May 06

-I-I

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Pranav: Hi Prabhat, you look quite smart in your clothes today. Are they new?

(v°æ¶µ«û˝, -Ñ •ôd™x -F-´¤ î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ ÖØ√o´¤. ÅN éÌûªh¢√?) Prabhat: They are, of course. But I'm afraid I don't look smarter than you, in spite of my new clothes. Any way, I thank you for the compliment.

(ÅN éÌûªh¢Ë. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Féπçõ‰ ØËØËç smarter Åçü¿çí¬/ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ éπE-°œçîªúøç ™‰ü¿’™‰. àüÁj-ûËØËç, F´¤ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ thanks.) Pranav: Mine are sincere compliments, prabhat. They aren't mere flattery.

(؈’ Eïç-í¬ØË ´’†-Ææ÷p¥-Jh-í¬ØË E†’o ¢Á’aèπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o, Å-¢Ëç ¢Á’®Ω-¢Á’a ´÷ô©’/ §Òí∫úøh é¬ü¿’) Prabhat: I have no doubt about that. But really I don't like these clothes very much. Dad bought me them from Hyderabad. I wear them because I don't want to offend him.

(-Ç N≠æߪ’ç-™ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’. Eïçí¬ Ñ •ôd©’ Ø√éπçûª É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ´÷ Ø√†o OöÀE £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü¿’ †’ç* ûÁî√a®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊. -Çߪ’† ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√-Í®-¢Á÷-†E ¢ËÆæ’éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 150

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 1 -¢Ë’ 2006

äé𠶵«≠æ™ ÖçúË ´÷ô-©-Eo-öÀF Ç ¶µ«≠æ vocabuÅçö«ç. É°æ¤púø’ °j sentences ™E îËÆœ† ´÷ô-©Fo ´’† appearance (éπE-°œçîË B®Ω’) èπÿ, ´’† •ôd-©èπÿ (´·êuçí¬ ´’í∫¢√∞¡x •ôd-©èπ◊) Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†´E ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆? Ñ ´÷ô-©Fo èπÿú≈ ´’† daily life situation ™ spoken english ™ ¢√úË ´÷ô™‰ 鬕öÀd practice îËߪ’çúÕ. lary Underline

1) You look quite smart in your clothes. Look

Åçõ‰ ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ – éπE-°œç-îªôç/ Åí∫’-°œçîªôç. smart = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬, Åçü¿çí¬ Öçúøôç/ éπE-°œç-îªôç. ´’†ç ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o •ôd©’ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ suit Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç smart. tip top í¬ Öçúøôç ÅØ√o smart.

b) Sulochana: Are you coming for the picnic? Picnic Sunayana: I'am afraid I can't because dad isn't well

(†’¢Ìy-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢√

èπ◊?)

a) The army officer is really smart in his uniform. Army officer, Uniform

(Ø√†oèπ◊ äçöx ¶«í∫’-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd ؈’ ®√™‰-†E, ¶«üµ¿í¬ îÁ°æpôç) I'm afraid/ we're afraid ™«çöÀ expressions b) The students were all smartly dressed for the O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ω ¢√úøçúÕ. college anniversary = College ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq´ç 3) In spite of: Å®·-†-°æpöÀéÃ. (though/ although/ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i† ü¿’Ææ’h™x even though/ but/ yet ûÓ Ææ´÷†ç. Å®·ûË ¢√úø’ÖØ√o®Ω’. éπ™ OöÀ-éÌ-éπ-ü∆-E-éÌ-éπ-öÀéÀ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. Åçü¿’-éπE Dress and clothes: Dress ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËC Çúø-¢√∞Ïx. ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ practice îËߪ÷L. ´’í∫-¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËN clothes. Åçõ‰ ´’í∫-¢√∞¡x •ôd- a) In spite of her greatness, she is not conceit©†’ dress/ dresses ņç. Å®·ûË He is ed (Ç¢Á’èπ◊ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÀ, Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç always dressed in good clothes ™«çöÀ sen™‰ü¿’. Conceit= í∫®Ωyç) tences ™ dress Åçõ‰ •ôd©’ ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈ = Though/ Although/ Even though she is •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. -Å-C great, she is not conceited (Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æp-ü¿-®·Ø√, ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. í∫®Ωyç ™‰ü¿’) ´’†ç ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o •ôd©’ î√™« Neat í¬ Å´’-J-éπí¬ = She is great, but/ yet she is not conceited Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç smart. = Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æpC, é¬E Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç ™‰ü¿’/ í∫Jy-é¬ü¿’) c) She smarted up for the interview b) Inspite of his fever, he is able to walk= ïy®Ωç Ö†oInterview èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ îªéπ\í¬ ´·≤ƒh-•®·çC. °æp-öÀéà (ïy®ΩçûÓ èπÿú≈) Å-ûª-úø’ †úø-´-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Ç Ç Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.

™ î√™«

I don't want to offend him

7) Offend= a) I don't want to offend him=

(´’†Ææ’q, ¶µ«¢√©’) ØÌ°œpç-îªôç.

Çߪ’†’o ØÌ°œpç-îªôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’. b) The book has been banned because it offends the sentiments of the minority community =

¢Á’iØ√-JöÀ ´®√_© ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ØÌ°œpç-îËCí¬ ÖçC 鬕öÀd Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo EÊ≠-Cµç-î√®Ω’.

c) You offend me if you talk badly about my favourite hero=

Ø√ ÅGµ-´÷† †ô’úÕo í∫’Jç* îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË ††’o ØÌ°œp-ç-*-†-õ‰x. 8) tire= ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, Å©-Ææô éπL-Tç-îªôç/ Å©-Æ œ§Ú-´ôç. Å®·ûË, bore éÌôdôç/ NÆœ-Tç-îªôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÉC É°æ¤púø’ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC. a) The movie is tiring= Ç ÆœE´÷ NÆæ’-í∫-E-°œç-*çC. b) I don't want to go to him. He tires me by talking of his greatness =

¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡}ôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúÕ NÆœ-T-≤ƒhúø’.

Now practise the following in English Nimisha: Hi Lipta,

Lipta:

àçöÀ éÌûªh-•-ôd™«? áçûª Çéπ-®Ω{ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√o¢Ó! áéπ\-úø-éÌ-Ø√o´¤? áçûª? F¢Á’-°æ¤pèπ◊ thanks. Eïçí¬ ¶«´¤çü∆ -Ñ combination?

Nimisha:

´’†-Ææ÷p¥Jhí¬ îÁ°æ¤p-Ø√oØË. †´’t¢√? àüÓ §Òí∫-úøh-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-†’™‰. Nimisha: Å®·ûË áéπ\úø, áçûª-éÌ\-Ø√o¢Ó îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Lipta: é̆-™‰üË. ÅüÁ-™«íÓ ´*açC Ø√èπ◊. Åü¿çû√ îÁ°œp E†’o NÆœ-Tç-îªôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. Nimisha: Åçõ‰ ؈ ’ èπÿú≈ é̆’-èπ◊\ç-ö«-†E ÅÆæ÷ߪ÷? Lipta: áçü¿’Íé Ç ´÷ô©’? †ØÁoç-ûª- ØÌ-°œp-Ææ’hØ√o¢Ó Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Ø√éπ-üËüÓ gift í¬ ´*açC ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈. Nimisha: ÅüË îÁ§Òp--aí¬. Åçü¿’™ NÆœ-Tç-îËüË-´·çC? Lipta:

Pranav: I don't see why you think they aren't good. They really suit you well.

(ÅN ¶«í¬™‰-´E †’´¤y áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o¢Ó Ø√éπ®Ωnç鬴ô癉ü¿’. ÅN Fèπ◊ î√™« ¶«í¬ †§ƒp®·.) Prabhat: Do they, really? Then I am happy.

(Eïç-í¬Ø√. Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’) Pranav: You are always well dressed. I don't have the patience to choose what clothes I wear.

(F¢Á-°æ¤púø÷ •ôd©’ ¶«í¬ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤. •ôd© áç°œ-éπ-éπçûª ã°œéπ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊) Prabhat: Still you look stylish. There is some charm about you that makes your appearance attractive. stylish

(Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y é¬Ææh í¬ØË éπE-°œ≤ƒh´¤. F™ àüÓ Çéπ-®Ω{ù ÖçC. ÅC E†’o Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ îËÆæ’hçC)

Pranav: Enough. You are tiring. Let's talk of something else.

(Ééπ î√©’. NÆœ-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ÉçÍé N≠æ-ߪ’¢Á’iØ√ ´÷ö«x-úøü∆ç) v v v v v Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) you look quite smart in your clothes 2) .... I'm afraid I don't look smarter than you, in spite of my new clothes 3) Anyway I thank you for the compliment. 4) Mine are sincere compliments. They aren't mere flattery 5) ... because I don't want to offend him. 6) I don't see why you think... 7) ... you are always well dressed 8) still you look stylish 9) Enough. You are tiring. In the lesson, lets learn a few items of vocabulary. Vocabulary simple

Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. í¬ ü∆†®Ωnç ´÷ô©’ °æü∆©’ ÅE éπü∆?

Spoken English

Though/ Although/ Even though he has a fever, he is able to walk. = He has a fever, but/ yet he is able to walk. 4) Compliment =

Smart èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† Éûª®Ω °æü∆©’; Stylish, trendy. Å®·ûË Ñ È®çúø’ ´÷ô™x éÌClí¬ fashion v°æ¶µ«´ç áèπ◊\´. •ôd©’ neat í¬, Å´’-J-éπí¬ Öçúø-ôç-ûÓ§ƒô’, é¬Ææh fashionable í¬ Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤p-úøN,

=

M. SURESAN

stylish, trendy. Smart a) The boy is smart. You can't cheat him= (Clever).

Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç ûÁL-¢Áj†, ®Ω’-Èéj†.

Ç èπ◊v®√úø’ ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√úø’ ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-™‰´¤.

†’´¤y ¢√úÕo

b) It was smart of her to give such an answer

Ç Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç Ç¢Á’ ûÁL-N-í¬ØË É*açC. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x smart Åçõ‰ î√™« ûÁL-Ní¬ ûªy®Ωí¬ Ç™-*ç-îª-í∫© ¨¡éÀh Ö†o ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. c) Don't try to be smart with me=

Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω F ûÁLN îª÷°æèπ◊. A smart restaurant = a fashionable restaurant= Food prices are high at this smart restaurant. fashionable 2) I'm afraid= I am afraid. Afraid

(Ñ

£æ«Ùô™x A†’-•ç-ú≈-®√© üµ¿®Ω áèπ◊\´). èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ´’†ç-ü¿-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– ¶µºßª’-°æ-úøôç/ ¶µºßª’çûÓ Öçúøôç. é¬F Ñ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ I'm afraid Åçõ‰ ؈’ *çA-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. I'm afraid I am not smarter than you= smart

FéπØ√o ؈’ í¬ ™‰ØË-¢Á÷-†E *çA-Ææ’hØ√o. Åçõ‰ ´’†-éÀ≠dçæ ™‰E N≠æߪ’ç é¬Ææh ¶«üµ¿ûÓ îÁ°æpö«-EéÀ I'm afraid ÅE ¢√úøû√ç/ I'm afraid ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. a) Nishant: Has Prashanth passed? pass Susanth: I'm afraid, no. Pass

(v°æ¨»çû˝

Åߪ÷uú≈?)

(v°æ¨»çû˝ Å´-™‰-ü¿E ¶«üµ¿í¬/ Å®·-≠dçæ í¬ îÁ°æpôç)

¢Á’°æ¤p-´÷ô, ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿†/ ¢Á’aéÓ-´ôç, ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªôç. á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ´’†ç ¢Á’aéÌØË ´÷ô-©’-í¬F, á´-J-ÈéjØ√ ´’†ç ûÁLÊ° ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†-©’-í¬F compliments. á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç, ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªôç, to com-

pliment. a) My compliments to you on your high marks in the exam= marks

°æK-éπ~™ F´¤ ûÁa-èπ◊†o íÌ°æp ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. compliment ûª®√yûª on ´Ææ’hçC.

èπ◊ Ø√

Lipta:

O.K. ANSWER

b) He sent his compliments to the actor on his action in the movie=

Ç †ô’úÕ íÌ°æp †ô-†èπ◊ Çߪ’† ûª† ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’ °æ秃úø’.

c) Everyone complimented Dhoni on his wonderful play = d) He complimented her on her taste in the choice of her dress = Dress

üµÓE Çô†’ v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x ¢Á’a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. áç°œ-éπ™ Ç¢Á’

ÅGµ-®Ω’-*E Åûª-úø’ éÌE-ߪ÷-ú≈úø’. èπ◊ é¬Ææh Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o ´’®Ó-´÷ô ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ ¢Á’Ê°p, é¬E flattery Åçõ‰ Éûª-®Ω’-©îË °æE-îË-®·ç--éÓ-´-ö«-EéÓ, ¢√∞¡x-´©x àüÁjØ√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÓ îËÊÆ §Òí∫úøh. §Òí∫-úøh©’ flattery.

Nimisha: Hi Lipta, new dress? How smart you look in the dress! Where did you buy it and how much is it? Lipta:

Nimisha: I am sincere in my compliments. Don't you believe me? Lipta:

5) Compliment flattery. Flattery

a) He flatters the minister to get his help.

v°æ°æç-îªç™ v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x §Òí∫-úøhèπ◊ ™ÔçÍí-¢√∞Ïx. 6) sincere= ´’†-Ææ÷p¥JhßÁi’†, *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-í∫©. a) I am sincere in my wish to help you =

Fèπ◊ ؈’ Eïç-í¬ØË (´’†-Ææ÷p¥-JhûÓ) Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç--ô’-Ø√o. b) No politician is sincere about servicing people. = politicians c) She is sincere student=

èπ◊ -v°ææñ«-ÊÆ-´™ *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-™‰ü¿’. -Ç-¢Á’ *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-í∫© Nü∆uJn-E

I thought you were flattering me/ I thought it was flattery/ I took it for flattery.

Nimisha: But you haven't told me where and how much you bought it for. Lipta:

´’çvA Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓÆæç, Çߪ’Eo §Òí∫-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. b) Everyone in the world falls for flattery =

Thank you for your compliment. Is the combination really good?

I didn't buy it. I got it some how. I don't want to tire you by telling you of it.

Nimisha: (Are) you jealous that I too will buy it? Lipta:

Why such words? You don't know how much you offend me. I got it as a gift unexpectedly.

Nimisha: You could have told me so. What is there in to tire me? Lipta:

That's OK.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Devanath: I bought this shirt for Rs 350/-. A good bargain, isn't it?

(Ñ shirt ؈’ 350 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o. ´’ç* ¶‰®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆?) Raghunath: I'm afraid that it is too much for it. I have a similar shirt. It cost me just around Rs 250/-

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 3 -¢Ë’ 2006

Ñ Sentences ™E passive verb forms É°æp-öÀ´®Ωèπ◊ îª÷Æœ† verb forms (passive) èπ◊ Åü¿†ç. 1) ... I have been cheated =

¢Á÷ÆæTç-°æ-•-ú≈f†’ = ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. ´Ææ÷©’ îËߪ’-•-ú≈f´¤ = F ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ´Ææ÷©’ î˨»®Ω’.

2) Were charged = 3) is called =

(†’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ °ö«d-´-†’-èπ◊çö«. Ø√éÀ-™«çöÀ shirt ÖçC. ü∆Eo ؈’ 250 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o.) Devanath: You mean I have been cheated?

°œ©-´-•-úø’-ûª’çC/ °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’. 4) Wouldn't have been cheated =

¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úË-

¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’ = ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’

؈’ ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úË-¢√-úÕo-é¬ü¿’. Ñ verb, ÉüË list ™ °j† verb No 1 äÍé class éπü∆-– have/ has/ had/ would have, etc + PP - Passive, DEéÀ active ᙫ Öçô’çC? ´’üµ¿u™ been BÊÆ-ߪ’çúÕ.

5) ... had been asked =

(Åçõ‰ ؈’ ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷-†Ø√?) Cheat = ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’ôç/ ¢Á÷Ææ-í¬úø’ Cheater ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’

Åúø-í∫-•úÕ Öçõ‰/ ††o-úÕT Öçõ‰. 6) a) can be returned/ exchanged =

Raghunath: If its price is Rs 350/-, you were charged Rs 100 more. Where did you buy it?

(†’´y-†oô’x ÅC 350 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„jûË, 100 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ áèπ◊\´ °ö«d´¤. áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤?) Devanath: At the Fitwell readymade shop. Raghunath: It is often called the cheatwell shop. Didn't you know that?

(ü∆Eo cheatwell Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆?)

shop

Åçö«®Ωçü¿®Ω÷.

AJT É´y-•-úø-í∫©/ ´÷®Ωa-•-úø-í∫© = AJT ÉîËaߪ’/ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫© b) has been used =

Devanath: How can it be, after it has been used?

(ᙫ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç, ¢√úË-¨»†’ éπü∆?) Raghunath: Then stop worrying about it. Be careful in future.

(Å®·ûË Éçéπ-ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. Future ™ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçúø’) Devanath: The shop fellow should be taught a lesson.

(Ç

shop

¢√úÕéÀ ¶«í¬ •’Cl¥ îÁ§ƒpL.)

Raghunath: In that attempt, don't be cheated once more.

(Ç v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ ´’Sx ¢Á÷Ææ-§Úèπ◊) Devanath: No; I will take you this time. You act smart in these matters.

(Ñ≤ƒJ E†’o BÆæ’-Èé∞«h. †’Oy N≠æ-ߪ÷™x ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úÕN) Raghunath: It will be taken care of, don't worry.

(؈’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«™‰. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊) Observe the use of passive forms in the conversation above: 1) You mean I have been cheated?

¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úøèπ◊/ ¢Á÷Ææ-§Úèπ◊ 9) will be taken care of =

6) Verb b)

鬢√-©çõ‰ ÖçC. ÉC BÊÆ-ߪ’-ô¢Ë’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 151

(°j ņ’-¢√-ü¿ç™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀC passive translation ûÁ©’-í∫’™, ü∆E °æéπ\† Ö†oC normal (´÷´‚©’) ûÁ©’-í∫’™) All the verbs above, you notice, are in the be form + past participle (pp), so they are all in the passive voice.

í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ îÁ°œp† Ñ points:

passive voice

ticiple, form

™ Ö†o

7) Verbs no 6 (a) can be returned, No. 7 should be taught, No. 9 will be taken.

Practise the following in English. Express the passive equivalents of the following: a)

Xé¬∞¡-£æ«-ÆœhE ü¿éÀ~ù é¬Qí¬ °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’. b) D§ƒ-´R ®ÓV† buildings †’ D§ƒ-©ûÓ Å©ç-éπJ-≤ƒh®Ω’. c) ´’†ç *†o °œ©x-©†’ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°-ôdí∫©ç. (passive ™ îÁ§ƒpL). d) Ñ road Ææí∫¢Ë’ repair î˨»-Jç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊.

e)

ÉN ´‚úø’

shall/ should/ can/ could/ may/ might/ must etc + 1st RDW passive form

èπÿú≈

M. SURESAN

èπ◊

éπü∆.

have/ has/ had/ shall have/ etc + past paractive voice verbs

èπ◊

Verb No. 6 (a) can be returned/ exchanged (Active)

etc

Verb No. 7: Should be taught (by us) -

èπ◊, ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´îËa ´’üµ¿u™ been °ôd-úø¢Ë’.

past participle

DEéÀ activeÅ´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? =

ÉC

have/ has cheated

ANSWERS a) Srikalahasti is called Dakshina Kasi/ The

ÉC

passive - We should teach him (the shop fel-

1) (Do) you mean I have been cheated. passive.

èπ◊

؈’ select Å®· ÖçúË-¢√úÕo 鬆’, time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ Ø√ application ¢√∞¡}èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰. f) Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç X Class èπ◊ text book í¬ prescribe 鬴a. g) ÉC ¢ÁçôØË îËߪ÷L. h) Åûªúø’ select 鬢√LqçC i) Ñ road á°æ¤púÓ ¢Ëߪ÷-LqçC. j) ÉC î√™« Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ îËߪ’-´îª’a.

(by me)/ Passive - I can return/ exchange it

Passive form: have/ has/ had/ shall have,

low)- Active.

(Do) you mean that the shop fellow has

˜

cheated me?

Kasi of the south. b) Buildings are decorated with lamps on the day of Deepavali/ on the Deepavali

Verb No.9: Will be taken care of (by me) Passive - I will take care of it (Active) ˜

˜

day/ on the occasion of Deepavali. c) Children can be made happy easily d) Only half of the road has been repaired.

In the case of the verbs above, we have

e) I would not have been selected, if my

(Do) you mean the shop fellows have cheat-

seen the active equivalents of passive

application had not reached in time. (This

ed me?

forms.

is imaginary past, isn't it?)

ÅüË shop people (≥ƒ°æ¤-¢√∞¡Ÿx) ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰, Å°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø pas-

3) It is often called the cheatwell shop =

ü∆Eo

7) The shop fellow should be taught a lesson

ÉC èπÿú≈ ™ ™

by whom (á´J îËûª) ÅØËC Ééπ\úø ûÁL-ߪ’-ô癉ü¿’. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’†Íéç ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC– FîËûª = by you ÅE. 鬕öÀd Active- You ûÓ begin Å®·u, If you had asked me Å´¤-ûª’çC. É™«Íí passive ™ by whom/ by what (á´J îËûª/ üËE îËûª) ÅØËC ´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-¢√L. Passive ÆæJí¬ ¢√úÕ-†-îÓôx, by so and so, °∂晫-Ø√¢√∞¡x îËûª ÅØËC omit îËÆæ’hçö«ç. ÉC í∫´’-Eç* practice îËÊÆh, passive ™ èπÿú≈ ´’† conversation effective í¬ Öçô’çC.

... I have been cheated?

6) How can it be (returned/ exchanged) after it has been used.

îª÷úøçúÕ:

™«í¬ØË,

The shop fellow charged you Rs 100/- more.

5) ... if I had been asked.

Spoken English

has been used. verb No. 1, verb No. 4 Passive active has been used been It has been used (by me)= I have used it (active)

DEéÀ active- past doing word éπü∆? -Å°æ¤p-úø’ sentence, active ™ à´’-´¤-ûª’çC?

4) I wouldn't have been cheated.

9) It will be taken care of

(by you) = (Passive) = If you had asked me (Active)

ñ«--ví∫-ûªh BÆæ’-éÓ-•-úø’-ûª’çC/ ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«.

sive, were + pp.

3) It is often called the cheatwell shop.

8) ... don't be cheated once more

ÉC èπÿú≈ verb No 4, verb No 1 ™«Íí ÖçC, passive ™. DEéÀ active- had been asked ™, ´’üµ¿u been BÊÆ-ߪ’-ô¢Ë’. If I had been asked

2) you were charged Rs 100/- more:

2) You were charged Rs 100/- more

5) If I had been asked -

§ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®Ωp-•-ú≈L = §ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®√pL. 8) don't be cheated =

(†’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË îÁ°æ¤pç-ú≈-LqçC. ¢Á÷Ææ§Ú-ßË’-¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’.)

