Politica De Mecanizare Si Chimizare A Agriculturii

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- FD SULQFLSDO PLMORF GH SURGXF LH -

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TRWDOLWDWHD PLMORDFHORU GH SURGXF LH FD S

PkQWXO PLMORDFHOH GH PHFDQL]DUH FRQVWUXF LLOH

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baza tehnico-PDWHULDO

SURGXF LHDOF WXLHVF

Baza tehnico-PDWHULDO GH]YROW ULL

eficienteGLQDFHDVW

DDJULFXOWXULL

 vQ DJULFXOWXU  UHSUH]LQW  I

(BTM).

actorul determinant al

LQWHQVLYLW

LL úL DO

UDPXU 

&RPSRQHQWHOH%70SRWILH[SULPDWHDWkWvQXQLW

LPDWHULDOHFkWúLvQXQLW

LYDORULFH

ÌQ IRUP  PDWHULDO  HOHPHQWHOH %70 SRDUW  GHQXPLUHD GH PLMORDFH GH SURGXF LH IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH LDU vQ H[SUHVLH YDORULF  IRQGXUL GH SURGXF LH

sau

, care economic sunt elemente

ale capitalului agricol. 0LMORDFHOHPHFDQLFHFDHOHPHQWHDOH%70LQFOXGWUDFWRDUHOHúLPDúLQLOHDJULFROHFDUHGLQ

punct de vedere economic sunt elemente

DOH FDSLWDOXOXL GH H[SORDWDUH DO WXUL GH XQHOWHOH VLPSOH

VDS FD]PDVHFHU HWF  'HRVHELUHD HVHQ LDO  GDU úL VXSHULRULWDWHD SURGXFWLY  D PLMORDFHORU PHFDQLFH ID

 GH FHOH

PDQXDOHUH]XOW GLQIRU D HQHUJLD FDUHGHWHUPLQ DF LXQHDORU$VWIHOvQSULPXOFD] IRU DPRWULF  HVWHGHQDWXU PHFDQLF VDXHOHFWULF LDUvQDOGRLOHDFD]HVWHGHQDWXU XPDQ VDXDQLPDO  ÌQ SODQXO UDQGDPHQWXOXL UHVSHFWLY DO HILFLHQ HL vQ H[SORDWDUH PLMORDFHOH PHFDQLFH VXQW

superioare uneltelor agricole simple, contribuinG OD FUHúWHUHD SURGXF LHL OD KHFWDU VDX SH FDS GH animal. &ULWHULLOH GH FRQGL LRQDUH D VWUXFWXULL úL P SUHFXPúLDWHKQRORJLLORUGHSURGXF LH

sunt:

ULPLL SDUFXOXL GH WUDFWRDUH úL PDúLQL DJULFROH

$ÌQSURGXF LDYHJHWDO



6WUXFWXUDSURGXF LHLYHJHWDOHúLWHKQRORJLLOHIRORVLWHFHHDFHIDFHV VHDOHDJ RVWUXFWXU  YDULDELO DPHFDQL] ULLDJULFXOWXULLvQIXQF LHGHVSHFLILFXOFXOWXULL  1LYHOXO GH DFFHVLELOLWDWH D PHFDQL]

ULL H[SULPDW FD UDSRUW vQWUH WHUHQXO PHFDQL]DW úL

totalul terenului agricol; 'LPHQVLXQHDH[SORDWD LLORUDJULFROHUHSUH]LQW vQSUH]HQWSULQFLSDOXOFULWHULXFDXUPDUHD GLPHQVLXQLORUPLFLúLIRDUWHPLFLDVWUXFWXULORUGHH[SORDWD LHUH]XOWDWHGLQUHIRUPDUHDDJULFXOWXULL $LFLDF LRQHD] GRX VXEFULWHULLGLVWLQFWH

a). strucWXUDSURGXF LHLYHJHWDOH E ]RQHOHGHSURGXF LHDJULFRO  D  6WUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL YHJHWDOH IXQGDPHQWHD]  SURILOXO VLVWHPHL GH PDúLQL  VH GHWHUPLQ  SH XUP WRDUHOH WLSXUL GH FXOWXUL FHUHDOH S LRDVH JUkX RU] RUH] RY ]  FXOWXUL SU úLWRDUH ERDEH

(poUXPEERDEHIORDUHD VRDUHOXL FXOWXUL SU QXWUH IkQH H S úXQLYLL

-

úLWRDUHU G FLQRDVH FDUWRILVIHFO GH]DK U SODQWHGH

-livezi.

