÅÇ¡ÎA¡ìº yû¡³¤‹¢³à> K[t¡t¡ "[‹A¡ \[i¡º A¡à³ì¤à¹ A¡[¹¤ š¹à ÒÚ¡ú ë™[t¡Úà [ÅÇ¡[i¡ ¤[Ò¤îº [ÅìA¡ ët¡[t¡ÚàÒü ®¡[¹ ëA¡Òüi¡àÒü ëƒÒ¹ ®¡à¹Î೸t¡à ¹Û¡à A¡¹àìt¡à ÎÒàÚ A¡ì¹¡ú &Òü γÚìt¡ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ t¡à¹ A¡àìÈì¹ ëA¡àì>à¤à šà¹ íÒ íKìá ¤à ëA¡àì>à¤àÒü [A¡¤à JàÒüìá Òüt¡¸à[ƒì¤à¹ Î[k¡A¡®¡àì¯ š™¢ì¤Û¡o A¡[¹¤ š¹à ÒÚ¡ "à¹ç¡ ët¡[t¡Ú๠š¹àÒü Òü ºàìÒîA¡ Îà³à[\A¡ šøàoã¹ ºÛ¡oγèÒ ëƒJå¯à¤îº ‹ì¹¡ú [t¡[> ³àÒ¹ š¹à áÚ ³àÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ [ÎÒòt¡¹ ëƒÒ¹ Kk¡> Jål¡ü¤ J¹îA¡ ÒÚ¡ú šòàW¡ ³àÒt¡ [ÎÒòt¡¹ ëƒÒ¹ *\> \–µìt¡ =A¡à *\>t¡îA¡ šøàÚ ƒåP¡o ÒÚ¡ú >J "à¹ç¡ Wå¡[ºì¤à¹ ¤à[Øn¡¤îº ‹ì¹¡ú [t¡[>³àÒt¡ [ÎÒòt¡¹ W¡àº¹ Kk¡> \–µìt¡ =A¡à W¡àºJ>t¡îA¡ [A¡áå šõ=A¡ ÒÚ¡ú &Òü γÚt¡ìÒ šøAõ¡t¡ [ÅÇ¡¹ W¡àº ¤å[º A¡’¤ š¹àîA¡ W¡àºJ> ëA¡à³º "à¹ç¡ [³[Ò ÒÚ¡ú &Òü γÚìW¡à¯àìt¡ ¹v¡û¡ Î}¤Ò> t¡”|ìi¡à A¡à™¢Û¡³ ÒÚ ™[ƒ* k¡àr¡à /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

¤à K¹³ [>Ú”|o A¡[¹¤ š¹à Û¡³t¡àîº >àìÒ¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ [ÅÇ¡A¡ γìÚà[W¡t¡ A¡àìšà¹-A¡à[> [šìÞê¡à¯àìt¡à Jåì¤Òü šøìÚà\>ãÚ¡ú [t¡[>³àÒ¹ š¹à [ÅÇ¡¹ W¡Aå¡ "à¹ç¡ Òàt¡ γt塺¸ ÒÚ¡ú [™ìi¡à ëƒìJ ëÎÒüìi¡à [Ñ‚¹®¡àì¯ W¡àÚ "à¹ç¡ ‹[¹¤îº ëW¡Ê¡à A¡ì¹¡ú &Òü γÚìW¡à¯à¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ [ÅÇ¡¹ Î}줃> t¡”|¹ "}KγèÒ Î[yû¡Ú Ò’¤îº ‹ì¹¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ [ÎÒòìt¡ "à> ëJº¹ Îà³Nøãt¡îA¡ šåt¡ºà[¤ºàA¡ ®¡àº šàÚ¡ú [ÎÒòìt¡ šåt¡ºàì¤à¹ º’¤îº "à¹ç¡ ³¹³ A¡[¹¤îº [ÅìA¡, [™ìÚ [ÎÒòt¡A¡ Îà³à[\A¡ "[®¡¤õ[v¡ Kk¡>t¡ ÎÒàÚ A¡ì¹¡ú áÚ ³àÒ¹ š¹à >-³àÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ ¤[Ò¤îº ‹ì¹¡ú &Òü [t¡[>³àÒt¡ [ÎÒòìt¡ šW¡–ƒ "à¹ç¡ "šW¡–ƒìi¡à ¤å\àÒü [ƒ¤ š¹à ÒÚ¡ú [¤Å« ѬàÑ‚¸ Î}т๠³ìt¡ áÚ ³àÒ¹ š¹àÒü [ÅÇ¡A¡ ëKài¡à "àÒ๠[ƒÚ๠A¡=à [W¡”zà A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¡ú áÚ ³àÒ¹ š¹à [ÎÒòìt¡ ëKài¡à ¤Ññ ëW¡à¤à¤îº "à¹ç¡ [K[º¤îº [ÅìA¡¡ú &Òü A¡à™¢Òü "àºå¹ ³à}ÎìšÅã Τº A¡ì¹, [™ ³àt¡ óå¡i¡àt¡ ÎÒàÚ A¡ì¹¡ú [ÅÇ¡¹ šø=³ "àÒ๠ëQò×t¡îA¡ W¡àl¡üº¹ š¹à Ò’ìº ®¡àº¡ú ƒò à t¡¹ "àA¡à¹ Kk¡> Ò*òìt¡ ™ì=Ê¡ Î³Ú ºàìK¡ú

³àtõ¡K®¢¡ìt¡ ëÅȹó¡àºîº ƒòàt¡ì¤à¹¹ [¤A¡àŹ šø[yû¡Úà "๴± ÒÚ¡ú KØl¡ [ÒW¡àšt¡ [ÅÇ¡[i¡¹ Îàt¡ ³àÒt¡ìÒ ƒòàt¡ Kì\¡ú áÚ ³àÒ¹ š¹àÒü [ÎÒòìt¡ A¡àš, ¤à[t¡ ¤à [KºàW¡t¡ [š-Jà¤îº [ÅìA¡¡ú šøàÚ "àk¡ ³àÒ¹ š¹à [ÅÇ¡ì¯ [>ì\ Jà¤îº ëW¡Ê¡à A¡ì¹¡ú >³àÒ¹ š¹à [ÎÒòìt¡ "àÒ๹ W¡à³åW¡J> ®¡àºîA¡ ‹[¹¤îº [ÅìA¡¡ú &Òü áÚ ³àÒ¹ š¹à >-³àÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹ìt¡ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ Òàt¡¹ š¹à š[¹ ë™à¯à ¤Ññ &i¡à [¤W¡à[¹ "à[>¤ \>à ÒÚ¡ú >-³àÒ¹ š¹à ¤à¹ ³àÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ &i¡à &i¡à Ŧ l¡üZáà¹o A¡[¹¤ š¹à ÒÚ¡ú &Òü γÚìáà¯àìt¡ [ÎÒòìt¡ ëJà\ 뚺à¤îº* [ÅìA¡¡ú šøAõ¡t¡ìt¡ ëJº¹ ³à‹¸ì³ì¹ìÒ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ [¤[®¡Ä A¡=à [ÅìA¡¡ú ëJºà¹ Îà³NøãγèìÒÒü íÒìá [ÎÒòt¡¹ š¹ãۡ๠l¡ü;Î "à¹ç¡ &Òü Îà³Nøãì¤à¹A¡ íºìÚÒü [ÎÒòìt¡ [ÎÒòt¡¹ A¡¿>๠\Kt¡ &J> šà[t¡ ºÚ¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ Jål¡ü¤ \[i¡º [A¡áå³à> ëJºà¹ Îà³NøãìÚ [ÎÒòt¡¹ A¡¿>àt¡ ¤à‹àìÒ \–µàÚ¡ú [¤ìÅÈîA¡ [t¡[> ³àÒt¡ [ÅÇ¡A¡ [ƒÚà ëJº>àì¤à¹ Jål¡ü¤ ÎÒ\ Ò’¤ ºàìK¡ú [ÎÒòt¡A¡ [®¡Ä ‹¹o¹ šåt¡ºà [ƒ¤ ºàìK¡ú &Òü [®¡Ät¡àì¤à¹ [ÎÒòìt¡ [t¡[>³àÒ¹ š¹àÒü ¤å[\¤ š¹à ÒÚ¡ú &¤á¹¹ š¹à º’¹à "à¹ç¡ ëáà¯àºã¹ ëJºà¹ ‹¹oì¤à¹ ºàìÒ ºàìÒ ë¤ìºK ÒÚ¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ ëƒJà ™àÚ [ÅÇ¡[i¡ìÚ šø=³ ¤á¹ìt¡ ¤× A¡à³ [ÅìA¡ "à¹ç¡ ºàìÒ ºàìÒ Îà³à[\A¡ "[®¡¤õ[v¡ [¤ºàìA¡* KØn¡ íº l¡üìk¡¡ú

(ëº[JA¡à šøàoã [¤`¡à> [¤®¡àK¹ [ÅÛ¡[Úyã) (Contd. from Page 26)

Career Tabloid from the AICTE have been already acquired by the university. Courses would be like Computer Sciences and Engineering, Petroleum Engineering, Electronic & Computer Engineering and Mechanical Engineering. All the courses would have the four year semester system, and successful candidates would be conferred AICTE approved B Tech degrees. /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

The University is also working on to introduce several more professional courses for the benefit of the students of the northeast. These include a proposed course in Petroleum Exploration Geophysics, PG courses in Philosophy and Hindi, B.P.Ed (Bachelor in Physical Education). Other proposals include introduction of courses relating to aviation, avionics, hospitality and tourism, etc.

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In the vast Indian sub continent, the Assamese stands out with its own unique identity which is somewhat different in character from the rest of India. This is evident in many respects of the Assamese culture. Importantly, this is noticeable in the Assamese language which has the characteristic guttural X (Î) sound. This sound which is pronounced in between the English sounds /s/ and /h/ is normally not found in any other modern Indian languages. It is the Assamese language which has given us not only our separate identity but also has given us our delicate unity in this multi racial Austric-Tibeto-Burman-Mongoloid-Aryan labyrinth of North East India. Assamese is the eastern-most member of New Indo Aryan (NIA) languages in India, and is spoken in the Brahmaputra valley in Assam. It is also the easternmost member of the Indo-European group of languages which is the largest language group in the world with a total number of speakers of more than half of the world population. All the modern European languages as well as those of Iran, India and Pakistan fall into this IndoEuropean group. Being the farthest outpost of Aryan migration towards the east, Assamese falls in the outer belt or in the peripheral Indo-Aryan languages.

Assamese is a very ancient language, a fact not very well recognized by many Assamese. Amongst the NIA languages, Assamese bears some unique characteristics which are not found in other Indian languages. The phonetics of the Assamese language are somewhat different from other IA languages in India (Sanskrit, Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali etc) chiefly for four reasons. 1) Assamese language has developed, over the years, in comparative isolation from other IA languages in India. 2) Assamese language was influenced heavily by the Tibeto-Burman and other languages of NE, while other IA languages in mainland India were not. 3) The IA languages in mainland India, on the other hand, were influenced heavily by the Dravidian languages while Assamese was not. 4) The branch of Aryans that emigrated to Assam in pre-historic times, were basically pre-Vedic Aryans, because of which Assamese still retains some of the characteristics of the original phonetics of the IndoEuropean group of languages which other IA languages in India seem to have lost. One major difference is the absence of the cerebrals (murdhonyo swor) in the Assamese language which are present in Sanskrit and other NIA languages. In the original pre-Vedic language these cerebrals were not there and Sanskrit is said to have acquired the cerebrals later due to the influence of Dravidian languages. Beside that, Assamese has the unique X (Î) sound which is

It is a multi-lingual column. Our valued writers can contribute write-ups in any of the four languages — English, Assamese, Bengali and Hindi. — Editor.

41 /

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

absent in Sanskrit and other NIA languages. What is the characteristics of this Assamese X (Î) sound ? Where from and when did the Assamese acquire this X (Î) sound ? Is it an non Aryan sound ? Let us see what the scholars have to say about the Assamese X (Î) sound. Phonetically, this Assamese X (Î) sound is similar to the German sound /ch/ as pronounced in the word ‘Bach’ or the Scottish sound as found in the word ‘Loch’. Thus unlike Sanskrit and other NIA languages, in Assamese, all the three IndoAryan Sibilants: s ( Î ), s’( È ) and s’’( Å ) are pronounced as X (Î) and not as ‘so’. This is a unique characteristic of the Assamese language. When the Baptist Missionaries in the early nineteenth century encountered the Assamese language for the first time, they duly observed the Assamese X (Î) sound and opined correctly that Assamese has the unique X (Î) sound which is similar to the Greeks. It may be noted here that none of the non-Aryan languages in the North East (Bodo, Tai, Meitei, Kuki and other Tibeto-Burman or Naga-Kuki languages) has any sound similar to this X (Î) sound. In fact many ethnic groups in the North have problem in pronouncing the X (Î) sound correctly. In this context it may be mentioned that the Sylheti language has this X sound which is pronounced as h. When Mr Benudhar Rajkhowa was a magistrate in the district of Sylhet, he wrote a book titled Notes on the Sylheti Dialect in 1913. There he showed that the Sylheti language was more similar to the Assamese than to the Bengali. He specially noted that the Sylheti people pronounce the sibilants S as X ( Î ) like the Assamese. However, they lean towards /h/ and they say hi (As. xi), hou (As. xou), heito (As. xeito) etc. unlike the Bengalees. Mr Benudhar Rajkhowa also came across an old Sylheti manuscript of Padma Puran written in old Assamese script. About this X (Î) sound, Dr. Suniti Kumar Chatterjee, the leading Indian philologist, remarked, “The change of initial, intervocal and final (sibilants) to the gluteral spirant X (Î) in Assamese is something remarkable and is paralleled by what we see in Singhalese and Kashmiri. This is also noticeable in Iranian, /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

Hellenic and Celtic” In many languages this original Indo-European X (Î) sound was lost which either evolved to s, kh or h. According to Kaliram Medhi, a great Assamese scholar, “The Assamese pronunciation of the sibilants is peculiar in Assamese, and evidently a relic of pre Vedic Aryan pronunciation.” Dimbeswar Neog another Assamese scholar also agrees, “Next to the above peculiarities is the Asamiya X (Î) pronunciation of the sibilants which also must have been brought by the Early Aryans called the Mediterranean.” The X (Î) sound was there in the pre-Vedic Aryan language also before the evolution of the classical Sanskrit language. Dr Suniti Kumar Chatterjee, writes “It seems that in certain forms of OIA (Old Indo-Aryan) languages the X (Î) sound was the actually one employed for S as can be inferred from a medieval pronunciation of S as /kh/ being the nearest approximation to the traditional X(Î)’’. Dimbeswar Neog further writes, “When the Nordic of Vedic Aryan immigration into India took place in the second millennium B.C., the X (Î) sound as in Asamiya was prominent. Chatterjee thinks that “tatax kim” was the actual pronunciation at the time of the Rig Veda. It came to be pronounced as “tatah kim” in later times owing to the loss of X ( Î ) sound due to non-Aryan influence predominating over the Aryan. But it remained almost intact in the Dardic or Pisaci speech which like the Asamiya is a language of the outer band.” Mr Neog shows that this X (Î) sound was there in the Bengali language till the eighteenth century. Citing an Benglo-Portuguese Dictionary which was published in Lisbon in 1743 with the spelling x for X (Î) pronunciation in the title, Mr Neog commented, “....the Asamiya X ( Î ) pronunciation lingered in Bengal until at least the middle of eighteenth century from the earliest times even through the “Caryas” and “Krishna Kirtan” etc. Perhaps even to-day the state of Bengal has two distinct cross currents of their speech - the lower and deeper being that of old Asomiya or Kamrupi, and the upper and the surface current being that of modern or standard Bengali so called. As for the X (Î ) pronunciation, it has mostly changed to H as in East Bengal”.

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How this sound came to Assam ? According to one theory, it was carried by the early immigrants who were the Alpine Aryans from the Mediterranean. “During the third millennium B.C.the Alpine immigration poured into India, one branch of them moving toward the western coast of India through the Indus valley and the other branch pushing towards Eastern India.” They must have come through the foothills of the Himalayas bypassing the mainland India. Assamese language bears some interesting correspondence to some languages of the Himalayan foothills. It is also probable that some of them came through one of the northern trade routes thru Tibet and Bhutan, which were in common use in those times. The X (Î) sound has also been retained by some people in Rajasthan and other western states. Thus we see that this X ( Î ) sound in Assamese is not something which developed in Assam, nor it is a sound which was inherited from any of the nonAryan languages in Assam, but it simply marks an earlier IndoEuropean preVedic heritage. Thus our A s s a m e s e language is a unique language which is one of the few which still retains this X (Î) sound. It is obvious that in Assam we have this sound from the early days of Narakaxura and before who belongs to an Axura (Sans : Asura) tribe which is an earlier pre-Vedic Aryan group; the main branch of this group immigrated to Persia and later established the worship of the supreme deity, Ahura Mezda as the

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formless God. It is interesting to note that even today Assamese culture has some striking correspondence with the old Persian culture as found in Zend-Avesta. The Persian language has also some correspondence with the Assamese language in many respects including the common X (Î) sound which is pronounced as /h/ like the Sylheti language. Scholars have now correctly identified this unique Assamese sound to be a ‘veller fricative’ sound. Dr. Banikanata Kakaoty, states that in Assamese it is an ‘unvoiced velar fricative’ sound. Dr Golok Ch Goswami describes it as a “velar voiceless aspirant’. The International Phonetic Association (IPA), has identified all the sounds of all the languages in the world and have assigned some unique symbols. The IPA symbol of the ‘velar fricative’ sound as found in Assamese and other languages is the Roman letter X. (See IPA Chart).

Some of the Indo-European languages have retained this sound although today in each language, the actual pronunciation is slightly different. In the European languages this sound is spelled either as x or ch. In the Greek language it is spelled as x as in the word Xarish (meaning favor). In the Russian /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

language it is spelled as x as in the words Xrushchev or Chexov. In the German language it is spelled as ch as in the words Dach (meaning roof) or Bach (meaning brook). In Scottish language also this sound is there, and is spelled, like the Germans, as ch as in the word Loch (meaning hole). However, that is not all. Philologists tell us that this X (Î) sound was there in our familiar English language too. Commenting on this sound, Mr Robert Claiborne states, “Just as English syntax has changed over the centuries, so have English phonetics and English vocabulary. Thus the sound we write as ch (as in “church”) appeared in English only about fifteen hundred years back, while the guttural sound /kh/ disappeared about five hundred years ago (except in Scotland where it is spelled ch as in : It’s a braw, bricht moonlight nicht).”(“Our Marvelous Native Tongue”, p 17,). Other linguistics agree with Mr Claiborne. “There were other changes as well, most notably the loss of the Old English sound /x/, which in technical terms, was a voiceless labiodental fricative - or to you and me the throat-clearing sound of /ch/ in Scottish “Loch” or German “Ach”. (“The Mother Tongue : English & How it Got That Way” - Bill Bryson; p 93). From the ancient past, the Aryan roots of the Assamese language has retained the X (Î) sound even after great assimilation with various other linguistic groups of the Tibeto-Burman family. However, during the last two hundred years, we are fast loosing this unique sound with the advent of the British since 1826. This is happening for several reasons. First under the Anglicized western influence on one hand, and due to over Sanskritization of the Assamese language in the modern period on the other, many educated Assamese are confused about the real significance of the X (xo) sound. The Assamese have therefore failed References

to adopt a standard Roman letter for this sound. The absence of a formal Romanized adoption of this sound in Assamese has created a serious problem. It inhibits the Assamese to express this proper Assamese sound through the Roman script. As a result, at present, all Assamese proper names are being written and pronounced in rather Anglicized form, the way the British had presented these to us in the nineteenth century, than in Roman script. We therefore invariably write Sibsagar, Hukanguri, Simaluguri and Hapekhati, not to speak of hundreds of other such Assamese words. Not only that. Now a days, we even carry these Anglicized expressions further and write words like Asom, Parishad, Satra etc for the Assamese words etc. Needless to say, none of these words express the correct Assamese pronunciation. We have already lost this sound from such words as Das, Sharma, Saikia, Sibsagar, Satyen and others. Unless the Assamese develop a keen awareness of the situation, I fear that within another few decades, we will probably call ourselves proud Osomiya instead of Oxomiya. In order to retain this unique Assamese sound, Assamese should take proper steps. First, in keeping with the IPA (International Phonetic Association) this sound should be represented by the letter X. Assamese should start writing this sound in their many words which have this sound. Thus the correct spelling of the word Assam in Assamese should be OXOM. There has been some attempt to write the word with the spelling ASOM. Needless to say that the spelling ASOM does not represent the proper Assamese pronunciation and this will be a sure way to kill one’s own language. Same applies to many other words such as Sankaradeva, Satriya and many others which should be spelled a Xongkordeb, Xotriya etc.