(††o-úÕ-í∫’çõ‰, †’¢√y shop èπ◊ ¢Á∞«h´E ûÁLÊÆh ؈’ îÁÊ°p-¢√-úÕØË. ü∆Eo°æ¤púø’ AJ-T -É´y-ö«-E-éÀ-í¬F ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’-èπ◊-í¬F ™‰ü∆?)

I wouldn't have been cheated = He/ they (the shop fellow/ the shop fellows) would not have cheated me.

Ñ form of the verb Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† Imaginary past form éπü∆.

¢√úø-•-úÕçC/ ¢√ú≈ç. 7) should be taught a lesson =

Devanath: You should have told me of it earlier. Then I wouldn't have been cheated.

Raghunath: I would have, if I had been asked, and if I had known that you were going to that shop. Can't it be returned or exchanged now?

4) I wouldn't have been cheated =

cheatwell shop

Åçö«®Ω’ (v°æï©’). Ééπ\úø Passive- is called, 鬕öÀd DEéÀ Active, I RDW/ II RDW éπü∆? (Past lessons ™E tables îª÷úøçúÕ) É°æ¤púø’ DEéÀ active - people call it the cheatwell shop.

Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Passive sentences ™, °j† ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† sentences ™ 'äéπ °æE á´-J-îËûª îËߪ’-•-úÕçC?— ÅØËC ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? eg: I have been cheated (¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’) á´-J-îËûª ÅØËC clear í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’. Å™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx ´’†ç Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-¢√L. Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, Shop fellow ÅE Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-´îª’a. Å°æ¤púø’, Passive †’ç* active èπ◊ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ shop fellow ûÓ sentence begin îË≤ƒhç. Å™« î˨»ç éπü∆ Ééπ\úø? Å™«Íí If I had been asked - passive ™ ÖçC.

f) The book may be prescribed as a text book for X class. g) This should be/ must be/ has to be done at once. h) He should have been selected (Imaginary past) i) This road should have been laid long ago (Imaginary past) j) This can be done easily.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Spandana: Oh, Chandana, what a relief? I'm off. I'll be seeing you only after 10 days. (Chandana,

áçûª relief í¬ ÖçüÓ! ؈’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o. ´’Sx 10 ®ÓV© ûª®√yûª E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«.) relief= N´·éÀh / ØÁAh-O’-ü¿-†’ç* °ü¿l •®Ω’´¤ Cç*-†-ô’xç-úøôç Chandana: What are you so excited about? (Are you) on a holiday or what?

(üËE í∫’Jç* Åçûª Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ÖØ√o´¤? ÂÆ©´¤-O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢√ à´’Ø√o?) On a holiday= ÂÆ©´¤-O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡xôç Spandana: Happy that I am (on a holiday). I am going home, sweet home. All these days I have been dying to be back home, and I've the chance now. I've packed up and am leaving.

(ÂÆ©-´¤-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o-†E ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞¡ŸhØ√o. ÉçöÀ-Èé-°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«h´÷ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰, É°æ¤p-úÌ-*açü∆ Å´-鬨¡ç. ≤ƒ´÷-†xEo Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’.)

Look at the following words and expressions from the dialogue between Spandana and Chandana. 1) What a relief! I'm off; 2) excited; 3) on a holiday; 4) I've been dying to be back home; 5) I've packed up; 6) I am eager; 7) envy; 8) anxious; 9) can't wait; 10) how impatient you are!; 11) laze about; 12) the nine month grind; 13) get even with you. Learn and practise these expressions when you speak. Your English will be very effective. 1) relief:

DE Å®Ωnç ´’†™ î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’– (¶«üµ¿ †’ç* Å®·ûË) Ö°æ-¨¡-´’†ç. (¶«üµ¿u-ûª©’, •®Ω’´¤© †’ç* Å®·ûË) Núø’-ü¿©, Åçü¿’-´©x ´îËa £æ…®·. What a relief!. Å•s, áçûª £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ! äéπ éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† °æE °æ‹®Ωh-®·ûË, äé𠶫üµ¿uûª †’ç* N´·éÀh §ÒçCûË, ´’†-éπ-E-°œçîË £æ…®·, relief. (Also,

He is dying to become a minister=

´’çvA 鬢√©E ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ He is very eager to become a minister= He is anxious to become a minister= He can't wait to become a minister= He is impatient to become a minister.

É´Fo äÍé Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒh®·. Çߪ’† ´’çvûª-´-ö«-EéÀ áçûÓ Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖØ√oúøE/ ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøE. Ñ ´÷ô-© π◊ Éûª®Ω Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®√n©’ îª÷ü∆lç. relief from headache, fever, etc.) i) Dying - Éü¿ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ – î√´-¶-ûª’†o ü¿¨¡™  I'm off= I am off= I am going= ؈’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o†’– ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-†o-°æ¤púø÷, ¢Á∞¡x-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË-´÷ô– Öçúøôç. Dying to do something= ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø-ôç. èπ◊x°æhçí¬ áèπ◊\´ Å®√nEo îÁ°æ¤hçC. He's off. If you want to tell him anything, hurry up=

¢√úø’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. àü¿Ø√o îÁ§ƒp-©-†’èπ◊çõ‰ ¢ÁçôØË îÁ°æ¤p.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 152

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 6 -¢Ë’ 2006

2) excited= you are excited when some thing good happens to you/ when you are very happy about something.

The child is dying to see its mother=

ûªLxE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ Gúøf ûª£æ«-ûª£æ«™«úø’-ûÓçC. ii) eager= Çûª%-ûªí¬ Öçúøôç= anxious. a) The hero is eager to see/ anxious to see his son also as an actor= hero actor

èπÿú≈

Ç èπ◊ ûª† éÌúø’-èπ◊†’ í¬ îª÷ú≈-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC.

5) I've packed up=

≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´ôç– v°æߪ÷-ù«EéÀ, É©’x ´÷®Ω-ö«-EéÀ, etc. a) Pack up and get out= ≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-éÌE ¢ÁRx§Ú. b) He was packed up and is about to leave=

≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊E ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. c) Time for us to pack up=

´‚ö«--´·™„x Ææ®Ω’l-éÌØË time ´*açC. 7) envy= áEy– 'á— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= Ñ®Ω{u, äéπ-J-èπ◊†o ´Ææ’h´¤ ´’†èπ◊ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ´îËa ¶«üµ¿– °æéπ\-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ 鬮Ω’çC, ´’†èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’– Å°æ¤púø’ We envy them. (¢√∞¡xçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ Ñ®Ω{u). a) She envies her sister because she has more jewellery= sister

Ç¢Á’ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçC.

b) I envy your health=

Fèπ◊ Ç®Óí∫uç ÖçC, Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’– Åçü¿’-´©x Ñ®Ω{u. 11) Laze (about)=

à °æF îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈

What a relief! I'm off Chandana: I am eager to go home too, but I can't get leave until next month. How I envy you!

(Ø√èπÿ ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«x-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçüË, é¬E ´îËa ØÁ©-ü∆é¬ ÂÆ©´¤ üÌ®Ω-éπü¿’. E†’o-îª÷ÊÆh áçûª Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçüÓ!) Spandana: I called mom and told her. She is anxious to see me back. So is dad. Still two hours for the train and I feel it's too long. I can't wait any longer.

(Å´’tèπ◊ phone îËÆœ îÁ§ƒp. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ††’o îª÷ú≈-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC. Ø√†oèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. Train ®√´-ö«-EéÀ Éçé¬ È®çúø’ í∫çô-©’çC. áçûª-ÊƧÚ!) Chandana: I see how impatient you are! So would anyone be when they have a chance. How are you going to spend the days?

´’ç* ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’, ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ éπLÍí ÆæçûÓ≠æç, Öû√q£æ«ç. a) They were excited when their favourite hero talked to them=

¢√∞¡x ÅGµ-´÷† hero ¢√∞¡x†’ °æ©-éπ-Jç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ M. SURESAN ¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. b) He felt excited when he got the prize=

¢√úÕéÀ prize ´*a-†°æ¤p-úø’ î√™« Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. c) The movie is exciting/ It's an exciting movie= movie.

î√™« ÇÆæ-éÀhE ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEo éπL-TçîË

d) Nothing exciting about the movie. It's dull=

Ç movie ™ Öû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’iç-üË-D-™‰ü¿’. î√™« ÅØ√Ææ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. (Dull= unexciting) e) Exciting news= ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ω N≠æߪ’ç.

b) The patient is eager/ anxious to see the doctor=

®ÓT doctor †’ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ Çûª%ûª °æúø’-ûÓçC. Å®·ûË eager èπ◊ ™‰E Å®Ωnç, anxious èπ◊ Ö†o ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç– ´÷†-Æœ-éπçí¬ ÇçüÓ-∞¡†-îÁç-ü¿-ôç.

(àO’ îËߪ’†’. îËߪ÷-©E ņ’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Ñ ûÌN’tC ØÁ©© °æE Ø√ v§ƒù«Lo ûÓúËÆœçC, Nv¨»çA ÅØËC ™‰èπ◊çú≈. NÆœ-T-§Úߪ÷†’. A†ôç, Evü¿-§Ú-´ôç, TV îª÷úøôç, ÆœE-´÷-©-Èé-∞¡xôç– ÉD ؈’ îËߪ’-¶-ßË’C.) Chandana: Next month I am likely to get my break. I'll get even with you then. Bye then. See you.

(´îËa ØÁ© Ø√èπÿ ´Ææ’hçC break. Å°æ¤púø’ FûÓ Ææ´÷-†-´’-´¤û√. ¢ÁRx®√ Å®·ûË)

Spoken English

b) I haven't been on a holiday for the past one year=

àú≈-Cí¬ Nv¨»çA/ N®√´’ç á®Ω-í∫†’. Expression No 4: I've been dying, No. 6: I am eager, No.8: Anxious, No. 9: Can't wait, and No. 10: How impatient you are.

Oô-Eo-öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰ – Çûª%ûª °æúøôç, Çûª%-ûªûÓ áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷úøôç, ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úøôç, ûªy®Ω-°æ-úøôç. Dying= Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs ¥ç™ Dying èπÿ, ü∆E ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– ´’®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø dying Åçõ‰ ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úøôç.

lazy

(≤Ú´’-J)í¬ Öçúøôç.

a) I like to laze about on the weekend=

¢√®√çûªç °æE-îË-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ í∫úø-°æôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . b) He wastes money and time. He Lazes about: Time,

úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’. ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ Öçö«úø’.

c) Don't laze about. Do some work =

≤Ú´’-Jí¬ Öçúøèπ◊, àüÓ °æE-îÁß˝’. 12) The nine month grind: grind

Åçõ‰– °œçúÕ-îË-ߪ’ôç ÅØËC ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç.

c) The mother is anxious about the child's condition

a) We grind wheat into fine powder (flour) for making chapathis =

Ç ûªLx ûª† Gúøf °æJ-ÆœnA (Ç®Óí∫uç) í∫’Jç* ÇçüÓ-∞¡†-îÁç-ü¿’-ûÓçC. Ééπ\úø anxious èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ eager ¢√úøç. Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ Å´ü¿’. anxious èπ◊, worried ¢√úÌa.

íÓüµ¿’-´’†’ ´’†ç ƒ-B© éÓÆæç °œçúÕ îË≤ƒhç. grind èπ◊ past tense, past participle- ground.

d) The MD (Managing Director) is anxious about the loss in the profits of the company. Company ™«¶µ«© ûªí∫’_-ü¿© í∫’Jç* MD ÇçüÓ-∞¡† îÁçü¿’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’= Çü¿’®√l °æúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Anxiety= ÇçüÓ-∞¡† (´÷†-Æ œéπç) e) She wants to see a psychiatrist about her anxiety=

ûª† ´÷†-Æœéπ ÇçüÓ-∞¡† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* Ç¢Á’ ´÷†-Æœéπ ¢Ájü¿’uúÕo Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC. 3) On a holiday= You are on a holiday, if you (áçûª ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó Å®Ωnç iii) Can't wait= ¢Ë* îª÷ÊÆ ã®Ω’p ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. have break from your work for a few days. îËÆæ’éÓí∫©†’. á´-È®jØ√ ÅçûË™‰ Å´-鬨¡ç îË Ê Æ °æ E †’ç* éÌEo ®ÓV© § ƒô’ Nv¨»çA í¬, (wait ´÷´‚-©®Ωnç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç) ´ÊÆh. àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ Ñ 10 NØÓü ¿ ç í¬ í∫ ú Õ ° œ û Ë , You are on a holiday. a) He can't wait to go to the US= ®ÓV©÷?/ ᙫ í∫úø-°æ-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Holiday= ÂÆ©´¤, Holidays= ÂÆ©´¤©’– ´·êuçí¬ Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊ á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«l´÷ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. Spandana: Just laze about. I don't want to do Nü∆u-®Ω’n© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ anything. This nine month grind b) He can't wait to meet his lover= ûª† v°œßª·-®√Lo has taken the life out of me. No a) They are on a holiday/ they have gone on a á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ÅE ÖØ√oúø’. holiday= (éÌEo®ÓV©§ƒô’) °æE †’ç* N®√´’ç/ leisure. I am fed up with work. Just impatient= ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ã®Ω’p ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç, Nv¨»çA §Òçü¿ôç. Ü∞¡Ÿx A®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ NØÓ-ü¿çí¬ iv) ÅÆæ eat, sleep, watch the TV and go to -£æ«-†çí¬ Öçúøôç (opposite of patient) í∫úø-°æôç. movies. That's what I am going to do.

èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ †í∫©’çúøôç

a) He doesn't want to wait. He is impatient to go=

Åûª-úø’ Çí∫ô癉ü¿’/ Çí¬-©E ™‰ü¿-ûª-úÕéÀ – ¢ÁRx-§Ú-¢√-©E ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

b) He ground the wheat into flour =

íÓüµ¿’-´’-©†’ °œçúÕ î˨»úø’ (´’®Ω™) ™« îËߪ÷L– °∂æx-Å= °œçúÕ. íÓüµ¿’´’ °œçúÕ. é¬E Ééπ\úø grind èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – v¨¡´’, éπ%≠œ. Nine month grind - ûÌN’tC ØÁ©© v¨¡´’ flour = flower pronounce wheat flour =

c) I need at least a week's break after this grind

Éçûª v¨¡´’°æúÕçûª®√yûª -Ø√èπ◊ éπFÆæç ¢√®Ωç Nv¨»çA Å´-Ææ®Ωç. d) Put him through the grind =

¢√úÕo éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’F. e) Every trainee has to go through daily grind of six hour =

v°æA trainee (Péπ~ù §ÒçüË-¢√úø’) ®ÓVèπ◊ Ç®Ω’í∫ç-ô© v¨¡´’ îËߪ÷Lq Öçô’çC. 13) get even = °æí∫ B®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç/ ÆæJ-Ææ-´÷†´’´ôç. a) In most Indian movies the hero gets even with the villain =

î√™« Indian movies ™ *´-®Ωèπ◊ O’ü¿ °æí∫ B®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.

b) In the 1st match India defeated Pak; but in the next match, Pak got even with India.

b) He was impatient at my replies=

¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ø√ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-©-éπ-ûª-úø’ ã®Ω’p éÓ™p-ߪ÷úø’/ ÅÆæ-£æ«†ç v°æü¿-Jzç-î√úø’. ÉO Ñ Ø√©’í∫’ expressions NNüµ¿ Å®√n©’, ¢√úø’éπ. OöÀE O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Å®Ωn-´ç-ûªçí¬ Öçô’çC. Ééπ N’í∫û√ ´÷ô© Ææçí∫A îª÷ü∆lç.

hero, villain

India

match ™ ãúÕ† ûÓ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’içC.

Pak,

È®çúÓ

match

™

c) Next month when I go on a holiday, I get even with you =

´îËa ØÁ© Ø√èπ◊ holiday ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ FûÓ ÆæJÆæ-´÷-†-´’-´¤-û√†’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 8 -¢Ë’ 2006

Vikranth: Any idea when Vijai is coming?

éπE î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ. (Nïß˝’ á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation above.

Prasanth: Not in the least. I don't know where he is now.

1) Any idea when Vijai is coming?

(ÅÆæ©’ ûÁMü¿’. ÅûªúÁéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ èπÿú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) Vikranth: I do not know what he wants from me. He suddenly rang up yesterday to tell me he was coming. He didn't make clear why he would see me.

¢√úÕéÀ Ø√†’ç* àç 鬢√™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLߪ’-úø癉ü¿’. Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ E†o Phone îËÆœ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. †ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓ Ææp≠ædçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ Prasanth: I don't see why you didn't ask him

2) Not in the least. I don't know where he is now. 3) I do not know what he wants from me. 4) He didn't make clear why he would see me. 5) I don't see why you didn't ask him when exactly he wanted to come.

¢Á∞«x™ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. N’í∫û√ 'wh' words ™«çöÀC é¬ü¿’ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô)

7) I insisted that he tell me the purpose of his

8)

I don't know why =

Å™«Íí Ñ éÀçC 2

áçü¿’éÓ ûÁMü¿’

1 a) why did he go there? I want to know

9)

Did you atleast ask him how he would be coming =

b) I want to know why he went there.

9) Did you at least ask him how he would be coming.

10)

about our work.

(ûª†’ correct í¬ á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ †’¢Áyçü¿’èπ◊ Åúø-í∫-™‰üÓ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. ´’†-Íé¢Á÷ °æ†’ç--C. ¢√úÕ éÓÆæç ´’†N’éπ\úø wait îËߪ÷™ ´’† °æE O’ü¿ ¢Á∞«x™ ûÁMúøç ™‰ü¿’) Vikranth: I insisted that he tell me the purpose of his meeting, but he would-

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 153

I don't see how you could be so indifferent =

Åçûª E®Ωx-éπ~uçí¬ á™« Öçúø-í∫-L-í¬¢Ó Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴úøç-™‰ü¿’

whether to wait for him here or to go

Ñ È®çúø’ a)

ᙫ ´≤ƒhúÓ ÅØÁjØ√ ÅúÕ-í¬¢√?

when exactly he wanted to come. We have work now. We don't know

Åûª-ØÁ°æ¤púÌÆæ’h-Ø√oúÓ FÈé-´-®ΩØ√o îÁ§ƒp®√? = Has any one told you when he will be coming?

meeting. 8) I don't know why

d)

(Whether choice express

6) We do not know whether to wait for him here or go about our work.

11) I didn't know which phone he was calling from =

sentence

sentences

èπÿ ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ:

†÷ éπL°œ ņçúÕ:

sentence question 鬕öÀd why Åçö«ç. b) È®çúø’ sentences éπL°œ Åçô’Ø√oç 鬕öÀd I want to know why he went there Åçö«ç.

™E ¢Á·ü¿öÀ did he go?

2 a) where did he buy it? I wish to know

Who knows what he has in his mind?

n't. I don't know why. Prasanth: Did you atleast ask him how he would becoming?

(éπFÆæç ᙫ ´≤ƒhúÓ ÅúÕ-í¬¢√?)

10) I don't see how you could be so indifferent 11) I didn't know which phone he was calling from. 12) I am not able to say whose fault it is.

Vikranth: No. indifferent. you could have fixed a

ÖçúË Åçö«ç éπü∆.)

could not ask him all that. I was about to. But then he disconnected.

'wh' clauses very common.

´’† daily conversation ™ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ áçü¿’èπ◊, á´-JûÓ, áçûÓ, á´-JüÓ, ᙫíÓ, ÅØË -¢√öÀ-E sentences ™ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç éπü∆. ÅC English ™ ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø÷ Öçô’çC. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωùèπ◊ °j ¢√öÀ™x I don't know where he is now ÅØËC BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç = ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. Where he is Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\úø ÖØ√oúÓ. Ñ

(Åü¿çû√ Åúø-í∫-™‰Íéç é¬ü¿’. Åúøí∫¶ßË’™í¬ Phone °õ‰d-¨»úø’.) Prasanth: Why didn't you call him again?

îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’?)

Vikranth: I didn't know which Phone he was calling from. I saw the number on my cell and called. He called from a public Phone.

(à Phone ™ç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Cell ™ Ç number îª÷Æœ phone î˨»†’. ÅC Public Phone) Prasanth: I am not able to say whose fault it

†’

In most sentences above, they are clauses beginning with 'wh' words (why, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, and how)

Vikranth: Look here, Prasanth. Not that I

let us take the clauses which begin with 'wh' words in the other sentences: 1) Any idea when vijai is coming =

Nïß˝’ á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ FÍé-´’Ø√o 3)

idea

Öçü∆?

I do not know what he wants from me =

question structure (wh+verb+subject/wh word + Helping verb + Sub +Main verb) 'wh' word statement statement structure. statement subject verb wh word clauses wh word sub+verb structure

™ ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’i™‰´¤, Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ÉN ™ ¶µ«í¬™‰ éπü∆ Åçü¿’-éπE †-°æpöÀéÃ, ™ á°æ¤púø÷ ûª®Ω¢√ûª ´≤ƒh®·. ´·çü¿’í¬ ûÓ ´îËa Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ÅEoç-öÀ™ ûª®Ω¢√ûª ™ Öçú≈L. eg: Åûªúø’ É°æ¤p-úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. O’éÃ-§ƒ-öÀéÀ ûÁLÊÆ Öçô’çC. english™ word order °æü∆© Å´’-Jéπ sentence™ ûÁ©’í∫’ word order èπ◊ î√™«-´-®Ωèπ◊ oppositeí¬ Öçô’çC. èπ◊úÕ áúø´’ Å´¤ûª’çC. 鬕-öÀd °j sentence ᙫ begin îË≤ƒhç? I dont know ûÓ I dont know when he will be here. (when will he be here

¢√úÕéÀ Ø√†’ç* àç 鬢√™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’.

is.

4) (ÅC á´J §Ò®Ω-§ƒö ؈’ îÁ°æp-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o†’) 5)

have to do now.

(É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç àç îËߪ÷™ ûË©’a-éÓ-™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oç) Vikranth: Ah here he is! He has come.

(Ç.. ´î√aúËx) Prasanth: What a relief!

He didn't make clear why he would see me

a) I don't see why you didn't ask him =

†’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åúø-í∫-™‰üÓ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. îª÷úøôç, éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ´ôç) b).... when exactly he wanted to come = á°æ¤púø’ correct í¬ ®√¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúÓ to go about our work =

´’†ç ÅûªúÕ éÓÆæç îª÷ú≈™ ™‰ü∆ ´’† °æE-O’ü¿

é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. á´-J-E °œ©’-≤ƒh-úø-ØËC ¢√úÕéÀ Ææç•çCµç*† N≠æߪ’ç = who he is going to invite (whom - old fashioned) is his business.

b)

¢√úÕ ´’†-Ææ’™ à´·çüÓ á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’? who knows what he has in his mind?

(see =

6) We do not know whether to wait him for or

(Å•s ´î√aúø’ éπü∆!) Ñ≤ƒJ †’ç* é¬Ææh advanced level of conversational skills îª÷ü∆lç. Åçü¿’-

a)

¢√úø’- †-ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓ Ææp≠ædç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.

We are unable to decide what we

Spoken English

ÅC á´J ûª§Úp ؈’ îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. °j† underline îËÆœ† M. SURESAN clause ©Fo èπÿú≈ 'wh' word clauses. Å®·ûË äéπ ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç ÉN 'wh' words ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-´¤-ûª’Ø√o, questions 鬴¤ ÅE í∫´’-Eç-î √L. Åçü¿’-éπØË ÅN

A clause is a group of words with a verb. (verb group of words clause

time for his meeting us.