E =RQHOHGHSURGXF LHDJULFRO

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DJULFROH VHGHWHUPLQ FXGHRVHELUHGXS FRQGL LLOHRURJUDILFHFOLP VRO 'LQDFHVWSXQFWGHYHGHUHH[LVW PDLPXOWHWLSXULGH]RQHGHSURGXF LHDJULFRO 

- Zone de mare accesibilitateD WUDFWRDUHORUúLPDúLQLORUDJULFROH &kPSLD5RPkQ Banato-&ULúDQ

&kPSLD

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SUHFXPúLWRDWHOXQFLOH" 

- Zone de accesibilitate medieDWUDFWRDUHORUúLPDúLQLORUDJULFROH 'HDOXULOH%DQDWR-&ULúHQH 6XEFDUSD LL3RGLúXO7UDQVLOYDQLHL3RGLúXO*HWLF3RGLúXO6XFHYHLúL3RGLúXO%kUODGXOXL 

- =RQH FX DFFHVLELOLWDWH UHGXV

 D WUDFWRDUHORU úL PDúLQLORU DJULFROH ]RQD PRQWDQ  úL 'HOWD

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,

H[SULPDWSULQP ULPHDPHGLHDXQHLSDUFHOHFULWHULXUHVWULFWLYvQUHDOL]DUHDOXFU ULORUDJULFROH

B. În zootehnie VHDXvQYHGHUHXUP 0

WRDUHOH

criterii:

ULPHDHIHFWLYHORUGHDQLPDOH

2. Sisteme mecanice comune mai multor specii de animale; 6SHFLILFXOILHF

Pe

UHLVSHFLLGHDQLPDOH

ED]D DFHVWRU FULWHULL VH IXQGDPHQWHD]  WHKQRORJLLOH GH PHFDQL]DUH WLSXULOH GH DJUHJDWH

RUJDQL]DUHD SURFHVXOXL GH PXQF 

– FRPSRQHQWH GHWHUPLQDQWH DOH DFWLYLW

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LL GH PHFDQL]DUH FDUH

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 úL WHKQRORJLF

VXQWGHQDWXU

:

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GHWHUPLQDWHGHQHFHVLWDWHDH[HFXW ULLOXFU ULORUDJULFROHvQSHULRDGDRSWLP úL

de aplatizarea perioadei de vârf;  6RFLDO

 UHIOHFWDWH GH ULVFXO VSRULULL úRPDMXOXL FD XUPDUH D FUHúWHULL JUDGXOXL GH

mecanizare; (FRORJLF

LQGXVHGHULVFXOGHJUDG ULLPHGLXOXLDPELDQWFXGHRVHELUHDVROXOXL

(ILFLHQ DHFRQRPLF

DXWLOL]