1) Assamese Grammar and Origin of the Assamese Language – Kaliram Medhi. 2) The Background of Assamese Culture – R. M. Nath . 3) Oxomia Bhaxar Moulik Bisar – Debanad Bharali 4) Assamese-Its Formation and Development – Dr Banikanta Kakoty 5) Structure of Assamese – Dr Golok Chandra Goswami 6) Origin and Development of Bengali Language – S. K. Chatterjee 7) Assamese Grammar and Origin of the Assamese Language – Kaliram Medhi. 8) The Origin and Growth of Asomiya Language – Dimbeswar Neog 9) A History of India – A.F.Rudolf Hoernle & Herbert A. Stark 10) Asamiya Barna Prakash – Dr Golokchandra Goswami. 11) The Mother Tongue : English & How it Got That Way – Bill Bryson 12) Our Marvelous Native Tongue – Mr Robert Claiborne

(The author, an engineer by profession, is a freelance writer and writes on various cultural, linguistic and religious issues of Assam and India. Sri Barua lives in Houston, Texas, USA. He is also the founder Chairman of the NGO called, Friends of Assam and Seven Sisters (FASS). To know more about his works please visit : www.friendsofassam.org) /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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It was 8pm on 31 st Dec., 2008. My daughter was busy with some of her friends preparing for their night long celebration of the New Year eve. My wife was busy as usual in her kitchen. I eased myself off in front of the TV with a cup of tea. Unfortunately the horrible programmes on the TV would not let me watch them and I have decided to sit in front of my PC instead to check if there was any important mail coming. As I opened the mail box I hardly realized that there was a big new year present waiting for me in the form of an acceptance letter from the organizers of the “SPIE international Conference on Photonics” to be held at Prague, Czech Republic from 20 – 23 April, 2009. Initially I could not believe my luck. SPIE (Society for Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers-USA) is a Pioneering organization devoted to most advanced Photonics research in the world and it sets such high standard for itself that it is almost next to impossible thing to get their nod affirmatively. That way it was a big achievement for me to get selected for presentation of my paper in their conference. My joy knew no bound at that time. After the initial hangover of the news, it

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was time for me to initiate all the preparations that were necessary for anyone embarking upon an international trip. It started with a seven hour long uninterrupted queue at the passport office, Guwahati. One needs to go there to get an idea about the plight of the passport seekers at the RPO, Guwahati. However most of the stuffs of the office were very sincere and hard working. It was just improper and inadequate infrastructure that made everyone’s life hell out there. After the passport it was time for the VISA, advanced Hotel Booking, Registration etc. The VISA rules for entry to any European country are very strict, especially after the 9-11 incident and if you are from a place not in the good book of the international community, they would refuse you the visa at any pretext and that was almost the case with me as well. Above all I did not have enough money with me at that point of time to meet with such huge expenses, had it not been for some of my friends and also my wife I would never have availed this golden opportunity coming my way. With financial help from them I first got registered on-line for the conference. Unlike in India the registration fee there was a huge 545 Euro (≈ Rs. 37,000/-). Similarly the hotels were very costly (about 80 to 100Euro per person per night) and I had to book it in advance to meet /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

with the visa specifications. Then came the booking of air ticket. There is no direct flight to Prague from India, so after a detailed search I have opted for the Delhi – Frankfurt – Prague flight route as it suited my travel plans. For the two way flight I had to pay Rs. 51,000/- plus another Rs.14, 000/for Dibrugarh – Delhi and back journey. On 15th April I boarded the plane to Delhi as my Visa was not ready yet and the Czech Embassy had asked me to appear before them for an interview. In Delhi I stayed for couple of days at the flat of Mr. Malay Kishore Dutta, who happened to be one of my most talented and adorable students. Malay and his wife Indu took great care of me during my stay at their place. On 20th April I got the Visa and the same night I boarded my flight for Frankfurt. In fact the Air India airbus to Frankfurt was scheduled to fly at 1-10 am next morning, but I arrived at the Delhi International airport (Indira Gandhi International Airport) well in advance as that was for the first time I was boarding an international flight and I was basically not familiar with the huge amount of the formalities that I had to go through at the airport. Slowly and steadily I have tried to follow what the other passengers had been doing and by frequently taking the help from the ever busy flight attendants, I went through the processes like check–in, passport and immigration control, security check etc. Before that I had converted some Indian currencies to Euro. In Czech Republic they mostly use their own currency “Karuna” but in the airports, Taxi stands etc you can use Euros as well. In Delhi Airport no

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

money exchanger would provide me with the Czech currency, but then I had my VISA debit card with me so I knew that once I get a money changing machine at Prague, I would have enough Czech Karuna for my use. All those formalities took almost four hours mostly due to my ignorance and also to a certain extent due to heavy traffic even at that hour. After completion of my final security check it was time for us to wait in the lounge for the departure. I was terribly exhausted mainly due to the heat of Delhi and pressure of going abroad alone for the first time to present paper on an international platform started telling on me. I was sitting alone in a corner of the suffocating lounge feeling pretty lonely and awed by the occasion. Starting from such a humble background to get recognition at the international arena was something that I found really hard to believe at that time. At the same time I was really scared also. What if I fail to convince the experts over there, or what if they simply laugh at my work? All those thoughts and tiredness made me very sick and weak from inside. But at the top of it I knew that I cannot go back empty-handed from here. At least I cannot disappoint all those well wishers back home. So I gathered strength and kept waiting. At last the call for boarding the plane came and everybody hustled towards the boarding gate. Here again after a long queue, of which I was the last, all of us finally boarded the plane. It was a huge airbus, and my seat was towards its wings. I was so tired that after boarding the plane I fell deep asleep. Our plane landed at Frankfurt at around 6 am. From Frankfurt my flight to Prague was in a

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small plane of Lufthansa Airlines. I had two hours of transit time in my hand and normally it is sufficient enough time for a transit. Along with the other transit passengers I had been guided by one very smart German attendant in his twenties. He first briefed us about the formalities for transit passengers, then gave us the counter numbers, the terminal gate numbers and finally showed us the direction in which we needed to go to find the counters. He then left us with a bright smile. Once he left I was on my own, and then I started realizing how big that Frankfurt Airport’s international terminal could be. I, along with other passengers virtually ran for almost twenty minutes through that endless building to arrive at the Passport and customs check counters. The tough and scary looking customs officers very promptly cleared me after asking few questions and showed me the way to the security check gate. Looking around I again realized that it was time for another sprint as my clock showed that almost one hour had elapsed since my arrival at the airport. With many others I again started moving very fast through the tube like tunnels (air conditioned of course) and after another ten – fifteen minutes of virtual running, finally I saw the Security check gates at a very distant corner of the building. By this time I have realized what it takes to change a flight at an international airport. Any way, at the security check point it was a heavy rush and after an hour long queue I finally got through the security check with a deep sense of relief we all boarded the plane meant for us. At 8-30 am the plane left for Prague. Once the plane took off I eased off at my seat and started looking through the window to get a view of the Frankfurt city. It was such a beautiful and awe inspiring sight! In the mean time the airhostess started distributing breakfast and

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drinks to us. I took one burger and a bottle of apple juice and by the time we finished our breakfast the pilot started preparing the plane for landing at Prague International Airport. In Prague it was summer time but the normal temperature was a chilly 100C. I was told that in winter the whole city is completely covered by snow and the temperature goes down to as low as – 200C. After coming out of the airport I boarded a share -taxi and the driver dropped me in front of my hotel after almost an hour. On my way to the hotel I could see the glimpses of the heavenly beauty of the city and the landscape formed by the Vtlava (Moldau) River, which is flowing down the heart of the city. After boarding the hotel room, I straightaway went to the conference building, which was just one metro stop away from my hotel. The “Prague Congress Center”, in which the conference was going on, was a huge building and was in a very high security zone as it frequently hosts summits of European Union and NATO etc. After entering the building and passing through the security-check, I completed the registration formalities and entered the hall in which the presentation of my section (Nonlinear Optics) was going on. The main theme of the conference was Photonics and it had nine sub themes. Nonlinear Optics was one of the subthemes. Total six hundred scientists and technological wizards from all over the world took part in it and it was an awesome experience for me to be a part of the whole extravaganza. I had two presentations, one was st nd scheduled for 21 April and the other for 22 April. The theoretical part of my paper was well appreciated by the participants, especially by Prof. Kato of Photonics lab. Japan; however my experimental works appeared to be not at par with the international standard. After my presentation I received the certificate from the organizer and immediately /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

went out to explore the city. It was an extremely beautiful and well maintained city having small population. The whole city is a major tourist attraction having many famous tourist spots. During summer the whole city is flocked by tourist from all over the Europe, mostly British and German. The people were very nice, fun loving and extremely beautiful. Due to paucity of time and mainly due to

1. Tyn Cathedral : It is a 12 century church at Prague Old Town Square. It is basically a huge brick structure with two big identical towers and a huge pure gold structure of Virgin Mary that can be seen from miles away. 2. Astronomical Clock : It the most famous tourist attraction in the whole Czech Republic. It was built in 1490 by the clockmaker Mikulas of Kadan in collaboration with Jan Ondrejuv called Sindel, professor of mathematics and astronomy of Prague Charles University. At the turn of the hour it puts on a minute long show with apostles moving out of the window to the left of the clock. The four figures to either side of the top clock face represent Vanity, Greed (a Jewish money-lender), Death, and a Pagan Invader (a Turk); around the bottom clock face are a Chronicler, Angel, Astronomer and Philosopher. It is one of the oldest European clocks of its kind. It is unique in being the oldest of those where

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

the language problem (everybody speaks their own language only and have repulsion towards English), I could cover only a small part of the city. However I was lucky enough to visit some of the most important historical spots and bring back their memories in my camera. Below I have given a very brief description of the sites that I have visited. the original clockwork has been in operation from the beginning to the present time for six centuries, and even the astronomical dial shaped like an astrolabe survives in the original form. Here, I’m in the middle of the picture with two co-participants, one of them is Prof. Kato (right) of Japan, who heads the Photonics Dept. of Photonics Lab, Japan. 3.Mozart Museum : It is the place where Mozart lived for few years and created some of his famous symphonies. It is now converted into a museum. However I could not go inside it as by the time I visited the place, it was closed. 4. The Belvedere Palace: It is an old palace renovated and beautifully maintained. I could not gather much information on this. The first picture is a photo of the palace taken more than a century back and the second one (below) was taken by me.

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5. Vtlava (Moldau) River : It is the river that flows through the entire city. With beautiful banks, migratory birds, stealthily moving canoes and Gorgeous motor launches it looked like a scenic masterpiece of God. Despite flowing through the entire city, it is totally free from any sort of pollution that a big city can cause to a river. There are many beautiful bridges built at different time on the river. I could see the tourists and the locals relaxing with a bottle of beer or juice almost everywhere on the riversides – quietly, without making any noise. After moving around the city for more than one and half day finally it was time for me to say good bye to the most beautiful place I have ever been to and after checking out of my hotel, I took a taxi to the airport to board my plane back to India. On my way back to the airport the taxi driver kept talking to me in his own English about his country, the Soviet dominance, the Vietnamese refugees and so on, but I was absolved deep in my own thoughts, I just could not figure out if I was sad or happy, perhaps it was a mixture of both. I was sad as I had to part with this beautiful city, which gave me so much fame and recognition; at the same time I was happy, as I was going back to my own people with

so much to tell them about my performance at an international platform! My plane left at morning 630 am on 24th April from Prague and after changing the flight at Frankfurt I finally boarded our Air India flight to Delhi at 9-30 am the same day and finally our flight touched down at Delhi at 9 pm. If I someone asked me to choose from the things that I have gathered from the brief stint at Prague, I would definitely list them according to priority as: my research exposure at international arena, the honesty and love that those people have for their country, strict adherence to rules and regulations, utmost effort to maintain cleanliness and hygiene and love for their mother tongue.

(The author teaches Physics in the College)

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/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

ë™à¯à &i¡à ƒÅA¡ì¹à "[‹A¡ A¡àº "à[³ [™ ‘"γãÚà \àt¡ãÚ "[®¡‹à>’¹ A¡à³t¡ ¤øt¡ã íÒ "àìáòà, t¡àì¹à ëšø¹oà "à[³ šø=ì³ šàÒü[áìºà ƒåÅ ¤á¹¹ "àK¹ &J> "γãÚà "[®¡‹à>¹ šøÎ}K¹š¹à¡ú "γãÚà \à[t¡ Kk¡> šø[yû¡Úà δšA¢¡ãÚ Kì¯Èoà A¡[¹¤îº íKìÚÒü "A¡Ñ¶àìt¡ Òàt¡t¡ š[¹[Ạ"à¦åá áàv¡à¹¹ ëi¡àA¡à δ¬[ºt¡ l¡0 ³[Úƒåº Òüáºà³ ¤¹à¹ šø¤Þê¡ &i¡à¡ú ‘>¯™åK’ "àìºàW¡>ãt¡ šøA¡à[Åt¡ ëÎÒü ëºJàìi¡à "¯ìŸ 1932 W¡>¹ ‘"à¯àÒ>’t¡ (3 Ú ¤á¹, 9³ Î}J¸à, "àÒà¹, 1854 Å’A¡) šø=³ šøA¡àÅ šàÒü[ạú (‘>¯™åK’, 28 "àÒà¹, 1888 ÅA¡, 13 \åºàÒü, 1966; δšàƒA¡ l¡0 ¤ãì¹–ƒø A塳๠®¡jàW¡à™¢ ‰Ê¤¸)¡ú "γ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à δšèo¢ "¯Kt¡ @ šøàÚ ƒåÅ ¤á¹ "àK¹ ëÎÒü "γãÚà "[®¡‹à>J>¹ δšìA¢¡ "γ¹ ¹àÒü\A¡ šø=³ \>àÒü[Ạl¡0 ³[Úƒåº Òüáºà³ ¤¹àÒü, [™ 1940 W¡>t¡ "γ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à¹ ë™à¹Òài¡ "[‹ì¤Å>t¡ ή¡àš[t¡â« A¡[¹[ạú ëA¡¯º [γàì>Òü >ÒÚ, "[®¡‹à>J>¹ [¤ÈìÚ ("à[\îºìA¡ "à[³ \>à ³ìt¡) Τ¢š=ø ³ ëºJàìi¡àt¡ l¡0 ¤¹àÒü íA¡[Ạ– ‘‘"ºš [ƒ>¹ "àKìt¡ ³Òü [¤ºàt¡t¡ =àìAò¡àìt¡ &J[> "γãÚà "[®¡‹à> Òü[r¡Úà "[ó¡á¹ šå[=®ò¡¹àºt¡ ëƒ[J¤îº šàÒü[áìºà¡ú &Òü šå[=J[> ¹ç¡[W¡>à= A¡à³¹ê¡šã¹‡à¹à 1810 JøãÊ¡à¦t¡ ¹[W¡t¡ íÒ[ạú "[®¡‹à>J[>t¡ šàt¡[> "à[ƒ >=A¡à¹ A¡à¹ìo Nø”A‚ ¡t¢¡à¹ [¤ÈìÚ [¤ìÅÈ \à[>¤ š¹à >Ò’º¡ú ët¡ìJt¡¹ >à³¹ šàát¡ A¡à³¹ê¡šã "àJ¸à =A¡à¹š¹à ¤å\à ™àÚ ë™ ët¡ìJt¡ A¡à³¹ê¡š¹ ³à>åÒ¡ú &Òü šø¤Þê¡t¡ "[®¡‹à>J[>¹ Îà‹à¹o [¤¯¹o [ƒ¤îº "àK¤à[Øn¡ìºà¡ú ÒüÚ๠γàìºàW¡>à "à[ƒ šàáîº Ñ‚[Kt¡ ¹Jà Ò’º¡ú "γ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡àÒü &Òü šå[=¹ [¤ÈìÚ "ºš W¡A¡å [ƒ¤ šàì¹, "à¹ç¡ Îå[¤‹à ë™> ëƒ[Jìº šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹¤îº ëW¡Ê¡à A¡¹à l¡[ü W¡t¡ ú’’ /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

l¡üìÀJì™àK¸ ë™ 1940 W¡>t¡ l¡0 ¤¹à "γ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à¹ ή¡àš[t¡ ÒÚ¡ú [A¡”ñ ή¡àÒü ët¡ìJt¡¹ ëÎÒü "àÔà>t¡ ÎòÒà[¹ >\>à캡ú ³> A¡[¹¤ºKãÚà ë™ ëÎÒü šø¤Þê¡ìi¡à šøA¡àÅ ëšà¯à ‘"à¯àÒ>’¹ šøA¡àÅA¡ "à[ẠÎà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à¹ "à> &\> ή¡àš[t¡ >ìK–ƒø >à¹àÚo ëW¡ï‹å¹ã (1931 W¡>¹ "[‹ì¤Å>¹ ή¡àš[t¡; "=¢à; l¡0 ¤¹à¹ šø¤Þê¡ šøA¡àÅ ëšà¯à γڹ ή¡àš[t¡¡ú ëW¡ï‹å¹ã¹ A¡à™¢A¡àº "à[Ạ1933 W¡>îºìA¡¡)¡ú "γ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à¹ "à> &\> ή¡àš[t¡ ë¤o勹 ų¢à* "[®¡‹à>J>¹ [¤ÈìÚ "¯Kt¡ "à[ạú t¡=¸¹ l¡ü;Π΃[¹ >A¡[¹ìº* &i¡à šø¤Þê¡t¡ ët¡ìJìt¡ [º[J[ẖ ‘‘l¡àv¡û¡¹ ëóø¡[e¡á ¤åA¡à>> áàÒठ"γ š[¹°³o A¡[¹¤îº "àìÒòàìt¡ ¹ç¡[W¡>à= >àì³ì¹ &\> A¡à³¹ê¡šãÚàÒü "=¢à; A¡à³¹ê¡š-A¡à³àJ¸à¹ ëºàìA¡ 1810 W¡>t¡ &J> ŦìA¡àÈ [º[J[ạú šå[=J>t¡ ®¡àÈ๠í¤ÚàA¡¹[oA¡ [>Ú³ ¤à š‡ý¡[t¡¹ &ìA¡à l¡üìÀJ >à[áº; "à[ẠëA¡¯º >à³[> "γt¡ ¤¸¯Ò๠ëÒà¯à [A¡áå³à> Ŧ¹ ¤R¡ºà šø[t¡Å¦¡ú’’ ("[®¡‹à>-ëºìJòàt¡à ‘\àƒå¹à³ ël¡A¡à¤¹ç¡¯à’, "à¯àÒ>, 3 Ú ¤á¹, 12 Å Î}J¸à, 1854 Å’A¡, "=¢à; 1932 W¡>)¡ú ų¢àìƒì¯ "àK¤ìØn¡à¯à t¡=¸[J[>t¡ ®¡àìºìA¡Òüi¡à ®å¡º "àìá, ë™ì> – &ÒüJ> ‘ëA¡¯º >à³[> "γt¡ ¤¸¯Ò๠ëÒà¯à’ Ŧ¹ ëA¡àÈ >ÒÚ ; [‡t¡ãÚìt¡ ÒüÚàt¡ ëA¡àì>à ‘¤R¡ºà šø[t¡Å¦’* >àÒü¡ú Òüó¡àìº &Òü šø¤Þê¡ìi¡à ‘"à¯àÒ>’t¡ *ìºà¯à¹ γÚìt¡à ‘"à¯àÒ>’¹ šøA¡àÅA¡\ì>Òü Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡àì¹à ή¡àš[t¡ "à[ạú "à>Òàìt¡ ë¤o勹 ų¢à¹ &Òü šø¤Þê¡ìi¡à šàát¡ ‘ë¤o勹 ų¢à ¹W¡>௺㒹 tõ¡t¡ãÚ Jr¡t¡ šøA¡àÅ šàÚ (1983)¡ú ëÎÒü ¹W¡>௺㹠">¸t¡³ δšàƒA¡ "à[ẠÎà[Òt¡¸ ή¡àì¹Òü "à¹ç¡ ƒåK¹àA¡ã ή¡àš[t¡ ™ì`¡Å«¹ ų¢à "à¹ç¡ l¡0 ¤ãì¹–ƒø A塳๠®¡j¡àW¡à™¢¡ú [™ [A¡ >Ò*A¡, ë¤o勹 ų¢àÒü l¡üìÀJ A¡¹à l¡àv¡û¡¹ ëóø¡[e¡á / 50

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+š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ ÅàÎ>-γà\-š[¹Î¹-Òü[t¡ÒàÎ * [¤[®¡Ä W¡[¹ìy¹ l¡üìÀJ =àA¡ìº* ³åJ¸ ®è¡[³A¡à [>ìÚìá šøAõ¡[t¡¡ú šøAõ¡[t¡¹ ®è¡[³A¡à δ¬ìÞê¡ Î³àìºàW¡A¡ ƒåK¢àƒàÎ ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ ¤ìºìá> – ‘‘[¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èìo¹ šì=¹ šòàW¡àºã ³åJ¸t¡ šøAõ¡[t¡¹ "à‹àì¹ &A¡[i¡ [ÅÇ¡³ì>¹ yû¡³[¤A¡àìŹ A¡à[Ò>ã¡ú’’ ëºJA¡ šøAõ¡[t¡ìA¡ "à‹å[>A¡t¡à¹ ëÎàšà> [ÒìÎì¤ ¤¸¤Ò๠A¡ì¹ +š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ ë¤Øl¡à-\ຠë=ìA¡ ³åv¡û¡ Ҥ๠ëW¡Êà A¡ì¹ìá> &¤} [A¡áå [A¡áå ëÛ¡ìy Îó¡º* ÒìÚìá>¡ú ‘¤Ààºã ¤àºàÒü’ "}ìŹ šø=ì³Òü ëƒJà ™àÚ, &A¡[i¡ š[¹¤àì¹¹ ®¡Uå¹ "¤Ñ‚àì>¹ ƒõŸ¡ú Ò[¹Ò¹ ¹àìÚ¹ šè¤¢šå¹ç¡ìȹà &A¡[ƒ> šøW塹 ‹> δš[v¡¹ ³à[ºA¡ =àA¡ìº* ¤t¡¢³àì> ëA¡à>yû¡ì³ t¡à¹ [ƒ> "[t¡¤à[Òt¡ ÒÚ¡ú t¡à샹 '[t¡Ò¸¤àÒã ¤øàÕ¡o¸â« * \[³ƒà¹ã "ÑzàÚ³à>, ƒãQ¢[ƒì>¹ '[t¡Ò¸ºà[ºt¡ Îà³”zš=ø à* ‹ÿ¤}ìι ³åìJ – &A¡=à +š>¸à[ÎA¡ šø=ì³Òü šàk¡A¡ γà\ìA¡ \à[>ìÚ ëƒ>¡ú ™à¹à ¤øàÕ¡oì⫹ ëƒàÒàÒü [ƒìÚ K[¹¤ šø\à [A¡}¤à [Åȸγà\ìA¡ k¡[A¡ìÚ [ƒ>™àš> A¡¹t¡ t¡à샹 \ã¤> š[¹Îì¹ "[®¡Åàš [ÒìÎì¤ ëƒJà ëƒÚ Òü}ì¹\ šø¤[t¢¡t¡ [W¡¹Ñ‚àÚ㠤얃à¤Ñz¡ú ™[ƒ* ‘¤Ààºã ¤àºàÒü’ "}Å óå¡ìi¡ *ìk¡ '[t¡Ò¸[®¡[v¡A¡ γàì\¹ [W¡y¡ú ëºJA¡ [¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èo Ò[¹Òì¹¹ Îà³à[\A¡ š[¹W¡Ú šøƒà> &®¡àì¤ A¡ì¹ìá> -ÿ-ÿ- ‘‘[>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹ Nøàì³¹ &ìA¡¤àì¹ l¡üv¡¹šøàì”z Ò[¹Ò¹ ¹àìÚ¹ Û塉 ëA¡àk¡à¤àØl¡ã¡ú Ò[¹Ò¹ Îà‹à¹o "¤Ñ‚๠KõÒÑ‚, íštõ¡A¡ "à³ìº¹ Îà³à>¸ \[³\³à¹ "àÚ * ƒå-W¡à¹ Q¹ [Åȸ ëΤìA¡¹ ¤à[È¢A¡ã šøoà³ã¹ ¤ì–ƒà¤Ñz ÒÒüìt¡ Îàƒà[΋஡àì¤ Î}Î๠W¡àºàÒüÚà =àìA¡¡ú’’ áÄáàØl¡à Î}Îàì¹ ƒè¹Î´šA¢¡ãÚ "àuãÚà Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA¡¹ç¡o Ç¡‹å "W¡º-">Øl¡ >Ú; ëÎ ë™> &A¡ Òü[t¡ÒàÎѬ¹ê¡š¡ú t¡à¹ ³õt塸¹ ³‹¸[ƒìÚÒü Qìi¡ &A¡[i¡ "‹¸àìÚ¹ γà[œ¡ú Òü[–ƒ¹ šå¹ç¡Èt¡à[”|A¡ γàì\¹ ¤àºàÒü¡ú [t¡[> ëA¡à>* "à[Åøìt¡¹ A¡àìá [KìÚ ÎåìJÅà[”zìt¡ \ã¤> "[t¡¤à[Òt¡ A¡¹ìt¡ šàì¹>[>¡ú [A¡”ñ t¡à¹ ëW¡àJ [ƒìÚÒü šàk¡A¡ γà\ šø=³ "à‹å[>A¡ γà\ ¤¸¤Ñ‚๠"஡àÎ šàÚ¡ú +š>¸à[ÎA¡ l¡üZW¡¤K¢ãÚ ëA¡ï[º>¸ šø=๠¤[º Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA¡¹ç¡ìo¹ ³åJ [ƒìÚ ¤ìº> – ‘‘' ¤ø\ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ ë™ [®¡i¡à "à\A¡àº \Uº ÒÒüÚà š[Øl¡Úà "àìá, ëA¡à\àK¹ã ºÜã-šè[o¢³à¹ [ƒ> Nøà³Îå‡ý¡ ëºàA¡ ëÎJàì> šàt¡ šà[Øl¡t¡¡ú... ëW¡àJ ¤å[\Úà ®¡à[¤ìºÒü Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA¡¹ç¡o ëÎΤ &J>* ëƒ[Jìt¡ šàÚ ë™ !’’ &Jàì>Òü Nøà³ão ®¡Uå¹ Î³àì\¹ šø[t¡Zá[¤¡ú Nø à ³-γàì\¹ ®¡àR¡ì>¹ ³‹¸[ƒìÚ KìØ l ¡ *ìk¡ +š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ "à‹å[>A¡ γà\ ¤¸¤Ñ‚à¡ú t¡J>Òü '[t¡Ò¸Kt¡ Nøà³ão ¹ã[t¡->ã[t¡¹ Î}ÑH๠ǡ¹ç¡ ÒÚ¡ú Nø೸ Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ "àÑzàW¡ìº¹ γìÚÒü \–µ ÒÚ "šå¹¡ú "šå¹ \–µ Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA¡¹ç¡ìo¹ [¤š¹ãt¡ Îv¡à [ÒìÎ줡ú "šå ™t¡ ¤Øl¡ ÒìÚ *ìk¡ t¡ìt¡àÒü ¤àºàÒü Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA¡¹ç¡ìo¹ š[¹Î¹ ëáài¡ Òìt¡ =àìA¡¡ú 55 /