(Åçûª E®Ωx-éπ~uçí¬ á™« Öçúø-í∫-L-í¬¢Ó Å®Ωnç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ ´’†Lo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌØË time Å®·Ø√ E®Ωg-®·ç* ÖçúÌa éπü∆?)

Phone

whose fault it is =

´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ clauses †’ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

Prasanth: I don't see how you could be so

(´’Sx †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊

à phone †’ç* îËÆæ’hØ√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁM-™‰ü¿’. 12) I am not able to say

who knows question mark.)

(Ééπ\úø

c)

¶µ«í∫ç

question.

Åçü¿’-éπE

Ç °æ¤-Ææhéπç áéπ\-úø’çüÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? = Do you know where the book is?

(´’Sx í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ where the book is = °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø ÖçC? ÅE é¬ü¿’ Å®Ωnç. '°æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø ÖçüÓ— ÅE

Ñ È®çúø’ sentence†÷ éπL°œ äéπ sentencesí¬ Åçõ‰ Å°æ¤p-úË-´’-´¤-ûª’çC? I wish to know where he brought it Åçö«ç. É™«ç-öÀC ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ÷L ´’† conversation ¶«í¬ freeí¬, fluentí¬ Öçú≈©çõ‰ ´·êuçí¬ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√LqçC 'wh' words ûÓ v§ƒç¶µº-´’-ßË’uN á°æ¤púø÷ questions Å´-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿F, wh word ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’ßË’u clauses statement structure™ èπÿú≈ Öçö«-ߪ’E. exercise: practise the following in English Vilas:

†’¢Áy-°æ¤úø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ correctí¬ îÁ°æp™‰ü¿’. Kailas: á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhØÓ Ø√Íé correct idea ™‰ü¿’ Vilas: kumar FûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü∆ Ç°æ-EéÀ áçûª time °æúø’ûª’çüÓ †E? Kailas: ¢√úÕéÀ phone îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. ¢√úË Ø√èπ◊ phone îË≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ áçü¿’èπ◊ phone îËߪ’-™‰üÓ Å®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Vilas: ÆæÍ®. ¢√úÕéÀ phone îËÆ œ ´’Sx †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ ®√í∫©¢Ó Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p. ´’†ç á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ E®Ωg-®·ç-î√¢√? Kailas: ØËØÁ™« E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-í∫-©†’ ØËØÁ-°æ¤p-úÌ≤ƒhØÓ Ø√Íé ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË? Vilas: Å®·ûË kumar èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË phone îËÆ œ decide îÁ®·u. Answer: Vilas: you haven't (have not) told me correctly when you will return. Kailas: I dont my self/ I myself have a correct idea when I will return Vilas: Hasn't kumar told you how much time it will take? Kailas: I want to call him. I don't know where he is. He said he would call me. I don't see why he hasn't phoned me. Vilas: OK. Phone him and tell me when you can come back again. Have you decided when we should return. Kailas: when I don't know myself when I will return Vilas: Then phone kumar and decide.

(Ø√Íé)

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Saran: Congrats Varun. I really felt very happy when I heard that our team had won the match yesterday. I shall be delighted if I hear more such news.

(´’† team E†o ÈíL-*ç-ü¿E N†-í¬ØË, î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æú≈f†’. É™«çöÀ ¢√®Ωh©’ Éçé¬ Nçõ‰ ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh†’.) Varun: Thank you, sir. We are glad that we always have your encouragement.

(O’ v§Úû√q£æ«ç ´÷èπ◊ç-úøôç ´÷Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’) Saran: Boys, I was telling you all along that you should not lose confidence.

Clause Åçõ‰– Verb Ö†o group of words. ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´’† sentences ™ O™„j-†çûª´®Ωèπÿ clauses ûªT_ç--èπ◊çõ‰ sentences Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ Åçü¿-Jéà ŮΩnç ÅßË’u-ô’xç-ö«®·. Å®·ûË é¬xV©’ ᙫ ´C-Lç--éÓ-´ôç? Infinitives ¢√úÕ. Infinitive Åçõ‰? Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jç-î√ç -éπü∆? ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’hØ√oç. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Infinitive Åçõ‰, to + Ist RDW (Regular Doing Word)- to go, to come, to walk, to learn, etc. infinitives.

É´Fo

Infinitive

(´’Sx thanks. ÅÆæ©’ ¢Ë’ç Èí©’-≤ƒh-´’-†’-éÓ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË ´÷ ¨¡éÀh-éÌDl Çú≈ç, Å´-ûªL team §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’x ´÷èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»®·.)

2) I shall be delighted if I hear more such news = (delighted

= ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçúøôç)

èπ◊ Å®Ωnç-– 1) °∂晫† °æE-îÁ-ߪ÷u-©E (to go = ¢Á∞«x-©E) (O’èπ◊ ؈’ îÁ•’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o†’ éπü∆, Çûªt- 2) °∂晫† °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç (to go = ¢Á∞¡xôç) N-¨»yÆæç éÓ™p-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E.) 3) °∂晫† °æE-îË-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ (to go = ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ)

Varun: Thank you again sir. In fact we didn't expect that we would win. But we played to our capacity. The other team's mistakes helped us.

3) We are glad that we always have your encouragement = We are glad to have your encouragement 4) I was telling you all along that you should not lose confidence =

a) I want to go =

Ø√èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©E ÖçC.

I was telling you not to lose confidence

b) To go now is not safe =

5) We didn't expect that we would win the match =

É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿’. c) He stood up to go -

4)

É™«çöÀ P©pç îª÷Æœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ °æ¤©-éÀçûªí¬ ÖçC. I am thrilled that I have seen such a beautiful statue = I am really thrilled to have seen...

É™«çöÀ examples †’ O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Infinitive ´©xØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ ÉçÍé Nüµ¿çí¬ØÁjØ√ sentences †’ Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’-ö«Eo practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

... expect to win

¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ™‰* E©’--Ø√oúø’. î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x °ü¿l-°ü¿l clause ©èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, Infinitive ¢√úÕ Ææç-¶µ«-≠æù Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’-´îª’a.

6) I warned you that you shouldn't take things lightly and that you should be aggressive = I warned not to take things lightly and to be aggressive.

How we can do it is the matter of this lesson.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 154

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 1 -¢Ë’ 2006

Let's now look at the following sentences from the conversation above.

7) We.. that we have such encouragement and advice from you =

EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English. Use only infinitives. Komal: Syamal:

We are glad to have your.. Saran: I warned you too that you should not take things lightly, and you should be aggressive.

Varun: True sir. We are delighted that we have

3) We are glad that we

you. We are thrilled that we have won

(Eï-´’çúÕ. Å™«çöÀ v§Úû√q£æ«ç, Ææ©£æ… O’®Ω’ ´÷éÀ-Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√-™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. Éçûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† match ÈíL-î√-´’E °æ¤©-éÀç-ûªí¬ ÖçC.) Saran: My only desire is that I should not hear about the defeat of our college team in any match. Varun: You can be sure that we will always do

(¨»ßª’-¨¡-èπ◊h™« ¢Ë’ç v°æߪ’ûªoç îË≤ƒh´’E O’®Ω’ †¢Á·ta) Saran: I was a bit hurt when I heard some of the lecturers talking low of our team.

(´’† lecturers ™ éÌçü¿®Ω’ ´’† team í∫’Jç* ûªèπ◊\-´ -îËÆœ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-®ΩE ¶«üµ¿°æ-ú≈f†’). Varun: Let them sir. They will be surprised when they hear our team too can win matches.

´÷ö«x-úø-E-´yçúÕ, sir, ´’† team èπÿú≈ Èí©-´-í∫-©-ü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Ú-û√®Ω’). Saran: OK boy, keep it up. ( Å™«-Íí-é¬F). English conversation, simple í¬, direct í¬ Öçõ‰ î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-†’ç* îÁ°æ‹hØË ÖØ√oç. Ñ lesson ™ ÉC ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.

Spoken English

Syamal: Komal:

We are thrilled to have won this difficult

hear more such news.

match

M. SURESAN

always have your encouragement. 4) I was telling you all along that you should not

9) My only desire is that I should not hear about the defeat of our college team =

match. 6) I warned you that you should not take things lightly and that you should be aggressive 7) ... We are delighted that we have such encouragement and advice from you

10) I was a bit hurt when I heard some of our lecturers talking low ... to hear some of our lecturers ...

Komal:

11) They will be surprised when they hear our team... = They will be surprised to hear...

Komal:

So, you have seen how an infinitive can make your speech shorter, simpler and direct.

8) We are thrilled that we have won this difficult match

10) I was a bit hurt when I heard some of the lecturers talking low... 11) They will be surprised when they hear our team too can win matches. All the parts of sentences underlined above are clauses, aren't they? We are now going to simplify them by using infinitives in their places.

≤ƒn†ç™ infinitives ¢√úÕ sentences †’ É™« Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’çúÕ.

clauses

°j† ´’†ç infinitive ûÓ replace îËÆœ† ¢√öÀ™x áèπ◊\´ that clauses. (that ûÓ begin ÅßË’u clauses éπü∆) OöÀE ´·êuçí¬ infinitive ûÓ replace îËÆ œ, short îËߪ’-´îª’a. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. 1) †’´¤y exam ™ fail Åߪ÷u-´E Nçõ‰ ؈’ ¶«üµ¿°æ-úø-û√†’ = I shall be sorry if I hear that you have failed the exam =

îª÷úøçúÕ áçûª simple Å®·-§Ú-®·çüÓ ûÓ infinitive ´©x.

to hear

ANSWER

Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xLq ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ î√™« ¶«üµ¿°æ-ú≈f†’ = I was sorry that I had to leave so early = I was sorry to leave so early

3)

É™«çöÀ v°æ¨»çûª v°æüË-¨¡ç™ Ø√éÓ É©’xçõ‰ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ°æ-úø-û√†’ =

I am very happy to hear that you are going abroad/ about your travel abroad.

Syamal: I am happy too that to know that you too are coming. Komal:

Mom and dad will be sorry to know about my trials. It will be difficult for them to be without me.

Syamal: Mom didn't like to hear it first, but I convinced her. Komal:

I will promise to mom and dad to return early. Soon they will get used to it.

I shall be sorry to hear that you have... 2)

1) I really felt happy when I heard our team had won the match. I really felt happy to hear that our team had won the match... to hear about our team's success.

Syamal:

My only desire is not to hear the ... of our college teams

5) ...We didn't expect that we would win the

9) My only desire is that I should not hear about the defeat of our college team

our best sir.

(

8) We are thrilled that we have won this difficult match =

lose confidence.

this difficult match.

matches

...to have your encouragement and advice.

team had won the match. 2) I shall be delighted if I

such encouragement and advice from

We are delighted to have such encouragement and advice from you =

1) I really felt happy when I heard that our

(-N’-´’t-Lo £«îªa-Jç-î√†’ èπÿú≈, üËFo ûËLéπí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπÿ-úø-ü¿F, ü¿÷èπ◊-úø’í¬ Öçú≈-©F.) aggressive= ü¿÷èπ◊-úø’í¬, îÌ®Ω-´í¬ Öçúøôç

Komal:

†’´¤y foreign ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-´E NE Ø√èπ◊ î√™« džçü¿çí¬ ÖçC. †’´¤y èπÿú≈ ûªy®Ω™ØË Åéπ\-úÕ-éÌ-Ææ’hØ√o-´E ûÁLÆœ ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’hØ√o†’. ØËØ√ v°æߪ’ûªoç O’ü¿ ÖØ√o-†E ûÁLÊÆh ´÷ Å´÷t, Ø√Ø√o Eïçí¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ؈’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç éπ≠ædçí¬ Öçô’çC. ††’o ¢Á∞¡x-E-´yôç ´÷ Å´’tèπÿ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. é¬F ØËØË †îªa-ñ„§ƒp†’. ´÷ Å´’t ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ AJT ´îËa-≤ƒh-†E ´÷ô É≤ƒh. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûªy®Ω™ ÅC Å©-¢√-õ„j§Ú-ûª’çC. Å®·ûË ´÷ Ø√†o ´÷vûªç î√™« Ö§Òpç-T-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ Ø√éà Ŵ-鬨¡ç ´*aç-ü¿E N†-ö«-EéÀ. ؈÷ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh.

( get used = be used =

Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøôç) Syamal: Dad was happy to hear that I got this opportunity. Komal:

I'll try too.

I'd (I would) love it if I had a house in such a peaceful place = I'd (I would) love to have a house in...

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Sampurna: Here is the book you asked for yesterday

(E†o †’´y-úÕ-T† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉCíÓ) Prapurna: Happy it's here. Where did you find it?

É°æpöÀ (present day) ¢√úøéπç (usage) ™ whom ¢√ú≈-Lq†îÓô who ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Who? = á´®Ω’?; whom? = á´-JE? a) Who did this? = ÉC á´®Ω’ î˨»®Ω’? b) Who sees such movies? =

(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. Fèπ◊ áéπ\úø éπE-°œç-*çC?) Sampurna: It was among the books you kept in the shelf. (shelf

Å™«çöÀ ÆœE-´÷©’ á´®Ω’ îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’? O’Èé-´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’?

c) Whom do you know? = d) With whom did you come?=

– Å™«t-®√™ †’´¤y °öÀd† °æ¤Ææh鬙x ÖçC.)

†’´¤y á´-JûÓ ´î√a´¤? So we know the difference between who and whom, don't we? Modern English who correct

Prapurna: Oh I forgot to look for it there. Nirmala wanted it.

(Åéπ\úø ¢Áü¿-éπôç ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷. E®Ωt-©èπ◊ ÅC 鬢√Lq ´*açC.) Sampurna: Which Nirmala? Prapurna: The girl I introduced to you, the other day, on our way to the shop. shop

(´’†ç ¢Á·ØÓo®ÓV† Èé∞¡Ÿh-†o-°æ¤púø’ Fèπ◊ ؈’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆœ† Å´÷t®·.) The other day = ¢Á·ØÓo-®Ó-V†

Sampurna: Isn't that the girl you call the college beauty? college beauty

(†’´¤y Å´÷tßË’ éπü∆?)

ÅØËC Ç

™ á´®Ω’? á´-JE? ÅØË È®çúø’ ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ÅüË

Å®√n-©-ûÓ†÷ èπÿú≈. Study (°æJ-Q-Lç-îªçúÕ) the following: 1. O’J-éπ\úø á´-JE éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?

a) Whom do you want to meet here? (Old fashioned and incorrect. b) Who do you want to meet here? (Modern usage and correct. right). 2. a) Whom do you know here. (old fashioned and wrong)

§ƒûª ¢√úø’éπ – ûª°æ¤p)

É°æp-öÀ-¢√-úø’éπ –

O’éÀ-éπ\úø á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? =

Prapurna: That she is. But that's also one you find to be very simple and humble too.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 155

(Å´¤†’. Å®·ûË ÅüË Å´÷t®· î√™« simple, Eí∫Jy èπÿú≈.) humble= í∫®Ωyç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç Sampurna: She is the one who all like, you said.

(Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-éÌ-ØËC Ç Å´÷t-®·ØË ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆ †’´¤y?)

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 13 -¢Ë’ 2006

b) He is a doctor. He charges high fees. fees

Çߪ’ØÓ ¢Ájü¿’uúø’. Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\´ éπ©-°æçúÕ:

BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.

He is a doctor who charges high fees. c) She is a great doctor. Everyone likes her. doctor.

Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æp éπ©-°æçúÕ:

v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x Ç¢Á’E É≠æd°æ-úø-û√®Ω’.

She is a great doctor whom everyone likes. 'whom' correct, whom who She is a great doctor who everyone likes. d) He is the person who I consult before taking a decision. consult whom who correct.) whom who

Ééπ\úø •ü¿’©’

äéπ-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç.

É°æ¤púø’

-E®Ωg-ߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ ؈’ îËÊÆC Çߪ’ØËo. (Ééπ\úø §ƒûª-•-úÕ-

§Ú-®·çC. Å®·ûË ã ´·êu¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. É°æ¤púø’ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àD ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úøôç Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-ßÁ÷í∫uç.

(The books which you kept - old usage) = shelf 3) The girl I introduced to you

†’´¤y

™ °öÀd† °æ¤Ææh-鬙x Öçü¿C.

؈’ Fèπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆœ† Å´÷t®· (The girl whom (wrong)/ Who (right) I introduced to you) 4) ... the girl you call college beauty? = college beauty the girl whom (wrong) / who (right) you call college beauty?) 5) ... but that (she) is also one you find to be very simple and humble = simple (she is also the girl whom (wrong)/ who (right) you find simple and humble) 6) She is the one who all like =

†’´¤y (

ÅØË Å´÷t®·

í¬ Eí∫-Jyí¬ éπE-°œçîË Å´÷t®· èπÿú≈ ûªØË

Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æúË Å´÷t®· = She is the one all like (who

Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’,

whom

ûª°æ¤p)

Who do you know here?

Prapurna: She is getting married. Who do you think she is going to marry?

(ûªy®Ω-™ØË Â°Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¶-ûÓçC. á´-JE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) Sampurna: Who do you take me for? Am I an astrologer? How do I know unless you tell me?

(ØËØÁ-´-®Ωo-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ñÆæ’u-úÕØ√ àN’öÀ? †’´¤y îÁ°æp-éπ-§ÚûË Ø√È陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’hçC?) Prapurna: My cousin Sravan. Sampurna: Do I know him?

(Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Prapurna: Yea. You met him last summer. Software engineer in the US. He is the guy we sent pickles to, last month. Don't you remember? summer

(ûÁ©’Ææ’. §Ú®·† †’´y-ûª-úÕE îª÷¨»´¤. í∫’®Ω’hçü∆, éÀçü¿-öÀ-ØÁ© ÅûªúÕéÀ ´’†ç pickles = Ü®Ω-í¬-ߪ’©’ °æ秃ç)

Sampurna: I remember him. ´ ´ ´ English conversation ™ whom, which Ö°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ î√™« interesting í¬ Öçö«®·. ´·êuçí¬ questions. OöÀûÓ questions ÅúÕÍí N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ î√™« ´÷®Ìp-*açC. ´’† conversation, modern í¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ OöÀE áéπ\úø ¢√úøèπÿ-úøüÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç î√™« ´·êuç. I. Whom = á´-JE, á´-JéÀ (to ûÓ) – ÉC ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. 1. Whom do you want to meet here? =

O’J-éπ\úø á´-JE éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? 2. Whom do you know here? =

O’éÀ-éπ\úø á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? 3. Whom did she consult? =

Ç¢Á’ á´-JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-*çC? °j questions ™ ´’†Íéç N*vûªç ÅE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’-éπü∆? Å´Fo questions. á´-JE ņ-ú≈-EéÀ English ™ whom ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË Â°j Nüµ¿çí¬ whom ûÓ questions Åúø-í∫ôç/ begin îËߪ’ôç °æ‹Jhí¬ old fashioned. English ÆæJí¬_ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª’-†o-¢√-È®-´®Ω÷ Å™«çöÀ questions Åúø-í∫®Ω’. á´-È®jØ√ Å™«çöÀ questions ÅúÕ-TûË Nçûªí¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC speakers of modern English èπ◊.

Spoken English

b) Who do you know here? (Modern and correct) 3.

a)

Ç¢Á’ á´JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-*çC?

a) Whom did she consult? (Old fashioned and wrong) b) Who did she consult? (Modern and correct) Now observe the following: 1. Who did you go to the movie with? (Old form and incorrect with whom did you go to the movie?) 2. Who did you get the information from? (From whom did you get the information? wrong -old usage) 3. Who are you talking about? (Old form and incorrect: About whom are you talking?/ Whom are you talking about?) English conversation questions whom who correct. a) Who were you talking to yesterday? (with/ to whom were you talking b) Who is he marrying? (Whom is he marrying? c) Who are you helping? (Whom are you helping II. Who, whose, whom and whichquessentions tences sentence

îª÷¨»®√? Ééπ\úø ´·çü¿’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. ÉD

b)

7) Who, do you think, she is going to marry? =

doctor

She is a doctor everyone likes. everywho/ one whom present usage.

O’®Ω’ ÆœE´÷èπ◊ á´-JûÓ ¢Á∞«}®Ω’?

O’èπ◊ Ç Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç á´J †’ç* ´*açC?

v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x É≠æd-°æúË Ç¢Á’.

Ç¢Á’ á´-JE °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¶-ûÓç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? (á´-JE ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ whom ®√ü¿’) 8) Who do you take me for? =

ØËØÁ-´-®ΩoE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ®√ü¿’ – 'á´Jo— ņo-°æp-öÀéÃ)

M. SURESAN

E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ ؈’ Ææçv°æ-CçîË ´uéÀh Çߪ’†.

He is the person I consult before taking a decision. (the person who/ whom I consult who c) Secretary student He is the student they have elected secretary (student who/ whom who d) teacher He is the teacher I admire. (who/ whom who III. Which Which sentences

(whom 9) He is the one we sent pickles to = (to whom

´’†ç Ü®Ω-í¬-ߪ’©’ °æç°œ-†-ûª†’.