ULLWUDFWRDUHORUúLPDúLQLORUDJULFROH

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LOH SURGXF LHL DJULFROH LPSXQ OXDUHD vQ FDOFXO D DQXPLWRU

caracteristici în

DSUHFLHUHDHILFLHQ HLHFRQRPLFHDPLMORDFHORUWHKQLFHGLQDJULFXOWXU úLDQXPH 8]XUDPDLUDSLG

úLFDDWDUHRGXUDW

GHVHUYLFLXPDLUHGXV

FDUHVHvPELQ GHUHJXO 

FXRXWLOL]DUHLQWHUPLWHQW vQWU RSHULRDG UHVWUkQV GHOXFUXGLQWLPSXODQXOXL

-

2. Consumarea unei

S

U L GLQ HQHUJLD XWLO

FH LQIOXHQ HD]  UDQGDPHQWXO PDúLQLORU GH IRU

 SHQWUX DXWRGHSODVDUHD PDúLQLORU DJULFROH

, ceea

 úL VROLFLW  DG XJDUHD XQRU HOHPHQWH VXSOLPHQWDUH OD

PDúLQLOHGHOXFUX 9DULD LDFDSDFLW

LL GHSURGXF LHDPDúLQLORU GHOXFUX vQIXQF LHGHFRQGL LLOHQDWXUDOHvQ

care are loc exploatarea vQ FD]XO PDúLQLORU GH IRU

 vQ UDSRUW FX PDúLQLOH GH OXFUX FX FDUH VXQW

DJUHJDWHúLPRGXOvQFDUHVXQWXWLOL]DWH OXFU ULOHGHWUDF LXQHVDXOXFU ULOHGHVWD LRQDUH   9DULD LD HILFLHQ HL XWLOL]

ULL

, atât în raport cu parametrii tehnico-economici ai utilajului,

FkW úL vQ IXQF LH GH PRGXO vQ FDUH PDúLQLOH DJULFROH VDWLVIDF FHULQ HOH SODQWHORU úL DQLPDOHORU úL FRQGL LLOHSHGRFOLPDWLFHGLQGLIHULWH]RQH &D XUPDUH HILFLHQ D LQWURGXFHULL úL IRORVLULL PDúLQLORU DJULFROH QX DUH XQ FDUDFWHU LPXDELO YDODELOSHQWUXWRDWHFRQGL LLOHGHOXFUX 1LYHOXO HILFLHQ HL YDULD]  vQ OLPLWH ODUJL vQ IXQF LH GH R PXOWLWXGLQH GH IDFWRUL D F URU DF LXQH SRDWH IL XQHRUL FRQWUDGLFWRULH JUDGXO GH X]XU  IL]LF  VDX PRUDO 

modul de organizare a

SURGXF LHLúLDPXQFLLQLYHOXOGHFDOLILFDUHDPHFDQL]DWRULORUVLVWHPXOVWLPXOHQWHORUvQPXQF HWF

(ILFLHQ D HFRQRPLF  D LQWURGXFHULL PDúLQLORU DJULFROH HVWH FRQGL LRQDW  GH P ULPHD GLIHUHQ HLGLQWUHPXQFDLQFRUSRUDW vQXWLODMHOHDJULFROHúLHFRQRPLDGHPXQF  YLHúLPDWHULDOL]DW  FHVHUHDOL]HD] SULQIRORVLUHDORU (ILFLHQ D HFRQRPLF  vQ XWLOL]DUHD PDúLQLORU DJULFROH HVWH UHIOHFWDW  GH DSRUWXO DGXV GH

mecanizare la reducerea cheltuielilor pentru executarea unui hectar de lucrare. Pentru aceasta, prin DQDOL]  WUHEXLH V  VH VWDELOHDVF  FXDQWXPXOILHF UXL HOHPHQW GHFKHOWXLHOL vQ UDSRUW FX QRUPDWLYHOH ODFRQVXPXOGHFRPEXVWLELOLSLHVHGHVFKLPEIRU DGHPXQF XWLOL]DW DPRUWLVPHQWHWF (ILFLHQ DHFRQRPLF

DXWLOL]

-VSRULUHDSURGXFWLYLW -vPEXQ

W

LUHDFDOLW

ULLPLMORD

celor mecanizate presupune:

LLPHFDQL]DWRULORUDJULFROL LLOXFU ULORUPHFDQL]DWH

-VFXUWDUHDWHUPHQHORUGHH[HFX LHDOXFU

ULORUúLvQFDGUDUHDDFHVWRUDvQHSRFDRSWLP 

- reducerea cheltuielilor ocazionaWHGHH[HFXWDUHDPHFDQL]DW ,QGLFDWRULLGHHILFLHQ

HFRQRPLF

DPHFDQL]