³õt塸¹ šè줢 k¡àA¡¹ç¡o ®¡àì¤ – ‘‘&Òü [®¡i¡à¹ QàÎiå¡Aå¡, ' A¡t¡ ™ìâ— ëšòàt¡à 뺤å Kàái¡à, &Òü "t¡¸”z [šøÚ cò¡ài¡à Kàái¡à,.... &Τ áàØl¡à ëÎ "๠[A¡áå \àì>* >àÒü, ¤åìc¡* >àÒü¡ú’’ šøA¡õ [t¡¹ ³ì‹¸Òü ëÎ ¤àºàÒü \ã¤ì>¹ ³å[v¡û¡¹ Ñ¬àƒ Jåòì\ šàÚ¡ú Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA¡¹ç¡ìo¹ ³õt塸¹ ³‹¸[ƒìÚ [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹ Nøàì³ &A¡ ™åìK¹ šèo¢ "¤Îà> Qìi¡¡ú Nøà³-γàì\¹ ®¡àR¡ì>¹ šèo¢ ¹ê¡š šàÚ¡ú yû¡³Å \ã¤> Nøà³ ¤à}ºà ë=ìA¡ ÅÒ¹³åJã "à¤[t¢¡t¡ ÒÚ¡ú &¹Òü "[®¡™àìt¡ "šå W¡ìº ë™ìt¡ W¡àÚ "à‹å[>A¡ ÅÒ¹ A¡ºA¡àt¡àÚ¡ú "šå¹ "NøK[t¡¹ \ì>¸Òü ÒÚìt¡à Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA¡¹ç¡oìA¡ l¡üš>¸àìι š[¹Î¹ ë=ìA¡ Î[¹ì¹ ëƒ> +š>¸à[ÎA¡ [¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èo¡ú &Jàì> γàìºàW¡A¡ [źà[ƒt¡¸ ëÎì>¹ &A¡[i¡ ³”z¤¸ l¡üìÀJ>ãÚ – ‘‘... [¤ø[i¡Å l¡üš[>ì¤ìŹ šø\à "à³¹à, "šå¹ "NøK[t¡¹ l¡üìÂi¡à [šìk¡ t¡àÒü ³¹ìt¡Òü ÒÚ Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA¡¹ç¡oìA¡¡ú’’ [¤ø [ i¡Å l¡ü š [>ì¤Å [>ì\샹 Ѭ à =¢ ¹Û¡à¹ \>¸ n¡àºà*®¡àì¤ Òü}ì¹[\ [Åۡ๠¤¸¤Ñ‚à A¡ì¹ ÅÒ¹ A¡ºA¡àt¡à ÎÒ ®¡à¹t¡¤ìÈ¢¹ Τ¢y¡ú Òü}ì¹[\ [ÅÛ¡à-Òü "à³à샹 "à‹å[>A¡ [W¡”zàëW¡t¡>๠¤àÒA¡¡ú &áàØl¡à [¤ø[i¡Å Å[v¡û¡ tò¡à샹 "=¢>ã[t¡ìA¡ Åv¡û¡ìšàv¡û¡ A¡¹à¹ \>¸ ¤à}ºà¹ γà\¤¸¤Ñ‚àìA¡* "à‹å[>A¡¹ìo¹ šøìW¡Ê¡à A¡ì¹¡ú t¡àÒü l¡üš>¸àìι Îœ¡³ š[¹ìZáìƒ ëƒJà ™àÚ, Nø೸ γàì\ \åº³å ¤à\ã A¡ì¹ \[³ƒà¹ãìt¡ "[®¡`¡ "Äƒà ¹àìÚ¹ \ã¤ì>¹ &A¡ Q> "Þê¡A¡à¹ š[¹ì¤Å¡ú [¤ø[i¡Å ιA¡àì¹¹ \[¹š ¤¸¤Ñ‚à Nø೸γàì\¹ 뮡t¡ì¹¹ "¤Ñ‚àìA¡ Îà³ì> [>ìÚ "àìΡú &t¡[ƒ> W¡ìº "àÎìá – ‘‘¹à³ ÒÚt¡ Ÿàì³¹ \[³ [>[¤¢¤àìƒ [>ì\¹ ¤[ºÚà 뮡àK A¡[¹Úà "à[Îìt¡ìá, ™ƒå ƒÅ [¤Q๠Jà\>àÚ ¤àì¹à [¤Qà [>¹ç¡š‰ì¤ ƒJº A¡[¹ìt¡ìá, &t¡[ƒ> ™àÒà šèo¢ Åà[”zìt¡ [>ÍšÄ ÒÒüìt¡[áº, &Òü¤à¹ ëÎÒü ÎA¡ìº¹ ³ì‹¸ ëKຳຠëš][ạú’’ &Τ ëKຳàìº [ƒÅàÒà¹à ÒìÚ šìØl¡> "ăà¤à¤å ÎÒ "ì>A¡¡ú "Äƒà ¤à¤å¹ [ƒìÅÒà¹à Ò*Ú๠">¸ A¡à¹o* ¹ìÚìá¡ú t¡à¹ `¡à[t¡šåy >ãì¹> Òü}ì¹[\ [Å[Û¡t¡, ÎàìÒ¤ã W¡àºW¡ºì> "®¡¸Ñz &¤} +š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ Îv¡à¹ ÎìU šèo¢®¡àì¤ \[Øl¡t¡¡ú ëºJìA¡¹ ®¡àÈàÚ ¤ºà ™àÚ – ‘‘... ëÅï[J> ‹¹ì>¹ A¡ìºì\¹ ëáìº, &A¡Jà[>ìt¡ ëÅàÚ, &A¡Jà[>ìt¡ šØl¡à Åå>à A¡ì¹...¡ú’’ Nø೸ γà\ ¤¸¤Ñ‚à ë=ìA¡ >ãì¹ì>¹ ¤Î¤àÎ "ì>A¡ ƒè칡ú ëÎ >tå¡> ™åìK¹ ¤àt¢¡à¤àÒA¡¡ú +š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ Å[v¡û¡ [>Ú[”|t¡ * Òü}ì¹[\ ®¡àÈ๠™åìK¹ ³à>åÈ¡ú Nø೸ γà\-Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ šø[t¡ t¡à¹ i¡à> ë>Òü¡ú ëÎ \àì> Nøàì³ ®¡[¤È¸; ë>Òü, ®¡[¤È¸; ¹ìÚìá "à‹å[>A¡ ÅÒ칡ú &Òü >ãì¹> δ¬ìÞê¡ ëºJA¡ ¤ìº> – ‘‘... ë¤Å ¤[ºË¡ KØl¡>, Îåš¹å ç¡È¡ú A¡[ºA¡àt¡à¹ A¡ìºì\ "àÒü> šìØl¡, "t¡¸”z ë³ï>ã šøAõ¡[t¡¹ ³à>åÈ....[ƒ>¹àt¡ >쮡º š[Øl¡Úà * ¤–ƒåA¡ áåò[Øl¡Úà A¡ài¡àÚ¡ú’’ ‘¤Ààºã ¤àºàÒü’ "}ìÅÒü ƒåK¢à¹ ÎìU šàk¡A¡ γàì\¹ /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

š[¹[W¡[t¡ Qìi¡¡ú ƒåK¢à Òº Òü[–ƒì¹¹ ³t¡ ëA¡ï³ γàì\¹ šø[t¡[>[‹¡ú ƒåKࢠìA¡ l¡üš>¸àìι šø=³ ë=ìA¡ še¡[¤}Å š[¹ìZრš™¢”z ÎŹãì¹ ëƒJà ™àÚ¡ú š¹¤t¡¢ã ƒÅ[i¡ š[¹ìZáìƒ ëÎ ÎŹãì¹ >à =àA¡ìº* t¡à¹ áàÚà l¡üš>¸àìÎ l¡üš[Ñ‚t¡¡ú ƒåK¢à [ẠšøAõ¡[t¡ šø[t¡³à Ѭ¹ê¡š¡ú Òü[–ƒì¹¹ ƒå@ìJ ëÎ [Ạγ¤¸=ã¡ú [š[ÎìA¡ W¡Øl¡ìA¡¹ 볺à ë=ìA¡ &ì> ëƒÚ ƒå-šÚÎ๠³åØl¡[A¡ "๠ƒåìi¡à A¡ƒ³à¡ú &Òü ƒåK¢à¹ š[¹W¡Ú ëºJA¡ &®¡àì¤ [ƒìÚìá> – ‘‘ƒåK¢à¹ ¤ÚÎ ƒÅ-&Kàì¹à ¤;ι ÒÒüº¡ú KØl¡> šàt¡ºà šàt¡ºà ¹} "šå¹ ³t¡ "t¡i¡à ó¡Î¢à >Ú, &A¡iå¡ W¡àšà¡ú Òàìt¡ A¡àìW¡¹ Wå¡[Øl¡, š¹ì> ³Úºà A¡àšØl¡, ³à=๠W塺 ¹åÛ¡, ¤àt¡àìÎ l¡ü[Øl¡ìt¡ìá, ³åìJ¹ KØl¡> ³–ƒ >Ú, "šå¹ ³t¡ ëW¡àJP¡[º ë¤Å l¡àK¹ l¡àK¹¡ú’’ šøAõ¡[t¡ A¡>¸à ¤ìºÒü t¡àìA¡ W¡à¹ ëƒ*Úà캹 K[r¡¹ ³ì‹¸ "ài¡[A¡ìÚ ¹àJà ™àÚ[>¡ú Nøàì³¹ γÑz Kàá-šàºà, ó塺-ó¡º, ¹àÑzàQài¡ t¡à¹ >Jƒš¢ìo¡ú ¹àÑzàQài¡, ¤>\Uº ë=ìA¡ >à>à‹¹ìo¹ 󡺳èº, A¡[W¡"à³, A衺-&Τ &ì> ®¡àÒü "šåìA¡ ëƒÚ &¤} [>ì\* JàÚ¡ú &Τ A¡àì\¹ \>¸ ³àìÚ¹ A¡àá ë=ìA¡ A¡t¡ ¤Aå¡[>, [šiå¡[> ëJìÚìá¡ú ³à Τ¢\Úà šå¹ç¡Èt¡à[”|A¡ ³èº¸ì¤à싹 t¡àØl¡>àÚ t¡àìA¡ ‘ë³ìÚ’ [ÒìÎì¤ KìØl¡ ët¡àºà¹ ëW¡Êà A¡ì¹* šàì¹>[>¡ú &Òü ƒåK¢à¹ ÎàÒW¡ì™¢Òü "šå ¤Øl¡ ÒÚ¡ú ƒåK¢à ™t¡Òü Ѭà‹ã> ëÒàA¡ >à ëA¡>, ³àìÚ¹ ®¡ìÚ ³ì¹ Wå¡[š Wå¡[š "àìÎ, "šåìA¡ >à>à‹¹ì>¹ Jà*Úà¹ ó¡º³èº ëƒÚ, "à¤à¹ t¡àìA¡ [>ìÚ ™àÚ [¤[®¡Ä \àÚKàÚ ë¤Øl¡àì>๠\>¸¡ú Nøàì³¹ ëA¡à>* ëáìºë³ìÚ¹ ÎìU ƒåK¢à Jå¤ &A¡i¡à 볺àì³Åà A¡ì¹ >à¡ú ΤγÚÒü ëÎ šåtå¡ìº¹ ¤àG * ëJºàQì¹¹ ιgà³ [>ìÚ ¤¸Ñz¡ú &Òü ƒåK¢à Wå¡[¹¹ [³=¸à "š¤àìƒ ³à Τ¢\Ú๠A¡àìá ³à¹ JàÚ¡ú "šå [A¡”ñ Wå¡[¹¹ [³=¸à "š¤àƒìA¡ ë³ì> [>ìt¡ šàì¹[>¡ú Τ¢\Úà ¹àìK¹ ¤Åã®è¡ìt¡ ƒåK¢à¹ W塺 [áìØl¡ ëó¡ºàÚ "šå ¹àK A¡ì¹ ®¡àì¤ – ‘‘... [ƒ[ƒ¹ l¡üš¹ "t¡¸”z ³³t¡à ÒÚ – ëA¡³> ë™> ³ì> ÒÚ [ƒ[ƒ¹ ëA¡Ò ëA¡à=à* >àÒü – ëÎ ë™> &A¡à ëA¡à=à ÒüÒìt¡ "à[ÎÚàìá – l¡üÒ๠Îà=ã ëA¡Ò &Jàì> >àÒü¡ú’’ "šå¹ &Òü ®¡à¤>àÚ K®¡ã¹ t¡à;š™¢¸ ‹¹à šìØl¡¡ú ƒåK¢à¹ γà\ šøAõ¡[t¡Kt¡-™à +š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ γà\ ë=ìA¡ "ì>A¡ ƒè칡ú ‘&Jàì>’ Ŧ[i¡ "t¡¸”z t¡à;š™¢šoè ,¢ ëÎ &A¡à, ' Nøೠγàì\, ' Òü[t¡ÒàìÎ ƒåK¢à¹à &A¡àÒü &¤} š[¹Î¹Òã>¡ú ƒåK¢à ³àìA¡ ®¡Ú šàÚ &¤} t¡à ë=ìA¡ ³å[v¡û¡ šà*Ú๠\>¸ šå[o¸šåAå¡ì¹¹ ¤øt¡ A¡ì¹¡ú [A¡”ñ t¡à¹ ³>, šà[J¹ Jàƒ¸ ëÅ*Øl¡à¹ šàA¡à ó¡ìº¹ [ƒìA¡¡ú ƒåKࢠ¹à "à‹å[>A¡ ™åìK \–µ [>ìÚ* "à‹å[>A¡t¡à¹ š[¹Î¹ ë=ìA¡ ƒèì¹ =àìA¡¡ú Î³Ú [¤ìÅìÈ, ƒåK¢à¹ ³ì> ®¡[¤È¸ìt¡¹ l¡ü^º "àìºà¹ c¡ºôA¡à[> ëƒJà ëƒÚ¡ú ëKàAå¡ìº¹ ¤l¡ü ™J> >ãì¹ì>¹ ÎìU ƒåK¢à¹ [¤ìÚ¹ δ±à¤>๠A¡=à l¡üìÀJ A¡ì¹ t¡J> t¡à¹ ³ì> >tå¡> ®¡à줹 \–µ ë>Ú¡ú "೤àKàì> >ãì¹ì>¹ /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

ÎìU ƒåK¢à¹ W¡à¹ìW¡àìJ¹ [³ºì>¹ ³ì‹¸ ¤Ú@Î[Þê¡ [A¡ìÅà¹ã¹ š[¹W¡Ú óå¡ìi¡ *ìk¡¡ú >ãì¹> ƒåK¢àìA¡ >¤¹ê¡ìš ëƒìJ ®¡àì¤ – ‘‘ë™> šÀã šø à ì”z ¹ [>®õ ¡ t¡ Wè ¡ t¡-¤Aå ¡ º-¤ã[=¹ šø K àØ n ¡ Ÿ೺[Ñ•Mý¡t¡à l¡àK¹ ëW¡àJ ƒå[i¡¹ ³ì‹¸ "‹¢Îåœ ¹[ÒÚàìá¡ú’’ t¡J> ë=ìA¡ ƒåK¢à¹* ³ì> A¡t¡ ¹[R¡> Ѭ욗¹ ën¡l¡ü ëƒàºà ëƒÚ¡ú ®¡àÒü "šå¹ A¡àìá ƒåK¢à Ç¡>ìt¡ šàÚ, >ãì¹ì>¹ ÎìU [¤ìÚ¹ šøÑzà줹 A¡=à¡ú ëÎγÚÒü "¤‹à[¹t¡®¡àì¤ W¡ìº "àìΠ빺Kà[Øl¡¹ A¡=à -ÿ-ÿ- ™à ƒåK¢à¹ "¤ìW¡t¡> ³ì>* ëA¡à>* ‹à¹oà [Ạ>à¡ú ëÎ &t¡Î³Ú 뮡ì¤ìá, ¹àoå[ƒ[ƒ¹ [¤ìÚ¹ A¡=à, k¡àA塹 ÎåƒÅ¢ì>¹ A¡àìá ³à>ìt¡¹ A¡=à, [š[ι ëÅJàì>à áØl¡à áàØl¡à* "ì>A¡ [A¡áå¡ú &Τ ®¡à¤>๠³ì‹¸Òü ³àìÚ¹ Òàìt¡ ³à¹ ëJìt¡ ÒÚ ƒåK¢àìA¡¡ú [¤}Å š[¹ìZáìƒ "à³¹à ëƒ[J "šåƒåK¢à¹ šø=³ ¤>쮡à\ì>¹ "àìÚà\>¡ú &Òü ¤>쮡à\ì>¹ γìÚÒü ƒåK¢à¹ ³ì> &A¡ Åèo¸®¡à줹 šøA¡àÅ šàÚ¡ú ëÎ ®¡àì¤ ">¸à>¸ìƒ¹ ³t¡ ™[ƒ [¤ìÚ¹ š¹ "๠ëA¡à>[ƒ> ¤àìš¹ [®¡ìi¡Ú "àÎìt¡ >à šà칡ú ëÎ ÒÚìt¡à šøAõ¡[t¡¹ ³ì‹¸ [¤ºã> ÒìÚ ™àì¤, t¡àÒü – ‘‘ƒåK¢à "à\A¡àº ë™> &Òü Kàášàºà, š=Qài¡ &Òü "[t¡ š[¹[W¡t¡ Nøàì³¹ šø[t¡ "[Þê¡Î[Þê¡ìA¡ "t¡¸”z ë¤[Å A¡[¹Úà "òàA¡Øl¡àÒüÚà ‹[¹ìt¡ìá¡ú’’ +š>¸à[ÎA¡ ƒåK¢àìA¡ ‹ãì¹ ‹ãì¹ ³õt塸¹ [ƒìA¡ &[KìÚ [>ìÚ ™à>¡ú "šå¹ "ÎåìJ¹ Î³Ú ë³ìÚìA¡ KÞê¡ì®¡ƒà[º¹ šàt¡à Jåòì\ "à>ìt¡ šàk¡àìº ƒåK¢à ëÎJàì> šàt¡à Jåòì\ Jåòì\ Kà> KàÚ – ‘‘Òºåƒ ¤ì> ¤ì> / >àA¡áà[¤[i¡ Òà[¹ìÚ ëKìá ÎåJ / ë>ÒüìA¡à ³ì>¡ú’’ ‘Һ僒 Ŧ[i¡¹ ³ì‹¸ ë™> ƒåKࢠ¹ [¤¤o¢ ÒìÚ "àÎà [>ìÑz\ ³à>[ÎA¡t¡à¹ š[¹W¡Ú óå¡ìi¡ *ìk¡¡ú &¹š¹Òü Τ¢\Ú๠³åJ ë=ìA¡ "à³¹à \à>ìt¡ šà[¹ – ‘‘A¡[ƒ> ë=ìA¡ ët¡à a¹ Ò[ZẠ- ÒìZá "à¤à¹ ™àìZá - ³¸àìº[¹Ú๠a¹, A¡àº Îì–ƒ ë=ìA¡ a¹ ¤m¡ ë¤[Å¡ú’’ "ì>A¡ ëW¡Ê¡à A¡ì¹* ƒåK¢àìA¡ ³¸àìº[¹Ú๠a¹ ë=ìA¡ ¤òàW¡àì>à ™àÚ[>¡ú 빺Kà[Øl¡ ëƒJà ƒåK¢à¹ Ѭ욗¹ ³ì‹¸Òü ë=ìA¡ ™àÚ, ¤àÑzì¤ "๠ëA¡à>[ƒ> 䱤 ÒìÚ *ìk¡[>¡ú &Òü ³¸àìº[¹Úà a¹ Òº l¡üš[>ì¤[ÅA¡ Å[v¡û¡¹ ƒà>¡ú &Jàì> γàìºàW¡A¡ Ζƒãš ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àìÚ¹ &A¡[i¡ ³”z¤¸ l¡üìÀJ>ãÚ¡ – ‘‘빺š= [¤Ñzàì¹¹ ó¡ìº >ƒã-¤¸¤Ñ‚àÚ ë™³> Û¡[t¡ ÒÚ, Jà>à-Jì–ƒ \³à \ìº ³¸àìº[¹Úà¤àÒã ³Å๠\>>ìÛ¡y ÒìÚ l¡üìk¡¡ú ³¸àìº[¹Úà "๠*ºà*k¡à l¡ü[>Å Åt¡ìA¡ [¤ø[i¡Å ÅàÎ> ¤¸¤Ñ‚à¹Òü ƒà> ³ì> A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú’’ Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA塹ç¡ìo¹ ³õt塸ìt¡ &A¡[i¡ ™åìK¹ γà[œ "๠ƒåK¢à¹ ³õt塸 ®¡Ú}A¡¹ &A¡ [ÅA¡Øl¡ [áÄ A¡¹à¹ šøÚàΡú ƒåKࢠ¹ ³õt¡å ¸ &A¡ t¡=àA¡[=t¡ l¡üÄ[t¡¹ ³õt¡å ¸ – &Òü ‘l¡üÄ[t¡’ Î}ÑHàì¹¹ ë¤Øl¡à\ຠë=ìA¡ ³åv¡û¡ ÒìÚ "à‹å[>A¡t¡à¹ [ƒìA¡ &[KìÚ ™à*Úà¡ú ƒåK¢à¹ ³õt塸¹ J¤¹ [št¡à Ò[¹Ò¹ \àì>> >à, ƒãQ¢[ƒ> [¤[®¡Ä Ñ‚ à > °³o A¡ì¹ "àÎà¹ Î³Ú ë³ìÚ¹ \ì>¸ / 56