®√ü¿’)

EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English Vasanth: Hemanth: Vasanth:

E†o †’´¤y ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-üÁ-´-JûÓ? †’´¤y ¢Á·†o chess ÇúÕ† ¨¡P-®˝ûÓ Å†-ôç-™‰-C-°æ¤púø’. ¢√úÕûË ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’) ´’ç* game Çúø-û√úø’. ؈’ ¢Á’a-éÌØË í¬ ¢√∞Îx-†’o-èπ◊-†oC Ç ØË. ¢√∞¡x™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’. †’´¤y á´-JE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛? Hemanth: î√™« ®Ω’èπ◊. Åûª†’ ÇúË game Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’) ¢√úÌa. îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç î√™« éπ≠dçæ . Å™«çöÀ game ؈’ ÅGµ´÷EçîË Çߪ’† Çúø-û√-úø-ûª†’. Vasanth: †’´¤y î√™« ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫© ¢√∞¡x™  Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’. ÉC î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø-´îª’a.) ؈’ î√™« É≠æd-°æ-úË-¢√-∞¡x™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’. ™. á´-JE ÅE ÅúÕ-Íí-ôN≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ ÉçûË. èπÿú≈ Hemanth: ÅûªE ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ͮ°-∞«l´÷? °æ¤púø’ ™‰†õ‰x. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ¢√úøôç È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ äéπ-öÀí¬ éπ©-°æú≈EéÀ Vasanth: ÅûªE ´÷´’ Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ØË íÌ°æp ¢√úøû√ç. lawyer. Çߪ’† Í®§Ò-Ææ’hØ√oúø’. ´’†ç E†o †’´¤y á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? eg: He bought a car. It is blue. á©’xçúÕ ¢Á∞«lç. Çߪ’† car éÌØ√oúø’. ÅC blue é¬ü¿’) The car which he bought is blue. ANSWER Åûªúø’ á´-JE °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? b) I gave you a book. It is my sister's. Vasanth: Who were you talking to, yesterday? (FéÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç Éî√a†’. ÅC ´÷ sister C) é¬ü¿’) Hemanth: Sasir, you played chess with the day The book which I gave you is my sister's. †’¢Áy-´-JéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? before. Modern conversation ™ °j sentences ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x whom ™«í¬, which èπÿú≈ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´C-™‰- Vasanth: He plays a good game. He is among é¬ü¿’) those I admire. Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. OöÀE Hemanth: Quite smart/ sharp. Difficult to a) The car which he bought is blue = Åúø-í∫-ö«-EÍé é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ understand the game he plays. He car he bought is blue. †’ äéπ í¬ éπ©-°æ-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ b) The plays such a game. The book I gave you is my sister's ¢√úøû√ç. É™«çöÀ sentences ØË Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ Vasanth: He is one you can learn a lot from, a) I saw a man. He was taller than six feet. and I like a lot. Ææç°æ‹-®Ωgèπ◊, v°æ°æ‹-®Ωgèπ◊ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ îª÷úøçúÕ. ØËØÌéπ ´’E-≠œE îª÷¨»†’. Åûªúø’ Ç®Ωúø’-í∫’-©-éπçõ‰ Hemanth: Shall we go to him tomorrow? 1) Here is the book you asked for yesterday áûª’h (í¬ ÖØ√oúø’). Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ äéπVasanth: His uncle is a lawyer everyone prais(The book which you asked for - old usage) öÀí¬ îËü∆lç. es. He is coming tomorrow. We will = †’´¤y E†o-úÕ-T† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉCíÓ. I saw a man who was taller than six feet go the day after. (Ç®Ω-úø-í∫’-©-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ áûªh-®·† ´’E-≠œE ؈’ îª÷¨»†’) 2) It was among the books you kept in the shelf.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Tarun: No bus is coming. No auto (is) in sight. So what are we going to do? (Bus àD ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’. Auto Å®·Ø√ éπE-°œçîªôç ™‰ü¿’. àç îËü∆l-´’ç-ö«´¤?) Kiran: Let's start walking. If we chance upon an auto on the way we'll take it, or else I don't mind walking the whole distance.

(Å®·ûË †úø’ü∆lç. ´’üµ¿u™ Auto üÌJ-éÀûË ü∆E™ ¢Á∞«lç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢Á·ûªhç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´-ö«Eéà Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.) On the way = ü∆J™ Chance upon = ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπE-°œç-îªúøç Tarun:You talking of walking! That's surprising since when did you start liking walking, buddy?

(†’´¤y †úø’-ü∆l-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√! Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’! á°æp-öÀ†’ç* †úøéπ O’ü¿ É≠ædç éπL-TçC Fèπ◊?) buddy = v°œßª’ N’vûª’-úÕE Ææç¶-CµçîË Nüµ∆†ç (American) Kiran: Stop it. I've always liked walking. I avoid walking only in hot sun or when I don't have the time.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 156

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 15 -¢Ë’ 2006

eg. a) To walk

(†úø-´ôç) is good for health (Ç®Ó-í∫u-éπ®Ωç) = walking (†úø-´ôç) is good

for health b) To get up so early is not easy = getting up so early is not easy =

Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’. c) I hate to get up late =

Ç©-Ææuçí¬ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç ØËE-≠d-°æ æ-úø†’ = I hate getting up late. d) He likes to swim in cold water =

îªFo-∞¡x™ Ñü¿ôç Åûª-E-éÀ≠dçæ = He likes swimming in cold water.

í∫´’-Eçî√ç éπü∆ – Infinitive ¢√úË îÓôx '-ing'. °j sentences ™ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-E≤ƒhç. sentences a), b) ™x Infinitive †÷, '-ing' form †÷ independent í¬ Åçõ‰ sentence èπ◊ subject í¬ ¢√ú≈ç. ÅüË, c), d) ™x Infinitive †÷, '-ing' form †÷ hate, like ™«çöÀ verbs ûª®√yûª ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆. a), b) ™x ™«í¬ independent í¬ ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ infinitive †’ '-ing' form †÷ äéπ-ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢√úÌa.

6) I shall appreciate your walking =

2) I don't mind walking - verb mind walking, '-ing' form. Mind

ü∆E ûª®√yûª Åçõ‰ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç

îÁ°æpôç.

She will appreciate your help =

I don't mind walking =

F Ææ£æ…-ߪ÷Eo Ç¢Á’ £æ«J{-Ææ’hçC.

†úø-´ôç Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. Mind ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' form ´Ææ’hçC. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË noun ´Ææ’hçC.

appreciate + help (noun) Appreciate

Tarun:Ok. Let's stop arguing. Come, let's enjoy walking. As you said I shall appreciate your walking the whole distance.

(ÆæÍ®x. ´’†ç ¢√Cç-îªúøç Ç°œ †úøéπ†’ enjoy îËü∆lç. †’´y-†oô’d Åçûª ü¿÷®Ω´‚ †úÕÊÆh Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’/ E†’o ¢Á’a-èπ◊çö«.) Appreciate = ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îªôç/ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç Kiran: Come on. Let's start. I hate backing out.

(°æü¿, •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωü∆ç. ¢Á†éÀ\ ûªí∫_ôç Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ É≠ædç Öçúøü¿’.) Tarun:You waste time talking. Show it in action. Start walking

(´÷ô-©ûÓ time ´%ü∑∆ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤. Ωu™ îª÷°œç. †úøéπ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç) Kiran: Ok. I am off. Whoever first stops walking shall stand the other a drink, ok?

(ÉCíÓ •ßª’-™‰l-®√†’. †úøéπ á´®Ω’ Ç°æ¤-û√®Ó ¢√∞¡Ÿx Å´-ûª-L-¢√-JéÀ drink É°œpç-î√L, ÆæÍ®Ø√?) stand a drink/ a dinner/ party, etc. = drink, dinner, party, etc

É°œpç-îªúøç)

Tarun:I am game for it.

(؈ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’.) J

J

J

verbs English lesson clauses simple natural verbs conversation, bookish

Spoken English

'If' clause

èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

Ç ê®Ω’a Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ / ê®Ω’a N≠æߪ’ç ؈’ °æöÀdç--éÓ†’. Expenditure, noun éπü∆. '-ing' form ûÓ: I don't mind spending the

b) I shall appreciate if you help me. a), b)

™x

appreciate + 'if' clause.

7) I hate backing out -

money =

¢Á†-éπ-úø’í∫’ ¢Ëߪ’ôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’ =

a) To waste time/ wasting time is never good

Ç úø•’s ê®Ω’a-°-ôdôç Ø√Íéç ¶«üµ¿-é¬ü¿’. Mind °æéπ\† 'if' clause ´Ææ’hçC.

I hate to back out (hate + infinitive). hate Infinitive, '-ing' form

b) To walk alone/ walking alone at midnight is not always safe =

He doesn't mind if I use his bike =

Å®Ωl¥-®√-vA-°æ‹ô äçô-Jí¬ †úø-´ôç Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË (c), (d) © ™«çöÀ sentences ™ éÌEo verbs °æéπ\ØË

ÅûªúÕ

bike

ûª®√yûª È®çúø÷, Åçõ‰ ¢√úø-´îª’a—

؈’ ¢√úø’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÅûªØËç ņ’-éÓúø’.

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ waste ûª®√yûª àC îË≤ƒh¢Á÷ ü∆Eo îÁ°œp, Ç ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC.

a) He wastes time talking about others =

Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ îË≤ƒhúø’.

time waste

b) He wastes money indulging in luxuries =

°æéπ\† '-ing' form / noun/ 'if' ´≤ƒh®·. infinitive ´÷vûªç ®√ü¿’. Sentence No 3 ™ 'avoid' ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ 'ing' form é¬F, noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. infinitive ®√ü¿’. [avoid = (àüÁjØ√ °æE) îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç] 鬕öÀd

8) You waste time talking waste 'ing' form

'mind'

clause

N™«-≤ƒ™x §ƒ™Ô_çô÷ üµ¿†ç ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’. Ééπ\úø infinitive ®√ü¿’. Practise the following aloud in English Laxman: Hi Arjun,

àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©÷? àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. F îËA™ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç àçöÀ? infinitive, '-ing' form a) I avoid walking ('-'ing' form) = Laxman: àüÓ detective novel. Åô’-´ç-öÀN îªü¿´÷Ja ¢√úø-í∫©ç. éÌEo ´ôç FéÀ-≠dçæ -™‰-ü¿’-éπü∆? ؈’ †úø-´ôç ´÷†’-èπ◊çö«. Éûª®Ω verbs, expres- M. SURESAN b) He avoids Govind because he owes him Arjun: Correct. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å™«ç-öÀN îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷ sions °æéπ\† Infinitive time waste îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤? ¢√öÀ-éπçõ‰ money. †’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬F, '-ing' form †’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬E ´’ç* novels î√™« ÖØ√o®· éπü∆? (Åûªúø’ Govind èπ◊ Å°æ¤p-Ø√oúø’ 鬕öÀd îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úø-í∫©ç. éÀçC verbs °æéπ\† È®çúø÷ ¢√úø-í∫©ç. Laxman: Eï¢Ë’. é¬F OöÀE îªü¿-´-ö«-EÍé ؈’ áèπ◊\´ ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’) 1) Start 2) begin 3) like 4) dislike 5) love É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’. Serious novels îªü¿-´ôç Ééπ\úø avoid = äéπ-JE îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ / éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ6) hate 7) remember 8) forget 9) propose, etc. ؈’ avoid îË≤ƒh†’. Åçûª concentrate èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. 1) He started to sing/ started singing îËߪ’-™‰†’ ؈’. Why are you avoiding me? = §ƒúøôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«dúø’ Arjun: Åçû√ Å©-¢√-ô’†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. îªü¿áçü¿’èπ◊ ††’o îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o´¤? ´ôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç. ¢√öÀE É≠æd-°æ-úøôç ¢Á·ü¿2) She began to run = she began running = Ééπ\úø avoid ûª®√yûª Govind ÅØËC noun éπü∆. ©-´¤-ûª’çC. °æ®Ω’í∫’ ¢Á·ü¿™„-öÀdçC Avoid ûª®√yûª '-ing form'/ noun ´≤ƒh®·. infiniLaxman: ÅD v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’. é¬E É≠æd-°æ-úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú3) She likes to dance = She likes dancing = tive ¢√úøç. ߪ ÷ †’. Ø√ôuç îËߪ’ôç Ç¢Á’-éÀ≠dçæ c) she always avoids classes (noun) in the Arjun: ´’S} v°æߪ’-Aoç. 4) She loves to cook = She loves cooking = after noon = ´çô îËߪ’ôç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç Ç¢Á’ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’-©èπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’. ANSWER Å™«Íí N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀûÓ èπÿú≈ Åçõ‰ 4) dislike Sentence 4) Stop arguing - stop ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ Laxman: Hi Arjun, what news? / what's new? 6) hate 7) remember 8) forget and 9) pronoun/ ing form ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·. infinitive ®√ü¿’. Arjun: Just getting on. What's that book in pose (v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-îªôç). Ç verbs °æéπ\† infinia) He stopped singing - §ƒúøôç ÇÊ°-¨»úø’ your hand? tive, '-ing' form È®çúø÷ ´≤ƒhßË’¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ. stopped + singing ('-ing' form) Laxman: Some detective novel. (Some= àüÓ). Now look at the following sentences from the conversation between Tarun and Kiran at the beginning of the lesson.

™ ÅEo ¢√úøéπç äÍ陫 Öçúøü¿’. ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– Infinitive ¢√úÕ 1) Let's start walking. †’ ´C-Lç--èπ◊çõ‰ ´’† conversation 2) I don't mind walking... î√™« í¬, í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E. Å™«Íí 3) I avoid walking ûª®√yûª '-ing' form ¢√úÕûË 4) Let's stop arguing éÌEo éÌEo (ví¬çC∑-éπç)í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈ 5) Let's enjoy walking ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ N†-≤Òç-°æ¤í¬ Öçô’çC. 6) ... I shall appreciate your walking éÌEo éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x infinitive •ü¿’©’ '-ing 7) I hate backing out form (going, coming, walking ™«çöÀN) ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ÉN èπÿú≈ sentence §ÒöÀd îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ 8) You waste time talking Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®·. Infinitive (to + 1st RDW) èπ◊ Look at sentence No 1. The verb 'start' has 'ing' Ö†o Å®√n™x äéπöÀ ®√ߪ’ôç, A†ôç, ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç after it. (to write, to eat, to learn) éπü∆. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'start' ûª®√yûª infinitive Å®·Ø√, '-ing' form Å®·Ø√ '-ing' form ¢√úÌa. ¢√úÌa ÅE îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.

éÀçü¿öÀ

ûª®√yûª

a) I shall appreciate if you walk

eg: I don't mind the expenditure =

She likes dancing (Ééπ Ç°æ¤. Ø√èπ◊ †úø-éπçõ‰ á°æ¤púø÷ É≠æd¢Ë’. ¶«í¬ áçúøí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, Ø√èπ◊ time ™‰†-°æ¤úø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ †úøéπ ´÷†-û√†’.) Avoid = ´÷†ôç!/ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç

†’´¤y †úø-´ôç ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh†’/ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. appreciate + your walking ('-ing' form)

Arjun:

b) He stopped the song in the middle =

You don't like reading such books, do you? / You don't like to read such books, do you?

§ƒô ´’üµ¿u™ ÇÊ°-¨»úø’ stopped + the song (noun)

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈

'stop'

ûª®√yûª

infinitive

®√ü¿’.

Arjun:

Sentence No. 5 'Enjoy' too is followed either by the '-ing' form or a noun, but not by the infinitive. Let's enjoy walking - enjoy + walking ('-ing' form) a) I enjoy music =

؈’ ÆæçU-û√Eo

enjoy

îË≤ƒh†’

enjoy + music (noun)

Laxman: True. But I love reading / I love to read these. I avoid reading serious novels. I cannot concentrate so much. Arjun:

b) She enjoys reading books =

°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ îªü¿-´ôç Ç¢Á’-éÀ≠dçæ enjoy + reading ('-ing' form). enjoy infinitive

Correct. Why do you waste time reading them? Aren't there better books than they?

It's all a matter of habit. Begin reading them/ Begin to read them. You begin liking them./ You begin to like them.

Laxman: I tried but I could not like them.

ûª®√yûª

Arjun:

Try once again.

®√ü¿’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Raghav: Hi Madhav, how are you? You appear much better than last week. There is surely some improvement in your health.

2) ... and I gave up smoking.

(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤? í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. éπ*aûªçí¬ F Ç®Óí∫uç °æ¤çVèπ◊-†o-ô’dçC)

5) ... I couldn't help feeling...

Madhav: You can say that. I feel much better now.

(Eï¢Ë’. É°æ¤púø’ î√™« ¶«í∫’-Ø√o†’, Éçûª-èπ◊´·ç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰) You can say that = Å™« †’´¤y îÁ§Òpa = †’´¤y éπ®ΩÍéd Raghav: What's that due to? I don't recollect seeing you earlier as fit as you are today.

(àçöÀ 鬮Ωùç? É¢√∞¡ éπ†p-úø’-ûª’†oçûª Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’.) recollect = í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç.fit = Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Öçúøôç Madhav: Thanks to my doctor. He insisted on my giving up smoking, and I gave up smoking, though I found it difficult in the beginning.

(Åçû√ ´÷ ú≈éπd®˝ ´©x. ؈’ smoking ´÷ØË-ߪ÷-©E °æô’d-•-ö«dúø’. ¢Á·ü¿öx éÌçîÁç éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéà ´÷Ø˨».) Thanks to my doctor = ´÷ doctor ´©x. '´©x— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Thanks to ¢√úÌa, ´’ç* ïJ-TØ√, îÁúø’ ïJ-TØ√. He died, thanks to the doctor's negligence - ¢√úø’ îªE-§Úߪ÷úø’, doctor -E®Ωxéπ~uç ´©x Raghav: So (do) you deny smoking anymore?

(Å®·ûË, †’´¤y smoking îËߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿ç-ô’Ø√o¢√?) deny - é¬ü¿-†ôç/ ™‰ü¿-†ôç

3) So (do) you deny smoking any more? 4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing some thing... 6) I now practise swimming too.

O’®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. °j sentences ™E verbs ÅEoçöÀ °æéπ\Ø√ '-ing' form ®√´ôç. ÉC conversation ™ ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 ¶µ«¢√-©†’ simple í¬ express îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. 1) I don't recollect seeing you = E†o™« îª÷úøôç Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’.(Remember = ´’†èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ®√´ôç. Recollect/ recall = ´’†ç v°æߪ’Aoç* í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç.) a) I remember seeing him somewhere = Åûª-úÕ-E ØËØÁ-éπ\úÓ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x í∫’®Ìh-≤ÚhçC. (´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç ™‰ü¿’) b) Let me recollect where I saw him = áéπ\úø îª÷¨»ØÓ í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓF (´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç). c) He recalled later that she owed him money =

ûª†-鬢Á’ ¶«éà ֆoô’x Çߪ’† í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’ (Çߪ’† v°æߪ’ûªoç)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 157

Madhav: Do you think I'm a fool to go on doing something that costs my life?

(Ø√ v§ƒù«-EÍé £æ…E éπL-TçîË °æE îËÆæ÷hç-úøö«-EéÀ ØËØË-´’Ø√o ´‚®Ω’^-úÕØ√?) I don't

as I might, I am unable to remember if he came here that day =

؈’ î√´¤èπ◊ ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø†’, é¬E ûÓ î√´ôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’)

Raghav: Happy to hear that. Whenever I saw lighting a cigarette I couldn't help feeling you were burning out your life

(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ cigarette ´·öÀdç-îªúøç îª÷ÆœØ√, †’´¤y F v§ƒù«Lo ûªí∫-©-¶„-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´ØË ¶µ«´ç Ø√™ ûªÊ°p-C-é¬ü¿’) Madhav: I now practise swimming too. Every morning I go swimming.

(É°æ¤púø’ Ñûª èπÿú≈ ®ÓW ÑûªÈé∞¡ŸhØ√o)

practise

îËÆæ’hØ√o.

Raghav: Good. Though late you've given up smoking. Better late than never.

(¶«í∫’çC. Ç©Ææuçí¬ØÁjØ√ smoking ´÷†’èπ◊-Ø√o´¤. ÅÆæ©’ ´÷†-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç éπØ√o Ç©Ææuçí¬ ´÷†ôç †ßª’ç éπü∆.) Better late than never = ÉC English™ ≤ƒüµ∆®Ωùçí¬ Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Å®Ωnç: äéπ °æE ÅÆæ©’ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË-éπØ√o Ç©Ææuçí¬ îËߪ’ôç ´’ç*C éπü∆ ÅE. [[[ í∫ûª È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ lessons ™ ´’†ç infinitives, '-ing' forms í∫’Jç* îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. We have seen how certain verbs are always followed by an Infinitive/ -ing form /noun/ an if clause, or just by an '-ing' form. Now let's see some more verbs followed by the '-ing' form/ noun. Look at these following sentences from the conversation between Raghav and Madhav. 1) I don't recollect seeing you earlier as fit as you are now.

b) Dushyanta denied seeing Sakuntala or loving her =

ü¿’≠æuç-ûª’úø’ ¨¡èπ◊ç-ûª-©†’ îª÷úøôç é¬F, vÊ°N’ç-îªôç é¬F îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-Ø√oúø’. denied + seeing or loving - '-ing' forms.

c) She denied the truth in his statement =

Ç¢Á’ ÆæçUûªç ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√ê®Ω’a©çõ‰ ê®Ω’a-°-ôdúøç ûª°æpü¿’. °-ôdúøç – ü¿®Ωz†ç 鬢√-©çõ‰ ¢√∞¡xéà v°æߪ÷ùç

ÅûªE ´÷ô™x Eïç ™‰ü¿çC. denied + truth - noun.

ûª°æpü¿’.

d) The minister denies his statement =

´’çvA ûª† ´÷ô©†’ é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ (ņ-™‰-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’).

e) The minister denies the media reports =

O’úÕߪ÷ ¢√®Ωh©†’ ´’çvA é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. denied + the reports (noun) 4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing something... =

ÅC îËÆæ÷h Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ؈’ ´‚®Ω’^-úøo-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? to go on = (ã °æE) îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç. go on ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈, îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ '–ing form' ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.

ü¿®Ωz†ç 鬢√-©çõ‰ v°æߪ÷ùç

îËߪ’ôç ûª°æpü¿’.

èπÿú≈ ÅçûË: DE ûª®√yûªèπÿú≈

Åçõ‰ Ŷµºu-Æœç-îªôç. ´Ææ’hçC. Ñûª îË≤ƒh†’. Ç¢Á’ ®ÓW

°æ®Ω’í∫’

îËÆæ’hçC.

áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√ ñ«c°æéπç ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o, Åûª-Ø√-®ÓV Ééπ\-úÕ-éÌî√aú≈, ™‰ü∆ ÅE. Recollect ûª®√yûª noun èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. '-ing' form ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈. I recollected the events of the day =Ç ®ÓV Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©’ ؈’ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊Ø√o. events = Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©’ - Noun. 2) ... and I gave up smoking = ؈’ smoking ´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o. give up = ´÷ØË-ߪ’ôç/ ´ü¿-©’-éÓ-´ôç (°æü¿-´¤©’, Å©-¢√-ôx-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE) give up ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' form é¬F, noun é¬F ¢√úøû√ç. (noun Åçõ‰ ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-èπ◊çü∆ç.. à Ê°È®jØ√ noun.) a) I gave up smoking = smoking ´÷†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. smoking '-ing' form b) I gave up cigarettes = cigarettes cigarettes - noun.

´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o.-

£æ«J-¨¡aç-vü¿’úø’ Ææûªuç éÓÆæç Æœç£æ…-Ææ-Ø√Eo

´C-™‰-¨»úø’. Æœç£æ…-Ææ†ç

- Noun.

d) He was a fool to give up the job = job Job - noun.

Ç

´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’ – ´‚®Ω’^úø’.

3) (Do) you deny smoking anymore? =

†’´¤y Ééπ

smoke

§Ú-®·Ø√, Öçö«-ú≈-ߪ’†.

ÆæçUûªç Ŷµºu-Æœ-Ææ’hçC.

ãúÕ¢√C-Ææ÷hØË

So,

îËߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿ç-ö«¢√?

deny + smoking. '-ing' form. deny = ing' form

é¬ü¿-†ôç/ ™‰ü¿-†ôç. DE ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ 'é¬F, noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. That clause èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. a) He denied stealing the pen = ûª†’ Ç pen üÌçT-Lç-îª-™‰-ü¿-Ø√oúø’. denied + stealing - stealing '-ing' form.

É™«çöÀ

verbs

ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬

practice

îËߪ’çúÕ.