ULLOXFU

DOXFU ULORU

ULORUDJULFROH

'LQ PXOWLWXGLQHD GH LQGLFDWRUL IRORVL L vQ DSUHFLHUHD HILFLHQ HL HFRQRPLFH D PHFDQL] ULL PHQ LRQ P

-SURGXF LDQHW

FHUHYLQHSHWUDFWRU

-SURGXF LDPDUI -YHQLWXULOHE

FHUHYLQHSHWUDFWRU

QHúWLvQFDVDWHGHSURGXF WRUXODJULFROFHUHYLQSHWUDFWRU

- randamentul în ha. a.n. ce revine anual pe tractor; -QXP

UXOPHGLXDQXDOGHRUHGHIXQF LRQDUHSHWUDFWRU

- profitul net pe tractor. FaFWRULLFUHúWHULLHILFLHQ HLHFRQRPLFHDPHFDQL]

ULL

sunt:

D 2SWLPL]DUHDvQ]HVWU ULLFXPLMORDFHPHFDQL]DWH E &DOLWDWHDWUDFWRDUHORUúLPDúLQLORUDJULFROH F 3UH XOPLMORDFHORUPHFDQL]DWH G &UHúWHUHDJUDGXOXLGHXWLOL]DUHDPLMORDFHORUPHFDQL]

ate;

H ÌQFDGUDUHDPLMORDFHORUPHFDQL]DWHvQOLPLWHOHRSWLPHGHIXQF LRQDUH I *UDGXOGHSUHJ WLUHSURIHVLRQDO úLGHFDOLILFDUHDPHFDQL]DWRULORU

6.2. 'LUHF

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DPHFDQL]

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$YkQG vQ YHGHUH F  PHFDQL]DUHD DJULFXOWXULL úL PLMORDFHOH PHFDQL]DWH YRU GH LQH úL SHQWUX SHULRDGD YLLWRDUH SULQFLSDOD SRQGHUH vQ PLMORDFHOH IL[H SURGXFWLYH GLQ DJULFXOWXU  WUHEXLH V  DYHP vQYHGHUHGLUHF LLOHGHHILFLHQ

DDFHVWRUPLMORDFH

'LQWUHDFHVWHDPHQ LRQ P

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&UHúWHUHDQXPHULF

LUHDFDOLW

LL

DFHVWHLDSkQ ODQLYHOPRQGLDOúLHXURSHDQ

2.

0HFDQL]DUHD FRPSOH[



care presupune mecanizarea tuturor

UDPXULORU úL FXOWXULORU úL

PHFDQL]DUHDvQWUHJXOXLFRPSOH[GHOXFU ULODILHFDUHUDPXU úLFXOWXU   'LYHUVLILFDUHD SDUFXOXL GH WUDFWRDUH úL PDúLQL DJULFROH

sub dublu aspect: completarea

SDUFXOXLH[LVWHQWFXPLMORDFHQRLúLGLYHUVLILFDUHDWLSXULORUúLP UFLORUODDFHHDúLPDúLQ   8QLYHUVDOL]DUHD WUDFWRDUHORU úL PDúLQLORU

agricole DWkW SHQWUX SURGXF LD YHJHWDO

 FkW úL

SHQWUXFHDDQLPDO vQSDUDOHOFXFUHúWHUHDJUDGXOXLGHIRORVLUHSHVFDU ODUJ DPDúLQLORUSXUWDWH

5.

&UHúWHUHDSXWHULLGHWUDF LXQHDWUDFWRDUHORUSUHFXPúLDYLWH]HLGHGHSODVDUHúLDO

LPLL

de lucru; 6. $GDSWDELOLWDWHDVLVWHPHLGHPDúLQLDFWXDOHODGLPHQVLXQHDSDUFHOHLGLQJU 7.