>à>à‹¹ìo¹ [\[>Κy [>ìÚ "àìÎ>¡ú ¤à[Øl¡ìt¡ &ìΠΤ ë\ì>Åå ì > ëÅÈ š™¢ ” z "šå ì A¡ >tå ¡ > A¡àšØ l ¡ š[¹ìÚ KàUå[º¤à[Øl¡¹ l¡ü;Îì¤ ™à*Úà¹ Î³Ú "šåìA¡ [št¡à Ò[¹Ò¹ ¤ìº> – ‘‘&[KìÚ W¡ìºà, "ì>A¡ 뤺à ÒìÚ [KìÚìW¡ ¤à¤à’’ &Òü ‘&[KìÚ W¡ìºà’Òü ÒìZá "t¡ãt¡ìA¡ ëšáì> ëó¡ìº Îà³ì>¹ [ƒìA¡ "=¢à; "à‹å[>A¡ \ã¤> š[¹Îì¹¹ [ƒìA¡ ™à*Úà¹Òü "àÔà>¡ú ƒåK¢à¹ ³õt塸¹ š¹ Τ¢\Úà [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹ Nøà³ ë=ìA¡ ">¸y ™à*Ú๠\>¸ Ѭà³ã¹ A¡àìá ¤à¹¤à¹ "à¦à¹ \à>àÚ¡ú ëÅÈš™¢”z ΤàÒü ÅÒ¹ A¡ºA¡àt¡àÚ [KìÚ ¤Î¤àÎ Ç¡¹ç¡ A¡ì¹¡ú ÅÒì¹ [KìÚ "šå >à>à‹¹ì>¹ J¤ì¹¹ A¡àK\, ¤Òü šØl¡ìt¡ Ç¡¹ç¡ A¡ì¹¡ú [A¡”ñ t¡à¹ ³> ëÎÒü [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹ Nøàì³¹ šøAõ¡[t¡¹ \Kìt¡ lå¡ì¤ =àìA¡¡ú ëºJA¡ [¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èo "šå δšìA¢¡ \à[>ìÚìá> – ‘‘ëÎÒü ëáìºì¤ºàÚ šø=³ Aå¡k¡ã¹ ³àìk¡ "àÎ๠[ƒ>[i¡ ÒÒüìt¡ &Òü ³àk¡-¤>->ƒã¹ [A¡ ë³àÒ ë™ t¡àÒàìA¡ šàÒüÚà ¤[ÎÚàìá¡ú’’ &Òü ‘Aå¡k¡ã¹ ³àìk¡¹’ Òü[t¡Òàìι ÎìU "šå¹ ³ì>¹ A¡t¡ Qi¡>à \[Øl¡t¡¡ú >ãºA¡¹ ÎàìÒ줹 ®¡àR¡à Aå¡[k¡, ³àìk¡¹ ëcò¡àš, l¡üºåJØl¡, ¤>A¡º³ã [A¡}¤à ¤ÒüìÚ¹ šàt¡àÚ "òàA¡à J¹ìKàìŹ á[¤ \㤔z ÒìÚ ºàó¡àÚ - t¡à "šå¹ A¡àìá &A¡ "àÆW¡™¢\>A¡ Qi¡>à¡ú "šåìA¡ ÑHæìº šØl¡àì>๠³t¡ Û¡³t¡à >à =àA¡ìº* [št¡à Ò[¹Ò¹ t¡àìA¡ &A¡[i¡ ¤à}ºà A¡àK\ ‘¤U¤àÎã’ šØl¡ìt¡ ëƒ>¡ú š[yA¡à[i¡ šìØl¡ "šå¹ A¡¿>àÅ[v¡û¡¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡ Qi¡ìº* "à‹å[>A¡ \ã¤> š[¹Î¹ ë=ìA¡ ƒèì¹ =àìA¡¡ú ëáìºìA¡ "à‹å[>A¡ \ã¤> ®¡à¤>àÚ l¡üv¡¹ìo¹ "ƒ³¸ [ššàÎà ëƒJà ™àÚ¡ Ò[¹Òì¹¹ ³ì‹¸¡ú [A¡”ñ šøà[”zA¡à[Út¡ Îà³”zt¡à[”|A¡ ³à>[ÎA¡t¡àÚ [¤Å«àÎã Τ¢\Úà ëÎÒü [ššàÎà ë=ìA¡ "ì>A¡ ƒè칡ú t¡àÒü ëÎ ëáìºìA¡ ¤øàÕ¡o¸¤õ[v¡ ëÅJàìt¡ l¡ü;ÎåA¡¡ú Τ¢\Úà "šå¹ [¤ìÚ, [®¡ìi¡ìt¡ šàA¡à¤à[Øl¡, ët¡àºà, íšìt¡ ëƒ*Úà -ÿ-ÿ- &Τ [A¡áå [>ìÚÒü Î¤Î³Ú [W¡”zà-®¡à¤>à A¡ì¹>¡ú [A¡”ñ šè줢Òü "à³à¹à ëƒJìt¡ ëšìÚ[á, "šå K[r¡¤‡ý¡ γà\ ë=ìA¡ t¡à¹ [W¡”zà‹à¹àìA¡ ³åv¡û¡ A¡ì¹ [>ìÚìá¡ú t¡àÒü ëÎ ®¡àì¤ – ‘‘ëÎ *Òü Τ \àÚKàÚ ™àÒüì¤, *Òü Τ ëƒ[Jì¤, [¤ºàt¡ ™àÒüì¤, \àšà> ™àÒüì¤, ¤à[o\¸™àyà A¡[¹ì¤, ¤Øl¡ Î*ƒàK¹ ÒÒüì¤, ">¤¹t¡ ëƒÅ[¤ìƒÅ γåì‰ Qå[¹ì¤, ... ëÎΤ ëƒìÅ ëA¡à=àÚ A¡àÒà¹à ë™> t¡àÒ๠\>¸ "ìšÛ¡à A¡[¹Úà "àìá¡ú ëÎJàì> ÒÒüìt¡ t¡àÒà¹* l¡àA¡ "à[Îì¤ &A¡[ƒ> - ëÎ-* ™àÒü줡ú’’ "šå K[r¡¤‡ý¡ \ã¤> ë=ìA¡ ¤õÒ; \ã¤ì>¹ [ƒìA¡ ™ày๠\>¸ ít¡[¹¡ú [A¡”ñ šè줢 &Òü "šå ¤øàÕ¡o¸¤àƒã [W¡”zà‹à¹àÚ [>³[ðt¡ =àA¡à¹ ó¡ìº Åøà‡ý¡ ë=ìA¡ ³àìÚ¹ \>¸ áòàƒà [>ìÚ "àìÎ &¤} ³à Τ¢\Úà* &ìt¡ Jå[Å Ò>¡ú t¡ì¤ A¡à캹 [¤¤t¢¡ì> ³èº¸ì¤à싹 A¡àk¡àì³à* t¡àØl¡àt¡à[Øl¡ ¤ƒìº ™àìZá – t¡à¹ šø³ào ¹ìÚìá Îå>ã캹 ³à¹ A¡=à¤àt¢¡à¹ ³ì‹¸¡ú Îå>ã캹 ³à * 57 /

Τ¢\Úà ƒå-\>Òü šøà[”zA¡à[Út¡ ëÅøoã®å¡v¡û¡ Ò’ìº* šø=³\> ëA¡ï³Î³à\ ë=ìA¡ [¤[ZáÄ¡ú "šå &t¡[ƒ> &Òü š[¹¤t¢¡>Å㺠γàì\¹ ¤àÒüì¹ ¤Î¤àÎ A¡¹ìº* γÚìA¡ l¡üìšÛ¡à A¡ì¹ ¤àÒüì¹ =àA¡à t¡à¹ ‡à¹à 䱤 ÒÚ[>¡ú [>Ú[t¡¹ i¡àì>Òü ëÒàA¡ "๠A¡àºìÑ÷àìt¡¹ i¡àì>Òü ëÒàA¡ "à‹å[>A¡t¡à¹ šãk¡Ñ‚à> ÅÒì¹¹ ³ì‹¸Òü ëÎ ™à줡ú +š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ Å[v¡û¡ Nøà³-¤à}ºà¹ "à[=¢A¡ Îà³à[\A¡ A¡àk¡àì³àìA¡ 뮡ìR¡ iå¡A¡ì¹à iå¡A¡ì¹à A¡ì¹ [ƒìÚìá [>\ Ѭà=¢[Î[‡ý¡¹ l¡üì„쟡ú t¡àÒü "šå샹 ¤òàW¡àìt¡ Òìº ÅÒ¹Òü &A¡³ày [>®¢¡¹ì™àK¸ Ñ‚à>¡ú Nø೸ γàì\ [¤ø[i¡Å Å[v¡û¡¹ "ìC¡àšàìι \ຠ[¤Ñzàì¹¹ šè줢 – ‘‘........Nøàì³ [Ạ™àyàšàºà-šòàW¡à[º, A¡=A¡t¡à-Kà> "๠>àìW¡¹ l¡ü;Τ¡ú ³‹¸ &¤} [>³—¤ìK¢¹ ³à>åÈ* Nøàì³ ³[–ƒ¹ Ñ‚àš> A¡¹ìt¡>, ¤øàÕ¡o A¡=A¡k¡àA塹ìA¡ ël¡ìA¡ šàìk¡¹ "àι ¤Îàìt¡>¡ú Qì¹ Qì¹ l¡üƒô™à[št¡ Òìt¡à ë³ìÚ샹 ¤øt¡šà¤¢o¡ú’’ [A¡”ñ [¤ø[i¡Å Å[v¡û¡ ™J>Òü Nøà³ ë=ìA¡ Nøà³à”zì¹ šøì¤Å A¡ì¹ t¡J>Òü "à‹å[>A¡ Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ W¡àìš Nøà³ão Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ [¤ìºàš Qi¡ìt¡ Ç¡¹ç¡ ÒÚ¡ú [>\ "[Ñzâ«ìA¡ Î\㤠¹àJ๠\ì>¸Òü "šå ƒãQ¢[ƒì>¹ ºà[ºt¡ Ѷõ[t¡Nø[=t¡ "ì”z¤àÎã \ã¤ì>¹ l¡üšA衺ìA¡ &A¡šàìÅ ëó¡ìº ë¹ìJ, ³à-¤à¤à¹ ÎìU Ѭ욗¹ 빺Kà[Øl¡ìt¡ W¡ìØl¡ ¤ìΡú &t¡[ƒì>¹ Ѭš—³àJà [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹ Nøàì³¹ >à>à Qi¡>à t¡=à [ƒ[ƒ ƒåK¢à¹ Ѭš—³àJà A¡àº * š[¹Î¹ ë=ìA¡ "àºàƒà Ò*Ú๠K®¡ã¹ ƒå@J "šåìA¡ "àšÃåt¡ A¡ì¹¡ú t¡J> – ‘‘Òk¡à; "šå¹ ³> &A¡ [¤[W¡y ">å®è¡[t¡ìt¡ ®¡[¹Úà ëKº¡ú ....A¡t¡ [A¡ ³ì> "à[κ "¿ ³åÒèìt¢¡¹ ³ì‹¸....[ƒ[ƒ¹ A¡t¡ >à-ë³i¡à Îà‹.....¡ú’’ l¡üš>¸àìι &Òü šøàì”z &ìÎ +š>¸à[ÎA¡ [¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èo šè줢¹ ‹à¹à¤à[ÒA¡t¡à ë=ìA¡ Îì¹ [KìÚ "à‹å[>A¡ šì=¹ ™àyã "šå¹ A¡=à ¤ºìº* ëÎ t¡à¹ "t¡ãt¡ [ƒì>¹ A¡=à [A¡}¤à [ƒ[ƒ ƒåK¢àìA¡ ®å¡ºìt¡ šàì¹[>¡ú ëºJìA¡¹ ®¡àÈàÚ ¤ºà ™àÚ – ‘‘....."à[³ W¡àÒü[> [ƒ[ƒ, "à[³ ët¡àìA¡ ®å¡[º[>, ÒüìZá A¡’ì¹ ëó¡ìº* "à[Î[> -ÿ-ÿ- *¹à "à³àÚ [>ìÚ ™àìZá¡ú’’ [ƒ[ƒ¹ A¡=à [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹ Nøàì³¹ A¡=à ®å¡ºìt¡ >à šà¹ìº* Î³Ú * š[¹Î¹ t¡àìA¡ 빺Kà[Øl¡ A¡ì¹ Îà³ì>¹ [ƒìA¡ [>ìÚ ™àÚ¡ú &Jàì> γàìºàW¡A¡ ¹ç¡= ë¹àì>ì>¹ &A¡[i¡ ³”z¤¸ l¡üìÀJ>ãÚ – ‘‘Tense differentiation is not employed to mark varying distances between the line of narration and the time of the narrated but to indicate the degree of actualization of the told events. ......the time line of a story is not just the organization of events in a specific order, but also the foreground of the story.’’

A¡àÅãìt¡ l¡üš[Ñ‚t¡ ÒìÚ "šå >tå¡> &A¡ šõ[=¤ã¹ ÎìU š[¹[W¡t¡ ÒÚ¡ú ÎUãÎà=ã샹ìA¡ [štõ¡šå¹ç¡ìȹ "[Ñzâ«Òã> /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

\[³ƒà¹ã¹ K¿ Ç¡>àÚ¡ú "šå¹ ³> A¡àÅã¹ >tå¡> Qì¹ ¤ìÎ >à, [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšåì¹¹ ³åv¡û¡ Òà*ÚàÚ ºà[ºt¡-šà[ºt¡ t¡à¹ ³> Î¤Î³Ú l¡üØl¡æ l¡üØl¡æ =àìA¡¡ú ëÎ "à¤à¹ šàk¡ÅàºàÚ ®¡[t¢¡ ÒÚ¡ú A¡àÅãìt¡ l¡üš[Ñ‚t¡ Ò*Ú๠[t¡> ¤áì¹¹ ³ì‹¸ "šå¹ ¤àº¸\ã¤ì> Qìi¡ >à>à [¤Èàƒ³Ú Qi¡>à¡ú &Τ Qi¡>๠³ì‹¸ ¹ìÚìÎ [št¡à Ò[¹Òì¹¹ aì¹ ³õt塸, Î}Îàì¹ W¡¹³ ƒà[¹‰¸, ³à Τ¢\Ú๠¹òà‹å>ã A¡à\ ë>*Úà, [¤>àìƒàìÈ ¤à¤å샹 ¤à[Øl¡ìt¡ ³à¹ Jà*Úà¡ú A¡àÅã¹ \ã¤>™àyà "šåìA¡ [¤[W¡y ¹ê¡š-¹ìÎ \à[¹t¡ A¡ì¹ tå¡ìº¡ú [št¡à¹ "ÎåJ * ³õt塸 ¤àºA¡ "šåìA¡ Î}Î๠δ¬ìÞê¡ "à¹* "[®¡`¡ A¡ì¹ tå¡ìº¡ú \ã¤ì>¹ W¡ºà¹ š= >à>à ¤òàA¡ [>ìº* ëÅÈ ÒìÚ ™àÚ[>¡ú šøAõ¡[t¡ [¤W塸t¡ "šå A¡àÅãìt¡ &A¡[i¡ =àA¡à¹ Q¹ ëšìÚ* ³àtõ¡Òã> ®¡àì¤Òü t¡àìA¡ Qì¹ =àA¡ìt¡ Òt¡¡ú ‹ãì¹ ‹ãì¹ t¡à¹ ³> K[r¡¤‡ý¡ Òìt¡ =àìA¡¡ú [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšåì¹¹ šøAõ¡[t¡[>®¢¡¹ \Kìt¡ [Ạ"Î}J¸ ¤Þêå¡-¤àÞꡤ, ëJºà¹ ÎUã "๠¹àoå[ƒ¹ ³t¡ ëÑ•Òšø¤o \ì>¹à¡ú &Jàì> ‘¤à¤å샹 ëá캒¹ ÎìU ëJºà‹å º à A¡¹ìº* ³ì>¹ [³º Jå ò ì \ šàÚ>à¡ú ëÎ\ì¤ï¹à[> * ºãºà¹ ÎìU "šå¹ [>[¤Øl¡ ³à>[¤A¡ δšA¢¡ KìØl¡ *k¡à Îìâ«* Τå\Òã> Òüi¡-¤àºå-[Îì³ìsi¡¹ ít¡[¹ šàA¡à ëA¡àk¡à¹ š[¹ì¤Å t¡àìA¡ ³èìº [ó¡ì¹ ™à¤à¹ l¡àA¡ ëƒÚ¡ú [¤[®¡Ä ºàf¡>à-Kg>àÚ "šå¹ ³ì> ë\ìK *ìk¡ [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšåì¹¹ šè¤¢Ñ¶õ[t¡¡ú ëÎ t¡à¹ šøàìo¹ "à¹à³ t¡=à ³åv¡û¡ š[¹ì¤Å * "àu๠"à>–ƒ Jåòì\ šàÚ &Òü [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšåì¹¹ š=-Qài¡->ƒã-³àìk¡¹ ®¡à¤>àÚ¡ú ¤Øl¡¤à¤å¹ Òàìt¡ ë¤yàQàt¡ Jà*Ú๠[ƒ> [¤ìA¡ºì¤ºàÚ "šå Qåì³¹ ³ì‹¸ Ѭš— ëƒìJ – ‘‘[>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå ì ¹¹ š= ë™> óå ¡ ¹àÒü ì t¡ìá >à.... ëÎ W¡[ºÚàìá.....W¡[ºÚàìá.....W¡[ºÚàìá....* A¡àìÑz Òàìt¡ A¡àA¡à, Ç¡>ìW¡à, [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšåì¹¹ š=i¡à &j¡æ ¤’ìº ƒ¸à* >à "à³à샹¡? ™ÅØl¡à [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹, ë¤y¤t¡ã¹ *šà칡?’’ "šå Ѭ욗¹ ëQàì¹ ë¤[ÅÎ³Ú =àìA¡[>¡ú ³àìÚ¹ l¡àìA¡ ë\ìK *ìk¡, ¤àÑz¤ ëW¡t¡>àÚ l¡üš[Ñ‚t¡ ÒÚ¡ú ëÎ ÑšÊ ëƒJìt¡ šàÚ – ‘‘*Òü "àÑzà¤ìº¹ ³à=àÚ ë™ "àA¡àÅi¡à, *¹Òü *šàì¹ šè¤¢[ƒìA¡

¤×ƒèì¹ t¡àÒà샹 [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹¡ú’’ [t¡>¤á¹ šè줢 ëó¡ìº "àÎà [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšåì¹¹ š[¹ì¤Å, [šøÚ íÅŤ, [>ÎìK¢¹ "³[º> šøàWå¡™¢ "šåìA¡ l¡àìA¡¡ú ÅÒì¹¹ +š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ š[¹ì¤Å ë=ìA¡ ³å[v¡û¡ šà*Ú๠\>¸ [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšåì¹¹ šøAõ¡[t¡¹ l¡àA¡ ëÎ Ç¡>ìt¡ šàÚ – ‘‘..... [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹ t¡àÒàìA¡ [ƒì>-¹àìt¡ Î¤Î³Ú l¡àìA¡, ÅòàJà¹ã šåA塹 l¡àA¡ ëƒÚ, ..... 냤ã [¤ÅàºàÛ¡ã l¡àA¡ ëƒ>¡ú’’ t¡à¹ ³ì> šìØl¡ [št¡à Ò[¹Òì¹¹ [®¡i¡à, Ç¡Øl¡A¡º³ã¹ ¤>, ³àìÚ¹ Òàìt¡¹ ºàKàì>à 뺤åKàìá¹ W¡à¹à &Τ ëƒJ๠\>¸ "šå [¤ÈÄ ³ì> Îà³ì>¹ [ƒìA¡ &[KìÚ ™àÚ¡ú ëÎ* \àì>- ‘‘\>Òã> [®¡i¡à¹ *k¡à>-®¡¹à A¡àºì³ìQ¹ \Uìº {c¡ {c¡ ëšàA¡à l¡à[A¡ì¤, ......Òºìƒ l¡à>à ët¡ìØl¡à šàJãi¡à Aò¡à[ƒÚà Aò¡à[ƒÚà [ó¡[¹ì¤¡ú’’ t¡à Ѭìâ«* šì=¹ 냤t¡à¹ "àÔà> Ç¡ì> "šå – ‘‘³èJ¢ ¤àºA¡, š= ët¡à "à³à¹ ëÅÈ ÒÚ[> ët¡à³à샹 Nøàì³¹ ¤òàìŹ ¤ì>, ..... W¡º &[KìÚ ™àÒü¡ú’’ &[KìÚ ™à*Úài¡àÒü ÒìZá "à‹å[>A¡t¡àÚ l¡üv¡¹o -ÿ-ÿ™à¹ š[¹Ñ£è¡¹o Qìi¡ š¹¤t¢¡ã l¡üš>¸àÎ ‘"š¹à[\t¡’ &¹ ³ì‹¸¡ú &Jàì> γàìºàW¡A¡ ¤ãì¹–ƒø A塳๠®¡j¡àW¡à왢¹ &A¡[i¡ ³”z ¤ ¸ l¡ü ì ÀJ>ãÚ – ‘‘Ò[¹Òì¹¹ ƒà[¹‰¸, 빺š=, Îà´÷ à \¸¤àƒã ÅàÎ>, >ãºW¡àÈ, \[³¹ ÎìU šø à t¡¸[ÒA¡ δšA¢ ¡ Òã> ">à¤àÎã ¤à¹àoÎã¹ ®è ¡ -Ѭ à ³ã δ߃àìÚ¹ \ã¤>™àyà – &Τ [A¡áåÒü [W¡[>ìÚ ëƒÚ ®¡à¹t¡¤ìÈ¢¹ šøàW¡ã> Aõ¡[È[®¡[v¡A¡ Nøೠή¡¸t¡à¹ š[¹¤t¢¡>, ™[ƒ* ëÎ š[¹¤t¢¡> ¤¸àšA¡ >Ú¡ú .... W¡[¹yP¡[º¹ šà¹Ñš[¹A¡ δšA¢¡ * [>ÎìK¢¹ ÎìU ¤¸[v¡û¡³ì>¹ "[®¡Qàt¡, ƒà[¹‰¸ * ¤e¡>à – & ΤÒü ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ Nøà³\ã¤ì>¹ &A¡à”z "àš> ƒõŸ¡ú &Òü l¡üš>¸àìÎ ‹¹à šìØl¡ìá ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ Îà[Òìt¡¸¹ &A¡ "à‹å[>A¡ l¡üv¡¹ìo¹ á[¤*¡ú’’ ó¡ºt¡ &Òü l¡üš>¸àìÎ &A¡[ƒìA¡ óå¡ìi¡ l¡üìk¡ìá Nøà³ ¤à}ºà¹ \ã¤> &¤} t¡à¹ ®¡àR¡ì>¹ šø[t¡Zá[¤¡ú ">¸[ƒìA¡ +š>¸à[ÅA¡ >K¹\ã¤ì> "à‹å[>A¡ \ã¤>™àšì>¹ Òàt¡áà[>¡ú ëÅÈš™¢”z ¤¸àšA¡ >à Òìº* "à‹å[>A¡ ëW¡t¡>àÚ l¡üv¡¹ìo¹ ši¡®è¡[³¡ú