EXERCISE

b) In spite of the doctor's advice, he goes on smoking = Doctor smoke

Practise the following aloud in English: Mithun:

Åûª-EûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√´¤? Åûª†’ á´®Ω’ îÁ°œpØ√ N†úø’. M. SURESAN Sachin: Ø√èπ◊ ûª°æpü¿’. ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ø√ books c) He goes on talking, whether others listen to ÖØ√o®·. ÅN ´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√úÕûÓ friendly him or not = Åûª†’ îÁÊ°pC Éûª-®Ω’©’ Nçô’Ø√o í¬ØË Öçú≈L. N†-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«úø’. Mithun: Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√-úøE ûÁLÆœ èπÿú≈ †’´¤y ¢√úÕéÀ a) goes on + arguing ('-ing' form) °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™„ç-ü¿’-éÀÆæ÷h Öçö«´¤? b) goes on + smoking ('-ing' form) Sachin: °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ AJ-T-´y-úøØË ´÷ô é¬ü¿c) goes on + talking ('-ing' form) †ôç ™‰ü¿’. é¬F ¢√∞¡x†o Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* friend. d) They went on shouting and throwing stones Mithun: †’´¤y ¢√úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´÷†’-èπ◊çõ‰ °æ¤Ææhat the police = ¢√∞¡Ÿx Å®Ω’-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o®Ω’, Police é¬-L-´y-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿’í¬. (give up ¢√úøçúÕ) © O’ü¿ ®√∞¡Ÿx ®Ω’´¤y-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’. (Past) Sachin: ¢√∞¡x†o BÆæ’-èπ◊†o °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-´y-ôç™ Éçûª Went on (past of go on) + shouting and Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’ôç Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’. throwing ('-ing' forms) Mithun: Éü¿l-Jéà §ÚL-Íé-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË go on ûª®√yûª 'with' ¢√úÕûË noun ´Ææ’hçC. ´ü¿lØ√o, Åûª†’ îËÆæ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’.

a) She went on with her studies in spite of disturbances = Disturbances

Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà ûª†

îªü¿’´¤ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-*çC.

c) Harischandra gave up his throne for the sake of truth : Throne =

b) She practises music = (practises + music - noun)

a) Though defeated, he goes on arguing

b) They go on with their work whatever the trouble = trouble

à §Ú-û√®Ω’.

ÖØ√o ¢√∞¡x °æE ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËÆæ’-èπ◊-

a) Went on with + studies (noun) b) go on with their work [with + work (n)] 5) I could not help feeling... = expression I cannot help going now = help cannot help

ņ’-éÓ-´ôç ûª°æpé¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ™‰ü¿’. Ñ É°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xéπ èπÿ, Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÅØË ûª°æpü¿’. (Ééπ\úø ¢√úÕ† éπL°œ Å®√n-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’– Ééπ\úø ¢√úøû√ç– Å®Ωnç – 'ûª°æpü¿’— ÅE). I could not help feeling = ņ’-éÓ-´ôç ûª°æp-™‰ü¿’. Ñ cannot help °æéπ\† èπÿú≈ '-ing' form é¬F, noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC.

a) She cannot help the expenditure if she wants to learn music = (expenditure = noun).

ê®Ω’a ûª°æpü¿’.

Spoken English

Ç¢Á’

b) She cannot help spending this money, if she wants to learn music = (Spending '-ing' form). c) They cannot help the trip if they want to have a darsanam = (cannot help + the trip (noun)) d) They cannot help going on the trip if they want a darsanam = (cannot help + going on the trip (-ing form)) Practise 6) Practise noun/ '... ing' form I practise swimming = practise (practise + swimming - '-ing' form) a) She practises running everyday = practise (practises + running - '-ing' form)

Let me recollect where I.. Å®·ûË 'Try to remember' ņôç ¢√úø’éπ, í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç, ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ Å°æ¤p-úø°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç èπÿú≈ ÉC ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç éπü∆? Try

fear death but I don't like dying of cancer. ( cancer

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 17 -¢Ë’ 2006

ANSWER Mithun: Why do you talk to him? He never listen to anyone. Sachin: I can't help talking to him. He has my books. Until I get them back, I have to be friendly with him. Mithun: Why do you go on giving him books, when you know that he is that type? Sachin: I don't deny his not returning the books he takes, but his brother is a good friend of mine. (I don't deny that he does not return the books he takes...) Mithun: If you give up talking to him you need not lend him books. Sachin: I don't remember his brother delaying the return of books. Mithun: They are very unlike each other.

ÆæçUûªç ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ Ç¢Á’éà ê®Ω’a –

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Pranuthi: Hi Sumathi, (it's a) pleasure seeing you, though after a long time. How's everybody?

(î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√yûª®·Ø√ E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. Åçû√ èπ◊¨¡-©-¢Ë’Ø√?)

We have been discussing the use of the '-ing' form for some time now, haven't we? We have seen so far the verbs which are followed by the '-ing' forms.

(Åçû√ Íé~´’ç. E†’o îª÷úøôç èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ džçü¿çí¬ ÖçC)

´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, éÌEo Éûª®Ω expresûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' forms ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÉC ´’† conversations ÆæçéÀ~-°æhçí¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. Ç expressions éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

Pranuthi: What's (What has) kept you away so long?

Now, Look at the following sentences from the dialogue between Pranuthi and Sumathi above.

Sumathi: Everybody is OK. (It's) nice seeing you too.

(†’Ny-Eo-®Ó-V©’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ††’o éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’/ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’/ à¢Á’içCEo ®ÓV©’?) Sumathi: You know I'd been very busy preparing for the civils. I sat the last exam the day before (yesterday). It's off my mind now. Oh, what a relief!

(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬ Øˆ’ civils (= IAS, IPS, ûÓ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o†’. ¢Á·†o *´J exam ®√¨»†’. Å®·§Ú-®·çC. áçûª £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ!) etc., exams)

Pranuthi: I think you delayed taking the exams. You should have attempted them last year itself.

(†’´¤y Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤. †’´¤y §Ú®·† Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω¢Ë’ ®√Ææ’ç-ú≈-LqçC.) (last year itself = í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω¢Ë’)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 158

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 19 -¢Ë’ 2006

verbs sions

äéπ

1. (It's a) pleasure seeing you, though after a long time. 2. (It's) nice seeing you too 3. I've been very busy preparing for the civils 4. I think you delayed taking the exams 5. It's not easy preparing for the exam 6. ... there is no knowing what happens.. 7. Civils are always worth trying 8. ... candidates have difficulty making it to the top. 9. Sometimes the results are long coming. 1. It's a pleasure seeing you, though after a long time. 2. It's nice seeing you too. pleasure/ nice '-ing' form

Ééπ\úø °æéπ\† ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆, pleasure meeting you, nice meeting you

°æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ M. SURESAN

´÷ô-©E.

a) He delayed taking a decision = taking - '-ing' form b) They delayed coming to an agreement =

E®Ωgߪ’ç

b) She had a lot of difficulty understanding what he had said =

Åûª†’ îÁ°œpçC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√™« éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·çC. É™« difficulty ûª®√yûª '-ing' form ´Ææ’hçC. ä°æpçü¿ç èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ôç™ ñ«°æuç î˨»®Ω’. (äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ difficulty + in + ing form èπÿú≈ í∫ûªç™ îª÷¨»ç, delay ûª®√yûª noun èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌ-îªaE. ´Ææ’hçC. é¬F É°æ¤p-úÕC Å®Ω’ü¿’, 'in' ´C-™‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’) c) The government delayed the project = 9) ... the results are long coming = v°æ¶µº’ûªyç project †’ Ç©Ææuç îËÆœçC. long + coming ('-ing' form) = Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤-û√®·. d) They delayed the completion of the bridge = a) He was long/ He took long buying a house = Bridge °æ‹-Jh-îË-ߪ’-ö«-Eo ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç©Ææuç î˨»®Ω’. É©’x é̆ôç ñ«°æuç î˨»úø’. (c), (d) ©™ delayed ûª®√yûª, project, comb) I won't be long coming = ؈’ ®√´ôç Ç©Ææuç pletion, È®çúø÷ nouns éπü∆. îËߪ’†’. (long + coming -ing form) 5. It's not easy preparing for the civils = c) He took long deciding what to do àç îËߪ÷™ civils èπ◊ prepare Å´ôç Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’. E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ î√™« time BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Preparing- 'ing' form) ÉC modern English conversation ™ î√™« a) It is easy convincing mother = Å´’tèπ◊ †îªacommon. îÁ-°æpôç Ææ’©¶µºç= It is easy to convince moth- d) She wasn't long/ didn't take long marrying er Åçõ‰ easy ûª®√yûª '-ing' form Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa, the young man she loved. ûª†’ vÊ°N’ç-*-†-ûª-úÕ-E infinitive Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa. °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ôç™ Ç¢Á’ Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. b) It wasn't easy operating the machine = Ñ expressions ÅEoçöÀ °æéπ\† '-ing' form Ç machine †’ †úø-°æôç Ææ’©¶µºç ÅE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’ = ¢√úøôç É°æpöÀ ¢√úø’éπ. ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç™ ñ«°æuç î˨»úø’.

It wasn't easy to operate the machine.

EXERCISE Pranav: Hi Ramana,

It's a pleasure seeing you Sumathi: True. But I felt I needed time. It's not easy preparing for that kind of exams, is it?

(Eï¢Ë’. é¬F Éçé¬Ææh time 鬢√-©-E-°œç*çC Ø√èπ◊. / é¬-F time î√©-ü¿-E-°œç-*çC. Å™«çöÀ exams èπ◊ prepare 鬴ôç Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’-éπü∆.) Pranuthi: So how did you in the exams? Sumathi: To my satisfaction of course. But then there is no knowing what happens until the results are out.

(Ø√ ûª%°œh ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ®√¨»†’. Å®·Ø√ °∂æL-û√©’ ¢Á©’-´-úË-´-®Ωèπ◊ àO’ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’/ îÁ°æp™‰ç) Pranuthi: Happy that you leave fared well. Civils are always worth trying.

(†’´¤y ¶«í¬ ®√Æœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. civils á°æ¤púø÷ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-í∫_¢Ë.) (worth trying = v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-T†) Sumathi: They are, undoubtedly. But they are quite tough. Even brilliant candidates have difficulty making it to the top ranks.

É™« °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x pleasure, nice ™«çöÀ ´÷ô© ûª®√yûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ glad ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' form ¢√úøôç í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Glad meeting/ seeing you. (°æJ-îª-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’, Åçõ‰ introduction Å°æ¤púø’) Glad knowing you - (ÉC-èπÿú≈ introduction Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË expression. (Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô-©-EoöÀ ûª®√yûª, °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤, °æJ-îªßª’ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ '-ing' form •ü¿’©’, infinitive èπÿú≈ ¢√úø´îª’a. Pleasure/ nice/ glad seeing you/ knowing you/ meeting you = pleasure/ nice/ glad to see/ to know/ to meet you.

؈’ civils èπ◊ prepare Å´¤ûª÷ busy í¬ ÖØ√o/ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o. Ééπ\úø busy °æéπ\†, à 鬮Ωùç ´©x busy ņo-°æ¤púø’ ÅC '-ing' form ™ ¢√úøû√ç. a) She is busy making arrangements for the dinner = dinner

à®√p-ôxûÓ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Å®·ûË Ñ exams î√™« éπ≠dçæ . î√™« ûÁL-N-í∫© Ŷµºu-®Ω’n©’ èπÿú≈ °j ranks ûÁa-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ éπ≠d-° æ æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.) tough = éπ≠dç æ (exams N≠æߪ’ç.) quite = °æ‹Jhí¬/ ¶«í¬. brilliant = î√™« ûÁL-¢Áj†. (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç = î√™« v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†)

b) They are busy inviting people to their daughter's marriage = busy

Pranuthi: Still there is nothing wrong in hoping for the best, you see. Sometimes the results are long coming.

a) I was busy with the arrangements for the busy meeting. (meeting arrangements - noun.)

(Å®·Ø√ ´’ç*E ÇPç-îª-ôç™ ûªÊ°pç-™‰ü¿’. äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ results ®√´-ö«-EéÀ time °æúø’-ûª’çC)

b) She is busy with the exams = [busy with + the exams (noun)]

J J J J

Spoken English

¢√∞¡x-´÷t®· °Rx-°œ-©’-°æ¤-©ûÓ ¢√∞¡Ÿx

í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.

c) I was busy the whole of last week moving to our new home.

í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç Åçû√ É©’x ´÷®Ω-ôçûÓ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o/ É©’x ´÷®Ω-ôçûÓ ÆæJ-§Ú-®·çC. Å®·ûË busy with ûª®√yûª noun ´Ææ’hçC. à®√p-ôxûÓ

í¬ ÖØ√o–

°æK-éπ~-©ûÓ BJ-éπ-

™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC.

4. delayed taking the exams. Exams

èπÿ®Óa-´ôç Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤.

Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úÕo ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’ôç á°æ¤púø÷ Ææ’©-¶µº¢Ë’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ cheating •ü¿’©’, to cheat ¢√úÌa. 6. There's no knowing what happens.

àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çüÓ á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’/ ûÁLÊÆ O©’-™‰ü¿’. There is no knowingEnglish conversation frequent There is no knowing = No one knows/ No one can know. a) That will happen, no doubt, but there is no knowing when =

ÉC í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.

™ î√™«

ÅC ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC, ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’. é¬E á°æ¤púø-ØËC á´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp-™‰®Ω’.

b) There was no knowing why he did it at all =

ÅÆæ©’ ¢√úøC áçü¿’èπ◊ î˨»-úø-ØËC á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

3) I'd been busy preparing for the civils =

Ç¢Á’

c) It's always easy cheating an innocent man =

èπ◊

c) Ram: When is Laxman coming? Syam: There's no knowing when he will come. 7. Civils are worth trying= civils worth = worth '-ing' form noun

(ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’)

v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-í∫_¢Ë. îËߪ’-ü¿-T†/ N©’´í∫©/ N©’´ îËߪ’ôç. ûª®√yûª é¬F, é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. a) The movie is worth watching = ÆœE´÷ îª÷úø-ü¿-í∫_üË (watching - ing form) b) It is not worth spending so much time = time c) This second hand car is not worth Rs. 1 lakh second hand car (Rs 1 lakh = Noun) d) The book is worth its weight in gold =

Åçûª

Ñ îËߪ’ü¿’.

¢Á*aç-îËçûª N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿C.

©éπ~ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© N©’´

Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ü∆E •®Ω’-´çûª •çí¬®Ωç N©’-´-í∫-©C. (worth its weight - noun) 8. Candidates have difficulty making it to the top rank

ûÁL-¢Áj† Ŷµºu-®Ω’n©’ èπÿú≈ Ö†oûª ö«-EéÀ éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø-û√®Ω’.

©’ §Òçü¿-

difficulty + making ('-ing' form) a) I had difficulty finding the address = address

Ç

á°æ¤púø÷ àüÓ îËÆæ÷h BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ Öçö«´¤ Ramana: àç îËߪ’†’? ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®ÓW á´®Ó äéπ®Ω’ ÅA-ü∑¿’-©’í¬ ´≤ƒh®Ω’. ¢√∞¡}-é¬\-¢√-Lq† à®√p-ôxûÓ Ø√ time Åçû√ Å®·-§Ú-ûÓçC. Pranav: Å®·ûË îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ time á°æ¤púø’ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çüÓ? Ramana: ÅüË Ø√ Ææ´’Ææu. îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ äéπ\ EN’≠æç time üÌ®Ω-éπôç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçöçC. Pranav: É¢√Ld guests á°æ¤-úÁ-∞«h®Ω’?. Ramana: ÅC á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’– ¢√∞Îx-°æ¤p-úÁ-∞«h®Ó? Pranav: Exams ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ¢√öÀéÀ prepare Å´ôç Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’éπü∆? Ramana: é¬Ææh ÉçöÀéÀ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ room BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«. Å°æ¤púŒ íÌúø´ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îªü¿-¢Ìa. Pranav: ´’ç* idea. ÅC îËߪ’-ü¿-í∫_üË. Ramana: ´÷ Ø√†o ÜJ-†’ç* AJT ®√í¬ØË Ç °æE îË≤ƒh. ´÷ Ø√†o Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh-úøØË ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o. ANSWER Pranav: Hi Ramana, you appear busy doing something or the other. Ramana: What can I do? We have some guests or the other everyday. I spend the whole time attending on them. I am busy arranging for their stay. Pranav: When do you find the time for study? Ramana: That's my problem. I have difficulty finding a minute's time for study. Pranav: When do today's guests go away? Ramana: There's no knowing when they go away. Pranav: Exams are fast approaching. It's not easy preparing for them. Ramana: I want to take room some distance from home. I'll then be free from the disturbance. Pranav: A good idea. worth trying. Ramana: I'll do that after my father comes back. Hope he won't be/ take long coming.

ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·çC.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Chandan: Have you seen Pradhan, by any chance?

(†’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o

Pradhan

†’ îª÷¨»¢√? By any chance = à¢Á’i-Ø√/- à-´’Ø√o îª÷úøôç ûªô-Æœnç-*çü∆ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Nandan: I think yes. I saw him driving some where an hour ago. I could have stopped him, but I didn't like to.

(Å´¤-†-†’-èπ◊çö«. í∫çô éÀçü¿ô car ™ áéπ\-úÕéÓ ¢Á∞¡xôç îª÷¨»†’. ÅûªúÕE Ç°œ ÖçúÌ-a -é¬F É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC.) (driving = car ™ ¢Á∞¡xôç)

1) I saw him driving an hour ago =

í∫çô éÀçü¿ô Åûªúø’ car ™ ¢Á∞¡xôç ؈’ îª÷¨»†’. 2) In fact I see him drive down the road at this time every day=

ÅÆæ©’ v°æA ®ÓW ÉüË time èπ◊ Ñ ®ÓúÓx ¢Á∞¡xôç ؈’ îª÷≤ƒh†’.

Nandan: Not just today. In fact I see him drive down our road everyday at that time.

4) ... that's why. I find Pradhan becoming more and more active nowadays=

ÅD. É°æ¤púø’ v°æüµ∆Ø˛ E-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.

6) I have noticed you having a dig at him=

†’´y-ûª-úÕE Çô °æöÀdç-îªúøç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. Look at the verbs in the sentences above: 1 & 2. saw 3. heard 4. find 5. observed 6. have noticed.

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °j† verbs ÅFo πÿú≈ îª÷úøôç/ éπE°œç-îªôç, N†ôç, í∫´’-Eç-îªôç, °æJ-Q-Lçîªôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆.

Nandan: O... perhaps that's why I find him becoming more and more active nowadays.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 159

(ÅD Ææçí∫A. Åçü¿’-éπØË Åûªúø’ Ñ ´’üµ¿u active 鬴ôç í∫´’-E-Ææ’hØ√o.)

nephew (= son of a brother or a sister) yoga classes

Åçõ‰ É´Fo éπ∞¡Ÿx, îÁ´¤©’ ™«çöÀ ñ«cØËçvCߪ÷-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N. OöÀ ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' form é¬F, 1st Regular doing word (go, come, etc) é¬F, that clause é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. àüÓ °æE-îË-Ææ’hç-úøôç/ îËÆæ’hç-úøí¬ îª÷úøúøç, í∫´’-Eç-îªúøç, °æJ-Q-Lç-îªúøç ïJ-Tç-ü¿ØÓ, àüÓ Åçô’ç-úøí¬/ Åçô’-çúøôç N†ôç ïJ-Tç-ü¿-ØÓ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. (Ñ see, hear, find, observe, notice- Oö-EoçöÀE verbs of sense perception Åçö«ç.) (´’† ñ«cØËçvCߪ÷©’– sense organs- eyes, nose, ear, tongue, skin – OöÀéÀ Ææç•çCµç-*-†N.)

èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç ûª®√yûª •®Ω’´¤ ûªí∫_ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. Åûª-†-†’èπ◊-Ø√oúø’, '؈÷ áçü¿’èπ◊ ûªí∫_-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?— ÅE. Yoga classes ™ îË®√úø’. é¬F ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-*ç-ü¿-ûª†’ •®Ω’´¤ °®Ω-í∫ôç. †’´y-†oô’d ®Ω’í¬_ Å®·ûË Åߪ÷uúø’ é¬F, •®Ω’-¢Ë-´’Ø√o ûªí¬_-úøç-ö«¢√?) Nandan: Come now Chandan; Yoga might not have slimmed down, but he hasn't certainly put on weight. Be fair to him.

Nandan: No, certainly not. I have noticed you having a dig at him whenever you find a chance.

(-à-´÷-vûªç -™‰-ü¿’. Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ÅûªúÕE Çô-°æ-öÀd-≤ƒh-´E ØËØÁ-°æ¤púÓ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’.) have a dig at= Çô °æöÀdç-îª-úøç/- ÍíL îËߪ’ôç Chandan: Nothing of the sort. I like him a lot.

(ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. ¢√úøçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç.) Nothing of the sort = ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’ '-ing' forms ¢√ú≈-Lq† ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x, ´’J-éÌEo verbs ÖØ√o®·. Ñ verbs °æéπ\† á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' forms é¬F, 1st RDW (go, come, walk, etc) é¬F ´≤ƒh®·. Now look at the following sentences from the conversation between Chandan and Nandan:

Spoken English

4) find: a) The teacher found him working hard =

Åûªúø’ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç (îªü¿-´ôç) îª÷¨»úø’.

teacher

b) We always find him sleeping =

¢Ë’ç á°æ¤púø÷ Åûªúø’ Evü¿-§Ú-ûª’ç-úøí¬ îª÷≤ƒhç. c) The engineer has found the machine going out of order often=

ûª®Ωîª÷ Ç machine îÁúÕ§Ú-´ôç Ç engineer îª÷¨»úø’. Ñ find °æéπ\† 1st RDW ®√ü¿’. That clause ®√´îª’a. 5) observe: a) The invigilator has observed the student taking/ take a slip out of his pocket=

Åûªúø’ ñ‰•’-™ç* slip •ßª’-ôèπ◊ Bߪ’úøç invigilator í∫´’-Eç-î √úø’.

M. SURESAN

É™« Ñ see, hear, find, observe, notice, watch ™«çöÀ verbs °æéπ\-†-™«x '-ing' form/ 1st RDW/ that clauses (éÌEoîÓôx) ´≤ƒh®·. Å®·ûË OöÀ ûª®√yûª ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 'that' clause ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç better. '-ing form'/ I RDW effective í¬ Öçô’çC. NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH: Namratha:

Ææ’F-ûÁ-°æ¤púø÷ äÍé-®Ωéπç •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ؈’ îª÷≤ƒh†’. ûª† •ôd© fashion ™ ´÷Í®pç Öçúøü¿’. Charitha: ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. ûª†’ ûËú≈í¬ ÖçúË •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ؈’ äéπöÀ È®çúø’≤ƒ®Ω’x í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. Namratha: OK, ûª† N≠æߪ’ç áçü¿’-èπ◊™‰. †’¢Áy-°æ¤-úøØ√o Ææ’v°œßª’ §ƒúøí¬ NØ√o¢√? Charitha: áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

I noticed her humming

(ÅûªúÕ

(Å®·ûË ¢√úø’ ™«´´™‰ü¿ç-ö«¢√?) put on weight= ™«´¤/ -•-®Ω’-¢Á-éπ\ôç

í¬ Öçúøôç í∫´’-

(ÅûªúÕ nephew •®Ω’´¤ ûªí∫_ôç Åûªúø’ í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’)

(†’´¤y îÁ°œpçC Eï¢Ë’. v°æA-®ÓW Ç time èπ◊ ßÁ÷í¬ ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√-†E Åûªúø’ îÁ°æpí¬ NØ√o†’.)