([WLQGHUHD HOHFWULILF

ULL SURFHVHORU GH PXQF  úL D DXWRPDWL]

GLQLOH

U QHúWL

ULL FD WUHDSW  VXSHULRDU  D

PHFDQL] ULL

8. CorelareaPLMORDFHORUGHWUDF LXQHPHFDQL]DW

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1. 5HDOL]DUHDXQHLvQF

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UF WXULRSWLPHGHWHUHQDUDELOSHWUDFWRUIL]LFGH KDSkQ vQDQXO

-

 ÌQ DFHVW VFRS DJULFXOWXUD WUHEXLH V  GLVSXQ  GH FFD  WUDFWRDUH úL DSUR[LPDWLY 

de combine autopropulsate. 2.

5HVWUXFWXUDUHD SURIXQG  D LQGXVWULHL URPkQHúWL

– UDPXUD FRQVWUXFWRDUH GH WUDFWRDUH úL

PDúLQLDJULFROH

- FUHúWHUHD FDSDFLW

LL GH SURGXF LH vQ YHGHUHD DFRSHULULL LQWHJUDOH D QHFHVDUXOXL GH WUD

ctoare

úLPDúLQLDJULFROH

- GLYHUVLILFDUHD WLSXULORU GH P

UFL vQ FRPELQD LH FX FHULQ HOH úL SRVLELOLW

LOH GH H[SORDWDUH

HFRQRPLF vQIHUPHGHGLIHULWHWLSXUL

-

vPEXQ W

LUHD FDOLWDWLY  D SDUDPHWULORU FRQVWUXFWLYL SHQWUX VF GHUHD FRQVXPXOXL GH

combustibiOLODXQLW

LOHGHOXFUX

-FUHúWHUHDSURGXFWLYLW -VF

LLPXQFLLúLDILDELOLW

LL

GHUHDFKHOWXLHOLORUGHH[SORDWDUH

3. 3URPRYDUHDSROLWLFLLGHH[WLQGHUHDSURSULHW

LLSULYDWHDVXSUDSDUFXOXLGHPDúLQLDJULFROH

- se impune adâncirea procesului de privatizare a Agromec-XULORULQGLIHUHQWGHPRGDOLW úLF LOHDOHVHúLSRVLELOLW

-FUHúWHUHDQXP

LOHFUHDWHSULQVXSUDHYDOXDUHDPLMORDFHORUIL[HúLDWHUHQXULORUGHLQFLQW  UXOXLGHWUDFWRDUHúLPDúLQLDJULFROHvQJRVSRG ULLOH

U QHúWL

LOH

4. AmplifiFDUHD úL LQWHQVLILFDUHD VSULMLQXOXL HFRQRPLF DO VWDWXOXL DFRUGDW IHUPLHULORU SULQ FUHGLWHOHFXGREkQG DYDQWDMRDV SHQWUXDFKL]L LRQDUHDGHPDúLQLDJULFROH

5. Crearea de baze organizatorice noi, originale, de folosire a tehnologiilor moderne în agricultuU

 FDUH V  XWLOL]H]H DYDQWDMXO DVRFLHULL úL FRRSHU ULL GDU V  VH ED]H]H SH IRUPD SULYDW  GH

proprietate. 6. &RUHODUHDWDULIHORUOXFU

ULORUPHFDQLFHFXSUH XOSURGXVHORUDJULFROH

3ULQFLSDOHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFLDOHPHFDQL]

ULLDJULFXOWXULLvQSHULRDGDGHWUDQ]L LH

ÌQ DQLL FDUH DX XUPDW HYHQLPHQWHORU GLQ GHFHPEULH  vQ]HVWUDUHD WHKQLF  D DJULFXOWXULL URPkQHúWLV

-a deteriorat continuu, în primul rând din punct de vedere cantitativ.

1. Astfel, în 1986, parcul de tractoare agricole al României era

GH  EXF

DSURDSHXQGHFHQLXUHVSHFWLYvQDFHVWDVHUHGXVHVHODEXF LQWHUYDOUHGXFHUHDDIRVWGHODEXF

LODEXF

L LDU GXS 

L/DFRPELQHvQDFHODúL

L

&DX]HOH DFHVWHL VLWXD LL VXQW PXOWLSOH FHOH PDL G XQ WRDUH S

rin efectul produs asupra

gradului de mecanizare a agriculturii fiind: - YkQ]DUHD WUDFWRDUHORU DJULFROH XQRU DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL VDX SHUVRDQH IL]LFH GLQ DOWH VHFWRDUH DOH HFRQRPLHL FD XUPDUH D WUDQVIRUP ULL 60$ XULORU úL ,$6 XULORU vQ VRFLHW

-

comerciDOHVDXDOLFKLG

ULL&$3

L

-

-urilor;

- scoaterea din uz a tractoarelor amortizate integral; -QXP

UXOUHGXVDOXWLODMHORUQRLDFKL]L LRQDWHSHQWUXDJULFXOWXU FDXUPDUHDOLSVHLIRQGXULORU

GHLQYHVWL LLDWkWODQLYHOXOVRFLHW 2 SULP  FRQVHFLQ

LORUFRPHUFLDOHFkWúLDSURGXF WRULORUSULYD L

 D UHGXFHULL D IRVW FUHúWHUHD vQF UF WXULL FX WHUHQ DUDELO SH WUDFWRU VDX

XWLODM DJULFRO LDU vQ DO GRLOHD UkQG SUHOXQJLUHD G XQ WRDUH D WHUPHQHORU GH H[HFXWDUH D OXFU ULORU

agricole, cu efecte negative asupra randamentelor la hectar. Astfel, pe un tractor agricol, cu o putere de 6 TCP, reveneau în medie, în 1986, 54 ha, iar în 1995, cca. 57 ha. )D

 GH

ULOH HXURSHQH GH]YROWDWH DFHVW UDSRUW UHOHY  R SXWHUQLF  U PkQHUH vQ XUP  D

DJULFXOWXULLURPkQHúWL'HSLOG vQF UF WXUDSHXQWUDFWRUIL]LFvQ$XVWULDHUDGHKDvQ*HUPDQLD GHKDLDUvQ%HOJLDGHKDvQ,WDOLDGHKDvQ)UDQ DGHKDvQ0DUHD%ULWDQLHGH

9

KDúLvQ7XUFLDGHKD 'HVLJXU DEXQGHQ D GH PLMORDFH PHFDQLFH GLQ DJULFXOWXUD DFHVWRU

UL

LQH PDL PXOW GH

QLYHOXOGHGH]YROWDUHJHQHUDOODFDUHDXDMXQVúLFDDWDUHSHQWUXDJULFXOWXUDURPkQHDVF HVWHGLILFLO GDF  QX FKLDU LPSRVLELO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO VXUVHORU GH LQYHVWL LL úL FDSDFLW

LL LQGXVWULHL

DXWRKWRQHV IDFLOLWH]HvQWU

-un interval de 10 ani, un grad de mecanizare concurent cu cel al Europei

Occidentale. 2.

2 LQIOXHQ

 H[WUHP GH QHJDWLY  DVXSUD UDQGDPHQWXOXL OD KHFWDU úL DVXSUD HFR

nomiei

IRORVLULL WHKQLFLL DJULFROH R H[HUFLW  FDOLWDWHD WUDFWRDUHORU úL PDúLQLORU DJULFROH XWLOL]DWH GDWRULW  VW ULLDYDQVDWHGHX]XU IL]LF I U DPDLDPLQWLúLGHFHDPRUDO  $VWIHOvQODWUDFWRDUHDYHDXSHVWHDQLYHFKLPHvQWUHú

i 7 ani, 16% între

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3.

2DOW FDUDFWHULVWLF PDMRU DSDUFXOXL GHWUDFWRDUHúL PDúLQLDJULFROH UH]XOW  GLQGHILFLWXO

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Actualmente, daWRULW

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SURGXFHFXPLFLH[FHS LLDFHOHDúLWLSXULGHXWLODMHIDEULFDWHúLSkQ vQDQXO

4.

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diminuarea

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-

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-

lei/kg. 7RWDVWIHOSULQGHS úLUHDSHULRDGHLRSWLPHODUHFROWDWXOJUkXOXLvQYDUDDQXOXLGDWRULW 

în principal deficitului de combustibili, s-DX SLHUGXW FFD NJKD DGLF

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valoare de 266,1 miliarde lei.

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Chimizarea agriculturii vQVHDPQ chimice, respectLY vQJU

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6.4.1.ÌQJU

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poate fi de 5 – 6 ori.

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86, cu

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numai 48 kg s.a. ULOHFX DJULFXOWXU LQWHQVLY úL VXSHULQWHQVLY GLQ (XURSDGH9HVWXWLOL]HD] FDQWLW GH vQJU ú PLQWH FKLPLFH OD KH VXEVWDQ

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ctar (exemplu: Olanda -  NJ VXEVWDQ

-  NJ VXEVWDQ

 DFWLY  )UDQ D

 DFWLY  *HUPDQLD

-  NJ VXEVWDQ

LPDUL

- 423 kg

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-

vQJU ú PLQWHSHED] GHIRVIRU úLvQJU ú PLQWHSHED] GHSRWDVLX

-

- 15%.

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culturii respective (irigat sau neiriJDW  GH SUH XO vQJU

ú PLQWHORU FKLPLFH úL DO SURGXVHORU DJULFROH

vegetale. ÌQJU ú PLQWHOH FKLPLFH VXQW SURGXVH HQHUJRLQWHQVLYH $VWIHO  NJ GH D]RWDW GH DPRQLX VH

produce cu 20,47 kwh, pentru 1 kg de fosfor sunt necesari 3,27 kwh, iar pentru 1 kg de fosfor sunt necesari 3,72 kwh, iar pentru 1 kg de potasiu, 2,56kwh.

ÌQ JHQHUDO vQJU

ú

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ú

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în

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zot-fosfor-potasiu (NPK), în

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ú

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, deoarece se reduc

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ú

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, compuse din 2-3 elemente, pentru reducerea costurilor cu

încorporarea în sol.  &UHúWHUHD FDQWLW

LL GH vQJU

ú

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ULL vQJU

ú

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´

, pentru a preîntâmpina

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2. Costul suplimentar pe hectaUúLSHWRQDGHSURGXV 3URILWXOSHKHFWDUSHWRQDGHSURGXVúLSHGR] 

4. Rata profitului; 6SRUXOPDUJLQDOSHKHFWDUúLSHGR]  &RVWXOPDUJLQDOSHKHFWDUSHWRQDGHSURGXVúLSHGR]  3URILWXOPDUJLQDOSHKHFWDUSHWRQDGHSURGXVúLSHGR] 

8. Rata profitului marginal. (ILFLHQ D DGPLQLVWU ULL vQJU ú PLQWHORU FKLPLFH WUHEXLH DSUHFLDW  úL GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO HIHFWHORUQHJDWLYHSURGXVHFRQFUHWL]DWHvQSROXDUHDVROXOXLDDSHORUGHVXSUDID FRQVHFLQ H JUDYH DVXSUD V Q W

LL RPXOXL 'LQ DFHDVW  FDX]  WRW PDL PXOWH

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orientându-VHVSUHRDJULFXOWXU

HFRORJLF 

ÌQ VFRSXO GLPLQX ULL HIHFWHORU SROXDQWH DOH vQJU ú PLQWH

lor chimice, au fost utilizate mai

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rvei de azot

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-a îndreptat asupra grâXOXL

úL

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c). S-DX UHDOL]DW GHMD GDU VXQW IRDUWH VFXPSH vQJU

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F URU DGPLQLVWUDUH VH IDFH GLUHFW OD SODQW  úL QX vQ LQWHUYDOXO GLQ

tre plante. Mai mult, aceste

vQJU ú PLQWHFKLPLFHSRWUHGXFHODPD[LPHIHFWXOSROXDQW G 8WLOL]DUHDvQJU ú PLQWHORURUJDQR

-minerale, dintre care cel mai important este gunoiul de grajd,

FDUH FRQ LQH FFD  GLQ PDVD QRXOXL SURGXV OD FDUH VH DGDXJ  VXOI

at de amoniu, uree, fosfat de

amoniu etc. 6H HVWLPHD]  F  vQJU ú PLQWHOH QDWXUDOH FRQ LQ GH 

– 8 ori mai multe elemente nutritive

GHFkW RULFH IHO GH vQJU ú PkQW FKLPLF ILH FKLDU FRPSOH[ ([SHULHQ HOH DX DU WDW F  R WRQ  GH vQJU ú PkQW QDWXUDO SURGXFH XQ SURGXF LHGH

spor de 40 –  NJKD GH FHUHDOH ERDEH FHHD FH vQVHDPQ

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 R

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în coQFRUGDQ

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chimice. 3HVROXULOHSRG]ROLFHúLQLVLSRDVHDWXQFLFkQGJXQRLXOGHJUDMGHVWHLQVXILFLHQWVHSRWIRORVL FD vQJU ú PLQWH QDWXUDOH vQJU ú PLQWHOH YHU]L OXSLQ VHFDU  UDSL

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Amendamentele calcaroase

VH DSOLF  vQGHRVHEL SH WHUHQXULOH DFLGH ÌQ PHGLH FDQWLWDWHD GH

amendamente este de 5 – 6 to/ha, dar ea poate varia de la 2 – 12 to/ha. (ILFLHQ D HFRQRPLF  D DPHQGDPHQWHORU FDOFDURDVH HVWH GHRVHELW GH ULGLFDW  vQWUXFkW VSRUXULOH GH SURGXF LH DFRSHU  LQYHVWL LD vQF  GLQSULPXO DQ úL vQ PRGH[FHS LRQDO vQ DO GRLOHD DQ  vQ XUP WRULL 

–  DQL VSRUXO GH SURGXF LH UHSUH]LQW

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tar. În România, sporul de

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NJKDLDUODSRUXPEvQWUHNJKDúLNJKD (IHFWXOHFRQRPLFDODFHVWRUVXEVWDQ HHVWH úLPDLPDUHFkQGVHDGPLQLVWUHD] vQFRPELQD LH FXvQJU ú PLQWHRUJDQLFHúLDQRUJDQLFH

Pesticidele. ÌQ FRPSRQHQ D DFHVWRUD LQWU

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-fungicidele. Administrarea

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diminuat puternic.

-au

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LL SURGXVHORU

– omul.

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LFkWPDLPLFLúLQXPDLFkQGHVWHDEVROXWQHFHVDU

%D]DHQHUJHWLF

vQDJULFXOWXU



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ULL DJULFXOWXUD 5RPkQLHL GH LQH R SRQGHUH PRGHVW  UHVSHFWLY 



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chimice (32%);

E HQHUJLDFRQVXPDW GLUHFW  vQFRPSRQHQ DF UHLDLQWU 

- combustibili solizi – 3,6%;

- combustibili lichizi

– 94,8%, din care:

-

EHQ]LQ 

– 4,1%;

-

PRWRULQ 

– 83,5%;

-

FRPEXVWLELOLJD]RúL

– 1,6%

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ULL  úL SRQGHUHD DJULFXOWXULL OD IRUPDUHD 3,% SHVWH   DMXQJHP OD

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Randamentul energeticVHFDOFXOHD]

LHQHUJHWLFH

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coeficient de conversie a

energiei. 5DQGDPHQWXO HQHUJHWLF DUH WHQGLQ D GH VF GHUH FD XUPDUH D FUHúWHULL FDQWLW

LL GH HQHUJLH

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sisteme; G  )RORVLUHD WUDF LXQLL DQLPDOH SHQWUX DQXPLWH OXFU UL DJULFROH WUDQVSRUWXO SH GLVWDQ H PLFL úLWHUHQDFFLG

entat etc.);

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