ÎÒàÚA¡ Nø”‚ : 1¡ú šà=¢[\; KàìUàšà‹¸àÚ - šøÎU @ šì=¹ šòàW¡àºã¡ú 2¡ú t¡¹ç¡o ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ (δšà@) - Åt¡¤ìÈ¢¹ "àìºàA¡ [¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èo¡ú 3¡ú ¤ø\ƒåºàº ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ (">å¤àƒA¡) - Ѭà‹ã>t¡à Î}Nøೡú 4¡ú ƒåK¢àƒàÎ ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ - šì=¹ šòàW¡àºã ™åOµ γãÛ¡à¡ú¡ 5¡ú šà=¢šø[t¡³ ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ - l¡üš>¸àÎ ¹à\î>[t¡A¡¡ú 6¡ú Ѭš>¤Îå * Òü–ƒø[\; ëW¡ï‹å¹ã (δšà[ƒt¡) - l¡ü[>Å Åt¡ìA¡¹ ¤àR¡à[º \ã¤> * Î}ÑHõ[t¡¡ú ³èºNøÑ‚ : 1¡ú [¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èo ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ - ‘[¤®è¡[t¡ ¹W¡>ऺ㒠\–µÅt¡¤à[È¢A¡ã Î}ÑH¹o (1³ Jr¡)úú

(ëºJA¡ &.[l¡.[š A¡ìº\, >Kà*ò¹ ¤à}ºà ®¡àÈà * Îà[Òìt¡¸¹ šø®¡àÈA¡) /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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l¡0 ™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à¹ ³à}κ A¡ìk¡à¹ Òàt¡Jà>๠뮡t¡ì¹ nå¡ìA¡ "à³à¹ >¹³, ë¹àKà Òàt¡Jà>à ³W¡ìA¡ ™à¤à¹ l¡üšyû¡³ Òìºà¡ú t¡ò๠Òàt¡Jà>à ë™> ƒ³¤Þê¡ A¡ì¹ ëƒì¤ &³> &A¡Jà>à JòàW¡à¡ú ëÎÒü JòàW¡àìt¡ ¤–ƒã ÒìÚ "ÎÒàÚ šà[J &A¡i¡à¹ ³ìt¡à "à³à¹ Òàt¡Jà>à ái¡ó¡i¡àìt¡ Ç¡¹ç¡ A¡¹ìºà¡ú A¡¹³ƒ¢> A¡ì¹Òü [t¡[> "à³à¹ Òàt¡àJà>à ëáìØl¡ ëƒ> [>¡ú ">K¢º A¡=à ¤ìº ëKìá> -ÿ‘‘ÒàÒü "[®¡ºàÈà, ëÒàÚàÒü "๠Úå¸ ëÎà ëºi¡ ? Úå¸ ºåA¡ 뮡[¹ >àÒüÎ &¸àr¡ Ѷài¢¡ Òü> [ƒÎ ël¡öÎ !’’ ël¡öìι "\åÒàìt¡ A¡à³>à ºåºåš ƒõ[Êìt¡ [t¡[> "à³à¹ "à>J[Ź ëƒìJ [>ìº>¡ú ‘‘l¡üÒüº Úå¸ Ò¸à®¡ &¸à [l¡ö}Î, "[®¡ºàÈà ?’’ ‘‘ë>à, ë=}G θ¹, "àÒü \àÐ ëÒl¡ &¸à A¡àš "¤ [i¡¡ú’’ ™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à¹ [>샢ìÅ *ìÚi¡à¹ &A¡i¡à ¹[R¡> NÃàìÎ ®¡¹à ëi¡ö [>ìÚ &[KìÚ &ìºà¡ú ™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à [>ì\¹ Òàìt¡ ¹[R¡> NÃàÎ &A¡Jà>à "à³à¹ [ƒìA¡ &[KìÚ [ƒìº>¡ú "ºÎ Òàt¡Jà>à &[KìÚ [>ìÚ "à[³ ëA¡àì>àyû¡ì³ NÃàÎi¡à tå¡ìº [>ìÚ ¤ººà³ -ÿ‘‘ë=}G &¸à ºi¡ θ¹¡ú’’ ëºàìA¡¹ ®¡ãìØl¡ "à³à¹ ëW¡àJ ƒå’ìi¡à ÎÒA¡³¢ã [šøÚà}A¡à, ˜¡tå¡, ¹ê¡š³ìƒ¹ ëJòà\ìt¡ Ç¡¹ç¡ A¡¹ìºà¡ú Òi¡à;Òü "à³à¹ ³ì> Òìºà -ÿ- ëºàA¡P¡ìºà ë™> 59 /

"à³àìA¡Òü ºÛ¡¸ A¡¹ìá¡ú ë¤à‹ÒÚ l¡0 ™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à "à³à¹ [ƒìA¡ &[KìÚ &ìÎ "à³àìA¡ ¹[R¡> NÃàÎ &[KìÚ [ƒìÚìá> ëƒìJÒü¡ú l¡0 ™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à¹ \ì>¸Òü "à³à샹 [¹[ºó¡ &¸àr¡ [¹ìÒ[¤[ºìi¡Å¸> [l¡šài¢¡ì³si¡ &Òü šà[i¢¡¹ "àìÚà\> A¡ì¹ìá¡ú tò¡àìA¡ δ¶à> "๠䬋¢oà \à>à¤à¹ \ì>¸¡ú [t¡[> "à³à샹 ¹àì\¸¹ "[t¡[=¡ú ëÊi¡ ëKÊ¡ú ëÎÒü ³à>åÈ[i¡ "à³à¹ ³ìt¡à &A¡ Îà³à>¸ [š & "=¢à; šàì΢à>ຠ&¸à[ÎìÊsi¡ìA¡ NÃàÎ &[KìÚ [ƒìÚìá> -ÿ- "¤Å¸Òü ëƒJ¤à¹ ³ìt¡à ƒõŸ¡ú ‘‘ëƒ> A¡à³ "> "[®¡ºàÈà¡ú ëºi¡Îô [Îi¡ &¸àr¡ i¡Aô¡ A¡³ó¡ìi¢¡¤[º¡ú’’ ™t¡ã> ë³ìÒt¡à ¤ºìº>¡ú &Òüì¹ ! ™t¡ã> ë³ìÒt¡à "à³à¹ ÎìU "à¤à¹ A¡ã A¡=à ¤ºì¤ ? [t¡[> ë™ "ì>A¡ ¤Øl¡ ³à>åÈ ! "[>Záà Îìâ«* "à[³ tò¡à¹ ëšá> &ºà³¡ú [t¡[> "à³àA¡ [¤[®¡Ä A¡=à [\ì`¡Î A¡¹ìº>¡ú tò¡à¹ ë¤[Ź ®¡àK A¡=๠\¤àì¤ "à³àìA¡ Ç¡‹å ÒüìÚΠθ¹- ë>à θ¹ ¤ìº ë™ìt¡ Òìºà¡ú Òk¡à;Òü ™t¡ã> ë³ìÒt¡à [\ì`¡Î A¡¹ìº> -ÿ‘‘"à¹si¡ Úå¸ Ò¸à[š [ÒÚ๠"[®¡ºàÈà ?’’ ‘‘"ó¡ìA¡à΢, "ó¡ìA¡à΢ "àÒü &³ θ¹ !’’ "à[³ [A¡áåi¡à l¡üòWå¡ Ñ¬ì¹ ¤ìº l¡ük¡ºà³¡ú ‘‘ëƒ> ëÒàÚài¡Î ƒ¸ ë³i¡à¹ l¡üÒü= Úå¸ "[®¡ºàÈà? Úå¸ ºåA¡Îô 뮡[¹ [l¡ìšøÎl¡¡ú’’ ‘‘>à[=} θ¹¡ú’’ ‘‘"๠Úå¸ ëi¡[¹¤[º i¡àÚàl¢¡ ?’’ /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

‘‘ë>à θ¹, ë>à¡ú "àÒü &¸à³ "º ¹àÒüi¡ θ¹¡ú’’ ‘‘"[®¡ºàÈà, Òüó¡ Úå¸ ël¡àsi¡ ³àÒü“¡ Úå¸ ëA¡> ëi¡A¡ ë¹Ê [ÒÚ๠iå¡>àÒüi¡¡ú "àÒü [³> Òü> ³àÒü ¹ç¡³¡ú’’ "à³à¹ A¡à> ƒå’ìi¡à K¹³ ÒìÚ &ìºà¡ú ë¹Ê ëÒÚ๠iå¡>àÒüi¡! & [A¡ìι šøÑzठ[ƒìZá ë³Òt¡à "à³àA¡¡ú "à[³ šøàÚ ëWò¡[W¡ìÚ l¡ük¡ìt¡ ™à[Záºà³¡ú ‘‘ë>à θ¹ -ÿ- Òüi¡Îô Òü´š[Τº !’’ šà[¹[>¡ú [t¡[> "à³àìA¡ "®¡Ú [ƒìÚ ë¤àc¡à¤à¹ Îåì¹ ¤ºìº> -ÿ‘‘Сš *[¹}¡ú ëƒÚ๠Òü\ >à[=} iå¡ [ó¡Ú๡ú l¡si¡ *[¹ &¤àl¡üi¡ ÒüìÚ๠Сàó¡, ÒüìÚ๠l¡àÒüì¹C¡¹¡ú’’ ‘‘Î[¹ θ¹ ... ³àÒü [W¡ºìl¡ö> l¡üÒüº *ìÚi¡ ó¡¹ [³¡ú’’ ‘‘ëÒàÚàÒü ël¡àsi¡ Úå¸ A¡à³ iå¡ ³àÒü ¹ç¡³ ó¡¹ ë¤øA¡ó¡àÐ iå¡ì³àì¹à?’’ ‘‘Î[¹ θ¹ -ÿ- "àÒü &¸à³ ëi¡[¹¤[º Î[¹.....¡ú’’ ™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à "๠ë¤[Å Î³Ú "à³à¹ A¡àìá ¤ìÎ ¹Òüìº> >à¡ú [t¡[> ëÒìÎ ëÒìÎ ¤ìº ëó¡ºìº> ‘‘Òül¡ü "๠ëi¡ài¡à[º [ZW¡º !’’ "à³à¹ A¡àìá¹ ë=ìA¡ ™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à l¡üìk¡ ™à¤à¹ ÎìU ÎìU šà[i¡¢ìt¡ "àÎà ">¸ "[ó¡Îàì¹¹à tò¡à¹ A¡àá W¡àšìº>¡ú &A¡¤àì¹¹ \ì>¸* ëkò¡àìi¡¹ A¡àìá [>Òü[> ë™ ¹[R¡> šà>ãìÚ¹ NÃàÎ[i¡ ëÎ[i¡ l¡üì‡ìK¹ ÎìU ëi¡[¤ìº šìØl¡ ¹Òüº¡ú "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã [A¡ \àì>> &Òü šà[i¡¢ìt¡ A¡àìA¡ A¡àìA¡ "à³”|o \à>àì>à Òìºà? [>³”|ìo¹ [W¡[k¡i¡à "à[³Òü [l¡\àÒü> A¡ì¹ 뤹 A¡ì¹[áºà³¡ú [šøsi¡ A¡ì¹[áºà³, Jàì³¹ l¡üš¹ ™â— A¡ì¹ ëKài¡à ëKài¡à "Û¡ì¹ "à³[”|t¡ l¡üWò ¡å šìƒ¹ "à[‹A¡à[¹A¡ìƒ¹ >à³ [k¡A¡à>à [ºìJ[áºà³¡ú "๠&Òü [l¡>๠šà[i¢¡¹ "àìÚà\ì>¹ ó¡àÒüºi¡à¡ú С๠ëÒàìi¡º "¹ç¡ìo šà[i¢¡ "àìÚà\> A¡¹à¹ ë=ìA¡ Ç¡¹ç¡ A¡ì¹ ΤÒü "à[³ A¡¹ºà³¡ú >ã¹ì¤¡ú "à[³ Ç¡‹å "à³à¹ l¡àÒüì¹C¹ "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ãìA¡ &A¡¤à¹ A¡ì¹ l¡öàó¡i¡ ëºi¡à¹P¡ìºà ëƒ[JìÚ[áºà³ "๠ëó¡Ú๠A¡[šP¡ìºàìt¡ ÎÒü A¡¹¤à¹ \ì>¸ &[KìÚ [ƒìÚ[áºà³¡ú "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ ëW¡´¬à¹ ¤ìÎ l¡0 ™[t¡> ë³Òt¡à t¡J> "à³àìA¡ tò¡à¹ ƒå’ìW¡àìJ [Kº[áìº>¡ú [t¡[> "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ãìA¡ ¤àì¹ ¤àì¹ ¤º[áìº> -ÿ- ‘‘[Î Òü\ 뮡[¹ Ѷài¢¡¡ú [Î ëi¡A¡Îô "º ë¹Îš[X[¤[º[i¡\ô¡ú’’ -ÿ- γ=¢> A¡ì¹ "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã* ¤º[áìº>, ‘‘ÒüìÚÎ ÒüìÚΡú’’ [ƒì>¹ 뤺๠ëÎÒü ë¹Îš[X¤º ë³ìÚ[i¡ Òi¡à;Òü ‘[ZW¡º’ ÒìÚ šØl¡ºà³ -ÿ- "à³à¹ Òà[Î šàì¤ >à ¤å[c¡ ? "à[³ "¹ç¡oàW¡º šøìƒÅ ιA¡àì¹¹ [¹[ºó¡ &¸àr¡ [¹ìÒ[¤[ºìi¡Å¸> [¤®¡àìK¹ l¡àÒüì¹C¡¹ "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ [š /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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¤¸¯Ò๠A¡¹à¹ δ±à¯>à =A¡à [¤ÈÚì¤àì¹ Åøã [>¤àÎàA¡ Δ|Ñz A¡[¹ tå¡[º[ạú ët¡*ò ³ì>-šøàìo [¤W¡à[¹[Ạ&Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ [A¡¤à &i¡à A¡[¹¤îº¡ú &Òüì¤à¹ A¡’¹¤àt¡ šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹, "à>A¡ \>àÒü >à³ [A¡[>¤îº >ÒÚ¡ú ët¡*ò [>[ÆW¡t¡ Ò’¤ šà[¹[Ạë™, [ÎÒòt¡¹ ‹ÿ¤}ÎàuA¡ šøàÚì¤à¹ A¡ºà ëA¡ïź¹ [¤ÈìÚ Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ [™ìÒtå¡ [¤Å«¹ l¡üÄt¡ "à¹ç¡ l¡üÄÚ>Å㺠ëƒÅγèÒ "¤Kt¡ íÒ Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ Ît¡A¢¡ íÒ š[¹ìá, ët¡ì>Ñ‚ºt¡ &[t¡Úà [ÎÒòìt¡ "[‹A¡ Å[v¡û¡Åàºã, ÎÒì\ š[¹¤Òo A¡[¹¤ š¹à "à¹ç¡ ‹¹à >š¹à ‹¹o¹ "Ñ|¹ ÎÞê¡à> A¡[¹¤¡ú ët¡*ò¹ "àÅ}A¡à "ƒè¹ ®¡[¤È¸ìt¡ &ì> δ±à¯>àÒü ¤àÑz¯ ¹ê¡š šàìº, ¤à [ÎÒòìt¡ ÎÞê¡à> A¡[¹ =A¡à ‰¤¸ "àÒ¹o A¡[¹¤îº γ=¢ Ò’ìº – ³à>¯ γà\¹ [A¡³à> ë™ ƒèK[¢ t¡ Ò’¤¡ú &Òü "àÅ}A¡àA¡ ëA¡–ƒø A¡[¹ìÚÒü "à[\ [A¡áå [ƒ>ì¹ š¹à l¡0 ë¹m¡ã [W¡”zà[AÃ¡Ê íÒ "à[ạú ët¡*ò¹ l¡üì„Ÿ¹ "”z¹àºt¡ Îà³à>¸t¡ì³à Îì–ƒÒ¹ "¯A¡àÅ >àÒü¡ú &Òü [¤ÈÚìi¡àt¡ [W¡”zà W¡W¢¡à Kì¤Èoà ët¡*ò "A¡ºÅ¹ãÚàîA¡ìÒ A¡[¹¤îº íº[Ạ– t¡àìA¡à ëKàšì>¡ú ÒüÚ๠ºKt¡ ëƒÅ-\à[t¡¹ Îå¹Û¡à¹ A¡=à \[¹t¡ íÒ "àìá, \[¹t¡ íÒ "àìá Τ¢Îà‹à¹o¹ \ã¯>¹ [>¹àšv¡à¹ A¡=à¡ú ët¡*ò \à[>¤ [¤W¡¹à šøÅì— ¤à¹ Ò’º &ì>‹¹o¹ – &Òü [¤Èàv¡û¡ ‰¤¸ì¤à¹ [A¡³à> ÎèÜ ¹ê¡št¡ "à¹ç¡ ëA¡ì> "¯Ñ‚àt¡ [>¹àšìƒ š[¹¤Òo A¡[¹¤ š¹à ™àÚ¡? t¡àì¹àš[¹ ÒüÒtò ¡A¡ [A¡³à> Å[v¡û¡Åàºã ¹ê¡št¡ šøìÛ¡š A¡[¹ ‹>-\>¹ Û¡[t¡¹ ³àyà ¤Øn¡à¤ šà[¹? l¡üÌ¡t¡à¹ t¡à¹t¡³¸ Qi¡àÒü ÒüÒtò ¡¹ ‹ÿ¤}ÎàuA¡ Å[v¡û¡ ¤õ[‡ý¡ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹ ë>[A¡? Òüt¡¸à[ƒ¡ú ºKìt¡ "à> [A¡áå "à>åÈ[UA¡ šøŹ— l¡üv¡ì¹à ët¡*ò Kì¤Èo๠\[¹Úìt¡ l¡üƒQô ài¡> A¡[¹¤ [¤W¡à[¹[ạú Åøã[>¤àÎàÒü [¤W¡¹à šøÅ—ì¤à¹¹ l¡üv¡¹ ™=à™=¹ê¡št¡ šà¤îº ÎÛ¡ì³à íÒ[ạú áàÚ>àÒül¡ Ò’º &i¡à ‘Anion’, ëW¡>ã¹ ƒì¹ P¡[¹ šƒà=¢¡ú t¡¹º šƒà=¢t¡ Òü ÎÒ\ìt¡ ‰¤ã®è¡t¡ ÒÚ¡ú ÒüÚ๠‘Molar Mass’ 65.12 Nøà³ šø[t¡ [³[º[ºi¡à¹t¡ "à¹ç¡ ‘Melting Point’ 6340 ëW¡º[W¡ÚàW¡¡ú &Òü [¤Èàv¡û¡ ‰¤¸ [¤‹¹ ºKt¡ ÒàÒül¡öì\>, ši¡à[áÚà³ "à¹ç¡ á[l¡Úà³ [³Åøo A¡[¹ "¤Ñ‚๠¹ê¡šà”z¹ Qi¡àÒü ëKáãÚ ¹ê¡št¡ ÒàÒül¡öì\> áàÚ>àÒül¡ (HCN), ši¡à[áÚà³ áàÚ>àÒül¡ (KCN) "à¹ç¡ á[l¡Úà³ áàÚ>àÒül¡ (NaCN) šà¤ šà[¹¡ú &Òü HCN "=¢à; ÒàÒül¡öì\> áàÚ>àÒül¡A¡ ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ "Ñ| [ÒW¡àì¤ Òü¹àìA¡ Òü¹ào¹ [¤¹ç¡ì‡ý¡ šøìÚàK A¡¹à¹ A¡=à Åøã[>¤àÎàÒü \àì>, – ™à¹ ‡à¹à ëÒà¯à Û¡Ú Û¡[t¡¹ š[¹³ào "à[Ạ"®¡à¯>ãÚ¡ú Åøã [>¤àÎàA¡ ®¡¤àÒü ët¡àºà A¡=àìi¡à Ò’º – ë™ [¤`¡à>¹ >tå¡> [A¡¤à &i¡à Îõ[Ê ¤à "à[¤ÍH๹ "”z¹àºt¡ ΃àÚ ³Ò; l¡üì„Ÿ [>[Òt¡ íÒ =àìA¡¡ú ët¡ì>ƒì¹ [¤[®¡Ä í¤`¡à[>A¡ t¡=¸ l¡üƒQô ài¡>¹ ëÛ¡yìt¡à ³à>¯ \à[t¡¹ [¤A¡àŹ A¡=àìi¡àì¯ìÒ šøà=[³A¡t¡à šàÚ¡ú [A¡”ñ &³å[k¡ ³à>åÒ¹ [¤Aõ¡t¡ [W¡”zà‹à¹àÒü t¡=à Îà´÷à\¸¤àƒã ³ì>஡àì¯ ëÎÒüì¤à¹A¡ ‹ÿ¤}ÎàuA¡ ¹ê¡št¡ ¤¸¯Òàì¹àšì™àKãîA¡ šø[t¡A衺 ¹ê¡št¡ KØn¡ [ƒ ºÚ¡ú &ÒüìÛ¡yt¡ [¤`¡à>ãÎA¡º t¡=à í¤`¡à[>A¡ "à[¤ÍH๠/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

[W¡[¹ìgàºàÚ[ºÚàt¡ ®å¡[Kìá t¡³Î๠Î㹺å Òòà[Òt¡ l¡üƒ} š=๠i¡³àW¡ ëÎàìoà¯àº ®¡àºšà* ¤å[ºìº Òk¡àìt¡ A¡àìA¡àìÚÒü ®¡àº šà¤ ë>à¯à[¹ ëšø³¹ "=¢ &îA¡Å Å[t¡A¡àt¡ ¤¹ [>º¢ð ƒå¯à¹t¡ iå¡Aå¡[¹Úàìº l¡ü³à> º’¤ šà[¹ ƒå[ƒ>ãÚà [W¡>à[A¡¹ "àì¯[KA¡ ºÒ¹ šø[t¡‹ÿ¤[>t¡ ÒÚ ƒèî¹¹ šàÒà¹t¡ ή¡¸ γà\¹ [\®¡à A¡i¡à "Ñ£å¡Ê¡ ëA¡Aò¡[> ëšø³¹ [Åšàl¡àº ¤åAå¡ìt¡Òü ºAô¡ºA¡àÒü ¤à[Øn¡ "àìÒ t¡³Îà ëA¡àì>àA¡àìºÒü ë\à>àA¡ Ò’¤ ë>à¯àì¹ A¡à\º¹ šào ëƒàA¡à>t¡ Î[Þê¡Úàìi¡à ëW¡à¤àìºà Î㹺å *ìºà¯à Òòà[Òì¹ t¡³ÎàÒü [K[º¤ šàì¹ ëΖƒå¹ãÚà ë\à>àA¡ ëi¡àš[> >à[Òº ëKàìi¡Òü ¹à[t¡ ët¡ºJàƒãÚ K®¡ã¹t¡à ëÒ> ®¡à¯¹ ¤å¹¤å¹[>t¡ \ãšàº ëÒà¯à¹ A¡=à "à[ẠǡA¡à> ³à[i¡ yû¡³Å@ [W¡[¹ìgàºàÚ[ºÚàt¡ ®å¡[Kìá l¡üƒ} š=๠"à[\¹ [ƒ>ìi¡à "=ìº K’º γÚì¤à¹ [¤Å«àι 뮡[i¡t¡ ¤à[Þꡤ ë>à¯à[¹ Q¹ [W¡Kàì¹i¡¹ ë‹òà¯à íÒ l¡ü[¹º "àu๠A¡àì–ƒà> ¹à[t¡ ¹à[t¡ ¤å[\ l¡üìk¡à ë³à¹ ƒåJt¡ [A¡Ú ëA¡àì>* ƒåJãÚà Ò’¤ ë>à¯àì¹ i¡à[>-"òà\å[¹ =à[A¡ìºÒü ƒå®¢¡KãÚ๠A¡šàºt¡ >à[W¡ >åìk¡ ®¡àºìšà¯à¹ l¡üÅàÒ =øã-l¡àÒüì³>ôW¡ì>º Òòà[Òt¡ t¡³Î๠\àNøt¡ W¡³å-³åƒà Aå¡[º¹ \ãÚàÒü =A¡à "ƒ¸³ ëÒòšàÒ [¤Å«àÎQài¡A¡t¡à ™[ƒ ÒÚ t¡³Î๠">¸ >à³ ÒàÒüšà¹NÃàÒüìA¡[³A¡t¡ 뮡àKà ³>ìi¡àA¡ ë³à¹ [A¡ ¤å[º ¤å\à³ Åàºã>t¡à ®¡}K¹ "š¹à‹t¡ =à>à W¡à[¹"à[º

ël¡Òü[º ¤\àì¹ Îºà¤ šàì¹ [>ìt¡ï t¡à¹ [>ºà\ã ëšàW¡àA¡ ëW¡à¯àÒü> óÃå¡’ [¤Ú[šº ¤ƒ³àá W¡Ò¹t¡ ³Òü Ò’ìºà ¤ƒ>à³ã A¡[¤ &[®¡ìÚ> Òü>óÃå¡ìÚgàt¡ A¡W¡àìÚ ³R¡Ò A¡àìi¡ [Ò³àºÚ¹ ¤¹ó¡ ™”|oà ÎA¡ìºà ¤Ññì¹ [>\Ѭ ƒà³ =àìA¡ [ÒÚà-[ƒÚà-[>Ú๠Òü[>}á ëA¡àì>ì>à ëJ[º¤ ë>à¯àì¹ ³åJ¹ [t¡t¡àì¹ [A¡[>¤ ë>à¯à[¹ìºà t¡³Î๠>åÇ¡ìA¡à¯à Wå¡[º¹ ®¡òà\t¡ [\º[³º ÅàA¡¹ ®¡¹ç¡o ™”|oà ³õt塸¹ ƒå¤à×t¡ [¤Èàv¡û¡ ë³à¹ ë™ï¯> Å[ƒÚ๠t¡à´÷ó¡[ºt¡ ëJà[ƒt¡ A¡[¹ìºà ëÅÒ¹à[t¡ [W¡>à[A¡ >ബ๠&i¡à ë™à¯à ƒå[ƒ>¹ š¹à ë¹W¡àWô¡ ³à}[A¡¹ [¤¯v¢¡>¹ "òàt¡ ‹[¹ ëAò¡W¡àšàt¡t¡ l¡üt¡ºàÒüìáà A¡[k¡> A¡[º\à ‹å>ãÚà "}Kã-®¡}Kã [¤yû¡ã A¡¹àt¡ t¡³Îà &A¡ šøìó¡W¡ì>º >à[ÚA¡à t¡³Îà ë³à¹ W¡A塹 št¡àt¡ =àìA¡ &Òü W¡Ò¹¹ &ìA¡àot¡ ët¡*ò¹ [>Kà\ã Q¹ ÒꡃÚt¡ ëJ[º¤ šàì¹ ¹’ƒà[º ³àìÒA¡t¡ ët¡*ò &¤à¹ l¡ü\àÒü "àìÒ "à[ÒìÚÒü ®¡Û¡o A¡ì¹ ëKàNøàìÎ [>ì¤àA¡ã ë\à>àA¡ ......¡ú ëi¡àA¡à : [W¡[¹ìgàºàÚ[ºÚà : &[¤‹ ë¹àK, ë¹àKãìÚ ëA¡àì>à‹¹o¹ ƒåJ-A¡Ê¡ "àQàt¡ ">审¯ A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à칡ú ÒàÒüšà¹NÃàÒüìA¡[³A¡ : ¤×³èy ë¹àKã¹ ët¡\t¡ ÅA¢¡¹à ë¤[á íÒ "ìW¡t¡> ëÒà¯à "¯Ñ‚à¡ú &[®¡ìÚ> Òü>óÃå¡ìÚgà : ¤àl¢¡ óÃå¡’¹ ">¸ >ೡú

i¡³àW¡ ëÎàìoà¯àº : ¹ÎàÚ> [¤`¡à> [¤®¡àK¹ 뺤ì¹i¡¹ã ÎÒàÚA¡ ú /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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[The present write up is the Presidential Address offered by Dr. Swarna Lata Baruah, Rtd. Prof. and HoD, Dept. of History, Dibrugarh University at the LXVI Session of Indian History Congress held at Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal from 28th to 30th January, 2006. We are grateful to her for permitting us to reproduce the Address in ‘Pragyan’. We will present it serially in three consecutive issues. – Editor]

Esteemed fellow Members of the Indian History Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen, I am extremely grateful to the Executive Committee of the Indian History Congress for doing me the honour by offering me to preside over the deliberations of the scholars in the Medieval India section of the 66th session held at Viswa Bharati. My studies are confined to medieval Assam and with my very limited knowledge of the Indian scene, I consider myself least worthy for the honour favoured on me. My ill health being a continuous obstacle to serious studies is something that I have accepted but an accident three months ago making me bed-ridden for two months made it difficult for me to give enough of necessary time for preparing this address. Inspite of the said limitations I own full responsibility for what it contains. I I have selected the topic State,

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Patriarchy and Women in Medieval Assam for my speech. Undoubtedly it is a theme of Women’ s Studies, which has now emerged as a serious and important discipline of Social Sciences and Humanities. Although ‘women are and have been central not marginal, to the making of society and to the building of civilization’, 1 historical scholarship till the recent past being confined to men alone, women’s role in the making of civilizations remained by and large invisible. Considering women as actors and agents of history, together with men, is a new dimension to the studies of the social development both in the past and the present, which widens our outlook and inspires fresh interpretations and further research. Though women’s studies is not my field of specialization, looking at certain problems of Assam history from this perspective enriched my knowledge, which I want to share with you. The medieval period in the history of Assam may be said to have begun with the disintegration of the powerful and extensive kingdom of /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

Pragjyotisha Kamrupa2 in the early part of the twelfth century. Following its disintegration, there emerged a number of states in the eastern or upper Brahmaputra valley formed by aboriginal Mongoloid tribes like the Chutiyas and the Kacharis, while in the lower or western Brahmaputra valley, there grew up the state of Kamrup Kamata (briefly Kamata), which continued to exist from the middle of the thirteenth century to the beginning of the sixteenth century. Then came the Koches, another Mongoloid tribe who maintained their independent political status for a century beginning with 1515 and contributed greatly to the cultural life of Assam in the parts on both banks of the Brahmaputra, not covered by the jurisdiction of those states, a class of landlords called Bhuyans exercised their power. They used to acknowledge the sovereignty of a powerful king, often tending to behave independently. Their territories therefore cannot be strictly termed as state, although in the growth of patriarchy they played important roles because most of them were high caste Hindus. There was also a number of small autonomous tribal states like those of Rani, Luki and Dimarua. Meanwhile in 1228, the Ahoms, a group of Tai-Shans from upper Burma under their leader Sukapha entered Assam and laid the foundation of their kingdom in the extreme northeast corner of the Brahmaputra valley. Finally, the Ahoms emerged as the single largest power of the entire region. They could successfully resist the repeated attacks of the Mughals and thereby check their advance to South-East Asia. It was from them that the name of this land as ‘Asam’ or ‘Assam’ had originated.3 They also brought with them from their homeland the tradition of keeping records of all kinds of political events in a type of chronicles called Buranji. The Buranjis are so numerous and varied that they form not only a precious part of Assamese secular literature but also of the Indian historiography as a whole. In fact, they are a valuable source of information about women’s role in the sociopolitical events of Assam during the medieval period. The Ahoms continued to rule till 1826, when by the terms of the treaty of Yandaboo (February 1826), that concluded the first AngloBurmese war, Assam passed on to the hands of the /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

British, which marks the close of the medieval period of Assam history. Notwithstanding the traditional method of periodization based on dynastic rule, the medieval period of Assam history spanning over six hundred years is marked by certain important changes in the political and socio-economic life of the people. First, political integration brought about by the Ahom kings among different tribes and communities including the neighbouring hill people like the Nagas, Adis, Hill Miris, Mishimis, Khasis, Jayantiyas and even the Bhutanese, which they could accomplish not only by military strength and political sagacity but also by intermarriage and an advanced mode of production accompanied by a new type of land relations. Second, the long drawn Ahom-Mughal wars of the 17th century gave scope for the first time, to women, not only of the higher circles but also at grass root levels, to acquire socio-political awareness. Third, the popular rebellion, organized by a section of Vaishnavas called Moamariyas or Mayamariyas against the Ahom government towards the later part of the 18th century, paved the way for its fall, in which women played a significant role as active agents of history.4 The last but not the least was the Neo-Vaishnavite or Bhakti movement, which extended the area of Sanskritization to the common people and ingrained patriarchal values in their hearts, unfortunately, bringing about a radical change in the egalitarian tribal structure. All the states in medieval Assam, whether of the Chutiyas, Kacharis, Ahoms or the Koches were monarchical with division of power among the aristocracy. Kingship was hereditary in the male line and divinity was attached to it. All ruling families believed that kingship and for that matter the state was a divine gift to the males; women could get no share of it. Not to speak of patriarchal societies, even amongst the neighbouring hill peoples like the Garos, Khasis and the Jayantiyas who were matrilineal, political power was not wielded by women as they considered war and politics to be the business of men.5 Usually the title of a king indicated his divine origin or greatness. For instance, the title of the Ahom king was ChaoPha, meaning king of heaven, its Assamese

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equivalent being Swargadev or Swargadeo. Concept of divine origin of kingship to the tribal societies of medieval Assam was introduced by the Brahmin priests. For instance, they made Gaurinarayan alias Ratnadhvaj Pal the first powerful king of the Chutiyas, the son of the Hindu god Kubera.6 In a like way they made Biswa Singha the founder of the Koch kingdom son of god Siva.7 Sometimes they used to associate the origin of the tribal kings to some epic heroes. For instance, they created stories to make the Kacharis the descendents of Ghatotkoch 8, son of the second Pandava Bhima; and the Meities, son of the third Pandava Arjuna.9 Once the tribal chief entered the Hindu fold, he strove hard to build up his state in the model laid down in the Hindu law books, which prescribes seven components of a state — namely Swamin (king), amatya (minister), janapada (territory), durga (fort), kosa (treasury), danda (army) and mitra (ally).10 States, since the beginning of civilization, were organized in the form of patriarchy which means that since its inception the state had an essential interest in the maintenance of patriarchal family’11. Patriarchy which in simple words means male domination and female subordination as a system both in the family and the society has its beginning in history; the appropriation of women’s sexual and reproductive capacity by men occurred prior to the formation of private property and class society. Women’s subordination was institutionalized by the state through various means: force, economic dependency on the male head of the family, class privileges bestowed upon conforming and dependent women of the upper classes, and the artificially created division of women into respectable and non respectable women.12 Religion played an important role in the institutionalization of patriarchy. Women’s relation with state is greatly determined by socioeconomic factors, which have certain distinctive features in case of Assam. Although the kingdom of Pragjyotisha Kamarupa, of which the present state of Assam is only a part, came into contact with Aryan civilization during the later Vedic period and all its ruling families were Hinduised non-Aryans patronising actively

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the expansion of Aryan culture, the tribal elements could not be completely rooted out from its social fabric, which played an important role in determining the social status of women as well as their relation with the state. It may be noted that Assam is basically a land of Mongoloid tribes who are called Kiratas in classical Indian literature. They were looked down upon by the Aryans because their style of living, food habits and social values were completely different from the former. For example, the Mahabharata speaks of them as Mlechchas13 or uncivilized. The Padma Purana states that the Kiratas Were accustomed to eat everything. Their language was of pisacha character and they had no social usages.14 The Kalika Purana composed in Assam in about 10th century A.D. refers to the Kiratas as yellow skinned, strong, ferocious and addicted to meat and drink.15 Almost in the same tune, Shihabuddin Talish, the chronicler of Mir JumIa’s Assam campaign (1662-63) noted: ‘And all the people of this country, not placing their necks in the yoke of any faith, eat whatever they get from the hand of any man, regardless of his caste and undertake every kind of labour that appears proper to their defective sight’.16 It is to be noted that there was no social hierarchy, no caste system among the Mongoloid tribes and they followed an egalitarian life style where women enjoyed much freedom. Their social institutions were based on kinship relations and communal sharing. It is because of these reasons in the main, that the people of other parts of India considered the inhabitants of the north-east as somewhat distinct from those in the mainstream of Indian culture and the latter too developed a sense of otherness which still is not completely extinct.17 The base of the society being tribal, women played a very important role in its economy. Tribal societies practiced shifting or jhuming cultivation in which men did only the preliminary works like cutting the jungles and clearing the land, the rest of the agricultural operations being done by women, which is still the practice. Even in tilling except ploughing the land, men left practically all work to be performed by women. Besides, horticulture, livestock rearing, pottery, basketry, /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

sericulture, spinning and weaving and many other works were done mainly by women. The traditional egalitarian societies of Assam received a blow as the Ahoms launched campaigns of territorial aggrandizement and, at the same time, organized the people to defend their state against the aggression of the great Mughals. The Ahoms were advanced agriculturists having expertise in wet rice cultivation. They took irrigation and flood control measures as state policy for which they were building spurs and embankments at strategic places. The Ahom king had to speed up these works to meet the demands for surplus production. The works, however, could be performed only by men. The majesty of these works overshadowed the unorganized but strenuous labour of women performed at the domestic sector. Women thus had to accept men’s superior role in state economy. Although their services were indispensable for transplantation, reaping, harvesting and winnowing, their works were considered as of secondary importance. But in one sector of domestic as well as state economy, women played a major role by providing a basic need of life, namely clothing, to the entire family, not only garments but also towels, bed-sheets, blankets etc. Although there had been professional silk-spinners called katani and weavers called tanti, their services were utilized mainly for the monarchy and the nobility. Spinning and weaving were performed by all women from queens downwards, irrespective of caste. It is because of this factor that women in Assam could not be exploited by men so much as in many other parts of India nor their movements could be so restricted. This fact attracted the notice of Shihabuddin Talish who observed: ‘The wives of the Rajas and peasants alike never veil their faces before anybody and they move about in the market places with bare-heads’. 18 In a like way, Ram Kumar Vidyaratna, a Brahmo from Bengal in his ‘Udasin Satyasrabar Assam Bhraman’ (1881) noted: ‘Women of this country are comparatively more independent than their sisters in other parts of India. They are strong and more intelligent and courageous than men. They are industrious and also artists’.19 Sanskritazation in this part of the country was /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

mainly the work of the Brahmanas from the Gangetic valley. Till the close of the 12th century, it was by and large confined to the Kapili valley or central Assam. As such there was not much difference between the civilization of ancient Assam and that of the Gangetic valley. But in all parts, its influence was by and large confined to the ruling class only; the vast commonality continued to follow their traditional culture till recent past and in many cases it is still the fact. The Ahoms were patriarchal but had respect for learned women. They brought feudal elements to tribal structure. They followed rigid social distinction by ranks and anybody violating any law relating to this was severely punished.20 After their acceptance of Hinduism, they became supporters of caste rules too. The basis of their government was the paik or khel system under which every adult male in the age group 16 to 50 was enrolled as a paik, who was required to give his service to the state for three to four months in a year, as soldier in times of war and as labourer in times of peace. In return for his services, he was allotted two purars of best arable land. There was registration of paiks and gradation of officers to mobilize them for state services. Men thus got access to individual landed property which formerly was enjoyed on a communal basis by both men and women. Men only thus became countable in state-power and women were reduced to non-entity. When population estimates were made, only fighting strength consisting of males was counted, women never came to the picture, in spite of the fact that they had to bear greater brunt of the wars and were greater victims of military exploits. Women’s relation with the state was, therefore, only through men as somebody’s mother, sister, wife and daughter with a very few exceptional cases. II In this socio-economic set up, women could participate. in state politics usually as passive agents working behind the screen. Prominent among these women was Chau-ching, the chief queen of the Ahom Swargadeo Suklenmung Gargayan Raja (1539-1552). It was at her instance that ramparts were built around the capital21 for which it came to be known as Gargaon. Again, it was at her suggestion that the office

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of the third minister in Ahom administration, namely that of the Barpatragohain (the former two being those of Burhagohain and Bargohain) was created22 and Kon-Cheng, the son of a former Ahom king Supimpha (1493-1497) who was born and brought up in a Naga village was appointed to the post. There are also examples of other queens or queen-mothers exercising their influence in judicial matters or in diplomacy. Thus, Swargadeo Pratap Singha (1603-1641), at the suggestion of his chief queen revised his decision to sentence to death Pikchai Chetia, the Barphukan or governor of lower Assam for his alleged dereliction of duty in resisting the advance of the Mughals and instead dismissed him from office. 23 In a like way, Swargadeo Lakshmi Singha (17691780) condoned Haranath Senapati Phukan, who was commanded to lead an expedition against the Moamariya rebels in 1769 on a similar charge24 and dismissed an officer called Kalita Phukan, who had earlier been his favourite, at the advice of his mother.25 In the Koch kingdom too, general Chilarai’s wives played a diplomatic role in getting the Ahom hostages released sometime in 1563 and thereby forming an Ahom-Koch alliance to fight the Mughals.26 Intelligent and cultured women like queen Nur Jahan immensely contributed towards increasing the grandeur and refinements of the Mughal court. If any queen of Assam performed a similar job is not known but there is mention of a queen solving a very delicate problem diplomatically to maintain the decorum of the Ahom court. She was the chief consort of Parvatiya Raja (1677-1679) and was the daughter of Premier Atan Buragohain. According to the custom of the Ahom court, a minister was required to pay his homage to the chief queen by kneeling down before her. When the Premier approached the queen to perform the obeisance, she left her seat, to avoid the situation. The king became indignant and accused the Premier for not acting up to a time honoured practice. The ministers were at their wit’s end but the strategy was formed by the queen herself. She placed the manuscript of a Vaishnava scripture Ratnavali on a sarai (raised tray) in front of her. The Premier knelt before it in an attitude of reverence and devotion. 27 ‘The queen’s filial

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conscience was eased by the thought that her father’s obeisance was directed towards the script and the king became satisfied that the Premier had offered due salutation to the queen.’28 Sometimes patriarchs give space to women to get themselves involved in conspiracies in the greater interest of the state. Thus Numali, the mother of the last Ahom King Chandrakanta Singha (1811-1817 and again 1818-21) joined hands with the Chief Executive, Dhani Barbarua and the minister Nirbhaynarayan Borgohain to get Badanchandra Barphukan killed by a Barkandaz leader Rup Singh by name for having brought the Burmese to Assam.29 In fact, a contemporary ballad depicts her as the brain behind the said conspiracy.30 In a like manner, Kuranganayani, the daughter of the Manipuri king Jay Singh and consort of the Ahom King Rajeswar Singha (17511769), who was later forcibly taken as wife by the Moamariya rebel leader Raghav Barbarua took an active part in assassinating him by giving him the first stroke with a sword just below the calf when Raghav at her instruction was kneeling down to pay obeisance to a Hunchari* party, who were men of the royalist group in disguise. 31 Immediately after this incident the royalists recovered the throne from the hands of the rebels. Services of these women were utilized to save the state and the ruling families. But in return for this they were not given any access to power politics or rewarded in any form. Although considered as weak and inefficient by the patriarchs, certain women had the courage to boldly assert against humiliating decisions of the state. Thus, when Nangbakla Gabharu, wife of the minister Numali Bargohain and aunt of king Sukhampha alias Khora Raja (1553-1603) came to know that as a result of the defeat of the Ahoms at the hands of the Koches, the three ministers of the state were to send one son each to the Koch court to live as hostages, she rushed to the council and arraigned the king and the nobles with the following words: ‘What kind of a king you are and what kind of nobles you are to suffer defeat at the hands of the Koches! Give me your battledress and I shall fight with the Koches. Then only you will know whether I am a man or a woman’. Understanding that her /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

words had hurt the prestige of the monarch, when the Bargohain expressed his willingness to abide by the decision, she flared up: ‘Who can take away my son ? If you can divert the course of the river Dikhow upwards then only you can take away my son’. The king yielded to her and instead sent his brother Sundar Gohain to the Koch court.32 Instances of women sacrificing their lives for some noble cause are found in the history of every country. Indian history, for example, abounds in such examples, where thousands of women performed jauhar to escape surrender at the hands of the enemy. In medieval Assam too, such examples are not rare. Mula Gabharu along with five other women died fighting against Turbak, a general of the Sultan of Bengal, taking sword against whom her husband Phrasengmung Borgohain met his death.33 (1532A.D.). Sadhani, the Chutiya queen after the defeat of her men at the hands of the Ahom king Suhungmung alias Dihingia Raja (1497-1539), considering death preferable to defeat and disgrace, like queen Durgawati of Gondwana, committed suicide by jumping into a lake from the top of a hill.34 Princess Jaymati, wife of Gadapani Konwar, who later ascended the throne with the name Gadadhar Singha (1681-1696), was tortured to death even when she was pregnant for refusing to tell whereabouts of her fugitive husband. 35 She remained steadfast to her cause because politically and socially conscious, she was of strong conviction that her husband was the only person who would be able to restore peace and normalcy in the kingdom putting an end to the anarchical condition created by the misrule of the ambitious nobles. Jaymati’s devotion to her husband has been so over-emphasized, making her a mahasati or a great chaste woman, that her resoluteness and political consciousness get undermined. During the period of the freedom struggle she was taken up as an idol of satyagraha and this image of her still persists in the Assamese society. The spirit of patriotism among women is not less strong than that among men. Even women cut off from the mother country as a result of marriage betrothal, never forget their motherland and feel obliged to serve her. Ramani Gabharu, the daughter /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

of king Jayadhvaj Singha, was sent to the Mughal harem as per the terms of the treaty concluded between Mir Jumla and the Ahoms in January 1663.36 When she was of proper age, she was married to prince Azam, the third son of emperor Aurangzeb, after converting her to Islam and renaming her as Rahmat Banu.37 When prince Azam was serving as the governor of Bengal, Ramani Gabharu’s maternal uncle Laluksula Barphukan, the Ahom Governor of Lower Assam, conspired with the former to surrender Guwahati to the Mughals without any bloodshed, on condition that the Sultan assisted him to usurp the throne of Assam.38 When Ramani Gabharu came to know about this conspiracy, she wrote a letter to her uncle urging upon him to desist from taking this ignoble and unpatriotic step.39 Rangili, the Assamese consort of the Burmese king Badawpaya (1782-1819), insisted on her husband to help Badan Chandra, the Governor of Lower Assam, with an army when the latter appeared in the Burmese court seeking aid to oust the Premier Purnananda Buragohain, who was alleged to create anarchical situation. Badawpaya agreed, which resulted in the first Burmese invasion of Assam.40 Women even at the grass-root level showed a spirit of patriotism. In 1639, when the Mughals under Syed Hakkim and Syed Aba Bakr, got defeated and made their retreat, the common women beat them with bamboo rods and threw fire to their bodies.41, thus expressing their hatred to the enemy. They knew that the main duty of a king was to provide security to his subjects and if he fails to do this, he did not deserve to remain on the throne any more. They, therefore, did not hesitate to condemn a deserting king in strong words. This happened in 1662, when Mir Jumla occupied the Ahom capital Garhgaon and the reigning king Jayadhvaj Singha was making his escape to Namrup. On his way, he was interrogated by a female trader with the following words: ‘Swargadeo, you have spent your time only in pleasure and amusements. If during the last fifteen years you could place fifteen clods of earth in their proper places (meaning to take appropriate measures for defence) you would not have faced such a humiliating position. Now, where are you leaving, (to be continued) deserting us?’42

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Notes and References : 1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6. 7. 8.

9. 10.

11. 12. 13.

14. 15. 16.

17.

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Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, Oxford University Press, New York/ Oxford, 1987. The kingdom of Pragjyotisha Kamarupa extended from the river Karatoya in the west to the river Dikrong in the east. According to Pargitar, this kingdom during the period of the Epics included the greater portion of modern Assam along with Koch-Bihar, Jalpaiguri, Rangpur, Bogra, Mymensing, Decca, Tippera, portions of Pabna and probably a part of east Nepal, cited in KL. Barua, Early History of Kamarupa, Gauhati, 1966. It is related in the Assamese chronicles that the Morans and the Barahis being impressed by the friendly attitude of Sukapha and his men called them ‘Asama’ or peerless. This term first applied to the people later meant the country they ruled. There are, of course, other interpretations regarding the origin of the name, but it is a fact that the name ‘Asam’ or ‘Assam’ emerged only after the coming of the Tai Shans. For details on the Moamariya Rebellion, see S.L. Baruah, Last Days of Ahom Monarchy, New Delhi, 1993. Aparna Mahanta, ‘Patriarchy and State Systems in North Eastern India : A Historical and Critical Perspective’, From Myths to Markets, Essays on Gender (ed.), Kumkum Sangari and Uma Chakravarti, Shimla/ New Delhi, 1999, p. 345. Deodhai Asam Buranji (ed.), S.K Bhuyan, Guwahati, 1962, pp. 193f. Sir Edward Gait, A History of Assam, reprint of the second edition, Guwahati, 1981, p. 48. Kachari Buranji (ed.), S.K Bhuyan, Guwahati, 1951, p.2; D.C. Guha, Kacharer [tibrilla, Guwahati, 1971, pp. 42ff; J.B. Bhattacharyee, Kachari Rajyar Utthan Aru Patan, Jorhat, 1993, pp. 48f. Gait, op.cit., p. 270; R.M. Nath, The Background of Assamese Culture, Shillong, 1949, p. 85. P.C. Choudhury, The History of the Civilization of the People of Assam to the Twelfth Century A.D., Guwahati, 1966, p. 259. Gerda Lerner, op.cit., p. 9. ibid. Udyoga Parva, CLXVI, 5804, cited in B.K Barua, A Cultural History of Assam, Nowgaon, 1951, p. 16. Chapter 57; N.N. Vasu, Social History of Kamarupa, Calcutta, 1922, 39/104; B.K. Barua, op.cit., p. 5. Fathiyah-i-Ibriyah (trans.), Sir J.N. Sarkar, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1915, Vol. I, part II, quoted in Gait, op.cit., pp.145f. Aparna Mahanta, loc.cit., p. 341.

18. 19.

20.

21.

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

30.

31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

36.

37. 39. 41. 42.

Fathiyah-i-Ibriyah, loc.cit., p. 146. K. Chattopadhyaya (ed.), Asame Cha-Kuli Andolon 0 Ramkumar Vidyaratna, Calcutta, 1989, p. 99, cited in Prasenjit Choudhury, , Aitijya aru Asamiya Nari’, Sivanath Barman et.al. (ed.), Asamiya Nari : Aitijya aru Uttaran, Guwahati, 2002, p. 15. For details on social distinction by rank see S.L. Baruah, A Comprehensive History of Assam, New Delhi, 1985, pp. 418ff. Asam Buranji obtained from the family of Sukumar Mahanta (henceforth abbreviated as ABSM), (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, Guwahati, 1969, p. 27. ibid. ibid, p. 59. Tungkhungia Buranji (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, Guwahati, 1932, p. 78. ibid., pp. 79ff. Satsari Asam Buranji (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, Guwahati, 1964, pp. 73f. ibid., p. 143. S.K. Bhuyan, Studies in the History of Assam, Guwahati, 1962, p. 73. Ahom Buranji (trans. & ed.), G.c. Barua, Calcutta, 1930, p. 382; Asam Buranji by Harakanta Sarma Barua Sadar-Amin (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, Guwahati, 1962, p. 88. Barphukanar Geet (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, second edition, Guwahati, 1950, p.80. * A group performance forming a part of the celebrations of the new year’s Bihu held for seven days beginning with 14th April. (1st Baisakh). H. Barbarua, Ahomar Din, Guwahati, 1981, pp. 259f. Deodhai Asam Buranji, pp. 47f. ABSM, p. 18; Purani Asam Buranji (ed.), H.C. Goswami, Guwahati, 1922, pp. 59f. Deodhai Asam Buranji, p. 200. Sadar-Amin,Asam Buranji, p. 54; Asamar Padya Buranji (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, second edition, Guwahati, 1964, pp. 13ff; Tungkhungia Buranji, p. 14. Kamrupar BuranJi (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, second edition, Guwahati, 1958, p. 67; ABSM, p. 84. S.K. Bhuyan, Ramani Gabharu, Guwahati, 1951, p. 17. 38. Tungkhungia Buranji, pp. 8ff. Bhuyan, Ramani Gabharu, p. 35. 40. Barphukanar Geet, pp. 67ff. Satsari Asam Buranji, p. 28. ibid., p. 90.

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

Upanishads form the later part of the Vedic literature. They are mainly concerned with the philosophycal quest of the world soul, the inner essence of man and the relation between these two factors. The Upanishads are the concluding portion as well as the cream of the Veda. The word Upanishad is derived from the root ‘sad’ which means (i) to sit down (ii) to destroy and (iii) to loosen. ‘Upa’ means near by and ‘ni’ means devotedly. The word Upanishad therefore means the sitting down of the disciple near his teacher in a devoted manner to receive instruction about the higher reality which loosens all doubts and destroys all ignorance of the disciple. Gradually the word came to signify any secret teaching about Reality and it is used by the Upanishad in this sense. The Upanishads form concluding portions of the Veda, therefore Upanishads are called the Vedanta or the end of the Veda which contain the essence of the vedic teaching. Apraising the Upanishads Bloomfield in his book ‘The Religion of the Veda’ says ‘‘There is no important form of Hindu thought, heterodex Buddhism included /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

which is not rooted in the Upanishads.’’ Every revival of Idealism in India has traced its ancestry to the teaching of the Upanishads. The Upanishads contain the earliest records of the Indian speculations. The hymns and the liturgical books of the Vedas are concerned more with the thought of the Aryans. But the aim of the Upanishads is not so much to reach philosophical truth as to bring peace and freedom to the anxious human spirit of course tentative solutions of the metaphysical questions are put forth in the form of dialogues and disputations, though the Upanishads are essentially the poetic deliverences of philosophically tempered minds in the face of the facts of life. The Upanishads express the restlessness and striving of the human mind to grasp the true nature of reality. The Upanishads had no set theory of philosophy or dogmatic scheme of theology to propound. They hint at the truth in life, but not as yet science or philosophy. The Upanishadic suggestions of truth are so numerous, their guesses at god are so various that almost anybody may seek in them what he wants and find what he seeks and every school of dogmatics may congratulate itself, on finding its own doctrine in the sayings of the

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Upanishads. The Muktikopanishad gives the number of the Upanishads as 108, among them only ten Upanishads are regarded as important and authentic, on which Sankracharyya has commented these ten Upanishads are Isha, Kena, Katha, Prashna, Mundaka, Mandukya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Chandogya and Brhadaranyaka. The traditional view holds that the Upanishads as revealed text teach the same doctrine. But there has been extremely wide difference in their interpretation. The problems discussed in them as well as their unique style make them liable to many interpretations. All the Upanishadic teachings are not equally prominent. Some are mere flashes of thought, some are only hinted at; some are slightly developed; some are mentioned by the way while some are ofted, repeated, emphasized and throughly dealt with these is an essential unity of purpose in them. They emphasize the same fundamental doctorine which may be called Monistic idealism these poetic philosophic works are full of lucid expression abounding in crystal clarity. To the mind they bring sound philosophic doctrines and to the heart, peace and freedom. Passionate yearning for knowledge, restless striving after truth and a ceaseless search for. Reality have found a most touching expression in the Upanishads. The Upanishads attempt to moralise the religion of the verbs without disturbing its form. The advance of the Upanishads on the Vedas consists in an increased emphasis on the monistic suggestion of the vedic hymns, a shifting of the centre from the outer to the inner world, a protest against the externalism of the vedic practices and an indifference to the sacredness of the Vedas. The aim of the Upanishads was not science or philosophy but right living. They wished to liberate the spirit from the trammels of the flesh that it might enjoy communion with God. Besides there was a feeling of reverence for the past. The vedic seers were the ancients of blessed memory whose doctrines it was impious to attack. In this way the Upanishads sought to square a growing indealistic philosophy with the dogmas of a settled theology. The teaching of the Upanishads is idealistic in the

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sense that the single reality is conceived of as spiritual in its nature and that everything else is explained as existing in and through it. The sources of man’s spiritual insight are two – fold – objective and subjective – the wonders of the world without and the stress of the human soul. In the Vedas the vast order and movement of nature engages attention. Their Gods represent cosmic forces. In the Upanishads we return to explore the depth of the inner world. From the outward physical facts, attention shifts to the inner immortal self situated at the back of the mind. In the Upanishads we find a return to the fresh springs of spiritual life. The central theme of Upanishads is the problems of philosophy. The Upanishad is the search for what is true knowledge, mind the senses and their objects are all finite and conditioned. In the field of morals we find that we cannot get true happiness from the finite the pleasure of the world are transient, being cut off by old age, and death only the infinite gives durable happiness. In religion we cry for eternal life. All these force upon us the conviction of timeless being, a spiritual reality. The object of philosophical quest, the fulfilment of our desires and the goal of religion. The seers of the Upanishads try to lead us to this central reality which is infinite existence (sat), absolute truth (cit) and pure delight (ananda). In the Brihadaranyaka Upanishads the prayer of human heart is expressed as the prayer of human heart is expressed as ‘‘Lead me from the unreal to the real, lead me from darkness to light, lead me from death to immortality.’’ In solving the question of the nature of ultimate reality the Upanishad thinkers seek to supplement the objective vision of the Vedic seers by a subjective one. The highest reality (Ekam Sat) which realizes itself all the variety of existence. The problem is strengthen in the Upanishads where the problem is sometimes approached by way of a philosophical analysis of the nature of the self which they call the Atman. The word Atman is originally meant life breath and then gradually acquired the meaning of feeling, mind, soul, and spirit. The true self has been the main topic of investigation in the Upanishad we may select three /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

Upanishads – the Chandogya, the Mandukya and the Kath for our present purpose. In a dialogue between Prajapati and Indra narrated in the Chandogya we find a development of the concept of the self from the walking or the bodily self through the dreaming or the empirical self and the self in deep dreamless sleep to the absolute self. The Gods and the demons sent Indra and Virochana respectively to Prajapati to learn the teaching about the self. The teacher asked them to undergo penance for thirty two years to qualify themselves to receive the teaching. After fulfilling the prescribed condition both come to Prajapati who teaches them that the self is that which is seen when one looks into another’s eye or into water or a mirror. Virochana was satisfied and went away. But Indra began to think : How can it be identified with the body itself ? Being dissatisfied Indra approaches Prajapati again and tell him his doubts. Prajapati tells him that he who is seen in dreams roaming freely i.e. the dreaming subject, is the self. Indra again doubts; though the self is not vitiated with the defects and faults of the body, though it cannot be said to be perishing alongwith the body, yet it appears as if this self feels, afraid and struck, it appears to be conscious of pain and to be weeping. Indra again being dissatisfied returns to Prajapati teaches him that the enjoyer of deep dreamless sleep is the self. But Indra feels his difficulties. He thinks that the self in deep sleep reduces itself to a mere abstraction. There is no object to be felt, to be known, to be enjoyed. This self appears to be absolute unconscious – knowing nothing, feeling nothing, willing nothing; it is a cipher. Being dissatisfied he again approaches to Prajapati and tells him his doubts. The teacher is very pleased with the ability of the disciple and then give him the real teaching of the self. In a dialogue between the teacher Prajapati and the pupil Indra narrated in the Chandogya Upanishad we find a progressive development in the definition of self through the four stages of (1) the bodily self, (2) the empirical self, (3) the transcendental self and the absolute self. What is the nature of the self of man ? Prajapati open the discussion of giving certain general characteristics which the true /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

self should possess – ‘‘The self which is free from sin, free from old age, from death and grief, from hunger and thirst which desires nothing but what it ought to desires and imagines nothing, but what it ought to imagine, that it is which we must try to understand, ‘‘It is the subject which persists throughout the changes, the common factor in the states of walking, dream, sleep, death, rebirth and final deliverance Prajapati makes it clear the self man consists in the truly subjective, which can never become and object and which is necessarily presupposed by all knowledge.’’ In the Mandukya Upanishad we find a similar analysis of consciousness. We are told that the self in the walking state enjoys gross object, it has the consciousness of the external world and is called ‘Vishva’. In the dreaming state it enjoys subtle objects, it has the consciousness of the internal world and creates its own imaginary objects and is called ‘Taijasa’. In the state of sound sleep there is no object, neither gross nor subtle, and hence no subject, the subject object duality is transcended and here the self is called ‘Prajna’. In sleep we have absence of pain, we have neither desires nor dreams. Ignorance and unconsciousness remain in this state and therefore a higher positive state is necessary. This is the fourth state of the self, a state of pure consciousness where like the deep sleep there is no subject-object-duality, but unlike it there is enjoyment of positive bliss. The self shines in its own light as the ultimate subject without reducing itself to a mere abstraction. This is the true self, the foundation of all existence and the presupporion of all knowledge. It can be realized directly and intuitively. It is called ‘Turiya’. Aumkara with its parts A-U-M the waking, dreaming and sleeping states is its symbol. In the Katha Upanishad the Atman is said to be the ultimate reality. The objects are the roads, the body is the chariot, the senses are the horses, the mind is the reins, the intellect is the charioteer, the ego is the enjoyer and the Atman is the Lord sitting in the chariot. The Katha further states that the senses are higher than the objects, the mind is higher than the senses, the intellect is higher than the mind, the subtle reason (Mahat) is higher than

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the intellect, the unmanifest (avyakta) is higher than the subtle reason and the Purusa (atman) is higher than the unmanifest and there is nothing higher than the Purusa which is the ultimate end, the highest reality. Objects, senses, mind, intellect, reason, all exist for the self and serve its purpose. It is the self that is immanent in them and gives them life and meaning the self is immortal, self-proved and selfluminous and can only be directly realized by transcending the empirical subject-object-duality. From the objective side of the ultimate reality is called Brahman. The word Brahman is derived from the root ‘Brh’ which means to grow or to evolve. Brahman is that which spontaneously bursts forth as nature and soul. It is the ultimate cause of the universe. In the Chandogya it is cryptically described as Tajjalan – as the (tat) from which the world arises (ja) into which it returns (la) and by which it is supported and it lives (an). In the Taittiriya Brahman is defined as that from which all these beings are born, by which they live and into which they are reabsorbed. The real theory of evolution is given in the doctrine of the five sheaths (Koshas) in the Taittiriya the lowest level is that of matter (Annamaya). Matter is unconscious and dead and cannot account for life. It is purely on the physical plane. Brahman cannot rest content with matter the purpose of matter is fulfilled when life is evolved. The highest state of matter is therefore life. The second stage of evolution is life (Pranamaya). It is the biological plane. Life pervades the universe and binds man with the rest of creation. Therefore the third stage of evolution is mind or perceptual consciousness (Manomaya). It is the mental or psychological place. The state is shared by lower animals with man. Mind or consciousness remains in the lower animal life at the level of instinct and reflex action. It is on the level of infra-relational undifferentiated feeling. The end of this instinctive consciousness will be fulfilled only when a higher principle has been evolved where consciousness will be fulfilled only when a higher principle has been evolved where consciousness becomes self-conscious or rational. Hence the fourth state of evolution is self-conscious ∼ ∼ reason (Vijnanamaya). It is the metaphysical plane.

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This state is the sole monopoly of human beings. Reason becomes self-conscious only at this state and this fact distinguishes human being from lower animals. The fifth and the highest stage of evolution is the non-dual bliss(Anandomaya). In this state we are on the mystic plane. This Brahman transcends all yet it underlies all us their background. Brahman is immanent inner controller of all and the self of all. The different conception of Brahman correspond to the different ideas of the Atman and vice-versa when the Atman is identified with the mental and vital self of man/manas (Prana) Brahman is reduced to Hiranyagarbha or the cosmic soul which comes between the Isvara and the soul of man when we identify the Atman with our body, Brahman becomes the cosmos or the Virat. Virat is that all, the totality all all things, the sum of all existences. Virat comes into being after Hiranyagarbha. In the form of Virat, Hiranyagarbha becomes visible. The Brahman of the Upanishads is no metaphysical abstraction, no indeterminate identity, no void of silence. It is the fullest and the most real being. It is not an abstract monism that the Upanishads offer us. There is difference but also identity. Brahman is infinite not in the sense that it is the ground of all finites. Brahman is the spiritual being which breaks, blossoms and differentiates itself into numberless finite centres. The Upanishads are dicisive about the principle that Brahman is the sole source of life in all that lives, the single thread binding the whole plurality into a single unity. The Upanishads nowhere say that the infinite exclude the finites. Wherever they assert that Brahman is the sole, reality, they are careful enough to add that the world is rooted in Brahman and as such has a share of reality. From the doctrine of sole reality of what is included in or based on it. The Upanishads gives us a hierarchy of different grades of reality down from the allembracing absolute which is the primary source of as well as the final consummation of the world process. The different kinds of being are higher and lower manifestations of one absolute spirit. The Upanishad thinkers have advanced on the Vedic conception of a single element – water. It is in the /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

Upanishads that we have for the first time the doctrine of the five elements. The Upanishads make out that of finite object, the individual self has the highest reality it comes nearest to the Absolute, though it is not the Absolute itself. Man is the meeting points of various stages of reality. Prana corresponds to Vayu, the breath of the body to the wind of the world, manas to akasa, the mind of man to the either of the universe, the gross body to the physical elements. The human soul has affinities with every grade of existence from top to bottom. There is in it the divine elements which we call the beatific consciousness, the ananda state, by which at rare moments it enters into immediate relations with the absolute. The Upanishads insist on the inwardness of morality and attach great importance to the notice in conduct. Inner purity is more important than outer conformity. Not only do the Upanishads say ‘do not steal’, ‘do not murder’ but they also declare, ‘do not covet’, ‘do not hate or yield to anger, malice and greed’. The mind will have to be purified, for it is not us cutting the branches if one leaves the roots intact. Conduct is judged by its subjective worth or the degree of sacrifice involved the Upanishads ask us to renounce selfish endeavours, but not all interest. Detachment from self and attachment to God are what the Upanishads demand. We don’t find in the Upanishads any sweeping condemnation of affections. We are asked to root out pride

resentment, lust etc. and not the tender feelings of love, compassion and sympathy. The Upanishads require us to work but disinterestedly. The righteous man is not he who leaves the world and retires to a cloister, but he who lives in the world and loves the objects of the world not for their own sake, but for the sake of the infinite they contain, the universal they conceal. The essence of ethical life is not the sublation of the will. The ideal of ethics is self-realization. The Upanishads do not content themselves with merely emphasizing the spirit of true religion. They also give us a code of duties, without which the moral ideal will be an uncertain guide. All form of conduct whese passion is controlled and reason reigns supreme, where passion is transcendence in the sense of freedom from the narrowness of selfish individuality where we work because we are all co-operators in the divine scheme, are virtuous and their opposites vicious. The Upanishads are regarded as the fountain head of all Indian philosophy. Prof. R.D. Ranade says, ‘‘The Upanishads constitute the lofty eminence of philosophy, which form its various sides gives birth to rivulets of thought which, as they progress onwards towards the sea of life, gather strength by the inflow of innumerable tributaries of speculation which intermittently join these rivulets, so as to make a huge expanse of waters at the place where they meet the ocean of life.’’ (to be continued)

(The author teaches Philosophy)

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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Human capital theory treats everyone’s state of health as capital, i.e. as a stock. Part of the quality of the initial stock is inherited and part is acquired. The stock depreciates over time and at an increasing rate in later life. Gross investment in human capital entails acquisition and maintenance costs. These investments include child care, nutrition, clothing, housing, medical services, and the use of one’s own time. The flow of services that health capital renders consists of “healthy time” or “sickness-free time”. These are inputs into work, consumption and leisure activities. (Grossman, 1972 and Williams, 1977). A healthy manpower is a great aspect for a developing economy as it leads to greater output per man (productivity). Poor health and undernourishment adversely affect the quality of manpower. In less developing countries (LDCs) people are underfed and undernourished, resulting in poor quality of manpower. Deficiency in proteins and vitamins in people’s diet and lack of proper medical facilities are common. But at the same time improvements in health revealed by the longer life span of people in many lowincome countries, have undoubtedly been the

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most important advance in population quality in these countries. Since about 1950s, life expectancy at birth has increased 10 percent or more in many of these countries. People of Western Europe and North America never attained so large an increase in life expectancy in so short a period. In India, from 1951 to 1971, life expectancy at birth of males increased by 43 percent and that of females by 43 percent. The favourable economic implications of these increases in life span are far reaching: 1. Longer life spans provide additional incentives to acquire more education as investments in future earnings. 2. Parents invest more in their children. 3. More on-the-job training becomes worthwhile. 4. The additional health capital tends to increase the productivity of the workers. 5. Longer life spans result in more years of participation in the labour force and bring out a reduction in “sick” time. 6. Better health and vitality of workers in turn lead to more productivity per man hour at work. The best way to improve the quality of manpower in LDCs is to provide adequate food and better nutrition to people, better sanitary /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

facilities and the extension of medical facilities which in turn will raise the efficiency and the productivity of the people. Such improved facilities raise the flow of earnings above what it would have been in the absence of the improvement in wellbeing in the following ways: 1. These return an absent worker to the active labour force, 2. Help lengthen his working life span, 3. Make him overcome a debility that is reducing his productive capacity, 4. Enable a child to return to school, improve his understanding and retention power, 5. Enable an adult to absorb more effectively in-service training. Thus improvement in health can help to improve or maintain the productivity level of an active member of the labour force, or it can take the form of an investment – for example, helping to push up the expected lifetime earnings of a two-year-old child. One measure of the benefits of a nutrition programme is in the medical costs saved through reduced demand for medical services. It is cheaper to prevent malnutrition than to cure it. Another potentially large nutrition benefit for developing countries is the reduction in productivity losses caused by the debility of a substantial portion of the labour force. Again, improved nutrition lengthens working years. This reduces the country’s dependency ratio, other things being equal. Lower dependency ratios increase per capita income. In addition to direct productivity benefits, health programmes promise a number of economic benefits:

1.

As the incidence of communicable diseases among the adequately nourished is lowered, the exposure of others to these diseases will be reduced. 2. The increased income of well-nourished workers (or well-nourished children when they enter the labour force) should improve the living standards of their dependents, thereby raising both their current consumption and their future productivity. 3. Mothers will improve performance on such economically important functions as the quality of care for the young when they are themselves in better health and nourishment. Recognizing the increasing importance of skilled manpower and general labour quality for future national growth, investments in health of large numbers of malnourished children today can improve the quality of a significant fraction of the future labour force. Accordingly, health efforts should be so designed as to expand food supplies in order to benefit the poor, improving marketing system and agricultural price policies, change food preferences, improve health and environmental conditions – water, sanitation, immunization etc. The effects of nutrition actions and health programmes undertaken simultaneously are greater and the very poor, especially the rural poor should be the targets of these programmes. Substantial efforts are called forth on the part of governments and other development institutions towards this end. (Health Issues in Developing Countries to be continued in the next issue)

(The author teaches Economics)

India Smile Students, who have eye-site problem and can’t continiue study for that, now can see a silver lining in the initiatives of INDIA's SMILE, a Kolkata based NGO. Very recently, It has extended free ophthalmic treatment to 2652 students including free Cataract Operation to 35 Student along with that distributed free Spectacles to 405 students of different schools in association with Calcutta National Medical College (Govt. of WB) & Rotary Club of Calcutta Suncity under their dedicated Project Leader Dr. Soumen Karmakar with Ex Chief Functionary & Authorized Signatory Rajib Sarkar. Now the NGO is working on a permanent “Free Vision Centre” at “Optics Centre” in Rajbalhat (Dighir Ghat, Dist : Hooghly. Pin-712408, W.B) and looking forward to open two other Vision Centers shortly. On that process in near future, they are aspirant to establish an “Eye Hospital” under India’s Smile. ‘India’s Smile’ has been involved to cater to the general help at large during the unforeseen natural calamity & the copious instances of social welfare since 2004. The NGO is registered under societies act 1961, Govt. of W.B. For details Please log on : http://ngoindiassmile.blogspot.com. /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

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ë³àA¡ ™à¤îº 냒 "[º \Ú”z[\; ¤¹ç¡¯à ë³àA¡ ™à¤ìº ëƒ "’"[º..... iå¡šå}, W¡š¹à-W¡šì¹ J[Òìá "’"àÒü l¡üÎô W¡š¹à-W¡šì¹ J[Òìá ! Ç¡[Òìá, Jå[–ƒìá yû¡³à; [K[º [>ìá ÎA¡ìºà ! ¤¹ "ÎÒàÚ &Òü ³à\åºã >’ "àÒü ³àl¡ü¹à &Òü ³à\åºãìÚ šà[¹¤ \àì>à Kठ[¤Å«\Úã Kãt¡ ¹[W¡¤ A¡àº\Úã A¡[¤t¡à šà[¹¤ \àì>à [>®¢¡ìÚ [\[º[A¡ =à[A¡¤îº ‘"àÅøÚƒàt¡à’ ³Òà¤à×¹ ¤åAå¡t¡¡ú ë³àA¡ ³àó¡ A¡[¹[¤ "àÒü, ³Òü "à[Òìáà.... ëÎÒüó¡àìº >à™à[¤ "’ "à[º ³à[i¡ J[Òìá K¹àJÒ>ãÚàt¡ l塤 ™à[¤ &Òüó¡àìº >à[Ò[¤ "’"à[º ³Òà¤à× K®¢¡¯t¡ã íÒìá, JAô¡ ¤à[Øn¡ìá l¡üi塯àÒü [>¤ ët¡àA¡ t¡Òü ³Òü ¤¹ [>@[A¡> "’¡ú '[>t¡³ >àKà[¤ "’"[º ³Òà¤à× "à¹ç¡ šàKºã Ò¤ ët¡àîº ëºà®¡ ¤à[Øn¡¤.... ºõKà}, '@[>t¡³ &Òüì¤à¹ &[t¡Úà "=¢Òã>, ë¤Îå¹à ! Û¡³à A¡[¹[¤ "[º &Òü³åÒèt¡¢t¡ ³èº¸Òã> "à³à¹ ®¡àºìšà¯à yû¡³à; ¤à[Øn¡ìá "àÒü¹ l¡üWå¡š[> ³Òü W¡àÒü =à[A¡¤ ë>à¯àì¹à &Òü A¡ƒ™¢ ¹ê¡š ë³àA¡ ™à¤îº 냒 "[º.... ÎåÅà”z ëAò¡à¯¹ : Ñ•àt¡A¡ 1³ ¤È¢ (A¡ºà)¹ áày ºÛ¡ì\¸à[t¡ ¤¹ç¡¯à : Ñ•àt¡A¡ 2Ú ¤È¢ ([¤`¡à>)¹ áày \Ú”z[\; ¤¹ç¡¯à : Ñ•àt¡A¡ 3Ú ¤È¢(A¡ºà)¹ áày

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

"´¬¹ ³¹ào ¡úú &A¡ úú ...."¹ç ¡ o஡¹ [™³à>ƒè ¹ ³>t¡ šì¹ t¡àA¡ šøoà[³A¡à¹ íÎìt¡ šø=ì³ [W¡>àA¡ã A¡¹àÒü [ƒ[ẠÎå[³yà, ëÅøÚà, ÎàK[¹A¡àÒòìt¡¡ú A¡ìº\t¡ ët¡[t¡Úà ë™ï¯>¡ú "=¢à; šè\๠[k¡A¡ "àK¹ γÚìáà¯àt¡ [™ìi¡à Òà¹t¡ º’¹àëáà¯àºã¹ l¡üš[Ñ‚[t¡ ëƒJà ™àÚ ët¡ì>A塯à [ƒ>¹ &i¡à šøàA¡-Źt¡¹ ó¡¹A¡àº ƒåš¹ãÚà¡ú ƒå[ƒ>³à> íÒìá A¡ìº\t¡ AáàW¡ì¤à¹ "[>Ú³ãÚà íÒìá¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ Òàt¡t¡ ™ì=Ê Î³Ú šàÚú º’¹àÒü º’¹à¹ ®¡àìK, ëáà¯àºãìÚ ëáà¯àºã¹ ®¡àìK ¤à A¡’¹¤àt¡ º’¹àÒü-ëáà¯àºãìÚ &ìA¡ºìK íÒ A¡ìº\¹ ΖµåJ¹ "’t¡ t¡’t¡ ¤[Ò &ìA¡¤àì¹ [¤Ú[> 볺 šà[t¡ìá¡ú ëA¡àì>à¤àìi¡à Nøç¡št¡ ë¤á ‘\[³ìá’¡ú ëA¡àì>à¤àìi¡àt¡ "àìA¡ï P¡šåìt¡ [A¡¤à [>[ȇý¡ "àìºàW¡>à ëÒà¯à ë™> ëƒJà íKìá, ëA¡àì>à¤àìi¡àt¡............ ‘‘"¹ç¡o஡, "¹ç¡o஡ƒà &Òüó¡àìº &Òüó¡àìº...!’’ ‘‘šàìº "àšƒãÚà \àìA¡ !’’ "¹ç¡oà쮡 ³>ìt¡ íA¡ l¡ü[k¡º¡ú [Î Kì\–ƒø K³ì> Îå[³yàÒòt¡¹ ó¡àìº "àK¤à[Øn¡ K’º¡ú Îå[³yà, ëÅøÚà, ÎàK[¹A¡à, ¹[Ƶ .... "à¹ç¡ &\>ã Îå–ƒ¹ã ëáà¯àºã, [ÎÒòt¡¹ ³à\t¡ ¤[Ò t¡à¹ ó¡àìº W¡àÒü "àìá¡ú [Î* ³¹ÎàÒ A¡[¹ t¡àÒü¹ ó¡àìº ëA¡¹àÒãîA¡ ƒõ[Ê [>ìÛ¡š A¡[¹ìº¡ú ‘‘[A¡ Ò’º [W¡>àA¡ã ë>[A¡ ?’’ Îå[³yàÒü [Ѷt¡¤ƒì> t¡àîº W¡àÒü Îå[‹ìº¡ú [Î [A¡áå "šøÑñt¡ íÒ ">åZW¡ Îå¹t¡ [A¡ l¡üv¡¹ [ƒìº [Î [>ì\Òü >åÇ¡[>캡ú ÎàK[¹A¡àÒü ³åÒèt¢¡¹ \k¡¹t¡à [>Íš[v¡ A¡[¹ìº¡ú /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

‘‘&*òA¡ [W¡[> šàÒüáàì> šøoà[³A¡à? "¹ç¡o஡ƒà, "à[³ [šìá "¹ç¡o஡ ¤å[ºìÚÒü A¡*ò [ƒÚà (Òòà[Ò)¡ú &*ò [šìá ºà[šºåšà ël¡A¡à º’¹à >ÒÚ ëƒÒü "àìA¡ï, K¿ "à¹ç¡ A¡[¤t¡à [º[J Jå¤ ‘ššåºà¹’ íÒìá¡ú .... "¹ç¡o஡, &Òü šøoà[³A¡à, [>l¡üA¡à³à¹¡ú ët¡à³àA¡ [W¡>àA¡ã A¡¹àÒü [ƒ¤îº ³à[t¡ìºàú "à³à¹ Kò௹ ëáà¯àºã....ú’’ ‘‘Ò’¤ Ò’¤, ë=à¯à ët¡à³à¹ ëºAô¡W¡à¹¡ú &Òüì¤à¹ ÎA¡ìºà [³áà, \à>à šøoà[³A¡à¡ú t¡àÒü ¤×t¡ ....’’ "¹ç¡oà쮡 A¡=àÈ๠ëÅÈ A¡[¹¤Òü ë>à¯à[¹ìº, ÎàK[¹A¡à "à¹ç¡ Îå[³yàÒü i¡š¹àÒü l¡üZW¡Ñ¬ì¹ Òòà[Ò íA¡ l¡ü[k¡º – ‘‘ÒüÒ ë>ìƒ[Jáà ºìK ºìKÒü >à³ ‹[¹ ³à[t¡ìá¡ú "à[³ [³áàìt¡ [W¡>àA¡ã A¡¹àÒü [ƒìºà ë™> ºà[Kìá¡ú [W¡>àA¡ã ³àì> šå¹[o...’’ ‘‘>à³ ‹[¹ >à³à[t¡ìº, ³Òü t¡àÒü¹ >´¬¹, ë¹àº >´¬¹ \àì>à ë>[A¡ [A¡¤à?’’ "¹ç¡o஡¹ "àì³àƒ\>A¡ l¡üv¡¹t¡ ëKàìi¡Òü ëáà¯àºã\àA¡ Òòà[Òt¡ ó¡à[i¡ š[¹º¡ú &Òü¤à¹ Jå¤ Ñ¶¢ài¡ Ò’¤¹ ë™> ëW¡Ê¡à A¡[¹ šøoà[³A¡àÒü A¡’ìº, ‘‘"ò, &*ò¹ K¿ ë™à¯à¤á¹¹ A¡ìº\¹ ë³Kà[\>t¡ šØn¡à ë³à¹ ³>t¡ "àìá¡ú [A¡ "à[áº, (³>t¡ ëšìºà¯à ë™> ®¡à¯ ëƒJå¯àÒü) "ò K¿ìi¡à¹ >à³ ‘ët¡à³àA¡ [¤ƒàÚ \>àÒü’ "à[ạú ëºJA¡ "¹ç¡o஡ ¤¹k¡àA塹¡ú’’ ¡úú ƒåÒü úú &¹à, ëÎÒü [ƒ>ìi¡à t¡à¹ "à[\ Òü³à>[ƒ>¹ šàáìt¡à ëšàÒ¹ á[¤¹ ƒì¹ њʮ¡àì¯ ³>t¡ "àìá¡ú... &¹à, [Î &º [š, &³ [®¡, ÒàÒüѺæH , ÒàÒüÚ๠ëáìA¡ìr¡¹ã / 86

A¡’ìt¡àì¯Òü A¡àì¹à¤àA¡ Òü³à> P¡¹ç¡â«[ƒ ëºà¯à ³>t¡ >šì¹¡ú ë³Kà ³àìA¢¡i¡¹ ¹R¡ão "àìºàA¡¹ ëJºà¹ ƒì¹ t¡à¹ Ѷõ[t¡¹ ³[oìA¡àk¡àì¹ W¡àiô¡ W¡àiô¡îA¡ šà¹ íÒ ™àÚ \ã¯>¹ ¹R¡ão [W¡y¡ú [Î šøƒ[Û¡o A¡ì¹ &[¹ "Òà "t¡ãt¡¹ ³‹å¹ ëÎò௹[o š=t¡, [Î *š[R¡ óå¡ì¹ ¤t¡àÒt¡, óåå¡i¡šà=t¡...¡ú [A¡³à>[ƒ>¹ A¡=àì>à? [Î ">å³à> A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯àì¹... šøoà[³A¡à¹ Òàìt¡ì¹ [Î ëÒšòàÒ¹ ó塺 [áR¡à, šøoà[³A¡à¹ W¡Aå¡ì¹ [Î "àA¡àÅ ëW¡à¯à? ëÎÒü [¤Åຠ"àA¡àÅ [A¡ "à[\ Òü³à> ëk¡A¡! šøoà[³A¡à¹ W¡Aå¡ì¹ ëW¡à¯à t¡¹à ®¡¹à "àA¡àŹ ëÎÒü ëKàºàšã ë\à> ³[º> Ò’º [A¡Ú? ëá@ ë\à>¹ &ì>Aå¡¯à ¤¹o t¡à¹ ®¡àº >àºàìK! t¡à¹ ®¡àº >àºàìK "à[\¹ &Òü l¡üƒàÎã šõ[=¯ã¡ú "à[\ t¡à¹ W¡Aå¡t¡ ëÎl¡ü\ãÚà Aõ¡Ì¡Wè¡Øl¡àì\àšà Òü³à> ‹èι íÒ š[¹ìá! t¡à¹ ®¡àº >àºàìK...ú ... "¹ç¡oà쮡 óå¡i¡šàì=ì¹ ºÛ¡¸Òã>®¡àì¯ ëJà\A¡à[Øn¡ ¤\๹ "[”z³ K[ºìi¡à šàÒüìÒ ³>t¡ š[¹º t¡àA¡ ë¤ïì¯ [A¡¤à [>¤îº íA¡[Ạ¤\๹ š¹à¡ú [A¡ [>¤îº íA¡[Ạ[Î šàÒ[¹ìá¡ú ... ëá@ [Î ë™ ë¤ï¹ ºKt¡ ¤à\ã ‹[¹[Ạ[Î, šøoà[³A¡àA¡ ët¡*ò¹ Î¹ç¡ ®¡si¡ã šà[t¡¤! [Î ¤à¹ç¡ ¤¹ ÒüÈ¢à[Þt¡ íÒ íKìá ë>[A¡? Òü [A¡, ëA¡ì>îA¡ Òòà[Òìá W¡à &Òü "Aò¡¹àìi¡àì¯ ! "¹ç¡oà®¡îº W¡àÒü ¹àÑz๠Òü³¹è ¹ š¹à &i¡à ³à>[ÎA¡ ë¹àKãìÚ t¡à¹ [W¡¹ š[¹[W¡t¡ Òòà[Òìi¡à ³à[¹ìº! "¹ç¡o஡¹ šøW¡r¡ J} l¡ü[k¡º¡ú Òü³à> ÎÒ\ì> ¤à¹ç¡ A¡=àì¤à¹? [Î ">审¯ A¡[¹ìº [Î [®¡t¡[¹ [®¡t¡[¹ Aò¡[š l¡ü[k¡ìá¡ú [A¡ "à[ẠQi¡>àìi¡à ? "¹ç¡oà쮡 ³>t¡ 뚺ठë>à¯àì¹ "à¹ç¡ ³>t¡ š[¹ìº* [Î ¤¹ A¡Ê šàÚ ! ¤¹ A¡Ê ! [Î A¡à[º P¡¯àÒài¡ã¹ š¹à "à[ÒìÚÒü Q¹t¡ ëÎà³àÒü ¤Ññ[[ºJA¡

¤àÒà[> í= ëšàì> ëšàì>Òü šøoà[³A¡àÒòt¡¹ Q¹îº ¤å[º ¤àát¡ l¡ü[k¡[ạú ¤àṚ¹àÒü [Î W¡A¡à³A¡àîA¡ šøoà[³A¡àA¡ >–ƒ>¹ ºKt¡ ëƒJà ë™> ºà[K[áºú šâ—ãÒà¹à >–ƒ> ƒv¡ "Òüº¹ &[¹Úà ë³ì>\à¹, ³ƒ-"à¹ç¡ \å¯àt¡ &Òü "e¡ºt¡ "[‡t¡ãÚ¡ú &ì> &\> ³à>åÒ¹ ºKt¡ šø=ì³ šøoà[³A¡àA¡ ¤\à¹t¡ ëƒ[J "¹ç¡o஡ "àW¡[¹t¡ íÒ[ạú "¯ìŸ [Î šøoà[³A¡àÒòt¡¹ Q¹t¡ >–ƒ>A¡ ƒå¤à¹ ºK šàÒüìá "à¹ç¡ ƒåÒ¤ü ๠[A¡”ñ t¡àA¡ šøoà[³A¡à¹ ëƒl¡üt¡àA¡¹ ºKt¡ìÒ A¡=àšt¡à ëƒ[Jìá¡ú ³à>åÒ¹ [®¡¹t¡ l¡üÅàÒ º’¤ ë>à¯¹à ¤àáJ>¹ š¹à [Î ëÎÒü ¤\à¹J>ìt¡Òü >³à¹ A¡=à ®¡à[¯[ạú [A¡”ñ ë™à¯à ¹à[t¡¹ ëi¡àš[> J[t¡¹ ¤àì¤ ƒõ[Ê [¤°ì³à Ò’¤ šàì¹ ¤å[º ®¡à[¯ ëÎÒü ƒå@ÎàÒÎ >A¡[¹ìº¡ú ¤àá¹ š¹à >à[³ &A¡ [A¡ìºà[³i¡à¹ ³à> ë™à¯à¹ šàát¡, [Î šøoà[³A¡àÒòt¡¹ Q¹¹ ëK’i¡J> ëJàìºàìt¡ìÒ ³>t¡ š[¹º t¡à¹ [A¡¤à &i¡à ëÒ¹àÒüìá¡ú [A¡ ëҹຠ[Î [A¡”ñ ³>t¡ 뚺ठë>à¯à[¹ìº¡ú ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à &ì>A塯à ÒìÚÒü¡ú ... šøoà[³A¡à¹ ëƒl¡üt¡àA¡ ¤à¹à–ƒàìt¡ ¤[Ò "à[ạú t¡àA¡ ëƒ[JìÚÒü ët¡*ò šøÅ— A¡[¹ìº, ‘‘[A¡ìÒ ël¡A¡à º’¹à ët¡à³à¹ ëƒìJà> J¤ì¹Òü >àÒü¡ú "à³à¹ t¡àÒü¹ [¤ÚàJ>t¡ "àìA¡ï tå¡[³ìÒ "àK®¡àK º¤à ¤å[º[áìºà ! ët¡à³à¹ ë¤àìº &Òü¤àì¹à W¡àA¡[¹ìi¡à >Ò’º ?’’ "¹ç¡o஡¹ ®¡[¹¹ t¡º¹ ³à[i¡[J[> >àÒü ë™> ºà[Kº¡ú t¡à¹ ët¡ì>Ò’ìº ƒõ[Ê °³ ëÒà¯à >à[ạú &Úà, t¡à¹ Ѷõ[t¡ Å[v¡û¡* ™ì=Ê "àìá¡ú t¡à¹ &Òü¤à¹ ³>t¡ š[¹º, ¤àát¡ ëÒ¹ç¡¯à ¤Ññìi¡à "à[Ạšøoà[³A¡àÒü t¡àA¡ l¡üšÒ๠[ƒÚà ëÎl¡ü\ãÚà ¹ç¡³àºJ>! ëÎl¡ü\ãÚà t¡à¹ [šøÚ ¹}¡ú ... &Úà [Î ëA¡[t¡Úà ¤\à¹îº "à[Ò[Ạ? ë¤ïì¯ ¤à¹ç¡ t¡àA¡ [A¡ [>¤îº íA¡[áº... ?

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