Chandan: Do you mean he hasn't put on weight?

active

5) He observed his nephew losing weight...

Chandan: You are right. I heard Pradhan say that he would go at that time everyday to attend yoga classes.

(Chandan, Ééπ Ç°æ¤. ßÁ÷í¬ ÅûªúÕE ûªT_çîª-™‰-üË¢Á÷ é¬F, ™«´¤ ´÷vûªç °®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’. ÅûªúÕ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh Ø√uߪ’çí¬ Öçúø’.) come now = Informal conversation ™ come now= Ééπ Ç°æ¤. fair= äéπ-J-°æôx Ø√uߪ’çí¬ Öçúøôç

™

ûª†’ ÅüË time èπ◊ Å™« ¢Á∞«h-†E Pradhan îÁ°æpí¬ NØ√o†’.

(Ñ ®Óñ‰ é¬ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ v°æA-®ÓW ÅüË time èπ◊ car ™ ÅüË ¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞¡⁄h éπE-°œ-≤ƒhúø’ Ø√èπ◊/ car ™ ¢Á∞¡xúøç îª÷≤ƒh†’ ؈’.)

Chandan: He observed his nephew losing weight after attending the yoga classes. So he thought, 'why shouldn't I as well?' and joined the classes. But I notice him gaining weight. He is more active as you have said, but has he lost any weight?

car

3) I heard Pradhan say that he would go at that time every day... =

Chandan: Is that so? He said he would see me today.

(Å™«í¬? †Fo-®ÓV éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†-Ø√oúø’.)

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 21 -¢Ë’ 2006

1&2) saw: a) I see him always watching / watch the TV / I see that he always watch the TV =

Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ TV îª÷úøôç/ îª÷Ææ’hç-úøí¬ îª÷≤ƒh-ØËo†’/ Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ TV îª÷Ææ÷h éπE-°œç-îË-¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊. b) Åûªúø’ 11 í∫çô© Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√´ôç/ police ©’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»®Ω’/ Åûªúø’ 11 í∫çô© Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ •ßª’-ôéÀ ´Ææ÷h éπE-°œç-î√úø’ police ©èπ◊= The police saw him coming out/ come out at 11 a number of times. A number of times the police saw that he was coming out at 11. c)

Ç restaurant Åçõ‰ Åûª-E-éÀ-≠dçæ í¬ Ö†o-ô’xçC. Åéπ\úø A†ôç î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»†’= He seems to like the restaurant a lot. I saw him eat/ eating there quite often.

Å™«Íí hear ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' form / I RDW ´≤ƒh®·. äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ that clause ®√´îª’a. 3) heard: a) I heard her sing / singing =

Ç¢Á’ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-úøôç ؈’ NØ√o†’. b) We heard them quarrelling / quarrel about something-

¢√∞¡Ÿx üËE N≠æ-ߪ’¢Á÷ §Úö«x-úø’-éÓ-´ôç ¢Ë’ç NØ√oç. c) She heard him say / saying that he was going to buy a house =

É©’x é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-†E îÁ°æ¤hç-úøôç / îÁ°æ¤hç-úøí¬ Ç¢Á’ N†oC.

(Invigilator= °æKéπ~ rooms ™ 鬰‘-™«ç-öÀN ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷ÊÆ teachers) Observe ûª®√yûª 'that' clause ´Ææ’hçC=

Namratha:

î√™« ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC. í∫ûª ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç cinema music director Ç¢Á’ §ƒúøôç í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÆœE-´÷™x §ƒúË Å´-鬨¡ç ®√´îª’a. The invigilator observed that the student Charitha: ûª †’ èπÿE-®√-í¬©’ §ƒúøôç ؈’ í∫´’-Eçwas taking out a slip from his pocket. î√†’. é¬F Åçûª íÌ°æp í¬ßª’-èπ◊-®√-©-†’-éÓb) I have observed him bunk/ bunking classes ™‰ ü ¿ ’ . quite often: ûª®Ωîª÷ Åûªúø’ classes áíÌ_-ôdúøç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. Namratha: Ç¢Á’ ÆœE-´÷-©èπ◊ §ƒúøôç ûªy®Ω-™ ØË Nçö«ç. c) She observed him looking/look at her = Charitha: ûª †’ ¨»Æ‘Yߪ’ ÆæçUûªç CD ©’ N†ôç Åûªúø’ ûª†-¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷úøôç Ç¢Á’ í∫´’-Eç-*çC. ØË † ’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. (watch ¢√úøçúÕ) 6) notice: í∫´’-Eç-îª-úøç/- ü¿%-≠œd™  °æúøôç Namratha: ûª † èπ◊ Åü¿%≠ædç éπ-LÆœ ®√¢√-©-E ÇPü∆lç. a) Suddenly I noticed them going/ go out together=

¢√∞¡Ÿx éπLÆœ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç -Ø√ -éπçô °æúÕçC. b) I often notice her talking / talk to him=

Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ؈’ ûª®Ωîª÷ í∫´’-E-≤ƒh†’./ Ç¢Á’ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åûª-EûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ Ø√ éπçô °æúÕçC. c) The police have noticed him visiting/ visit one house in the old town at midnight=

Ç ´uéÀh Å®Ωl¥-®√vA¢Ë∞¡ old town ™ äéπ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’/ ¢√∞¡x éπçô-°æ-úÕçC. É™«çöÀ verb ÉçéÓöÀ 'watch' (í∫´’-Eç-îªôç) a) She watched him water / watering the garden patiently =

Åûªúø’ ã°œí¬_ ûÓôèπ◊ F®Ω’-°-ôdúøç Ç¢Á’ í∫´’-Eç-*çC. b) They have watched her dancing/ dance for an hour=

ANSWER Namratha: I see Sunitha wear/ wearing the same style of dress/ dress of the same cut always. No change in the fashion of her clothes. Charitha: No. I have observed her wear dresses of different style once or twice. Namratha: OK. Why talk of her now?/ Let's not talk of her now. Have you ever heard Sunitha sing/ singing? Charitha: Why do you ask? Namratha: She sings very well. A film music director observed her sing/ singing. Very soon she may get an opportunity to sing for movies. Charitha: I noticed her hum/ humming

(èπÿE-

but I didn't think that she was a good singer.

®√-í¬©’/ ûª†-™-ûªØË §ƒúø’-éÓôç)

Ç¢Á’ í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ Ø√ôuç îËߪ’ôç ¢√∞¡Ÿx A©-éÀç-î√®Ω’. c) The thief watched the inmates of the house going out/ go out, waited for some time, broke the lock and entered the house =

Ç üÌçí∫ Éçöx-¢√∞¡Ÿx (inmates) •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. é¬ÊÆ-§ƒT û√∞¡ç •ü¿l-©’-éÌöÀd ™EéÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-î√úø’.

Namratha: We can soon hear her sing/ singing for movies. Charitha: I've watched her listening/ listen to classical music CD's. Namratha: Let's wish her best of luck.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Anand: Hi Milind, congrats on your new bike. How much is it? bike congrats. Milind: The on road cost is Rs. 47250/-. How do you find it? (Road

Anand: I feel happy with the one I have. My impression is that the new ones are a bit difficult to handle, because of their pickup. bike bikes

Anand: I find it quite sleek. Congrats on your choice of colour. She is gleaming and is a real beauty. What do you feel about its performance? colour

Milind: Nothing of the sort. Ride one and feel for yourself. You'll get rid of your bike, I'm sure. bike drive bike

(éÌûªh

é̆oç-ü¿’èπ◊

áçûª-®·çC?)

O’C-éÌ-îËa-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ 47,250 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„jçC. ᙫ ÖçC?)

(î√™« †’†oí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-≤ÚhçC. F áç°œ-éπèπ◊ ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. ÅC î√™« v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûªçí¬, Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC. °æ-E-B®Ω’ -á-™« -Å-E°œ-≤Úh-ç-C?) Sleek = †’†’-°æ¤í¬, polish îËÆ œ-†ô’x Öçúøôç = sleek. ´·êuçí¬ vehicles èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. A sleek bike/ a sleek car, etc. Vô’d Åçü¿çí¬ Eí∫-E-í∫-™«úø’ûª÷ †’†’-°æ¤í¬ ü¿’Ny Öçõ‰ ÅC èπÿú≈ sleek hair. English ™ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©†’ 'she' Åçö«®Ω’. 'I

bought the car last week. Isn't she a real beauty? =

ØËØ√ 鬮Ω’†’ §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç éÌØ√o†’. Eïçí¬ ÅC Åçü¿çí¬ ™‰ü¿÷?

Milind: I feel it is a good buy. It gives 75 kmph, and carries a two year warranty. What do you think? Litre 75 km. warranty

(´’ç* ¶‰®Ω¢Ë’ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. ´Ææ’hçC. ü∆E-ûÓ-¶«ô’ È®çúË∞¡x èπÿú≈ ÖçC. à´’ç-ö«´¤?)

èπ◊

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 160

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 24 -¢Ë’ 2006

(Ø√èπ◊†o Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. É°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’h†o ¢Ëí∫ç ûªy®Ωí¬ °æ¤çVéÓ-´úøç ´©x éÌûªh ¢√öÀE Eߪ’ç-vAç-îªúøç éπ≠d-´æ ’E Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç)

(ÅüËç-™‰ü¿’. äéπ †’ îËÆœ îª÷úø’, †’ ņ’-¶µº-´çûÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ. F §ƒûª ´C-Lç--èπ◊ç-ö«´¤) Nothing of the sort = ÅüËç-/ Å™«ç-öÀüËç ™‰ü¿’. get rid of = ´ü¿-Lç--éÓ-´ôç – Å©-¢√-ôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒhç English ™ äéπJ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ûÁLÊ° °æü¿l¥-A™ Ææ’Eoûªç áèπ◊\´. ؈-†’-éÌçö«, à¢Á÷ îÁ°æp-™‰†’, †’¢Ëy-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? É™«çöÀ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ´÷ô©’ î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·. ÅN ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue between Anand and Milind 1) How do you find it? 2) I find it quite sleek 3) What do you feel about its performance? 4) What do you say? 5) Can't say 6) ... I have a feeling ... 7) I think you are right 8) My impression is that... M. SURESAN 9) I'm sure.

ii) I am unable to find out where he has gone

Åûªúø’ áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«xúÓ Øˆ’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. iii) Find out where she was hidden the money

(Ç¢Á’ úø•’s áéπ\úø ü∆*çüÓ éπ†’éÓ\) Be careful, you find her difficult to deal with

ñ«ví∫ûªh. ÇNúøûÓ deal îËߪ’ôç Fèπ◊ éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÅE-°œç-îª-´îª’a). ÉD find èπÿ, find out èπÿ ûËú≈. Let's come back to 'find'. 2) I find it quite sleek =

î√™« polished í¬ Åçü¿çí¬ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. a) -Ç movie Ø√Íé-´’çûª ûª%°œhí¬ -™‰-ü¿’ = I don't find it satisfactory (ûª%°œhí¬ ÅE-°œçîªúø癉ü¿’.) b) That's OK for me, but my friend doesn't find it acceptable=

Ø√éπC ûª%°œh-í¬ØË ÖçC/ †*açC. ´÷ friend èπ◊ ´÷vûªç Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-ßÁ÷-í∫uçí¬ ÅE-°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’. ÉD find ¢√ú≈-Lq† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©÷, B®Ω÷. 3) What do you feel about its performance? =

ü∆E °æE-B®Ω’ ᙫ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC? find = feel about = ÅE-°œç-îªôç/ éπE-°œç-îªôç.

´’†ç àüÁjØ√ Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îª-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’, èπ◊çúø-•-ü¿l©’ éÌöÀd-†ô’x Eïç îÁ°æpôç ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç ´©x É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Å´-ûª-L-¢√-∞¡x†’ ØÌ°œpç-îªôç É≠ædç-™‰-éπ§Ú-®·Ø√ °j expressions ¢√úøû√ç. 1) How do you find it? ÉC üËE í∫’Jç-îÁjØ√ äéπJ ÅGµv§ƒßª’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅúÕÍí ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† v°æ¨¡o. (îÁ°æp-™‰†’. ؈’ éÌE î√™« 鬩-´’What do you think of/ about it? / what's your ®·çC. Ñ´’üµ¿u ´*a† ®Ω鬩 í∫’Jç* Ø√éπçopinion? éπçõ‰ How do you find it? ÅØËüË ûªí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. é¬F †’¢Ëy´’†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, ü¿í∫_®Ω áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. ü¿í∫_®Ω ®Ω÷.50,000 é¬Ææháèπ◊\¢Ë ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) Can't say - ´’†ç àD îÁ°æp-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’/ à Yamuna: You went to the movie yesterday. How did you find it? = ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô. E†o †’´¤y îª÷Æœ† movie ᙫ ÅE-°œç-*çC Fèπ◊? I have a feeling = I feel = Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC, (Éçûª-éπçõ‰ simple, how was the movie yesrather on the high side = é¬Ææh áèπ◊\¢Ë. On the high side = áèπ◊\¢Ë. rather = ´’†-éÀ≠dç æ ™‰EN terday? ÅØÌa, é¬F How did you find? ÅØËüË é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´, ņ-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. The movie is ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.) rather dull = Ç ÆœE´÷ é¬Ææh NÆæ’Íí. She is Ganga: I found it very good/ very exciting. rather short = Ç¢Á’ é¬Ææh §Òõ‰d. rather costly (î√™« ¶«í∫’-†oô’d, Öû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ωç-í¬†÷ ÅE-°œç-*çC. = é¬Ææh êKüË. (Ø√ ņ’-¶µº´ç) ´’ç*-¢√-öÀF ´’†-éÀ-≠d-¢æ Á’i† ¢√öÀF, °∂æ®√y™‰ü¿’, ¶«í¬ØË Mom to saw it. She finds it good too. ÖçC ņ-ö«-EéÀ, fairly ¢√úøû√ç. (´÷ Å´’t èπÿú≈ îª÷ÆœçC. Ç¢Á’ èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ØË The movie is fairly good. Ç ÆœE´÷ °∂æ®√y™‰ü¿’. Öçü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC) ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. The movie is rather dull. She is Ééπ\úÕ 'find' èπ◊ éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç ÅØË Å®√n-Eéà fairly tall. (°∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. §Òúø’Íí). She is rather Ææ ç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Find out= éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’short (é¬Ææh §Òõ‰d). éÓ´ôç.'Find' èπ◊ ÅE-°œç-îª-ôç-ûÓ-¶«ô’ éπE-°œç-îª-ôç/Milind: You can't get any other brand at that üÌ®Ω-éπôç ÅE èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç. price for that mileage. a) Where did you find the book? = (Åçûª ¢Á’i™‰@ ÉîËa à Éûª®Ω v¶«çú˛ èπÿú≈ Ç üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ ®√ü¿’) Fé¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø éπE-°œç-*çC?

Kundan: What do you feel about the food in the hostel? (Hostel food Madan: I feel/ find it OK. Can get on.

ᙫ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC?/ ᙫ ÖçC?)

Spoken English

ûª††’ ÆæJí¬ îª÷úø-™‰-ü¿ØË ¶µ«´ç Åûª-E™ ÖçC. °j´Fo ´’†-éπ-E-°œç-*-†N, ´’†-Íé-®Ωp-úÕ† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷© í∫’Jç* Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ, îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. (´’†ç éπ*aûªçí¬ É™« ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´’E îÁÊ°pçü¿’èπ◊, I am/ he is/ they are sure/ certain Åçö«ç ÅE ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’) äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ´’† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω‰ç; ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç ´©x 鬴a, ã N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ´’†èπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬ Å´-í¬-£æ«† ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ôç-´™«x 鬴a. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, I can't say Åçö«ç. 5) I can't say. Kumar: What do you feel about Mallik? (Do you) think he is good?

(´’Lx-é˙†’ í∫’Jç* à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ¢√úø’ ´’ç*-¢√-úËØ√?) Kesav: Can't say. I've known him for just two days

b) Murali: Do you think he can do the job?

(¢√ú≈ °æE îËߪ’-í∫-©-úøç-ö«¢√?) Pramod: Difficult to say. He hasn't done this type of job before.

(îÁ°æpúøç éπ≠dçæ / îÁ°æp™‰ç. É™«çöÀ °æE Éçûª-èπ◊´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-ûª†’.) So, can't say, difficult to say- Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰ü¿-†o-´÷ô. Now practise the following aloud in English Mahesh: Hi Ganesh, Ganesh: Mahesh: (feel/ find

´·ç¶„j †’ç* á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤? E†oØË. I feel it/ find it OK= I feel (that) it is OK/ I find Åéπ\úø áçúø-™„™« ÖØ√oß˝’? (that) it is OK. ¢√úøçúÕ.) 4) What do you say? = †’¢Ëy-´’ç-ö«´¤?/ O’Í®-´’ç- Ganesh: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™  éπçõ‰ Åüµ∆y-†oçí¬ ÅE-°œçö«®Ω’? ÉC äéπJ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ *çC. Ø√ ¶µ«´†, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ áçúø-™„-èπ◊\¢√úË Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† v°æ¨¡o. ´-®·Ø√ îÁ´’ô °æôdü¿’. ®√vûª’∞¡Ÿ} xí¬ ÅEWhat do you say / does your father say? °œ-Ææ’hçC. – ÉC î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ Nçô’çö«ç éπü∆? Mahesh: Åéπ\úø Nü∆u-´-Ææ-ûª’©’ Ééπ\-úÕ-éπçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ö«ßª÷? What do the students say / feel about/ How Ganesh: îÁ°æp-™‰†’, ØËF N≠æߪ’ç Åçûª °æJ-Q-Lç-îªdo the students find the new teacher? ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ¶µ«´† Ééπ\úË ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E. = éÌûªh teacher í∫’Jç* students ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Mahesh: áçü¿’-éÌ-*açC Fé¬ ÅGµv§ƒßª’ç? àN’öÀ? à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Ganesh: ؈’†o ®ÓV™x Åéπ\úø Ø√èπ◊ ûªT-L† ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ (6) & (8): I have a feeling/ My impression that: business ûª°æp ÉçéÓöÀ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰ü¿’. Education 6) I have a feeling = Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. èπ◊ Åçûª v§ƒüµ∆†uç É´y-†-ôd-E-°œç-*çC. (°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-´îª’a = ¶«üµËç-™‰ü¿’)

I have a feeling that Rs. 50,000 is too high for a two wheeler =

Cyîªvéπ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-EéÀ 50000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„-èπ◊\-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. a) She had a feeling that the doctor wasn't treating her properly =

ú≈éπd®Ω’ ûª††’ ÆæJí¬ îª÷úø-ôç-™‰-ü¿E Ç¢Á’-éÓ-¶µ«´ç ÖçúËC/ ÅE-°œç-*çC.

b) Why do you have the feeling we don't like you?

†’´yçõ‰ ´÷èπ◊ É≠ædç-™‰-ü¿E áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ÉN What's you feeling? ÅØË question èπ◊ I had been searching for it. I couldn't find it= answers Å´¤-û√®·. ü∆E-éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ éπE-°œç-îª8) My impression is that... Ø√èπ◊†o/ Ø√Íé-®Ωp-úÕ† ™‰ü¿’/ üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’. ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç... ÅE Å®Ωnç. (†’´¤y ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒ- b) Find out= éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç. ûª®Ω i) The police have find out important information a) Dhiraj: Well, you have seen the arrangeߪ÷©’ é¬-©ç -îÁ-Lx-†N. †’´¤y ments. What do you feel? ´÷®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ö«´¤ FÍé ûÁL-ߪ÷L.) about the thief= (à®√p-ôxFo îª÷¨»-´¤í¬) à´’-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC? Milind: Why don't you go for a new bike? For üÌçí∫†’ í∫’Jç* police î√™« ´·êu N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Niraj: OK. But my impression is that you have one like mine? éπ †’-íÌ-Ø√o®Ω’/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. taken too much trouble. (éÌûªh bike äéπöÀ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿÷ Ø√™«ç-öÀüË?) Anand: I Think you're right. My opinion is outdated. You change bikes often. You must know. correct bikes

c) His impression is that he was not treated properly.

(îÁ°æp-™‰†’/ ᙫ îÁ°æp†’? Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ È®çúø’ ®ÓV-©’-í¬ØË ûÁ©’Ææ’).

How do you find it? Anand: Can't say. Long since I bought a bike. I don't know much about the recent brands. But, if you don't mind, I have a feeling that nearly Rs. 50,000/- is rather on the high side for a two wheeler. bike

(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. é¬F †’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ trouble BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-´-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ Ø√Íé-®Ωp-úÕ† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç †’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ trouble BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E.

Answer Mahesh: Hi Ganesh, When did you return from Mumbai? Ganesh: The day before (yesterday). Mahesh: How did you find/ feel the summer/ heat there? Ganesh: I found it worse than in Hyderabad. My feeling is that though Hyderabad is hot, we don't sweat here. We feel the nights are cool. Mahesh: Did you find educational facilities better there than here? Ganesh: (I) can't say/ difficult to say. I didn't pay attention to it I have a feel that they are better here. Mahesh: Why did you/ do you feel so? Ganesh: All those I met there during my stay talked only of business. My impression was that they didn't give importance to studies.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Prasanth: Meena, You remember Sekhar. don't you?

Fèπ◊ Sekhar í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆? (sentence *´®Óx don't you? ÅØËC question tag. ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? î√™«-鬩ç éÀçü¿õ‰ ´’†ç Ñ columns ™ OöÀE í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. éπü∆? é¬ü∆? åØ√? ™‰ü∆? ÅØË Å®√n-©ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC.) Meena:

Of course. Isn't he that police officer? He helped us a lot when we had an accident last year?

í∫’®Ω’h ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ô-¢Ë’çöÀ? (= ofcourse). Ç police officer éπü∆? ´’†èπ◊ í∫ûª Ææç´ûªq®Ωç accident Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ î√™« Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»úø’. Prasanth: That's he. My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He has phoned me Mr. Sekhar has come here. So I went and invited him. cousin Govind friend. Sekhar Phone

´÷

Åûª-úÕéÀ ´’ç* Ééπ\úÕéÀ ´î√a-®ΩE î˨»úø’. ØË-†’ ¢ÁRx dinner èπ◊ °œL-î√†’.

Meena:

You've done a good thing. Mr.Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospital. That doctor friend attended on us immediately, because of Mr.Sekhar. Mr.Sekhar had been a stranger to us till then. Surprising he took such an interest in us.

î√™« ´’ç* °æE î˨»®Ω’. ¨Ïê®˝èπ◊ hospital ™ ã doctor friend ÖØ√oúø’. ¨Ïê®˝ ´©x Çߪ’† ´’†èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË ¢Ájü¿uç î˨»úø’. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, ¨Ïê-®˝èπ◊ ´’†-¢Á’´®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ´’† -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ Çߪ’† Åçûª interest BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’. Prasanth: Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He saved our lives. But for him there is no knowing what would have happened to us.

