Peperangan Salib

Originally applied to military and religious expeditions organized in Western Europe and intended to take back from and defend against Islam the Holy Places of Palestine and nearby Syria the term was later extended to all wars waged against "infidels" and even to any undertaking carried out in the name of a worthy or supposedly worthy cause; naturally these extensions of meaning are not part of our present concern.

The first Crusade (1096-99), led to the establishment around Jerusalem, Tripoli, Antioch and Edessa of four States constituting (and later including Cyprus, then the Latin Empire of Constantinople) the Latin East, which from then on until the recapture of its last citadel Acre by the Muslims in 1291

The second Crusade started by the fall of Edessa bore no concrete results; the third, started by the fall of Jerusalem, ensured the maintenance of "Frankish" possessions on the Syro-Palestinian coast; the fourth was only concerned with Constantinople,

the fifth failed at Damietta in Egypt, the sixth was more of a diplomatic journey by Frederick II and brought about the temporary restitution of Jerusalem to the Franks, the seventh led by St. Louis after the loss once more of the Holy City ended in another disaster at Damietta the eighth, which brought the same king to Tunis, ended with his death.

The specific character of the Crusades was not and could not be understood by Muslims. The very term, hurub al-salibiyyah, used to designate them in modern Arab literature, was unknown to ancient authors, who referred to Crusaders by the plain ethnical term "Franks", and seems to have made its appearance during the Ottoman period in Christian circles of the East influenced by French culture.

The theory of the Crusade, a war for the defence or liberation of oppressed co-religionists, differs from the theory of the jihad, a war for the expansion of Islam

the Crusades appear as a reaction, which had gradually been desired and made possible, against the humiliation of four centuries caused by the Muslim conquest of half the Mediterranean basin In the East it is true that the Turkoman invasion of Asia Minor revived amongst a particular social group the tradition of Muslim Holy War in the form of ÿŠazwa, bringing disaster to Byzantine Christendom

Peribadi Pope Urban 11 Kurangkan penduduk di Eropah Selesaikan masalah ekonomi Kepentingan pedagang Anggapan orang Islam sebagai kafir/ murtad/ ajaran salah dan tidak patut tinggal di Jerusalem

The Crusaders' conquests only affected territory which was incompletely Islamized, relatively small and quickly reduced by gradual Muslim reconquest, and even in Syria-Palestine did not reach any of the large Muslim centres.

Tiga buah wilayah Edessa Antakia jerusalem

Sistem feudal diamalkan Dua kelas –agamawan/keluarga raja dan Tentera salib Tiada hubungan dgn rakyat biasa Penduduk tempatan lari/mati Tiada hubungan kebudayaan Gereja Latin berjaya kuasai ortodoks

Hasil yg sedikit, usaha yangbanyak Menyerang jiran mereka di Eropah/Asia Cita2 yg besar tapi begaduh sesama mereka Muslim tidak masuk keristian Tujuan nak hapuskan muslim tapi gagal Ortodoks pindah ke Turki krn takut.

Tujuan utk selamatkan keristian tapi muslim bangkit dan kalahkan semuanya Mereka datang utk bergaduh sahaja – ilmu tidak diambil berat Berjaya naikkan nama Pope Mongol lebih berjaya utk hapuskan muslim Keruhkan hubungan baik dgn muslim

Kalah dlm perang Terkenal tamak, tidak sabar, ganas. Tiada tamadun – rosakkan bangunan, bunuh manusia, binatang, Bergaduh dgn penduduk tempatan Faith without wisdom