Ç®ÓV ´’†èπ◊ ¨Ïê®˝ üË´¤úË °æç°œ-†ô’x ´î√a®Ω’. ´’† v§ƒù«Lo 鬧ƒ-ú≈®Ω’. Çߪ’ØË ™‰éπ-§Ú®· Öçõ‰ ´’†-Íé-´’-ߪ·uç-úËüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Meena:

My brother has just sent us a basket of mangoes from his garden. We will serve Mr.Sekhar those mangoes. We will serve him to Jangri. I made it yesterday.

´÷ ņoߪ’u/ ûª´·túø’ É°æ¤púË ûÓô™ †’ç* ´÷N’-úÕ-°æç-úø’x °æç°œç-î√úø’. ¢√öÀE ¨Ïê-®˝èπ◊ ´úÕfü∆lç. Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ñ«çvT èπÿú≈ ´úÕfü∆lç. E†oØË î˨». Prasanth: He deserves all hospitality. He saved our lives. Let's do our best to satisfy him.

Çߪ’† áçûª-öÀ ÇA--ü∑∆u-E-ÈéjØ√ Å®Ω’|úË. ´’† v§ƒù«©’ 鬧ƒ-ú≈úø’. Çߪ’Eo ûª%°œh-°æ-®Ω-îª-ö«EéÀ ÅEo v°æߪ’-û√o©’ îËü∆lç. Meena:

OK then. I will be on the job.

ÆæÍ® Å®·ûË– ØËØ√ °æE O’üË Öçö«. J

J

J

O™„j-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ conversation simple í¬ easy í¬ Öçúøôç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅGµ-©-≠æ-ùÃ-ߪ’¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ÅC ÅEo≤ƒ®Ω÷x ≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a éπü∆. ÅDé¬èπ◊çú≈ Å´-ûªL¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬Ææh éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† sentences ´÷ö«x-úÕûË ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í¬L éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ≤ƒJ †’ç* conversation ™ èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh extended sentences ¢√úøôç practice îËü∆lç. Åçõ‰ É°æpöÀ-†’ç* ´’†ç advanced level conversation/ Spoken English practice îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-´’-†o-´÷ô.

Spoken English

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 26 -¢Ë’ 2006

Clause with a verb.

Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? A group of words È®çúø’ sentences *†o *†oN NúÕ NúÕí¬ ¢√úË •ü¿’©’ äÍé sentence é¬Ææh °ü¿lC ¢√úÕ conversation effective í¬ îËÆæ’-éÓ´ôç ´’ç*C. îª÷úøçúÕ: He is the same teacher. He taught

us this lesson. He taught us it interestingly.

Ñ sentences îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ *†o-Ní¬, Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ÖØ√o®·. é¬F ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéà He, repeat Å´ôç ᶄs-ô’dí¬ ™‰ü¿÷. ÅüË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x éÀçC sentence îª÷úøçúÕ. He is the same teacher who taught us this lesson interestingly.

(Ñ §ƒ®∏Ωç interesting í¬ îÁ°œpçC ÅüË teacher). °j sentence ™ àç î˨»ç? Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’†o ´‚úø’ sentences †÷, 'who' ûÓ éπL-Ê°≤ƒç. É°æ¤púø’ äÍé sentence Å®·uçC. so, éÌçîÁç advanced level conversation ™, who, which, that, whose ©ûÓ, Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ 'whom' ûÓ éπ©-°æ-´îª’a. ᙫíÓ îª÷ü∆l´÷?

His brother who came here yesterday has

E†o ´*a† ÅûªúÕ

brother

É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«xúø’.

c) This is the book. I gave it to him yesterday.

ÉC °æ¤Ææhéπç. ÅC ؈-ûª-úÕéÀ E†o Éî√a†’ – ÉC áçûª ᶄs-ô’dí¬ ÖçC? Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©†’ äéπ-öÀí¬ 'which' ¢√úÕ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç. (a) , (b) ™x ´’†’-≠æfl©’ 鬕öÀd who ¢√ú≈ç. °æ¤Ææhéπç ´Ææ’h´¤ éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE which ¢√ú≈L.

sentence groups

™

1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot when we had an accident last year. Isn't he the police officer who

éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç:

helped us a lot when ... 2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He has phoned me Sekhar is here =

This is the book which I gave him yester-

My cousin Govind who is a good friend of his

day=

has phoned me ...

E†o ؈-ûª-úÕ-éÀ-*a† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC. d) Here is the dog. It tried to bite me.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 161

Conversation 1st group

™ç* BÆœ† îª÷ü∆lç.

just left.

Ç èπ◊éπ\ Ééπ\-úø’çC. ÅC ††’o éπ®Ω´ú≈EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-*çC. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ 'which' join îËߪ’çúÕ.

3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospital. That doctor friend attended on us immediately.

éπL-°œûË,

Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend who

attended on us immediately at the hospital.

This is . the book which I Now look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot when we had an accident last year. 2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He has phoned me Sekhar is here. 3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospital. That doctor friend attended on us immediately because of Mr. Sekhar. 4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He saved our lives that day. 5) My brother has just sent us a basket of mangoes from his garden. We will serve them to Mr. Sekhar. Let's try to reduce the length of the each group of sentences above. We can do so by joining them with who, whose, which and that. But before that

OöÀ Å®√n©’, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç:

a) The man who wrote the book is my friend.

á´®√ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√¨»®Ó Åûªúø’ Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ – Ñ Å®Ωnç ÆæÈ®j-†üË. é¬F ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ É™« ņçéπü∆. Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’: Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√Æœ-†-ûªúø’ Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ – -Å-E -Åç-ö«ç. DEo È®çúø’ sentences éπ©-®·-éπí¬ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a: The man wrote the book. He is my friend - ÉC Åçü¿çí¬ Öçü∆? ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ The man who wrote the book is my friend, ÅØËC Åçü¿çí¬ Öçü∆? The man wrote the book. He is my friend

ÉC éÌçîÁç Nçûª-í¬ØË ÅE°œ-Ææ’hçC NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Åçü¿’-éπE The man who wrote the book is my friend - ÉC £æ›çü∆í¬ NE°œ-Ææ’hçC. b) His brother came here yesterday. He has just left.

ÅûªúÕ brother E†o ´î√aúø’. Åûªúø’ É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«xúø’ Ñ 2 sentences •ü¿’©’, É™« ņçúÕ.

Here is the dog which tried to bite me. e) This is Hari. His parents are here.

Éûªúø’ £æ«J. ÅûªE ûªLxM. SURESAN ü¿ç-vúø’-L-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o®Ω’. éπ©-°æçúÕ. This is Hari whose parents are here. Ééπ\úø ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©’-†o-ûª†’ £æ«J. äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ who/ which •ü¿’©’ that èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Now practise the following aloud in English

(OôEoöÀ™ who, whose, which and that ûÓ éπL-°œ† sentences ¢√úøçúÕ.) Pramila: †’´¤y EØÓo °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁî√a´¤. ÅC àC? Pratyusha: Åçõ‰ ØËEoØÓo °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æ´-Réπ ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ûÁî√a†’, ü∆Eo í∫’JçîËØ√ †’´y-úÕ-ÍíC? Pramila: v°æ´-Réπ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æÆæ÷† ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ûÁ*açC. ÅC FéÀ-*açC. Pratyusha: v°æÆæ÷† Åçõ‰ Ç English novels ûÁí∫ îªC¢Ë Å´÷t-ßË’Ø√? Pramila: Å´¤†’. Ç Å´÷t-®·Íé Ñ ´’üµ¿u English essay writing ™ Ist prize ´*açC.

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) Future perfect tense †’ à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç-î√L?ii) Vocabulary & word power †’ ᙫ °ç-éÓ-¢√L?iii) Helping verb ûª®√yûª to infinitive Öçú≈™«? ™‰ü∆ plain (bare) infinitive Öçú≈™« ? – ñ„.®√V, ñ„j†÷®˝, -Ç-C™«-¶«ü˛ -ï-¢√-•’: i) Future ™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ °æ‹®Ωh®· Öçô’ç-ü¿ØË °æEéÀ future perfect ¢√úøû√ç. shall have + past participle/ will have + past participle a) In an hour from now, he will/ have reached home =

äéπ í∫çô Ææ´’-ߪ÷-E-éÀ/- í∫çô í∫úÕ-îË-™°æ¤

4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He saved our lives that day. Mr. Sekhar who was really God sent helped us that day. 5) My brother has just sent us a basket of mangoes. We will serve them to Mr. Sekhar. Join the sentences: My brother has just sent us a basket of mangoes which we will served to Mr. Sekhar.

É™« who, whom, whose, which and that ûÓ éπLÊ° sentences N´-®√©’ î√™« ÖØ√o®·. ANSWER Where is the book which/ that you brought yesterday? Pratyusha: Are you talking of the book which/ that I brought from Pravalika. Pravalika gave you the book which Pramila: she borrowed that book) from Prasuna. Pratyusha: Is Pravalika the girl who always reads English novels? Pramila: Yea. That's the girl who got the Ist prize in English essay writing competition. Pramila:

(Å®Ω’´¤ ûÁ*açC)

(

¢√úø’ É©’x îËJ Öçö«úø’ – Åçõ‰ í∫çô-™-°æ™‰ ¢√úÕ©’x îË®Ωôç Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC. b) They will have come back by this time tomorrow = time

Í®°‘-§ƒ-öÀéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx AJ-íÌ-açèπ◊ – Í®°æ¤ – ´·çüË ö«®Ω’. (Åçõ‰ Ñ AJ-T-®√-´ôç Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC)

ii) You can improve your vocabulary by regular reading - of English newspapers, books, etc. That's the only way. iii) Help -

ûª®√yûª to infinitive/Plain infinitive àüÁjØ√ correct.

a) He helped me to get the tickets = He helped me get the tickets - both right.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Kedar: Isn't it Nikhil who called? Nikhil Phone Kailas: Yes. Our mechanic repaired my bike last week, you know. Nikhil wants him. bike mechanic repair Nikhil

îËÆœçC

éπü∆?

Å´¤†’. §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç †’ ´’† î˨»úø’ í∫ü∆. èπ◊ ûª†’ 鬢√-©ô.

Kedar: Why? (Is) something wrong with his bike? bike Kailas: Obviously. But my surprise is he got it repaired it only the day before. It has trouble now again. Few mechanics are honest. Few know their job well.

áçü¿’èπ◊? ÅûªúÕ

èπ◊ à´’Ø√o JÊ°®√?

ÅçûË-éπü∆. é¬F Ǩ¡a®Ωuç àN’ôçõ‰ Åûªúø’ ü∆Eo ¢Á·†oØË repair îË®·çî√úø’. ´’Sx É°æ¤púø’ ü∆EéÀ trouble. Eñ«-ߪ’B Ö†o mechanics ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’. °æE ûÁL-Æ œ† mechanics èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’. Obviously - evidently = clearly = ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË/ éπE°œ-Ææ÷hØË/ îª÷ÊÆhØË Å®Ωnç ÅßË’u™« ÖçC. Few = ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’/ ™‰ü¿’ A few - à éÌCl-´’çüÓ/ à éÌØÓo. ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. Few Mechanics are honest, fewer (mechanics) still know their job..

(È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ fewer ûª®√yûª mechanics îÁ°æpéπ\-®Ω™‰ü¿’. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ à mechanic èπÿ Eñ«-ߪ’B ™‰ü¿’. Åçûª-éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´ (Fewer) ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æE ûÁ©’Ææ’. É™«çöÀ expression ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ for effective conversation.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 162

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 28 -¢Ë’ 2006

Kailas: He is certainly a good one. His boys too are well trained. mechanic.

Åûªúø’ Eïçí¬ ´’ç* ÅûªúÕ èπ◊v®√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ Péπ~ù Ö†o¢√∞Ïx.

Kedar: I have a number of friends. He has repaired their bikes. They are all happy. He repaired my cousin's bike six months ago. It has not given him any trouble since then. friends bikes repair cousin bike repair trouble sentences effective sentence practice Who, whom, whose, which and that practice conversation sentences repetition

Ø√ î√™«-´’çC Éûª-úø’ îËÊÆh Ææç-ûª%°œh -îÁç-ü∆®Ω’. ´÷ Ç®Ω’ î˨»úø’. Å°æpöÀ†’ç* ÅüËç ØÁ©© éÀçü¿ É´y-™‰ü¿’. †’ éπL°œ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ í¬ ´÷®Ωaúøç îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆ ûÓ éπL°œ. ÉC áçûª áèπ◊\´ îËÊÆh ™ ´’K *†o *†o ûÓ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ é¬Ææh £æ›çü∆í¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’Íé É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç advanced level of conversation ™ ÖØ√oç ÅE í∫’®Ω’hîËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ.

Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above. 1) Isn't it Nikhil who called? 2) Our mechanic repaired my bike last week. Nikhil wants him. 3) He got it repaired the day before. It has trouble now. 4) His shop is next to the fast food joint. It is very close to his rooms. 5) ... he is out with another customer. He is buying a bike. He wanted this mechanM. SURESAN ic's opinion.

3) He got repaired the day before. It has trouble now.

¢√úø’ ü∆Eo ¢Á·†o repair îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. É°æ¤p-úøC trouble É≤ÚhçC. Ééπ\úø Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ üËEûÓ éπ©-§ƒL? ´Ææ’h´¤ 鬕öÀd 'which'. îª÷úøçúÕ. The bike (it) which he got repaired the day before has trouble now.

¢Á·†o

repair

trouble

ÖçC.

îË®·ç--èπ◊†o

bike

èπ◊ É°æ¤púø’

Kedar: But What happened to his mechanic? His shop is next to the fast food joint. It is very close to his rooms. mechanic centre Shop. Nikhil rooms Rooms = Bachelors rooms Room Singular Kailas: It seems he is out with another customer. He is buying a bike. He wanted this mechanic's opinion. customer bike mechanic

é¬F ÅûªúÕ à´’-ߪ÷uúø’? Ç °æéπ\ØË ÅûªúÕ öÀ°∂œØ˛ ¢√∞¡x èπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ω. ™«çöÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅüÁlèπ◊ ( Åçö«®Ω’. ÅE BÆæ’èπ◊E ÖçúË í∫CE ™ ¢√úø®Ω’ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ)

Åûªúø’ ÉçéÓ ûÓ •ßª’-öÀéÀ éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. Ñ ¢Á∞«xúø’. Åûª-ØËüÓ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åûª-úÕE BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xúø’.

Kedar: So what are you going to do?

Å®·ûË †’¢Ëyç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Kailas: I've already called our mechanic and told him of it. He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike to the shop. The mechanic will attend to it. mechanic Phone

Ø√ èπ◊ îËÆœ îÁ§ƒp†’. ¢√∞¡x èπ◊v®√-úÕE °æ秃úø’. Åûªúø’ •çúÕ BÆæ’-èπ◊-´ÊÆh mechanic ü∆Eo repair îË≤ƒhúø’.

Kedar: Our mechanic does his job well. His knowledge of mechanism is sound. mechanic Mechanism

´’†

¶«í¬ØË îË≤ƒhúø’. °æôx Åûª-úÕéÀ Ö†o Å´-í¬-£æ«†

´’ç*üË. Sound = good; Sound Health sound knowledge knowledge sound sleep sound financial position -

´’ç* Ç®Óí∫uç

´’ç* ´’ç* Evü¿

´’ç* ÇJnéπ °æJ-ÆœnA.

Spoken English

Oô--Eoç-öÀF ´’†ç ûÓ éπL°œ *†o

í¬ ´÷®Ω’ü∆lç.

1) Isn't it Nikhil who/ that called?

ÉC ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ conversation ™ ¢√ú≈-Lq†/ ´’†èπ◊ NE-°œçîË expression E"™¸ é¬ü∆ °œL-*çC? ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ E"™¸ éπü∆ °œL-*çC? = Is it Nikhil who/ that called? È®çúÕç-öÀéà not ûËú≈. Ééπ\úø who/ that È®ç-úÕçöÀ™ àüÁjØ√ ¢√úÌa. Å®·ûË v§ƒùç-™‰E ´Ææ’h-´¤© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ who ®√ü¿’, that ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Which èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.

ÅûªúÕ shop, Ç öÀ°∂œØ˛ centre èπ◊ ü¿í∫_Í®. ÅC ÅûªúÕ í∫CéÀ ü¿í∫_Í®. fast food joint - ÉC correct English, öÀ°∂œØ˛ English é¬ü¿’ ÅE Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ éπ©-°æçúÕ, °j È®ç-úÕçöÀF. which éπü∆, ´Ææ’h´¤ 鬕öÀd. His shop is next to the fast food joint which is close to his rooms.

ÅûªúÕ í∫CéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Ö†o fast food joint °æéπ\ØË Ç

eg. Isn't it the book that / which you want?

(Fèπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC é¬ü∆?) Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø who, which etc ûÓ join îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. 2) Our mechanic repaired my bike. Nikhil wants him

´’† mechanic §Ú®·† ¢√®Ωç Ø√ bike repair î˨»úø’, Nikhil èπ◊ ûª†’ 鬢√L. Ééπ\úø who/ that ¢√úÕ Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ éπ©-°æ-´-a-éπü∆, É™« îª÷úøçúÕ. áçûª effective í¬ Öçô’çüÓ. Nikhil wants our mechanic who/ that repaired my bike last week.

Ø√ bike †’ èπ◊ 鬢√L.

repair

îËÆœ† ´’†

mechanic Nikhil

= He is sending his boy who will fetch the bike. 7) Our Mechanic does his job well. His knowledge of mechanism is sound. mechanic Mechanism

¶«í¬ØË îË≤ƒhúø’. Åûª-úÕéÀ ™ ´’ç* ñ«c†ç ÖçC. Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ éπ©-§Òa 'who', 'whose' ¢√úÕ. a) Our Mechanic who does his job well has a sound knowledge of...

¶«í¬ îËÊÆ ´’† Mechanic èπ◊ ñ«c†ç ¶«í¬ ÖçC.

Mechanism

b) Our Mechanic whose knowledge of mechanism is sound does his job well = Mechanism Mechanic

´’†

™ ´’ç* knowledge Ö†o ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒhúø’.

8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their bikes. They are happy.

shop.

5) He is out with another customer. He is buying a bike. He wanted this mechanic's opinion.

Åûªúø’ ÉçéÓ customer ûÓ ¢Á∞«xúø’. Ç customer bike éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úÕéÀ ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç 鬢√L. Combine the above. Use 'who' - ´’†’-≠æfl©’ 鬕öÀd. He is out with another customer who is buying a bike and wanted his opinion.

ÅûªúÕ ÅGµBike éÌçô’†o ÉçéÓ customer v§ƒßª’ç 鬢√-©-†-úøçûÓ ûª†’ (¢Á’é¬-Eé˙) Åûª-úÕûÓ ¢Á∞«xúø’. EXERCISE Practise the following aloud in English. who, which, whose, that Preethi: Hi Prema, Prema: practice doctor

(éÀçC ¢√öÀ™x

ûª† èπ◊v®√-úÕE °æç°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Åûªúø’ bike †’ BÆæ’éÌ-≤ƒhúø’. Fetch= äéπîÓôèπ◊ ¢ÁRx BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´ôç bring = ´’†ç Ö†o îÓô’ †’ç* BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´ôç

´’†

4) His shop is next to the fast food joint. It is close to his rooms.

He is sending his boy who will .. 6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike to the shop. The mechanic will attend to it. 7) Our mechanic does his job well. His knowledge of mechanism is sound. 8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their bikes. They are all happy. 9) He repaired my cousin's bike. It hasn't given him any trouble since then. who, which, whose and that sentences

6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike.

¢√úøçúÕ) O’ ûª´·t-úÁ™« ÖØ√oúø’? ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. í∫’úÕ °æéπ\† îËÊÆ ü¿í∫_-®ΩÍé BÆæ’-Èé-∞«x†’. Çߪ’† É*a† ´’çü¿’©’ ¶«í¬ °æE-îË-¨»®·. É°æ¤úø’ é¬Ææh èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. Preethi: ´÷Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÊÆ ú≈éπd®Ω’ Çߪ’ØË. Çߪ’† prescribe îËÊÆ ´’çü¿’©’ ¶«í¬ °æE-îË-≤ƒh®·. ¢√uCµ E®Ωgߪ’ç (diagnosis) ûª°æ¤p-§ÚE doctors ™ Çߪ’-ØÌ-éπúø’ (whose ¢√úøçúÕ) Prema: ´÷ ûª´·túÕo E†oöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ treat îËߪ’E doctor Çߪ’-ØÌ-éπ\úË. Ñ area ™ N’í∫û√ Doctors Åçü¿®Ω÷ ´÷ ûª´·t-úÕE îª÷Æœ-†¢√∞Ïx. Preethi: ÅûªúÕ Ç®Óí∫uç °æôx Éçé¬ v¨¡ü¿l¥ ´£œ«ç-î √L O’®Ω’. Prema: ÅüË ´÷¶«üµ¿.

Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ´’çC friends ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åûªúø’ ¢√∞¡x bikes repair î˨»úø’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’. 'Whose' ¢√úÕ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç. Å®Ωnç, á´J bikes Å®·ûË Åûªúø’ repair î˨»úÓ... ņo-ô’xí¬ ´Ææ’hçC. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å™« ņç. I have a number of friends whose bikes he has repaired, and they are all happy. 9) He repaired my cousin's bike six months ago, it hasn't given him trouble ever since.

éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç – Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ éπü∆?

which

ûÓ éπ©’-§Ò-a-

My cousin's bike which he repaired six months ago hasn't given him any trouble ever since.

Åûªúø’ Ç®Ω’ ØÁ©© éÀçü¿ repair îËÆœ† ´÷ Å°æpöÀ†’ç* à trouble É´y-™‰ü¿’. Ever since = Å°æpöÀ†’ç* ÉN ´÷ô™x ¶«í¬ practice -îË-ߪ’çúÕ.

cousin

bike

ANSWER Preethi: Hi Prema, how's your brother? Prema: OK. I took him to the doctor who practises by the temple. The medicines which he gave had a good effect. He is better now. Preethi: He is the doctor who treats all of us. The medicines which he prescribes work. He is one of those whose diagnosis does not go wrong. Prema: He was the only one who did not treat my brother till yesterday in this area. The others in the area have all treated my brother. Preethi: You must take still greater care of him. Prema: That's our worry.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Neeraj: What's wrong Suraj? Your head looks rather odd. Let me see. Ah... it's your haircut.

(àçöÀ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’? F ûª™‰üÓ N*vûªçí¬ éπ†°æ-úø’-ûÓçC. îª÷úøF.. Ç Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC... †’´¤y îË®·ç--èπ◊†o hair cut) æ -™‰E N≠æߪ’ç éÌClí¬ (rather - ´’†-éÀ-≠dç áèπ◊\´ ÅEpç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ rather Åçö«ç. Éçûªèπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ DFo îªJaçî√ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. Odd-´÷´‚©’ éπçõ‰ ¢ËÍ®/ N*-vûª¢Á’i† (Ééπ\úÕ Å®√n©’) Odd Number = ¶‰Æœ Ææçêu Rs. Two thousand odd = È®çúø’ ¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© *©x®Ω (üµ¿®Ω, ê®Ω’a ™«çöÀN ¢√úË°æ¤púø’) Suraj: You are talking about my hair cut! My barber is an expert hair stylist. He always gives me the latest in hair cut. Any thing looks odd if it is the latest hair cut barber latest hair cut

(†’´¤y Ø√ †’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’î√™« E°æ¤-ù’úø’. Ø√ÈéØ√o¢√? ´÷ îË≤ƒhúø’. éÌûªhüËüÁj† °æ¤púø÷ ¢Á·ü¿ô Nçûªí¬ØË éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.)

Hair stylist - barber Neeraj: It does perhaps. But I still feel you should have gone to my barber. Every one likes him a lot. His shop is just across the road from your man's barber

(Å´¤-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷. Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y ´÷ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-Lqç--C -Å-E -Å-†’-èπ◊ç--ô’Ø√o.)

Suraj: Look here My barber gave me this hair cut. I am satisfied with it. I don't know your hair stylist.Why should I go to him at all? barber

(îª÷úø÷. ´÷ É™« î˨»úø’. Ø√èπ◊ Ææçûª%-°œhí¬ ÖçC. O’¢√úÁ-´®Ó Ø√éπÆæ©’

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 30 -¢Ë’ 2006

ߪ’†ç îËÆæ’hçC.) deal with/deals with (Present) dealt with (Past tense & past participle) Neeraj: There are two or three books here. I find them interesting. Shall I take them? I promise to return them promptly within ten days.

(Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-TçîË-Ní¬ ÖØ√o®·. ؈’ ¢√öÀE BÆæ’-éÓØ√?10 ®ÓV™x ûª°æpéπ AJT ÉîËa≤ƒh†E ´÷öÀ-Ææ’hØ√o.) Suraj: Who's (who is) stopping you?

E-ØÁo´®Ω’ Ç°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’?(Åçõ‰ BÆæ’éÓ ÅE. ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ é¬F éÓ°æçí¬ é¬F, E-ØÁo´®Ω’ Ç°æõ‰xü¿’. àç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢Ó îË®·, ÅE) O’ conversation™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Neeraj: Thank you. lesson what, whom, whose

™ ´’†ç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊†o who, ûÓ, N†-ö«-EéÀ é¬Ææh ᶄs-ôdE-°œçîË §ÒöÀd §ÒöÀd Sentences äéπ Sentence í¬ éπ-©°æ-úøç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’J-éÌEo N´-®√©’ É°æ¤púø’... éÀçü¿öÀ

Look at the following sentences from the conversation above. 1) My barber is an expert hairstylist. He always gives me the latest in hair cut barber Hair cut latest fashion 2) You should have gone to my barber. Everyone likes him. hair dresser

(£«®·®˝ éπöÀçí˚™ ´÷ ™

î√™« E°æ¤-ù’úø’. îË≤ƒhúø’.)

(´÷ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-LqçC. v°æA äéπ\®Ω÷ ÇûªEo É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’.)

He is just across the road from your man's shop.) 3) My barber gave me a hair cut. I am satisfied with it.

(O’ ¶«®Ωs®˝ áü¿’-®Ω’-í¬ØË ÅûªúÕ

Sentence group No. 7: This book is different. It deals with the future of Kashmir= This book which deals with the future of Kashmir is different. Sentence groups who (whom Who) lessons

N’í∫û√ ©’í¬ èπ◊Ø√oç.

†’ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩE í∫ûª

•ü¿’™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-

2) You should have gone to my barber. Everyone likes him. barber

(v°æA¢√∞¡Ÿx á´-JE É≠æd°æúøû√®Ó Ç ü¿í∫_-JéÀ †’¢Áy-∞«x-LqçC. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ DEéÀ •ü¿’©’– v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x É≠æd-°æúË ´÷ barber ü¿í∫_-JéÀ... ÅE Åçö«ç. Å°æ¤púø’ á´-JE ņ-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ whom •ü¿’©’ who É™« ¢√-úø’û√ç.)

You should have gone to my barber who everyone likes. 3) My barber gave me a hair cut. I am satisfied with it. My barber gave me a hair cut which I am satisfied with.

É™«çöÀ

Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x èπÿú≈ ´C-™‰ßª’ôç ¢√úø’-Èéj-§Ú-®·çC. which

M. SURESAN

The author is a great historian who...

show me - You didn't show me the books you bought yesterday. last sentence which correct 6) These are the books I bought them at a discount of 30% to 40% each. = These are the books which I bought at a discount of 30% to 40% each = These are the books I bought at a discount of 30% to 40% each. sentences which drop

(Ñ

™ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ).

*´J Å®·Ø√ éπÈ®Íéd.

èπÿú≈ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç

™–

î˨»ç.

8) The author is a great historian. All scholars respect = The author is a great historian who all scholars respect= The author is a great historian all scholars respect. last sentence correct) (who 9) There are two or three books here. - I find them interesting = There are two or three books here which I find interesting = There are two or three books here I find correct). interesting. (which

èπÿú≈ ™‰èπ◊Ø√o

™‰èπ◊Ø√o É°æ¤p-úø’ ´’Sx îª÷úøçúÕ. 1) ؈’ †´’t-éπ-¢Á’i† ´uéÀh-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ = (؈’ á´-J-ØÁjûË †´’t-í∫-©ØÓ Å™«çöÀ ´uéÀh-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.) =

I am looking for a person who (whom I can trust (trust = I am looking for a person I can trust. she wants is 2) The man who (whom here = The man she wants is here =

•ü¿’©’) =

†´’túøç).

•ü¿’©’)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 163 ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ?) Neeraj: Come, Suraj. Don't be cross with me. There are more interesting things to talk about, aren't there? You bought some books yester day.You didn't show them to me at all.

(Ææ÷®Ωñ ¸ éÓ°æp-úÌü¿’l. Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©’-Ø√o®· éπü∆? E†o †’´¤y é̆o °æ¤Ææh鬩†’ Ø√èπ◊ îª÷°œç-îªØË ™‰ü¿’) Suraj: These are the books. I bought at a discount of 30% to 40% each at the book fare. They are interesting books.

(Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬-LN. v°æ-B-C 30 †’ç* 40 ¨»ûªç ûªT_ç°æ¤ üµ¿®Ω™ éÌØ√o†’) Neeraj: What are they about? ( Suraj: All of them are fiction. But this book is different. It deals with the future of Kashmir. It's interesting. The author is a great historian. Great Scholars respect him fictions Fiction Kashmir deal with = subject/ etc. Eg: Zoology deals with animals =

ÅN üËE í∫’Jç*?)

(Å´Fo éπü∑∆ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’. éπü∑¿©’. éπLpûªç. (éπLpç-*-†N 鬕öÀd) Å®·ûË ÉC ´÷vûªç ûËú≈. ÅC ¶µºN≠æuûª’h†’ îªJa-Ææ’hçC. äéπ ã Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç/ã Ö°æ°æ¤Ææhéπç/ äéπ îªJaç-îªôç.) Ø√u-Ææ-èπ◊úø’ (ïçûª’¨»ÆæYç ïçûª’-´¤-©†’ í∫’Jç* îªJa-Ææ’hçC/ Åüµ¿u-

Spoken English

(Ø√ barber Ø√èπ◊ îËÆœ† éπöÀçí˚ Ææçûª%-°œhí¬ ÖçC.) 4) I don't know your hairstylist. Why should I go to him at all? hair dresser

(F (ÉC èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç) Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ØËØÁç-ü¿’-Èé-∞«xL Åûª-E-ü¿-í∫_®Ωèπ◊?)

5) You bought some books yesterday. You didn't show them to me.

(E†o †’´¤y éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØ√o´¤. ¢√öÀE Ø√èπ◊ îª÷°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’.) 6) These are the books. I bought them at discount of 30% to 40% each.

(ÉO Ç °æ¤Ææh-鬩’. OöÀE ؈’ äéÓ\-ü∆Eo 30 †’ç* 40 ¨»ûªç ´®Ωèπÿ Discount ™ éÌØ√o†’) 7) This book is different. It deals with the future of Kashmir. Kashmir

(-Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç -v°æ-ûËuéπ-¢Á’i-†-C. ÉC ûª†’ -N-¨Ïx-≠œç-*ç-C.)

¶µºN-

8) The author is a great historian. All scholars respect him.

(®Ωîª-®·ûª íÌ°æp îªJvûªé¬®Ω’úø’. °æçúÕ-ûª’-©-ûª-úÕE íı®Ω-N-≤ƒh®Ω’.) 9) There are two or three books here. I find them interesting.

(OöÀ™E È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√o®·.) Sentence groups No 1, and No 9 ©†’ äéπöÀí¬ éπ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ, who and which ©†’ ûª°æp-E-ÆæJí¬ ¢√ú≈-LqçüË. Sentence group No 1 My barber is an expert hairstylist. He always gives me the latest in hair cut= My barber is an expert hair stylist who gives me...

îª÷úøçúÕ!

★ My barber gave me a haircut I am satisfied

with. it (with 4) I don't know your hair stylist why should I go to him at all. Why should I go to your hair stylist who (whom I don't know at all? Why should I go to a hair stylwho ist I don't know at all-

ûª®√yûª ´’Sx ®√ü¿’). éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç:

é¬ü¿’) (ÉC §Ú©açúÕ.

Ééπ\úø

èπÿú≈ ´C-™‰-

ߪ’ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ). 5) You bought some books. You didn't show them to me = You bought some books which you didn't

3)

Ǣ˒ 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊†o -Åûª†’ Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√oúø’. Fèπ◊ ؈’ E†o É*a† pen áéπ\úø?= Where is the pen which I gave you yesterday? = Where's the pen I gave you yesterday?

4) ؈’ ¢Áûª’èπ◊-ûª’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉüË =

This is the book which I've been searching for= This is the book I've been searching for. practice who (whom), which sentences join conversation modern

鬕öÀd ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ¢√úø-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË Å™« îËÊÆh ´’† í¬ Öçô’çC.

îËÊÆh

îËߪ’-´îª’a. î√™« Åçü¿çí¬,

EXERCISE

Answer:

Practise the following aloud in English.

Saran: Who was the man I saw you with yeswho terday? (whom

Saran:

E†o FûÓ Ö†o ÅûªØÁ-´®Ω’? Varun: Åûªúø’ Ø√ friend Tarun. Majority students support îËÊÆ student leader Åûªúø’. Saran: ؈’ àüÓ °ævA-éπ™  Åûªúø’ ®√Æœ† ¢√uÆæç îªC¢√†’ Åéπ\úø ؈-ûªúÕ photo îª÷¨». Åçü¿’-éπE ÅúÕí¬. Varun: Åûªúø’ ®√ÊÆ ¢√u≤ƒ©’ î√™« interesting í¬, Ç™- Í®Èé-Ahç-îË-Ní¬ Öçö«®·. Saran: ÅC ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î √†’. Åûªúø’ Lecturers èπÿú≈ É≠æd-°æúË student ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Varun: ÆæçüË-£æ«´÷? ´’ç* book reader. Åûªúø’ îªC¢Ë books î√™« serious books. Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç Åûªúø’ îªü¿-´-´’E Ææ©£æ… É*açüË. Saran: Å™«çöÀ students †’ Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ îª÷≤ƒhç éπü∆?

•ü¿’©’ ¢√úË

™‰èπ◊çú≈).

Varun: My friend Tarun. He is a student leader majority of students support. in Saran: I read his article some paper. I saw his photo in it. That's why I am asking.

(°ævA-éπ™x ®√ÊÆ ¢√uÆæç)

Varun: The articles he writes are interesting and thought provoking. (Thought provoking =

Ç™-îª-†©’ Í®Èé-AhçîË)

Saran: I've observed that. I think he is a student the lecturers like too. Varun: Why doubt? He is a book reader too. The books he reads are serious ones. This is a book he has advised me to read. Saran: Such students are rare, aren't they?

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Rajita: Hi Likhita, the bakery we buy our cakes from is closed. What shall we do now.

(´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ cakes éÌØË ´‚Æœ ÖçC. àç îËü∆lç?)

bakery

4) The time I told our friends to come at is 5.30

؈’ ´’†

friends

(´’†ç Éçöx Ö†o cakes ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË) Rajita: But are they enough for all the friends we are going to have for the party?

†’ ®Ω´’t†o

time 5.30

5) The time we are left with is rather short

(´’†èπ◊ N’T-L†

Likhita: I'm afraid. We have to make do with the cakes we have at home.

time

î√™« ûªèπ◊\´)

6) Two of the guests we have invited have called...

´’†ç °œL-*†

guests

™ Éü¿l®Ω’

phone

î˨»®Ω’.

7) ... The two girls you like so much.

(†’¢ÁyçûÓ É≠æd-°æúË -É-ü¿l®Ω-´÷t®·-©’) îª÷úøçúÕ, °j sentences ÅEoçöÀ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ¶µ«í∫ç/ clause (English ™ *´J clause) Å®Ωnç Likhita: Let's see if the bakery at the other end ᙫ ´Ææ’hçüÓ: of the street is open. 1) ´’†ç cakes éÌØË bakery = (´’†ç à bakery (OCµéÀ Ñ *´®Ω Ö†o bakery ûÁJ* ™ cakes éÌçö«¢Á÷ ÅC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) = ÖçüË¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç) The bakery we buy cakes from = (the bakery Rajita: The time I told our friends to come at is from which we buy cakes ÅE ÅÆæ©’ clause 5.30. It's already 4.30. The time we are é¬F modern English spoken form ™ É™« left with is rather short. Let's hurry. ņúøç ™‰ü¿’.) É™«çöÀ îÓôx from which ™«çöÀ (´’† friends †’ ؈’ ®Ω´’t†o time 5.30 expressions ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’.) É°æp-öÀÍé 4.30 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’†èπ◊ 2) ´’† Éçöx Ö†o cakes ûÓ = N’T-L† time áèπ◊\´ ™‰ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ °æü¿) With the cakes we have at home (é¬F party éÌîËa ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷?)

friends

Åçü¿-Jéà ÅN

Likhita: Two of the guests we've invited have called to tell me they aren't coming.

(modern for with the cakes which we have at home - which present day English

™ ¢√úøôç

Rajita:

(´’†ç °œL-*† ¢√∞¡x™ Éü¿l®Ω’ ®√´-ôç-™‰-ü¿E Phone î˨»®Ω’.) Who are they? (¢√∞Îx-´®Ω’)

Likhita: Hasya and Lasya, the two girls you like so much. One is down with a fever and the other doesn't like to come alone.

(†’´¤y ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æúË Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·©’ £æ…Ææu, ™«Ææu. äéπ-J-Íé¢Á÷ ïy®Ωç, ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-Íé¢Á÷ äçôJí¬ ®√´ôç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’) Rajita: That's disappointing. How much more cake do we need?

(ÅC E®√-¨»-éπ®Ωç. ´’†-éÀç-Èéçûª 鬢√L?)

cake

™‰ü¿’/ NE-°œç-îªü¿’) 3) ... The friends we are going to have = friends (modern for 'the friends who/ that (whom = we are going to have Spoken English who/ that drop whom

´’†èπ◊ ®√¶-ûª’†o

É°æpöÀ ™ îËߪ’ôç °æJ-§ƒöÀ. ÅÆæ©’ NE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’)

Likhita: They aren't good at making cakes cakes here.

(Ééπ\úÕ ¢√∞¡Ÿx

ÆæJí¬_ îËߪ’®Ω’)

Rajita: We have to buy here for now. No helping it.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 164 friends time = The time I told our friends to come at (the time at which I told them to come - at which expressions old fashioned The time I told our friends to come at

†’ ®Ω´’t†o

™«çöÀ 鬕öÀd Å™« ņç. ÅØË

Åçö«ç.) 5) Two of the guests we have invited have called = guests phone (Two of the guests who/ that (whom we invited have called - who/ that old fashioned -

´’†ç °œL-*†

™ Éü¿l®Ω’

î˨»®Ω’. •ü¿’©’) Ééπ\úø

(Ééπ\úø É¢√-RdéÀ éÌØ√LqçüË. ûª°æpü¿’) í∫ûª éÌEo lessons í¬ who (whom •ü¿’-©’í¬) É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’) which ûÓ short sentence éπ©-°æôç practice 7) ... †’´¤y Åçûª É≠æd-°æúË Ç Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·©’ îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆. = The two girls you like so much (The two ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç. î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x who (whom girls who/ that (whom •ü¿’©’) you like so •ü¿’©’) & which ûÓ sentences join îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ much- old fashioned. Who/ that É°æ¤úø’ drop who (whom) and which E ´C-™‰Æ œ èπÿú≈ join îËÊÆ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.) îÁßÁ·-uîªaE îª÷¨»ç– í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? ÉC ´’†-Ææ’™ °j† ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-*† N≠æߪ’ç – È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Öç-éÌE °j conversation ™ Ñ sentences short sentences †’ äéπ-öÀí¬ îËJa ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø’ modern spoken form ™ whom èπ◊ ≤ƒn†ç ™‰ü¿’. †’ study îËߪ’çúÕ. ÅC ûª°æpéπ ¢√ú≈-Lq-´ÊÆh who/ that ¢√úøû√ç. 1) The bakery we buy our cakes from is closed a) Police ņ’´÷-Eç-îËC Åûª-úÕE= (´’†ç cakes éÌØË bakery ´‚ÊÆÆœ ÖçC) He is the man who/ that the police suspect. 2) ... We have to make do with the cakes we Å®·ûË É™« ņúøç Éçé¬ better. have at home.

(´’† Éçöx Ö†o

He is the man the police suspect. (who/ that cakes

ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË)

3) ... are they enough for all the friends we are going to have for the party? =

´’† party éÀ ®√¶-ûª’†o ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷?

friends

Åçü¿-JéÀ ÅN

èπÿú≈ drop îËÊÆ-Ææ’hØ√oç). É™«Íí which èπÿú≈. b) ؈’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ É≠æd-°æúË pen ÉC= This is the pen which I like a lot (old fashioned). Which spoken English = This is the pen I like a lot (which

É°æ¤púø’ ´·êuçí¬ ™ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’.

™‰èπ◊çú≈)

Spoken English

c)

É™« O™„j-†Eo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úËô-°æ¤púø’, whom ¢√úøéπç °æ‹Jhí¬ ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’. Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ á´-JE ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ 'who' ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈-– 'that' ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å™«Íí which èπÿú≈ drop This is the channel I watched the proîËÊÆ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. gramme on. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-îª-ü¿í∫_ N≠æߪ’ç, preposition 'on' ´C-™‰-ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Whom •ü¿’©’ who , that èπÿ-ú≈ ¢√úøôç ™‰C-°æ¤púø’. Å™«Íí which èπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿’. ÉN d) Ñ room ™ØË Åûªúø’ £æ«ûªuèπ◊ í∫’È®jçC. = ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË, we can join two/ more sentences This is the room in which he was murdered into one ÅE °j examples ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. (in which- old fashioned) a) v°æA ¢√∞¡⁄x ¢Á’a-èπ◊ØË Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úø-ûª†’= Modern: This is the room he was murdered in. ('In' sentence *´®Ω ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) He is the leader every one admires. e) †’´¤y °æ∞¡Ÿx éÓÆœ† éπAh °æü¿’-ØÁjçC= (Who everyone admires é¬ü¿’). The knife with which b) v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x îª÷úø-ü¿í∫_ *vûª-´’C= Ñ

Channel

™ØË ØËØ√

programme

îª÷ÆœçC=

This is the channel on which I saw the programme. (old fashioned). On which

you cut the fruits is sharp. (with which old fashioned)

That is a movie every one must see. (Which every one must see c)

Modern: The knife you cut the fruits with is sharp. ('with' fruits

ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ).

Åûªúø’ v°æߪ÷-ùÀçîË

car

é¬ü¿’) î√™« êK-üÁjçC=

The car he travels by is expensive. (The car by which he travels,- old fashioned)

M. SURESAN

Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø 'by' ÅØË preposition ´ü¿-©-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπØË, the car he travels by ÅE by ¢√úøû√ç.

This is the pen I like a lot

(ÅC ´’†ç ´≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-éÌØË Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’© Ææçêu†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. Ø√ ÅçîªØ√ éπFÆæç 4) ؈’ ´’† 40, Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ éÀ™ 鬢√L) (Ç... Å´’tߪ÷u. Ñ bakery ûÁJîË ÖçC.) Thank god = •AéÀ-§Úߪ÷ç = üË´¤-úÕéÀ üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’

Åçü¿-JéÃ

•ü¿’©’)

Likhita: (It) depends on the number of guests we expect. My estimate is atleast 40. That means we need at least a Kg more.

Rajita: Ah... here we are. Thank god. This bakery is open.

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 -W-Ø˛ 2006

EXERCISE

ANSWER

Practise the following aloud in English

Praneeth: The fish I ate yesterday wasn't tasty.

Praneeth:

E†o ؈’ A†o fish Åçûª ®Ω’*í¬ ™‰ü¿’. Vineeth: áéπ\úø AØ√o´¤. Praneeth: †’´¤y ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢Á∞Ïx, †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ ´÷ö«xúË restaurant ™. Vineeth: Åéπ\úø complain îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ø√Íéç éπEpç-îª-™‰üË? Praneeth: ؈’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»†’. E†o ؈’ E†’oèπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xLqçC. Å°æ¤úø’ †’´¤y ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’ç-úË-¢√-úÕN ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´úÕfçîË Ç£æ…®Ωç íÌ°æp. Vineeth: Ñ®ÓV BÂÆ\∞¡Ÿx. îª÷ü∆lç. Praneeth: É¢√∞¡ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s î√©ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ á´J úø•’s-†’¢√úÕ †’´¤y ®Ω’V´¤ îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤. Vineeth: †’¢Ëy-í∫ü∆ complain îËÆ œçC. Praneeth: Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Ç restaurant èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç ´÷ØË-≤ƒh†’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: i) The uses of adversity are sweet. ii)

âØ˛-Æ‘dØ˛ ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√Eo v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-î√úø’. -Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ subject, object, verb ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. (ûÁ©’í∫’, ÉçTx-≠ˇ™x)

iii) simple, complex, compound

í∫’Jç* ´’Jçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÅçCç-îªí∫©®Ω’. – ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇ-¶«•’, π◊´’-®Ω-üË-´®Ωç

-ï-¢√-•’:

i) The uses of adversity are sweet.

Éçü¿’™

subject - the uses of adversity.

Vineeth: Where did you eat? Praneeth: The restaurant you frequently go to, and talk so much about. Vineeth: I haven't found anything to complain about there. Praneeth: I made a mistake. I should have taken you there yesterday. You would then have known the quality of food they serve. Vineeth: Take me today and let's see. Praneeth: The money I have today isn't enough. Whose money do you wish to use to prove your point. Vineeth: It's you who complained. Praneeth: I'd rather stop going to the restaurant.

verb - are

Ñ

sentence

Verb, 'be', form 'be' form.

Å®·ûË

™

object

object

™‰ü¿’. Öçúøü¿’ - 'are',

ii) Einstein propounded the theory of relativity a) subject - Einstein b) verb- propounded c) object - the theory of relativity

ûÁ©’í∫’ - subject - Einstein, verb - v°æA§ƒ-Cç-î√úø’, object - ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥çûªç. iii) Simple, compound, complex sentence †’ Ç Ê°®Ω’x ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ N´-J-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç, clause ™ N´-Jç-*-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x – ¢√öÀE îª÷úøçúÕ.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm