Aug 06

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 3 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Pratibha: Hi Mahima. How glad I am to see you! How is everybody in your village?

(áçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oØÓ E†’o îª÷úøí¬ØË, O’ Ü∞x Åçü¿®Ω÷ ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’?) Mahima: We are all OK. Thank you. How are you? Pratibha: Fine too. Thank you. What news? Did the local body elections go off well in your place?

(èπ◊™«≤ƒØË. Thank you. àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? ≤ƒnEéπ áEo-éπ-™„™« ïJ-í¬®· O’ Ü∞x?) Mahima: Didn't you read about them all in the papers? What did you watch on the TV? (

°ævA-éπ™x îªü¿-´-™‰ü∆ ¢√ô-EoçöÀ í∫’Jç*? TV ™ àç îª÷¨»´¤?) Pratibha: I did, of course. But it is different to hear about them from one like you on the scene. (îªC-¢√†’, îª÷¨»††’éÓ. é¬E Ææç°∂æ’-ô† Ææn©ç™ Ö†o F™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* N†ôç ¢ËÍ®.) Mahima: Get me some water first. Pratibha: Have some coffee too. (

é¬Ææh

coffee

report sentence word order statement word order report sentences word order statement word order report

îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ N’í∫û√ ÅEo ®Ω鬩 †’ ™éÀ ´÷®Ω’-≤ƒh-´’E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÉC î√™« îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’. Å®·ûË î√™«-´’çC ´·êuç í∫’Jç*, ¢√öÀE §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ ™éÀ ᙫ ´÷®√aL ÅE Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ÉC ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË îËߪ’ôç Å≤ƒüµ¿uç. Ñ sentence ®Ω鬩’, Ææç•ç-Cµûª N´-®√-©†’ spoken English -É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons ™ î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL§ƒç. î√™«-´’çC Ç lessons miss Åߪ·uç-ö«-®ΩØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ É°æ¤púø’ ´’S} N´J-Ææ’hØ√oç. í∫´’-Eç* í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. ûÁ©’-í∫’-¢√-éπuç™ à ´÷ô áéπ\-úø’Ø√o Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’. ®√´·úø’ ®√´ù’úÕE îªç§ƒúø’– Ñ ¢√éπu¢Ë’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. DE™ à ´÷ô áéπ\-úø Öç*Ø√ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’. ®√´ù’úÕE ®√´·úø’ îªç§ƒúø’/ îªç§ƒúø’ ®√´·úø’ ®√´-ù’-úÕE– É™« ´÷ô-©†’ ¢√éπuç™ ᙫ ´÷JaØ√ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’ éπü∆. -É°æ¤p-úø’ English ™ try îËߪ’çúÕ: Å™«

Rama killed Ravana-

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆: , ûª®√y-ûª ´·ç-ü¿’

Éçü¿’™ É™« ™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©’çõ‰ N’í∫û√ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô†’ Åçö«ç. 鬕öÀd ´÷ô-©†’

äÍé Å®Ωnç É´y-éπ-§Úí¬ ´uAÍ®éπ Å®√n-©-E-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆.

ii) Where are they going?Where (Wh word) + are (helping verb) + they (subject) + going (main verb)

Åçõ‰ M. SURESAN

question

π◊ 4 word orders ÖØ√o®·:

i) Verb + Subject ii) Helping verb + Subject + Main verb

These politicians, oh, God! Åçü¿’-éπE English sentences ™ à ´÷ô Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô ÅC Öçú≈L. îÓô’-´÷-JûË Å®Ωnç I'm happy they are all over. Oh, what ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC. Word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) have we been through! You just can't î√™« ´·êuç. ÅC îª÷ü∆lç É°æ¤púø’. imagine. English ™ 4 ®Ω鬩 sentences ¢√úøû√ç. (áEo-éπ-©-®·-§Ú-ߪ÷-ߪ’E ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ´÷N ᙫçöÀ ņ’-¶µº-¢√™ †’´¤y Ü£œ«çîª- 1. Statement (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁLÊ° sentence)ÉC™« Öçô’çC/ ÅC Å™« îÁߪ÷uL ™‰´¤) ™«çöÀ Å®√n-©ûÓ Pratibha: That's why I asked you to tell me 2. Questions: ÉN Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’– v°æ¨¡o©’– about them. È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’: (Åçü¿’-éπØË éπü∆ E†’o îÁ§ƒp-©çC) Mahima: Thank you. Now about the elections.

Mahima: Many people didnot find their names on the voter lists. Liquor flowed freely. Money- lots of it- passed hands. There were group clashes and faction fights. We passed through the worst of the tension. (

î√™«-´’çC Ê°®Ω’x ãô®Ωx ñ«G-û√™ ™‰´¤. ´’ü¿uç üµ∆®√-∞¡çí¬ §ƒJçC. °-ü¿l-¢Á·-ûªhç™ úø•’s îËûª’©’ ´÷JçC. ´®Ω_-§Ú-®√-ö«©÷ ïJ-í¬®·. î√™« tension ņ’¶µº-Nçî√ç) Pratibha: We pride on being a democratic Country. (´’†ç àüÓ v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’u ü˨¡-´’E í∫®Ωy°æ-úøû√ç) Mahima: These politicians, oh, God! (

Ñ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ î√©’. üË´¤-úÓß˝’!) ´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Imperative structures,

a) 'Wh' questions - What, Which, Where, When, Why, Who, Whom, Whose and how Wh 'Wh' Words

™«çöÀ v°æ¨»o-®Ωnéπ °æü∆©’– É´Fo ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-û√®· 鬕öÀd– OöÀE Åçö«ç.

b) Non 'Wh' questions- 'Wh' words questions. 3. Imperative sentences:

Åúø-í∫-ö«©÷ ûÁLÊ° 4. Exclamations:

sentences.

Ǩ¡a-®√uEo, £æ«®∏√-ü∆s¥-¢√-©†÷

ûÁL-Ê°N: Let us now study the word order in each of the four types of sentences and how they can be changed into the statement word order. (This is very important for Reporting, direct speech). 1) Statement: Statement word order: Subject + verb. statement Subject

mations report

a) He is a singer - word order-

Spoken English

Very important: Wh questions Wh questions subject helping verb questions

verb

™ á°æ¤púø÷ ´≤ƒh®·. É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ:

He (Subject) + is (verb) + ...

Kamala to Karuna: Sita came here yesterday (statement) Report: a) Kamala says to Karuna that Sita came there yesterday (Reporting verb - Present tense) b) Kamala told Karuna that Sita had come yesterday. report wh + 2) 'wh' question verb + subject/ wh + helping verb + subject + main verb wh word + subject + verb structure

îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’,

†’, ™éÀ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç.

3) Imperative sentences imperative part to

†’ report îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊, ´·çü¿’ °öÀd infinitive îË≤ƒhç. 4) Exclamations †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀE ´·çü¿’ statement word order™éÀ ´÷Ja, statement ™«í¬ that ûÓ report v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Exclamation: a) How well she sings!

(Ç¢Á’ áçûª ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çüÓ!) ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ DEo statement í¬ ´÷®Ωaôç: She sings very well.

(Ç¢Á’ î√™« ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC.) b) Exclamation: How tall he is!

™í¬F, Non ™í¬F á°æ¤púø÷, verb ûª®√-ûªy-í¬F ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. É™«Íí Åúø-í¬L. Å°æ¤púË correct.

Exercise: Report the conversation at the beginning of this lesson.

3) Imperative sentences:

É´Fo Çïc©’, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷ ûÁL-Ê°N– eg: a) come in ( =you come in) = (Asking)

-v°æ-¨¡o:

b) Please help me (you please come in- request)

What is the difference between ..

c) Get out (you get out) - order.

a) The Eenadu was published first from Vizag.

subject 'you'

(Oô-Eoç-öÀéà ´C-™‰≤ƒhç)

ØË. ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬

b) The Eenadu was published first in Vizag. c) The Eenadu was first published in Vizag.

4) Exclamations: What (Wh word) + a fool (noun) + you (sub) + are (verb)

-ï-¢√-•’:

c) How well he plays! How (Wh word) + well (adv) + he (sub) + plays (verb) 4 kinds of sentences word order Statement

– G. £æ«†’-´’çûª®√´¤, ´÷Ωx.

Ç ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u™x The Eenadu was published from Vizag ÅØËC éπÈ®é˙d. N’í∫û√ È®çúø÷ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. publish Åçõ‰ v°æ-Jçîªôç – Åçõ‰ °ævA-éπ© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢Á©’-´-úøôç ÅE Å®Ωnç. °ævA-éπ©’ -äéπ-îÓ-ô ´·vü¿ù Å®·-†°æp-öÀéÃ, Åéπ\úÕ †’ç* N’í∫û√îÓôxèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√®· 鬕öÀd published from Åçö«®Ω’.

b) How good he is! - How (Wh word) + good (adj) + he (sub) + is (verb)

Subject + Verb

Word Order in ..

statements, questions ('wh', non-wh), excla-

îÁ°æpôç) îª÷¨»ç.

iv) Wh word+Helping verb+Subject+Main verb

a) What a fool you are!

™‰E

Çïc©÷, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷,

Åçõ‰ ´·çü¿÷, ûª®Ω-¢√ûª

îËߪ’ôç (Indirect speech ™

ûÓ

Method of reporting: 1) statement

(ÅûªØÁçûª §Òúø’íÓ!) ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ DEéÀ statement form: He is very tall. (Åûªúø’ î√™« §Òúø’í∫’)

iii) Wh word + Verb + Subject

ûª®√y-ûª-í¬F, ´’†ç

†’

†’

†’

Ñ

Ravana killed Rama -

Direct speech report quesstatement order report tion subject verb Imperative sentence to Exclamation statement report

´’†ç

îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, ™ îË≤ƒhç. Åçõ‰ ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ †’ ´·çü¿ ® Ω °úø û √ç. ´≤ƒh®·. ´·çü¿’ °öÀd v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. †’ ´·çü¿’ í¬ ´÷Ja îË≤ƒhç.

question word order: i) Where are they? Where (Wh word) + are (verb) + they (subject)

ÉD,

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 193

b) They play well They (Subject) + play (verb) + .. Statement subject verb 2 a) Non Wh question: i) Is he a singer? [Is (verb) + he (Subject) + ...] verb, Are playii) Are they playingingverb helping verb, main verb Are they playing? Word order: Are (helping verb) + they (subject)+ playing? (main verb) 2 b) Wh questions:

Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Ñ ´÷ô© îÓôx†’ ´÷®ΩaçúÕ– Å®Ωnç ᙫ ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çüÓ O’Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. Rama killed Ravana -

èπÿú≈ BÆæ’éÓ)

2

Ææ÷n©çí¬:

Question

Imperative sentence

1) Verb + Subject

You (subject

2) Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb

verb.

3) Wh word + Verb + Subject 4) Wh word + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb

Exclamation

Wh word + noun/ adjective/ adverb + verb sub + verb.

îÁ°æpç) +

≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ´·çü¿’ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Question ™-™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ You á°æ¤púø÷ subject. Ééπ\úø sentence *´®Ω N†-°æ-úøü¿’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤. verb ¢√úøû√ç.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 5 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Rohit: It is raining now. How shall I go?

2)

(´®Ω{ç ´≤ÚhçC. ᙫ ¢Á∞¡x†’?) Rajat: You have to, some how. Otherwise we can't get the tickets and we shall be missing the movie.

2

´’†ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ °æ†’©÷, requests, permissions èπ◊ ÅúÕÍí question form ™ shall ¢√ú≈L. a) Shall I help you? (ØË-†’ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’Ø√?) b) Shall we wait till tomorrow?

(Í®°æ-öÀ-ü∆é¬ Çí∫-´’ç-ö«®√?) (ᙫ-ÈíjØ√ ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’†ç öÀÈéö¸q ûÁa-éÓ™‰ç, ÆœE´÷ miss Å´¤û√ç). Rohit: You're not ready yet.

(†’Nyçé¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-™‰ü¿’) Rajat: You have a friend at the theatre, don't you? Take his help to get the tickets

(Fèπ◊ Theatre ™ friend ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆. ¢√úÕ ≤ƒßª’çûÓ öÀÈéö¸q BÆæ’éÓ) Rohit: Shall I go now and wait for you at the hall?

(É°æ¤púø’ -ØË-†’ ¢ÁRx öÀÈéö¸q BÆæ’-èπ◊E FéÓÆæç £æ…©’ ü¿í∫_®Ω áü¿’®Ω’îª÷úøØ√?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 194

c) When shall we start?

(´’´’tLo á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-´’ç-ö«®Ω’?/ ¢Ë’ç á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®√L?) First type of questions ™E shall †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, reporting verb, present tense ™ Öçõ‰, shall •ü¿’©’ will ´Ææ’hçC. a) Pranav: 'Shall I ever become rich?' Santhi: You will, of course.

DEo

report

îËü∆lç.

Pranav is asking/ has asked Santhi, if he will ever become rich. Santhi assured him he will. reported verb past tense shall would

™ Öçõ‰ ´Ææ’hçC.

M. SURESAN

Pranav asked Santhi if he would ever become rich. Santhi assured that he would.

(Å™« -îÁß˝’. ؈’ -C∑µßË’-ô®˝ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ®√í¬ØË, ÉçéÓ Example: Sankar: Shall I be happy if I accept the job? Fèπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ƒh. ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a.) Ramani: You will be, certainly.

(

؈’

Bike

BÆæ’-éÓØ√?)

Rajat: How shall I come then?

(ØËØÁ™« ®√†’?) Rohit: Shall I come back and pick you up?

(؈’ AJ-íÌ*a E†’o BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡xØ√?) Rajat: Don't worry. I shall take an auto.

(°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ؈’ Çö™ ´≤ƒh.) Rohit: I shall get going then.

Reporting Verb Present tense

Reported Verb

Sankar is asking Ramani if he will be happy if he accepts the job.

Sankar asked Ramani if he would be happy if he accepted the job.

Ramani assures him that he will be, certainly.

Ramani assured him that he would be, certainly.

Past tense

(Å®·ûË Øˆ’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’û√) É°æ¤púø’ shall -¢√-úË È®çúÓ °æ-ü¿l¥-A: Rajat: Do. (é¬F.) É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ÅEo ®Ω鬩 sentences Kumar: Shall I help you? ÉC Kumar îËÆæ’h†o offer. Reporting verb †÷ report îËÊÆ Nüµ∆†ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Å®·ûË present tense Å®·ûË, Kumar is asking her shall ûÓ Ö†o questions †’ report -îËÊÆ N≠æif he can help her. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™– ߪ’ç™ éÌçûª ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. (spoken English ™) He is offering to help Present day English usage ™ shall èπÿ her -Å-†-úøç Öûªh´’ç. will èπÿ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ àç ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ÉüË reported verb past tense ™ Å®·ûË. shall ¢√ú≈-Lq† îÓô™«x, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅEo-îÓö«x will Kumar asked Santhi if he should help her ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Shall, will -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈-†’ -É°æ¤p-úø’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Åçõ‰ É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx, ´’†ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç-éÓ-´-úøç-™‰-ü¿’. Å®·ûË I and we ûÓ °æ†’© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, shall •ü¿’©’ should questions èπ◊ ´÷vûªç Éçé¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ shall ´Ææ’hçC. ¢√úø’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’. Prasad: When shall I see you again? Shall †’ I and we ûÓ question form ™ È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç: Pramod: You can see me whenever you like. 1) Indefinite future- ´’†ç éπ*aûªçí¬ Ü£œ«ç-îª-™‰E/ Prasad asked Pramod when he should see ´’†èπ◊ future ™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çü∆/ ï®Ω-í∫ü∆ ÅE him again. Pramod told him that he could ÆæJí¬_ ûÁL-ߪ’E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ í∫’Jç* question ™ see him whenever he liked. ´ÊÆh shall ¢√ú≈L. Now look at the following conversation at a) Shall I ever become great? =

the beginning of the lesson: 1) Rohit (to Rajat): How shall I go?

؈’ àØ√öÀ-ÈéjØ√ íÌ°æp-¢√-úÕ-†-´¤-û√Ø√? b) Shall I be happy there? =

Report: Rohit asked Rajat how he should go. (Reporting verb - past tense).

؈-éπ\úø ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçö«Ø√? c) Shall We need these books after we complete the course? =

éÓ®Ω’q °æ‹®Ωh®·-† ûª®√yûª ´’†èπ◊ -Ç •’é˙q Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷?

Spoken English

Reporting verb past tense

Rohit: Shall I go now and Rohit asks Rajat if he should go Rohit asked Rajat if he should go wait for you at the at once and wait for him at the at once and wait for him at the hall. hall? hall. Rohit: Shall I take the Rohit is asking Rajat if he can Rohit asked Rajat if he should take the bike. bike? take the bike. Rajat: How Shall I come Rajat asks/ is asking Rohit how Rajat asked Rohit how he would come then. then? he will come then. Rohit: Shall I come back Rohit is asking/asks Rajat if he Rohit asked Rajat if he should and pick you up? should come back and pick him up. come back and pick him up.

It is raining now... Rohit: Shall I take the bike?

Reporting verb present tense

ÅüË

•ü¿’©’

Rajat: Do. As soon as I get there, I shall call you and we can meet each other.

REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH

Rohit asks Rajat how he can go. (Reporting Verb - present tense can

¢√úø’éπ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç)

É™«çöÀîÓôx

Exercise: Report the whole conversation between Rohit and Rajat at the beginning of the lesson with the reporting verb both in the present tense and past tense.

Answer to exercise under lesson 193 REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH

Reporting verb present tense

Reporting verb past tense

Pratibha: Fine too. Thank you, what news? Did the local body elections in your village go off well?

Pratibha told Mahima that she was very glad to see Mahima and asked her if everybody was well in her village. Mahima says they are all OK. She Mahima said that they were all OK. She thanked Pratibha and thanks Pratibha and asks her how she is. asked her how she was. Pratibha says she is fine too. She Pratibha said that she was fine thanks her and asks her for news. too. She thanked her and asked She asks her if the local body elec- her if the local body elections in her village had gone off well. tions in her village went off well.

Mahima: Didn't you read about them in the papers what did you watch on the TV?

Mahima asks Pratibha if she didn't read about them in the papers, and what she watched on the TV.

Mahima asked Pratibha if she had not read about them in the papers and what she had watched on the TV.

Pratibha: I did of course. But it is different to hear about them from one like you on the scene.

Pratibha says/replies that she did but it is different to hear about them from one like her on the scene.

Pratibha replied that she had done but it was different to hear about them from one like her on the scene.

Pratibha: Hi Mahima, how Pratibha tells she is very glad to glad I am to see you! How see mahima and asks her if is everybody in your vil- every body is well in her village. lage? Mahima: We are all OK. Thank you. How are you.

Mahima: Get me some Mahima wants some water. water first.

Mahima asked for some water

Pratibha: Have Coffee too.

Pratibha offered some coffee too.

some Pratibha offers some coffee too. Mahima thanks Pratibha. About the elections she (says she) is happy they are all over. She says Pratibha cannot imagine what they have been through.

Mahima thanked Pratibha. About the election she (said she) was happy they were all over. She said Pratibha could not imagine what they had been through.

Pratibha: That's why I Pratibha says that's why she asked you to tell me asked her to tell her all about them. about them. Mahima: Many people did Mahima says that many people not find their names on did not find their names on the the voter list. Liquor voter list, that liquor flowed flowed freely. Money- lots freely, that money- lots of itof it changed hands. changed hands and that there There were group clash- were group clashes and faction es and faction fights. We fights. They passed through passed through the worst worst of tension.

Pratibha said that was why she had asked her to tell her all about them.

Mahima: Thank you. Now about the elections. I'm happy they are all over. Oh what we have been through you just can't imagine.

Mahima said that many people had not found their names on the voter list that liquor had flowed freely that money- lots of it- had changed hands and that there had been group clashes and faction fights. they had passed through the worst of tension.

of tension. Pratibha: We pride on Pratibha says we pride on being Pratibha said we prided on being a democratic country. being a democratic country a democratic country. Mahima:These politicians, Mahima expresses her disgust Mahima expressed her disgust of politicians. Oh, God. of politicians.

(üËy≠æç/-Å-Ææ£æ«uç)

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 7 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Darsan: How about eating out today? (•ßª’-õ„-éπ\-úøØ√o (hotel™) ¶µç-îË-ü∆l´÷?) Vardhan: That's ok with me. I welcome the change.

(Ø√èπ◊ Ææ´’t-ûª¢Ë’. é¬Ææh ´÷®Ω’p Ø√èπÿ ÆæçûÓ≠æ¢Ë’) Darsan: Which restaurant shall we go to? (à restaurant Èé∞«lç?) Vardhan: Let's try 'Vindu Vilas' today.

advice?

(†ØËoç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«-N-°æ¤púø’? F Ææ©£æ… à-N’-öÀ?) Kumar: Buy it if you like. What can I say?

(FéÀ-≠d-¢æ Á’iûË é̆’éÓ\. ØËØËç îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’?) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’ Kumar report îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ îËߪ’-´îª’a– 1) Åçû√ rules v°æ鬮Ωç. 2) Spoken form of English (´÷´‚©’ English Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™) informalí¬ report îËߪ’ôç.. Compare the following

(Ñ¢√∞¡ Nçü¿’ -N-™«Æˇ èπ◊ -§Ú-ü∆ç) Darsan: Isn't that a long way off? Moreover it's threatening to rain. I am afraid we might get drenched on our way back.

(ÅC ü¿÷®Ωç éπü∆? ´®Ω{ç ´îËa-ô’dí¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC. AJ-íÌîËa-ô-°æ¤púø’ ûª-úø’≤ƒh-¢Ë’-¢Á÷). threatening to rain - ´®Ω{Ææ÷- ¶«í¬ Öçúøôç. Å®·ûË threaten èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – ¶„C-Jç-îªôç. Don't try to threaten me = ††’o ¶„C-Jç-îª-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îÌü¿’l. Vardhan: Why don't we go to Eat 'n' joy? It's not far off. (Eat'nJoy Èéçü¿’-Èé-∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Å-üË-´ ’ç-ûª

ü¿÷®Ωç é¬ü¿’.) Darsan: If I were you, I wouldn't even think of it. The food there is rotten.

(؈’ †’-¢Áj yûË, ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* Ç™-*ç-’.

Table -3

DIRECT SPEECH

(--õ‰-•’-™¸ -1 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Informal í¬ (´÷´‚©’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù ®Ω÷°æç™) report îËߪ’ôç áçûª Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçüÓ. Å®·ûË §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊-©-éÌéπ Ææ÷: ¢Á·ü¿ô ¶«í¬ rules v°æ鬮Ωç report îËߪ’ôç practice îËÆœ† ûª®Ω-¢√-ûË spoken form™ informal í¬ report îËߪ’ôç practice îËߪ’çúÕ: É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææç-¶µ«-≠æùØË past tense ™ report îËü∆lç: (--õ‰-•’-™¸ 2 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†o-°æ¤púø’ report îËߪ’ôç

M. SURESAN

Åéπ\úø

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

é¬E

Aô’d °æü¿çí¬ áèπ◊\´ ¢√ú≈h®Ω’.) Vardhan: You say, 'Vindu Vilas' is a long way off. Eat 'n' Joy doesn't serve good food. So where shall we go now? ('Nçü¿’— ü¿÷®Ω-´’ç-ö«´¤. Eat'n'Joy ™ food ¶«í∫’ç-úø-ü¿ç-ö«´¤ -´’-È®éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«lç) Darsan: Why not the restaurant at Hotel Manpreet? (Manpreet Èé∞Ïh?) Vardhan: That's ok for me. Let's start then.

(Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. °æü¿ •ßª’-™‰l®√lç.) Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ÅEo ®Ω鬩 sentences †’ report îËߪ ’ôç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. Å®·ûË Spoken English ™ Éûª®Ω’-© ´÷ô-©†’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo ≤ƒ®Ω’x strictly grammatical í¬ report îËߪ’ôç éÌçîÁç ví¬ç-C∑-éπçí¬ éπ-E°œç-îª-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬ èπÿú≈ -Öç-ô’ç-C. éÀçC Ææ綵«≠æù report îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ: Samir: What shall I do now? What's your Table -1 Direct Speech

Spoken form ™ informal í¬ report îËߪ’ôç áçûª simple í¬, natural í¬ éπEp-

Kumar's Report In present Tense According to Rules Informal (Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù®Ω÷°æç)

I am telling him to buy it if he likes and that there is nothing I can say / for me to say.

Kumar: Buy it if you like what can I say?

Darsan: Which restaurant shall we go to?

Vardhan: Let's try Vindu Vilas today

Darsan: Isn't it a long way off? Moreover it's threatening to rain. I am afraid we might get drenched on our way back.

DIRECT SPEECH

Kumar: Buy it if I am telling him to buy it you like. What can I if he likes and am asking him what I can say. say?

Samir: What shall I do now? What's your advice?

Vardhan: That's OK with me. I welcome the change

the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. strictly according to the rules and informally, with the reporting verb in the present form and the past form as well. (--õ‰-•’-™¸ 3 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆.

≤ÚhçüÓ. Å®·ûË Å™« Direct îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ Speech ™E ¶µ«´ç àO’ îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ -ñ«-ví∫-ûªh °æú≈-L.-Å™« ÖçúË Nüµ¿çí¬ informal í¬ report îËߪ÷-©çõ‰ éÌçîÁç vocabulary

(°æü¿Ææç°æü¿) Å´-Ææ®Ωç. ÅC Öçõ‰ informal report î√™« Ææ’©¶µºç.

Exercise: Report Kumar's Report (Past Tense) aloud the rest of the According to Rules Informal (Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù ®Ω÷°æç) conversation at the beginning of the lesSamir asked me what he Samir was unable to son. both a) accordshould do then and what decide and asked for/ ing to rules b) in the wanted my advice my advice was informal (spoken) form, and also a) in I told him to buy it if he I told him to buy it if he the present form and liked and that there was b) past form liked and asked him nothing for I could say what I could say (--õ‰-•’-™¸ 4 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) / for me to say.

a) Present Tense Darsan asks Vardhan how about eating out that day. b) Past Tense: Darsan asked Vardhan how about eating out that day.

Vardhan: Why don't we go to Eat 'n'joy? It's not far off.

Samir is unable to decide and is asking for my advice.

Direct Speech

195

Darsan: How about eating out today

î√™« Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ simple í¬ Öçô’çC éπü∆. Å™« Öçú≈©çõ‰ ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéà told, asked ™«çöÀ reporting verbs, he added, he further said ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©÷ ¢√úøôç é¬Ææh ᶄsô’dí¬ Öçô’çC. ÅüË °æK-éπ~™x (X Class, Inter, Degree) reported speech -†’ direct speech™éÀ ´÷Ja-†-°æ¤púø’ Å™« ®√ߪ’ôç correct. É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç -îÁ°æ¤pèπ◊ç-ô’-†o-C Spoken English é¬E, written English é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. Practice îËÆæ’h-†oD Columns ™. Åçü¿’-éπE natural í¬ NEpçîË spoken forms ØË practice îËü∆lç. Let us now try to report

Samir: What shall Samir is asking me what I do now? What's he should do now and your advice? what my advice is.

Table -2

REPORT Formal (According to rules)

If I were you... food îÁûªh-™«í¬ -Öç-ôç--C). (rotten - ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç ´·J-T-§Ú-®·†.

2

a) Vardhan says it is OK with him and that he welcomes the change Vardhan said it was OK with him and that he welcomed the change. a) Darsan asks which restaurant they will go to. b) Darsan asked which restaurant that would go to. a) Vardhan suggest that they try Vindu Vilas that day. b) Vardhan suggested that they try Vindu Vilas that day a) Darsan asks Vardhan if it is not a long way off, and says that it's threatening to rain and adds that he is afraid they might get drenched on their way back b) Darsan asked if it was not a long way off, and said that it was threatening to rain and added that he was afraid that they might get drenched... a) Vardhan asks why they don't go to Eat 'n'Joy and adds that it is not far off. b) Vardhan asked why they didn't go to Eat 'n' Joy and adds that it is not far off

Informal (Spoken Form) Present Tense Darsan suggests that they eat out that day. Darsan suggested that they eat out that day. Vardhan is for it and welcomes the change. Vardhan was for it/ agreed to it and welcomed the change. a) Darsan asks about the restaurant they will go to. b) Darsan asked about the restaurant they would go to a) Vardhan suggests trying Vindu Vilas that day/suggests Vindu Vilas b) Vardhan suggested trying Vindu Vilas. a) Darsan feels it is long way off. Moreover it is threatening to rain and is afraid they might get drenched on their way back b) Darsan felt it was a long way off. Moreover it was threatening to rain and feared (that) they might.. a) Vardhan proposes/ suggests Eat 'n' Joy. it is not far off. b) Vardhan proposed/suggested Eat 'n' Joy. It was not far off.

Table -4

REPORT according to rules

Darsan: If I were you, I Wouldn't even think of it. The food there is rotten.

Vardhan: You say 'Vindu Vilas' is a long way off. Eat'n'Joy doesn't serve good food. So where shall we go now?

Darsan: Why not the restaurant at Hotel Manpreet? Vardhan: That's Ok for me Let's start them

Informal (Spoken Form)

a) Darsan tells vardhan that if he Darsan Says if he were Vardhan were he, he wouldn't think of it and he wouldn't think of it and calls the food there rotten. He has no that the food there is rotten. b) Darsan told vardhan that if he good word for the food there. b) Darsan said that if he had been had been he, he woudn't have even vardhan he wouldn't have even thought of it and that the food there thought of it and called the food was rotten. there rotten / he had no good a) Vardhan Observes that Darsan word for the food there. says that Vindu Vilas is a long way a) Darsan feels Vindu Vilas is a off and Eat'n'Joy doesn't serve good long way off, and Eat 'n' Joy doesn't serve good food, so food. He asks where they will go where will they go now. now. b) Vardhan observed that Darsan b) Vardhan Felt that Vindu Vilas said that Vindu Vilas was long way was a long way off, Eat 'n'Joy didoff and Eat 'n' Joy didn't serve good n't serve good food, so where would they go Now?. food. He Asked him, where they would go. a) Darsan asks why they spend not go to the restaurant at Hotel Manpreet? b) Darsan asked why they shouldn't' go to the restaurant...

a) Darsan suggests the restaurant at Hotel Manpreet.

b) Darsan suggested the restaurant... a) Vardhan says that it is ok for him a) Darsan says OK and suggests and suggests they start. that they start. b) Vardhan said that is was ok for b) Vardhan said OK and suggesthim, and suggested that they start. ed that they start.

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 10 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 1) Hemanth: Sarath, you are late again. (¨¡®Ωû˝, ´’Sx †’´¤y Ç©Ææuçí¬ -´-î √a-´¤) Sarath: But I'm not. You wanted me here at 5, and here I am at 5. ( ØËØËç Ç©Ææuçí¬ ®√-™‰-ü¿’. †’´¤y -Å®·Cç-öÀéÀ

®Ω-´’t-Ø√o-´¤. Å®·Cç-öÀéÀ -Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√o†’) Hemanth: Didn't you promise to be here 4.30 itself? (4.30 èπ◊ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ö«-†E ´÷öÀ-´y-™‰ü∆?) Sarath: I did, but then you said it was enough If I was here by 5. (Eï¢Ë’ é¬E †’¢Ëy ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆ ØËE-éπ\úø -

Å®·Cç-öÀ-èπ◊çõ‰ î√©E) 2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, would you like to have some coffee? (é¬Ææh coffee BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?) Neeraj: I don't feel like it I've just had coffee. (BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-E°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’. É°æ¤púË coffee

BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o) Dheeraj: But you must take some thing. Shall I get you a drink, perhaps some orange juice? (†’¢Ëy-ü¿-®·Ø√ -BÆæ’éÓ¢√-LqçüË. orange

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Malli?

(؈’ -E-†’o '´’Lx— ÅE °œ©-´úøç -É-≠d-¢æ Ë’Ø√?) Malini: Nothing of the sort, Call me Malini. That is how I like it.

(ÅüËç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. ††’o ´÷LE ÅØË- °œ-©’-. ÅüË Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ) Nothing of the sort= ÅüËç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’– Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ DEo -à Ææç-ü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Purely conversational. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

(Ñ ¢Á·ûªhç °æEéÀ ®Ω÷. 500 É≤ƒh-†’. à´’ç-ö«´¤?) Apparao: That's too little for such a lot of work. I don't like the amount at all, but I need money now, so I agree to do it.

(Åçûª °æEéÀ -Éçûª ûªèπ◊\¢√? Ø√èπ◊ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ Ø√éÀ°æ¤púø’ úø•’s Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Åçü¿’-éπE ä°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ Direct speech -†’ strictly according to rules, formal (Ææ÷vû√© v°æ鬮Ωç, ví¬ç--C∑éπç) í¬ report

M. SURESAN

REPORTING

DIRECT SPEECH

Formal (According to rules)

5) Subba Rao: How about Rs 500/- for the whole job?

Informal (Spoken Form)

Reporting Verb Past tense 1) Hemanth: Sarath, you are late again.

Hemanth observed that Sarath was Hemanth complained that Sarath was late again. late again.

Sarath: But I'm not. You wanted me here at 5, and here I am at 5.

Sarath said he was, however, not Sarath protested and asserted late, and that Hemant had wanted that he was there at 5, as him there at 5, and there he was at 5. Hemanth had wanted him.

Hemanth: Didn't you promise to be here at 4.30 itself?.

Hemanth asked sarath if he hadn't Hemanth reminded sarath of his promised to be there at 4.30 itself. promise to be there at 4.30 itself.

Sarath: I did but then you said that it was enough if I was here by 5.

Sarath told Hemanth that he had Sarath agreed but reminded said so, but that Hemanth had said Hemanth that he had told him that it would be enough if he was that it was enough if he was there there by 5. by 5.

.

I don't feel like..

Ééπ\úø Informal reporting ™ complained, protested, reminded, agreed ™«çöÀ ´÷ô© ¢√úø’éπ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Å™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ reporting †’ Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúËô’x -îË≤ƒh®· 2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, would you like to have some coffee?

juice ™«çöÀ-üË-¢Á’iØ√ É´yØ√?) Neeraj: Not n ow, please. Thank you, just the same . (É°æ¤púø’ -´-ü¿’l™‰ Å®·Ø√ thank you.) just the same = Å®·Ø√ 3) komala: Shall we go to the exhibition this evening? (Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´’†ç exhibition

Èé∞«l´÷?) Vimala: Sure; I like to, very much.

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Ø√èπ◊ î√-™« É≠ædç) Komala: Then shall we start at 6.30?

(Å®·ûË 6.30èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ü∆´÷?) Vimala: That's OK for me. I'll be here exactly at 6.30. (-Å-™«Íí. ØËE-éπ\úø correct í¬ 6.30 èπ◊çö«) 4) Hema: How do you like my calling you

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, ordinary spoken form (´÷´‚©’ ¢√u´£æ…-Jé𠶵«≠æ)™ îËߪ’-ú≈Eéà ÖçúË ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eçî√ç. É°æ¤púø’, -§ƒ-®∏√uç-¨¡ç -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-™ -Ö-†o Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-†’ í∫-´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ. OöÀ-™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅFo èπÿú≈ strictly according to rules report îËÊÆh î√-™« ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç é¬Ææh É•sç-Cí¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-©-†’ ¶µ«´ç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ report îËÆœØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Å´-ûª-L-¢√--JéÀ Ææ-Jí¬_ -Å®Ωn-¢Á’i-ûË -î√-©’. Let's try to report this conversation

(°æéπ\ -õ‰-•’-™¸ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) marks.

Now practise the following Report the direct speech both in the Formal and Spoken form. Prameela: Let's show our teacher we are clever students. Vineela: That is the thing we have to do. Let's work hard and get good

Kalyan:

teacher that they were clever students.

You haven't done the homework. Won't the teacher punish you?

Pavan:

What do I care? Let her.

Sangeeta: Let there be no delay, please. Vignata:

ACCORDING TO RULES Prameela suggested that they show their

196

Be sure I'll be prompt.

Neeraj: I don't feel like it, I've just had some coffee.

Neeraj replied he didn't feel like it Neeraj didn't feel like it as he had and added that he had just had some just had some coffee.

Dheeraj: But you must take something. Shall I get you a drink, perhaps some orange juice. Neeraj: Not now, please. Thank you just the same.

Dheeraj said that Neeraj had to take something. He asked him if he should get some drink, perhaps some orange juice.

3) Komala: Shall we go to the exhibition this evening?

Komala suggested that they go to the exhibition that evening/ Komala suggested their going to the exhibition that evening.

Vimala: Sure, I like to, very much.

Vimala agreed and said she liked to, Vimala readily agreed and liked to go very much. very much.

Komala: Then shall we start at 6.30.

Komala asked Vimala if they would Komala proposed then they start at 6.30. start at 6.30.

Komala: That's OK for me. I'll be here at 6.30. 4) Hema: How do you like my calling you Malli?.

Komala said that it was OK for her It was OK for Komala. She would and that she would be there at 6.30. be there at 6.30.

Malini: Nothing of the sort. Call me Malini. That's how I like it.

Malini said nothing of the sort. She Malini wouldn't have anything of asked Hema to call her Malini and the sort. She asked Hema to call added that that was how she liked it. her Malini. That was how she liked it. Subbarao asked Apparao if he would Subbarao proposed Rs. 500/- for do the whole job for Rs. 500/-. the whole job.

INFORMAL Prameela wanted to show their teacher that that they were clever students.

Vineela said that that was the thing they had to do, and suggested that they work hard and get good marks. Kalyan said that Pavan had not done his homework and asked him if the teacher wouldn't punish him. Pavan said that he did not care, and did not mind her punishing him.

Vineela agreed and suggested their working hard and getting good marks.

Sangeeta urged that there should be no delay. urge = Strong request (í∫öÀd Nïc°œh).

Sangeeta urged that there should be no delay. (formal & Spoken form - same).

Vignata told Sangeeta to be sure that she would be prompt.

Vignata assured Sangeeta that she would be

Kalyan observed Pavan had not done his homework and warned him that the teacher would punish him. Pavan said he didn't care.

5) Subbarao: How about Rs. 500/- for the whole job?. Apparao: That's too little for such a lot of work. I don't like the amount at all, but I need money now and I'll do it.

coffee. Dheeraj insisted that Neeraj take something. He offered to get drink, perhaps some orange juice. insist = °æô’d-°æ-ôdúøç

Neeraj politely said that he wouldn't Neeraj wouldn't have any thing have anything then. He thanked then and thanked Neeraj just the same. Neeraj, just the same. Komala suggested that they go to the exhibition that evening/ Komala suggested their going to the exhibition that evening.

Hema asked Malli how she liked her Hema wanted to know how she like her calling Malli/ Hema would calling her Malli. call her Malli. How would she like it?.

Apparao said that it was too little for such a lot of work, and added that he didn't like the amount at all, but that he needed money then and that he would do it.

Apparao complained that it was too little for such a lot of work. He grumbled that he didn't like the money at all but to do it as he needed the money, he would do it. grumble =

Ææù-í∫ôç.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

prompt. Prompt =

Dheeraj offered coffee to Neeraj. Dheeraj asked Neeraj if he would Neeraj refused Has he had just like to have some coffee. had some coffee.

Ææé¬-™«-EéÀ Öçúøôç.

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 12 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Prabhakar: Hi Divakar, when did you come?

(£æ…ß˝’ C¢√-éπ®˝! á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√a´¤?) Divakar:

Hardly a few hours ago, by the Howrah Express.

(É°æ¤púË éÌEo-í∫ç-ô© éÀçü¿ô, £æ«˜®√ áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ™ ´î√a†’.) Prabhakar: Back home after a long time, you feel happy, don't you? But why

Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆? ÅFo-é¬-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, áèπ◊\-´í¬ short sentences, exclamations ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. ´’†ç OöÀE spoken English ™ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, Ç ´÷ô-éÌÊÆh formal í¬ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ´’éÃ\éÀ -´’-éÀ\í¬ rules v°æ鬮Ωç report îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. äéπJ ´÷ô-™ xE ¶µ«´ç îÁúøèπ◊çú≈, Ææ£æ«-ïûªyç éπE-°œç-îË-ôô’x report îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ: Kumar: I am taking the exam next week.

are you out so soon?

Kesav: Wish you the best of luck.

(î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√yûª AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤. ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC éπü∆? Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púË ´’S} •ßª’-öÀ-éÌ-î√a-¢ËçöÀ?) Divakar:

Oh, just think of it. What do I find

Report: Kumar told Kesav that he was taking the exam next week, and Kesav wished him the best of luck.

4) Ashok: Why did you drive so fast?

Now look at the following expressions & sentences.

Amar: I was late for class. (class

as I step into home? Mom down

Study this table carefully and practise the spoken form well.

(áçü¿’-éπçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úÕ-§ƒ´¤?) èπ◊ Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC)

Prabhakar: What train did you say you came by?

Ashok: I wouldn't do it if I were you. Isn't dangerous?

with a fever.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 197

(îª÷úø’. Éçöx Cí∫-í¬ØË Øˆ’ îª÷Æœç -üË-N’öÀ? Å´’tèπ◊ ïy®Ωç.)

D†®Ωnç: †’´¤y à train ™ ´î√a-†-Ø√o¢˛? äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC ÆæJí¬ N†-éπ-§ÚûË, ´’S} îÁ°æp´’-†ôç É™«. a) O’ Ê°Í®-N’-ô-Ø√o®Ω’, ´’S} ã≤ƒJ îÁ°æpçúÕ.

(ØËØË †’´y-®·ûË Å™« îËߪ’†’. v°æ´÷ü¿ç éπü∆?)

What did you say your name was?

You are welcome Prabhakar: What train did you say you came by?

(à

train

™ ´î√a†Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y?)

Didn't you Express?

say

the

Howrah

(£æ«˜®√ áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆?) My uncle must have come by the same train.

(´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u èπÿú≈ ÅüË ´îª’aç-ú≈L).

train

™

But why are you out? Divakar:

I told you. Mom has a fever and I am going to get some medicines. What a bother?

words ᙫ î˨»¢Á÷ (Indirect ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp¢Á÷) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË, Kesav said that

Report:

report speech

a) Present tense: Ashok wonders why Amar drive so fast. Amar says he was late for class. Ashok advises him not to do it and warns him it is dangerous.

he wished him the best of luck formal spoken form

b) Past tense: Ashok wondered why Amar had driven so fast. Amar said he was late for class. Ashok advised him not to do it and warned him against it/ of the danger/ that it was dangerous.

1) Abhishek: Thanks a lot for your help. Anamika: You are welcome.

Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it is just an ordinary fever.

thanks you are welcome/ you are most welcome/ welcome

Divakar:

bother)

Report:

Suppose we want to report the conversation above. How do we go about it?

a) Present tense: Abhishek thanks Anamika a lot for her help. Anamika appreciates his thanks. b) Past tense: Abhishek thanked Anamika a lot for her help. Anamika appreciated it. 2) Pradhan: Congratulations on your getting the top grade. Keep it up. Prakash: Thank you. a) Reporting verb - Present tense:

Prabhakar: Sorry to hear that.

(ÅÈ®, §ƒ°æç) Damn these heavy rains! They are the cause of all these.

Pradhan congratulates Prakash on his getting the top grade and adds a word

Prabhakar: Oh, curse my memory! I forgot to congratulate you on your getting a new and better job.

(Ø√ ´’A-´’-®Ω-°æ¤-´©x ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Fèπ◊ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ éπçõ‰ ´’ç*, éÌûªh job ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπçví¬ö¸q. Thank you. But I must rush. I've been too long with you. Mom must be wondering where I am. See you later. Bye. (Thanks. é¬F ؈’ ¢Á∞«}L. FûÓ ´’K áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o†’. OúÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oú≈ ÅE Å´’t ņ’-éÌç-ô’ç-ô’çC. ûª®√yûª éπ©’ü∆lç.)

Spoken English

a) I wonder if he knows this =

¢√úÕ-éÀC ûÁ©’≤Ú ûÁL-ߪ’üÓ? (Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’) b) Suneetha: Will Suguna come now?

(´’†ç °j Ææ綵«-≠æù ᙫ

report

(Ææ’í∫’ù É°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hçü∆?) Supriya: I wonder.

(´Ææ’hçüÓ ®√üÓ, Ø√éπ-†’-´÷-†¢Ë’) Exercise: Report aloud the whole conversation at the beginning of the lesson, both according to rules and informally.

îË≤ƒhç?)

Reporting - Present Formal (acc. to rules)

Reporting - Past

Informal (spoken)

Formal (acc. to rules)

Informal (spoken)

Prabhakar says it is really Prabhakar is disap- Prabhakar said it was real- Prabhakar was disa pity and that he hopes it pointed and hopes it ly a pity and that he hoped appointed and hoped it was ordinary fever. is ordinary fever is ordinary fever. it was ordinary fever. Divakar says he wishes it Divakar wishes it Divakar expressed a wish were, but that he suspects were, but suspects that it had been, but that he suspected it was some it is some viral fever. it is a viral fever. viral fever.

Divakar wished it had been, but suspected it to be a viral fever.

of encouragement. Prakash thanks him. b) Reporting verb - Past tense:

(Ñ ¢Áüµ¿´ ´®√{©’. OöÀ-´™‰x É´Fo.)

ØËØÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oØ√ ÅE Å´’t -Ç-™-îª-†-™ °æ-úÕ -Öç-ô’ç-C. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ wonder Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’– Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç ÅE. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø, Mom must be wondering/ I wonderÉ™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx wonder èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– 'à´’-ߪ·uç-ô’çD, à´’-´îª’a— ÅE. àüÁjØ√ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ´’†ç Ç™-îª-†™ °æúøôç ÅE.

(I) wish it were! But I'm afraid it's some viral fever.

Prabhakar: Sorry to hear that.

(I) wish it were! But I'm afraid it's some viral fever.

îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’,

(áéπ\úø °ö«d-†-Ø√o´¤ ü∆Eo?) 2) Mom must be wondering where I am.

Now look at the following part of conversation at the beginning of the lesson:

Åçö«ç)

(´÷´‚©’ ïy®Ωç Å®·ûË ¶«í¬ØË Öç-úË-C. àüÓ viral fever ÅE ņ’-´÷†çí¬ ÖçC Ø√èπ◊.)

Divakar:

´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË, Åçö«ç éπü∆. ™ ÅØËC DØËo ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬–

(á´-È®jØ√ ´’†èπ◊

(Eïçí¬ ü¿’®Ωü¿%≠æd¢Ë’. ´÷´‚©’ ïy®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆?)

Divakar:

Where did you keep it? spoken form you kept it where common. Where did you say you kept it?

Kesav's

ÅE ÅØ√Lq M. SURESAN ´Ææ’hçC. Å™« Åçõ‰ í¬ í¬F, ™ í¬F, (formal í¬ éπçõ‰ spoken form ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬) î√™« ÅÆæ-£æ«ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE Å™«çöÀ ¶µ«´ç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ °j† ûÁL-°œ-†ô’x report îËߪ’ôç better.

You kept it where?

Sumanth: I kept it on the table.

(îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆. Å´’tèπ◊ ïy®Ωçí¬ Öçü¿E, ´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’Ø√o. àç ¶«üµÓ! – NÆæ’í∫’ – What a Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it's just an ordinary fever

Divakar:

b) Srinath:

Pradhan congratulated Prakash on his getting the top grade and added a word of encouragement. Prakash thanked him. 3) Susanth: This bike often gives me trouble. What a bother! (What a bother=

áçûª *é¬èπ◊)

Report: a) Susanth is vexed that this/ that bike often gives him trouble. b) Susanth was vexed that that bike often gave him trouble.

É™« ´’†ç report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ He said that, etc., ™«çöÀN ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ ¶µ«¢√Eo ûÁ©’°æ-í∫-L-TûË î√©’.

b) Do=

1. Make

†’, Do †’ àN-üµ¿çí¬ -Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? 2. Xerox , photocopy © ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. – ñ„.®√V, ÇC-™«-¶«ü˛

ÅûªØËç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’ (àüÁjØ√ °æE) He is studying= Åûªúø’ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. ii) You do your duty = F NCµ †’´¤y- îÁ®·u (E®Ωy-£œ«ç)

1. a) Make means to produce / manufacture. Make

Do work, harm, homework, business, a course, one's best, etc.

Åçõ‰ üËØÁj oØ√ ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’úøç, ÖûªpAh îËߪ’úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.

i) Mother is making coffee =

Å´’t 鬰∂‘ ûªßª÷®Ω’îË≤ÚhçC. ii) The student is making an attempt to understand the subject =

Nü∆uJn Æ涄-bèπ◊d†’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.

àüÁjØ√ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç/ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªôç

i) What is he doing? =

Make a cake, money, a speech, fun etc., 2. Photocopy Photostat photo copy Xerox company machine photocopy Xerox copy photostat machines

Åçõ‰ üËE-ÈéjØ√ BÆœ†-ô’xí¬ ¢√∞¡x O’ü¿ Å®·ûË Åçö«®Ω’. †’ ¢Á·ü¿ô v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°-öÀdçD, É°æp-öÀéà Åûªuçûª °ü¿l company ÅüË. ÅÆæ©’ ÅØ√-LqçC photocopy ÅØË. Xerox copy Xerox brand machine O’ü¿ -BÊÆ copy È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰. photocopy correct.

´îËa BÊÆ

, ÅE.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 14 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Naresh: Where are you coming from?

1

versation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Nabh: That makes us equally tall.

(†’¢Áy-éπ\-úø’oç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?) Ramesh: From my uncle's.

(Åçõ‰ ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç äÍé áûªh-†o-´÷ô) (´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ÉçöÀ †’ç* -´Ææ’h-Ø√o-†’) Naresh: You go there quite frequently, don't you?

Sekhar: You're wrong, my friend. I am still taller than you by half an inch.

(§Ò®Ω•- ú- ’ø û- ª’Ø- √o-´¤ N’vû´ª ÷, Féπçõ‰ Ø- †-Ë ’ É°æpöÀéà 1/2 Åçí∫’∞- ¡ç áèπ◊\-´ áûª’h Ö- Ø- √o-†’)

(†’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢Á∞¡-û√´¤ éπü∆?) Ramesh: I do. He asks me to eat there quite often.

(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† ††’o ûª®Ω-îª÷ ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ °œ©’-≤ƒhúø’.) Naresh: Hasn't he a daughter?

(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ èπÿûª’-®Ω’çC éπü∆?) Ramesh: What're you driving at?

Nabh: If that makes you happy, have it so.

(Å™« ņ’-éÓôç Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-¢Á’iûË, Å-™«Íí ņ’éÓ.) 3) Nagaraj: Let me finish this chapter. I'll come with you wherever you want. (Ñ chapter °æ‹Jh îËÆœ-† -ûª®√y-ûª

†’¢Áy-éπ\-úÕ-éÀ-®Ω-´’tçõ‰ Åéπ\-úÕ-éÌ-≤ƒh†’) Prakash: Murthy will complain we are late. (´’†ç late ÅE

(àN’öÀ †’´yç-öçC?) drive at = ÉçÍéüÓ ÖüËP-l ç* îÁ°pæ ôç. I still don't understand what she was driving at = Ç¢Á’ Å™« ņ-ôç™ Ö- †- o Öü˨l ¡ç àN’ö É°æpöÀ Ø- √èπ◊ Å- ®Ωç¥l 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. 'drive at' ¢- √-ú’ø éπ†- ’ O- ’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’ç-ú.Õ Naresh: I've been wondering all these days why you go there so often. Now I know.

´‚Jh ûª°æ¤p°æ-úø-û√-úø’) Nagaraj: Let him. My test tomorrow is more important than this outing.

M. SURESAN

( †’´¤y áçü¿’èπ◊ Åéπ\úÕ-éÀ ûª®Ωîª÷

(ûª°æp-ôdF. Ñ ≠œé¬®Ω’ éπçõ‰ Í®°æ-öÀ Ø√ test Ø√èπ◊ -î √-™« ´·êuç)

Prakash: you're right Let him understand that.

I'm sorry I'm going ... ¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ -ÉEo ®ÓV©÷ Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ ûÁL-ÆœçC) Wonder = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-úøôç – É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ î√™« v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ôç/Å®Ωnç é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

198

Ramesh: What do you know?

(†’´¤y ÅØËC Æ敶‰. ÅC ¢√úø’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L.) (àçöÀ Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC?) ´’†ç direct speech report È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ îË-ߪ’-´-îªaNaresh: A marriage in the offing. E í∫-ûª lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. 1) î√-™« formal (°Rx ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûÓç-ü¿E) (In the offing = ï®Ω’-í∫-†’†o) í¬ (rule v°æ鬮Ωç) 2) Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ (informal í¬) Ramesh: I'm sorry I'm going to disappoint spoken form ™ (Åçõ‰ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬). Ñ you. My uncle does have a daughcolumns ™ ´’† ÖüËl¨¡ç spoken English ØË®Ω’a-éÓter, but she is already the mother of ´ôç 鬕öÀd, ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË English Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«two babes. ïçí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰, spoken form ™ report îËߪ’úøç-ûÓ (E†’o E®Ω’-û√q£æ«°æ-®Ω’Ææ’h-†-oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿í¬ -§ƒ-ô’, -v§ƒéÃdÆˇ èπÿ-ú≈ -Å-ûªuç-ûª éÃ-©éπç. ÖçC. ´÷ ´÷´’-ߪ’uèπ◊ èπÿûª’-®Ω’çC, é¬F °j passage ™ áèπ◊\´ ¶µ«í∫ç Spoken form™ report Ç¢Á’ Éü¿l®Ω’ °œ©x© ûªLx) îËߪ’ö- «-EÍé ņ’-´¤í¬ Ö-çú- ö-ø «-Eo í∫´’-Eç-îçª úÕ. According 2) Sekhar: Hi Nabh, how tall you have grown to rules practice îËߪ’ú - çø Å- ç-ûª ¶«í∫’ç-úü-ø ¿’. -É-C í∫´’since I saw you last a year ago !. Eç-îªçúÕ. (Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç éÀçü¿ô E†’o îª÷Æœ-†-°æpöÀéÀ... Let us see two or three samples: Practise them -É°æp-öÀéÀ áçûª áC-í¬´¤!) with the reporting verb in the Present Tense Nabh: So have you. True; I certainly am 2 inches taller than I was a year ago. What about you.

and in the Past Tense as well. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ †’ç* ´’†ç reporting verb present tense ™ èπÿú≈ practise îËߪ’ôç O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’.

(Eï¢Ë’ éÀçü¿õ‰-ú≈C éπçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ È®çúøç-í∫’-∞«©’ DEéÀ ´·êu-é¬-®Ωùç ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x î√™« °-Jí¬-†’. -´’-J F Ææçí∫A?) ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ´’-éπ~ç™ØË ¢√∞¡x ´÷ô©’ report Sekhar: Just two inches. That's all. îËÊÆ Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ áèπ◊\-´-í¬ØË Öçö«®·. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿(È®çúøç-í∫’-∞«™‰ ÅçûË. That's all = ÅçûË ®√s¥™x present tense ™ØË report îË≤ƒhç éπü∆? Is this all? = ÉçûËØ√? That's all = ÅçûË. O’ conÉ°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ÅüË îËü∆lç: Q) Year by year, Year after year, Every other year

Every other year he goes to the US =

Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? üËEo á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? üµ¿†, £j«-ü¿®√--¶«-ü˛. i) Year by year = Every year. v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÅE. Year by year, he is growing richer and richer. (Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ææç´-û√q-®√-EéÃ, ÅûªúÕ

Ææç°æü¿ °J-T-§Ú-ûÓçC).

Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç NúÕ* Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Åûªúø’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’. Q) a, e, i, o, u©ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u °æü∆© ´·çü¿’ An ®√¢√L éπü∆! Å®·ûË University, European ™«çöÀ °æü∆© ´·çü¿’ 'A' áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç?

N. í¬çDµ §ƒ-´’®˝, éÌ-ûªhí∫÷-úÁç. ï¢√•’: a/ an Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç – Å, Ç, É, Ñ, á, à, â, ä, ã, å – Ñ ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u English ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ 'an' ¢√úøû√ç. N’í∫-û√-¢√öÀ ´·çü¿’ 'a' ¢√úøû√ç. Ææçûªq-®√© ûª®Ω-•úÕ, ´ßª’Ææ’ Â°j°æúø’ûª’Ø√o, Åûªúø’ éπ≠d°æ æúÕ University, European, Ñ È®çúø’ ´÷ô©÷, °j† °æE-îË-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’. îÁ°œp† ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE Year after year his study continued = an ¢√úøç (European= ߪ‚®Ω-°œ-ߪ’Ø˛; University = Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©’í¬ ÅûªúÕ Åüµ¿u-ߪ’†ç ≤ƒTçC. ߪ‚E-´-JqöÀ – 'ߪ‚— ÅØË ¨¡•lç Å †’ç* å ´®Ωèπ◊ ÖçúË Every other year = alternate year ûÁ©’í∫’ ¨¡¶«l™x ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.) Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´÷Ja (NúÕ*) Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ii) Year after year = continuously, without brake. Year after year passed, he continued to work hard, though he was getting older and older

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTING (Only Spoken Form) Reporting Verb Present

Reporting Verb Past

Naresh wants to know where Ramesh is coming from. Ramesh is coming from his uncle's place. Naresh observes that Ramesh goes there frequently and asks him if he doesn't?

Naresh Wanted to know where Ramesh was coming from. Ramesh was coming from his uncle's place. Naresh observed that Ramesh went there frequently, and asks him if he didn't.

Ramesh: I do. He asks Ramesh agrees that he goes there me to eat there quite often as his uncle asks him to eat there often. quite often.

Ramesh agreed that he went there often as his uncle asked him to eat there quite often.

Naresh: Hasn't he a daughter? Ramesh: What are you driving at?

Naresh wonders if he hasn't a daughter. Ramesh wants to know /wonders what Naresh is driving at.

Naresh wondered if he hadn't a daughter

Naresh: I've been wondering all these days why you go there so often. Now know. Ramesh: What do you know?

Naresh has been wondering all these days why Ramesh went there so often. Now he knows.

Ramesh wanted to know/ wondered at What Naresh was driving at. Naresh had been wondering why Ramesh went there so often. Now he knew.

Ramesh is asking Naresh what he knows.

Ramesh asked Naresh what he knew.

Naresh: A Marriage in Naresh hopes for a marriage in the offthe offing. ing.

Naresh hoped for a marriage in the offing.

Ramesh: I'm sorry I am going to disappoint you. Ramesh is sorry to disappoint Naresh. My uncle does have Ramesh's uncle does have a daughter daughter, but she is but she is already the mother of two already the mother of babes. two babes. Answers to the exercise under lesson no:

Ramesh was sorry to disappoint Naresh. Ramesh's uncle did have a daughter but she was already the mother of two babes.

Naresh: Where are you coming from? Ramesh: from my uncle's Naresh: You go there, frequently, don't you?

DIRECT SPEECH

197

Reporting Verb Past tence According to rules

Spoken Form

Prabhakar wanted to know Prabhakar: Hi Divakar Prabhakar asked Divakar when he when Divakar had come. had came. When did you come? Divakar: Hardly a few hours Divakar Replied that he had come Divakar had come hardly a hardly a few hours ago by the few hours ago by the Howrah ago, by Howrah Express Express Howrah Express. Prabhakar: Back home after Prabhakar asked observed that Prabhakar said that Divakar a long time, you feel happy, back home after a long time, he felt must be feeling happy to be don't you? But why are you happy and asked him if he didn't. back home after a long time, out so soon? He asked him however why he was but wondered why he was out Divakar: Oh, Just think of it what do I find as I step into home? Mom down with a fever.

out so soon. Divakar disappointed asked Prabhakar to think of what he found just as he stepped into home- mom down with a fever

so soon. Divakar was disappointed that as he stepped into home he found mom down with a fever.

Prabhakar wanted to be sure what train Divakar had come by and if it wasn't Howrah Express. He wanted to know why he was out. Divakar: I told you. mom has Divakar said that he had told him Divakar had already told him a fever and I'm going to get that mom has a fever and he was to his mom's fever and was some medicines What a going to get some medicines. He very unhappy he was going to bother! get some medicines. was not at all happy about it. Prabhakar: What train did You say you came by? Didn't you say Howrah Express? But why are you out?

Prabhakar asked Divakar what train he had said he came by, and if he hadn't said Howrah Express. He asked him why he was out.

Divakar: Damn these heavy Divakar cursed the rains, and said Divakar cursed the rains for being the cause of all these. rains! They are the cause of they were the cause of all those. all these. Prabhakar: Oh curse my Prabhakar cursed his memory, as Prabhakar cursed his memory, memory. I forgot to congratu- he forgot to congratulate Divakar on as he forgot to congratulate Divakar on his getting a new late on your getting new and his getting a new and better job . and better job . better Job. Divakar thanked Prabhakar Divakar, thanking Prabhakar said Divakar: Thank you, but I and wanted to rush. He had he had to rush and that he had must rush. I've been long been with him long and his been with him long. Mom must be with you. Mom must be wondering where I am. See you wondering where he was. He mom must be wondering would see him later. He said bye to where he was. He would see later Bye. him later and bade him bye. him.

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 18 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ report

îËߪ’ôç Öçô’çC. Spoken English ™ let ¢√úøéπç î√™«áèπ◊\´. ûª®Ωîª’í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Åçü¿’-éπE ÅC Ö†o sentences †’ ᙫ report îËߪ ÷™ ûÁ© ’-Ææ ’-éÓ´ôç î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç. ÅÆæ©’ let ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çõ‰ ÅC ᙫ report îËߪ÷™ Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç Å´¤ûª’çC. 1) Let = allow (Ææ´’t-Açîªôç/ã °æE îÁߪ’u-E-´yôç) •öÀd, ü∆Eo ´÷®Ω’ûª÷

Vinamra: Are you sure which train we are travelling by and on which date? (´’†ç à -võ„®·-Ø˛™ , à ûËD ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢Á÷

Kamal: Let's first finish the assignment (´’†ç ¢Á·ü¿ô Ñ assignment °æ‹Jh-îËü∆lç. Report: (Reporting Verb - Past) Vimal suggested that they (should) go to a

a) Let him go = Allow him to go = ¢√úÕ-E ¢Á∞¡xF. b) Let the milk boil = Allow the milk to boil =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

§ƒ©’ ´’®Ω-í∫-F/-é¬-í∫F. c) Let her come in = Allow her to come in =

200

Fèπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Vismaya: Of course I am. We are going by the AP Express on the 30th. Let there be no doubt about it.

(áçü¿’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’?´’†ç 30-† -á.°œ. áé˙qvÂ°Æˇ™ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç.) (Of course I am – ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç àçöÃ? ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅE.)

Ç¢Á’†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ®√F (®Ω´’t†’). us ´·çü¿’ let (let us...) ¢√úÕûË ÅC v°æA-§ƒü¿†/Ææ÷ (proposal/ suggestion) Å´¤-ûª’çC. a) Let us go now = ´’†ç ¢Á-∞¡-ü∆ç °æü¿.

2)

b) Let us (Let's) have some thing to eat = é¬Ææh àüÁjØ√ Açü∆ç.

(´’J- -J-ïÍ®y-≠æ-Ø˛ Ææçí∫-ûËç-öÀ?) Vismaya: That's the travel dept's business. Let them do it.

(ÅC v°æߪ÷ùN¶µ«í∫ç ¢√-∞¡x ¶«üµ¿uûª. -Ç °æE ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËߪ÷-L.) (-´’-J -úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ -v°æ-ߪ÷-ù -à®√p-ôx Ææçí∫-A?) Vismaya: It's not our business. Let his PA (personal assistant) take care of them.

(´’†èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Çߪ’† °œ.-á. îª÷Ææ’éÓ-¢√Lq† N≠æߪ’ç ÅC.) Vinamra: How long are we to be in Delhi

movie./ Vimal suggested going to a movie. / Suggested to a movie. Kamal then suggested that they finish the assignment first/ suggested finishing the


Lecturer: Let all the students take the test without fail.

(Åçü¿®Ω’ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ÷L – ÉC command éπü∆) Report: a) The lecturer orders that all the students take the test without fail. (Reporting VerbPresent) b) The lecturer ordered all the students to take the test without fail. (Reporting Verb - Past)
Sub - inspector: Let him not do it again (Åûª-EC ´’S} îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’– warning) Report: a) The sub - inspector warns him not do it again. (Reporting Verb - Present) b) The sub - inspector warned him not to do it again (Reporting Verb - Past)

Let us not trouble him

Vinamra: Then what about the reservation.

Vinamra: What about the director's travel arrangements?

2

c) Let us not trouble him

-Å-ûª-úÕ-E ´’†ç ¶«üµ¿-°-öÔdü¿’l. 3) Let †’ Warning É´y-ú≈-EéÀ (£«îªa-Jç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ) èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. a) Let him not come here again

-Å-ûª-úÕ-E ´’S} Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√F-ߪ’èπ◊/ ®√´-ü¿lE îÁ°æ¤p/ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿’. b) Let him understand we are not afraid of him

assignment. (Observe the use of suggest in the sentences above) É™«Íí Let †’ Warning èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË Warn/ Warns/ Warned, Command èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË Command/ Commands/ Commanded ÅF Spoken English ™ report begin îË≤ƒhç.

let †’ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’†ç Reporting verb áç°œéπ îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L ÅE Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC éπü∆. Let's now try to report a part of the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. Exercise: Report the rest of the conversation at the beginning of the lesson with the reporting verb in the present and the past tense.

É™«

(´’†ç -úµÕ-Mx-™ áEo ®ÓV-©’ç-ú≈L?) Vismaya: Let's make the best of the trip. Let's stay there for two or three days after the conference. We can do a bit of shopping and sight seeing too.

(Ñ v°æߪ÷-ù«Eo ´’†ç ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç. Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç ûª®√yûª Åéπ\úø È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©’çü∆ç. é¬Ææh -≥ƒ°œçí˚, ÂÆj-ö¸Æ‘-®·çí˚ èπÿú≈ îËü∆lç.) Make the best of = üË-E-ØÁj-Ø√ ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç.

Åûª-†çõ‰ ´’†Íéç ¶µºßª’癉ü¿E -Å-ûª-úÕ-E Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’-éÓF. DIRECT SPEECH

c) Let her know her limits

Ç¢Á’ £æ«ü¿’l©’ Ç¢Á’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C. d) Let †’ order/ command èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. a) Let him finish the work in an hour

í∫çô-™ °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷L. b) Let them clear all this mess -

Ñ éπçí¬S Åçû√ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¨¡Ÿv¶µº-°æ-®Ω-î√L. 5) ´’† E®Ωx-é¬~ uEo ûÁ©°æú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

let

a) Let him complain to the police. What do I care = Police èπ◊ complaint îËÆæ ’éÓ-´ ’†’/îËÆæ ’éÓF. Ø√Íéç

Sight seeing =

°æ®√u-ôéπ Ææn©ç îª÷úøôç. Vinamra: Won't the director object?

¶µºßª’ç ™‰ü¿’. (´’J úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ Ŷµºuç-ûª®ΩçîÁ-G-ûË-ØÓ?/ úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ Ŷµºu-ûª®Ωç îÁ°æpú≈?)

b) Let the government do it =

ÅC v°æ¶µº’ûªyç îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE. ÉN let èπ◊†o Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. ´’†ç let ûÓ Ö†o sentences †’ report îËÊÆ-ô°æ¤púø’ ü∆E Å®√nEo, ¢√úÕ† Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd reporting verbs, order, warn, request, ask ™«çöÀN ¢√ú≈L. I. ´·êuçí¬ let Ö†o sentence ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ Imperative í¬ Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd ü∆Eo imperative sentence †’ report îËÆ œ-†ô’x, Åçõ‰ let ´·çü¿’ to let °öÀd v§ƒ®Ωç-GµÊÆh ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC éπü∆.

M. SURESAN

Vismaya: Let him. But why should he? We are going to stay there for the extra days, at our expense.

(îÁ°æpF. ÅÆæ©’ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ§ƒpL? Ç È®çvúÓ-V©’ ´’†ç ´’† ê®Ω’a© O’ü¿ Öçö«ç.) Vinamra: Let's tell him of it in advance. Getting leave for the two days will be easy.

(Å®·ûË ÑN≠æߪ’ç Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ´·ç-üË îÁ-•’--ü∆ç. Å°æ¤púø’ Ç È®ç-úø’®Ó-V-©èπ◊ ÂÆ©´¤ BÆæ’éÓ-´úøç -Ææ’-©-¶µºçí¬ Öçô’çC.) Vismaya: Why are you so worried about it? Let him not grant leave. He will see what happens.

(àçôçûª éπçí¬®Ω’ °æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? ÂÆ©-N-´yèπ◊çú≈ ÖçúøF îª÷ü∆lç. Çߪ’-†Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.) °j Conversation ™ let î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´*açC. Let Ö†o sentences †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îËߪ÷L. Let †’ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd, ü∆E-èπ◊†o Å®√nEo

Prasad: Let me go. I have work to do. Pramod: Let me know first when we have to start. Report (Reporting Verb - Past) Prasad asked Pramod to let him go as he had work to do. Pramod in reply asked Prasad to let him know first when they had to start. II. Let, suggestion èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË, suggest ÅE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-

îª-´îª’a. Vimal: Let's go to a movie

(ÆœE´÷Èé∞«lç °æü¿/ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?) (Let's - Let us)

REPORT (Spoken Form) Reporting Verb Present tense

Reporting Verb Past tense

Vinamra: Are you sure Vinamra asks Vismaya if she is sure which train we are which train they are travelling by and travelling by, and on on which date. which date?

Vinamra asked Vismaya if she was sure which train they were travelling by and on which date.

Vismaya is of course sure that they are going by the AP Express on the 30th. She assures Vinamra that there need not be any doubt about it.

Vismaya was of course sure they were going by the AP Express on the 30th. She assured Vinamra that there need not be any doubt about it.

Vinamra: Then what Vinamra wants to know about the about the reservation? reservation.

Vinamra wanted to know about the reservation.

Vismaya: That's the Vismaya points out that that's the travtravel dept's business. el dept's business and that they must take care of it. Let them do it.

Vismaya pointed out that that was the travel dept's business and they had to take care of it.

Vinamra: What about Vinamra likes to know/ would like to the director's travel know about the director's travel arrangements. arrangements?

Vinamra liked to know/ would know about the director's travel arrangements.

Vismaya: It's not our Vismaya dismisses it as not their busibusiness. Let his PA ness and says that, his PA must take care of it/ it is for his PA to take care of take care of it. it.

Vismaya dismissed it as not their business and said that the PA had to take care of it/ it was for his PA to take care of it.

Vismaya: Of course I am. We are going by the AP Express on the 30th. Let there be no doubt about it.

(dismiss =

´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ÖüÓu-í∫ç-™ -†’ç-* -Ö-üÓu-T-E-/ Ææ÷\-™¸, é¬-™‰-ñ ¸-™ -†’ç* Nü∆u-JnE BÊÆ-ߪ’ôç. Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç = ûÓÆœ-§ƒ-Í®-ߪ’-ôç/- éÌ-öÀd-§ƒ-Í®-ߪ’ôç). It is for him to do it = ÅC Åûª-úø’ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE. It is for the teacher to say if a student is clever or not = -N-ü∆u-Jn ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√ú≈ é¬ü∆ ÅE îÁ§ƒp-LqçC -öÃ-˝. Vinamra: How long Vinamra wants to know how long they are we to be in Delhi? are to be in Delhi.

Vinamra wanted to know how long they were to be in Delhi.

Vismaya suggests that they (should) make the best of their trip and that they (should) stay there for two or three days after the Conference.

Vismaya suggested that they (should) make the best of their trip and that they (should) stay there for two or three days after the Conference.

Vismaya: Let's make the best of the trip. Let's stay there for two or three days after the Conference.

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 20 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Pramila: Please remember that the party is at 7. Let's start here at 6. Let there be no delay.

(ð§Kd Ôè[ª-ÞœÙ-å-õ¸Ú. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁ. ÎJÙæ¨Ú¨ ñóŸªõªë¶-ô¢ë¯Ù. Îõú£uÙ àµóµ³uë]ªl.) Lakshmi: Let us remind Sneha of it too. Let's call her and tell her that she need not worry about conveyance. We'll pick her up on our way to the party.

(›úoÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ªìÙ Ð Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªh à¶ë¯lÙ. êŸìÚÛª ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Óö° îµü‹xö° ÍE ÎÙëÁ-üŒì í£è•-ë]lE àµñªë¯Ù. ÷ªìÙ ð§KdÚ¨ îµü™xå-í£±pè[ª ë¯Jö˺ êŸììª ÚÛ«è¯ Bú£ª·Ú-üŒë¯Ù.) conveyance = ÚÛû¶y-óŸªûËÂq = ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ car, bike, scooter, cycle ö°Ùæ¨N. The company provides conveyance to the manager.

-1

Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë Kumar: Why should I do it? Let the company do it.

(û¶ûµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª à¶óŸ«L? ÚÛÙšíF à¶óŸ«L.) a) Kumar asks why he should do it and says that the company has to do it/ must do it (It is for the company to do it.). b) Kumar asked why he should do it and said that the company had to do it. Kumar said it wasn't his business and that it was for the company to do it. 4) ÖÚÁ\-þ§J let ìª command (Îác)ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ should/ must/ have to/ has to/ had to ÷ú£ªhÙC. Rajesh: Let them finish the work by 10.

(í£C ÚÛö°x î¦üŒ‰x í£E í£²Jh à¶óŸ«L.) a) Rajesh orders that they should finish the work by 10. b) Rajesh ordered that they should/ must/ had

with him. Syam said he would n't as he must not leave office then/ as he was not to leave office then. 2) Ramesh: May I know why you stopped me?

(û¶-á-ôÂÚÛª ÚÛÙšíF ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ ÚÛLp-ú£ªhÙC– ÍÙç¶ ÚÛÙšíF Ú¥ô¢ª Ïú£ªhÙC.) Pramila: OK. We must, not waste any more time now. We must buy some present for the bride and the groom. We must have our faces done up too.

(ÏÙ¸ÚÙ ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. ÷ªìÙ ÚÛ«è¯ šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L.) Have our faces done up = ٠ìªìoÞ¥ Ú¥ÙA-÷Ù-êŸÙÞ¥ ÚÛEí‡Ù-à¶-ö°Þ¥ ඛú facial. facial - šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ – šíÆ ûË•Ú¨\ í£õª-ÚÛªê¦Ù. Lakshmi: I need not have the facial. I had it just yesterday.

(û¦Ú¨-í£±pè[ª šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ ÍÚÛ\-¸ôxë]ª. Eìoû¶ à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÛªû¦o.) Pramila: We have go to the bank or the ATM too. We have to draw some money.

(÷ªìÙ ò°uÙÚÂ-ÚÛª-Þ¥F, Ôæ©-Ó-îªڨޥF îµü‹xL. è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÁ-î¦L.) ATM ÍÙç¶ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛë¯ – Automated Teller Machine - Bank card Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ# è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÛª-û¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª Ñìo machine. draw money = Banks ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨ ìªÙ# è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù = withdraw.

Óí£±pèµí£±pè[ª LET? to finish the work by 10. 5) Let ìª ÖÚÛ ÍòÅ¡u-ô¢nì (request) ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Prasad: Vinod let me have some money please.

(NûËÁë û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ú£h è[ñªs Ï÷±y.) Prasad requested Vinod to let him have some money/ requested Vinod for some money. 6) Let êÁ Eô¢x¤ÛuÙ êµLóŸª-â¶þ§hÙ. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ not care, not mind ÷ú£ªhÙC.

(ÍÚÛ\¸ôxë]ª. û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙC è[ñªs.)

(û¶E-í£±pè[ª è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-î¦-Lqì Í÷ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯? ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs ú£J-ð¼-꟪Ù-ë]Ù-æ°î¦?) Pramila: I think the money I've should be enough. You needn't bring any.

(÷ªìÙ ÍÚÛ\è[ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÑÙè[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. ÏêŸô¢ í£ìªõª àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÁ-è¯-EÚ¨ êŸyô¢Þ¥ AJT ô¦î¦L.) I. ÷ªìÙ Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛ« let ÚÛª Ñìo NNëÅ] Íô¦nõª, Ñí£óµ«Þ¥õêÁ Ñìo sentences ìª Óö° report à¶óŸ«ö˺ àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. î¦æ¨E ÷ªôÁ-þ§J ÚÛªxí£hÙÞ¥ Þœªô¢ªh à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙë¯Ù. 1) Let ÍÙç¶ ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ôëµjû¦ ú£«#Ù-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨/ ú£«àŸì à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨/ ví£A-ð§-ë]-ìÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù– Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ suggest î¦è[ê¦Ù. Hema: Let's go home. Report: Hema suggests/ suggested that we (should) go home. 2) Let ìª Ôëµjû¦ àŸô¢uÚÛª í‡õªí£± Ï÷yè¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íí£±pè[ª call/ urge êÁ report - à¶þ§hÙ. Leader: Let's all be united.

(÷ªìÙ ÍÙê¦ ÔÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°Ù.) The leader called/ urged the followers to be united. Reporting verb calls/ urges ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ present tense ÑÙè•àŸªa. 3) ÷ªìÙ Ïà¶a ÖÚÛ Îác. ë¯E Í÷ªõª ÷ªì à¶êŸªö˺x ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-÷àŸªa. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ must ÷ú£ªhÙC.

Spoken English

(ììªo ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Îð§ôÁ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷à¦a?)

î¦è[-÷àŸªa.

(·ôèÂ-öµjæËÀ îµõª-Þœª-꟪-ìo-í£±pè[ª ôÁè ë¯åÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – Eù‡ë]lÄÙ.) Report (Past reporting verb):

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 201

a) Ganesh: How long have I to wait?

(ÓÙêŸ ›úí£± ÑÙè¯L?) Mahesh: You need not wait. Report: Ganesh wanted to know how long he had to wait. Mahesh told him he need not wait/ Would not have to wait/ did not have to wait. b) Sridhar: Need I pay any money now?

M. SURESAN

(Ïí£±pè[ª è[ñªs àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯?)

Pramila: Then we had better hurry up. Lakshmi: Need I get money now or do you have it?

Lakshmi: We must not spend much time there. We have to get back to make other arrangements.

Need I do it now itself? = Must I do it now itself? = û¶ìC Ïí£±pè¶ àµóŸ«uö°? Need ìª report ö˺ past formö˺ must ö°Þ¥û¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. Naresh: Need I do it now? DEÚ¨ report: Naresh asked if he had to do it then. ★ Need not (need ìª not êÁ– à¶óŸ«Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª), report ö˺ past tense reporting verb Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© need not Íû¶ ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ wouldn't have to (would not have to) ÍE ÷«ô¢a-÷àŸªa. ö¶ë¯ did not have to ÚÛ«è¯

Policeman: You must not cross the road against the red light.

Ramesh wanted to know why the policeman had stopped him. The policeman said that he must not cross/ was not to cross the road against the red light. 3) Principal: Students must not be late to classes. Report: (Past reporting verb)- The Principal said/ ruled that the students must not be/ were not to be late to classes. ÍÙç¶ ÖÚÛ E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-⶛ú Íô¢nÙêÁ must not î¦è…ê¶, ÍC report ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ must not Þ¥û¶

Lakshmi: We need not. I've enough cash.

(û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs ú£J-ð¼-î¦L. F÷± Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-ì-÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ªö¶!)

Íû¶ Íô¢n ÑÙC.

Let us remind Sneha of it too... Satish: He may report to the police. Rajesh: Let him. When Satish said he might report to the police, Rajesh said he didn't mind/ he didn't care. Let ìª ÷ªìÙ conversation ö˺ î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª

ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ÷«ô¢aÙ. ÏÚÛ need Nù£óŸªÙ àŸ«ë¯lÙ.

Need ÚÛª

ë¯ë¯í£±

Direct Speech Pramila: Let's remember that the party is at 7. Let's start by 6. Let there be no delay.

ÏN. II.

÷ªìÙ ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ÙC: Must, should, have to, has to Ñìo direct speech report à¶ú‡ì-í£±pè[ª past tense reporting verb Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. ÏC NCÅÞ¥, Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ÷õxûËÁ Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. Kesav: I must go now - Direct speech. Kesav said he had to go then - Report (Reporting verb- past). Íô³ê¶ must not ÍE direct speech ö˺ ÖÚÛ í£E à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«è[ë]E ø‹øŒyêŸ E›ùëÅ]Ù Ñìo-í£±pè[ª report ö˺, reported verb past tense Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© must not ìª must not Þ¥û¶ ÑÙàŸªê¦Ù. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ wasn't/ weren't to + 1st RDW î¦è[ê¦Ù. Reporting verb present tense Íô³ê¶ ú£÷ª›úu ö¶ë]ª. Verb formìª ÷«ô¢aÙ. 1) Pran: Why don't you come with me? Syam: No. I must not leave office now.

(û¶E-í£±pè[ª Îíƈú£ª ÷CL ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – ÏÚÛ\è[ ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª Íû¶C E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-â¶-þ¼hÙC.)

ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Report: Reporting verb past tense. Pran wanted syam to go

must

Sri Ram: You need not pay a single paisa now.

(ìª÷±y ÖÚÛ šíjú£ ÚÛ«è¯ àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.) Report: Sridhar wanted to know if he had to pay any money then. Sri Ram told him that need not pay a single paisa then/ did not have/ did not need to pay a single paisa then. ÏO must not, need, need not ìª reporting verb past tense êÁ report ඛúåí£±pè[ª Þœªô¢ªhÙ-

àŸªÚÁî¦Lqì Nù£-óŸ«õª. Now let us try to report a part of the conversation at the beginning of the lesson (see table)... Report (Spoken form)

Reporting Verb (Present)

Reporting Verb (Past)

Pramila reminds Lakshmi that the party is at 7 and suggests that they (should) start by 6. She wants no delay.

Pramila reminded Lakshmi that the party was at 7 and suggested that they (should) start by 6. She wanted no delay.

(suggest/ sugested Þ¥E/ ÖÚÛ\ 1st RDW

êŸô¦yêŸ Óí£±pè[« Þ¥F ÷ú£ªhÙC.)

should + 1st RDW

Lakshmi: Let's remind Sneha of it too. Let's call her and tell her that she need not worry about conveyance. We'll pick her up on our way to the party.

Lakshmi suggests they (should) remind Sneha of it too. She suggests that they (should) call her and tell her that she need not worry about conveyance. They will pick her up on their way to the party.

Lakshmi suggested that they (should) remind Sneha of it too. She suggested that they (should) call her and tell her that she need not/ did not have to worry about conveyance. They would pick her up on their way to the party.

Pramila: OK. We must not waste any more time now. We must buy some present for the bride and the groom. We must have our faces done up too.

Pramila agrees and says they must not waste any more time then. They must buy some present for the bride and the groom. They must have their faces done up too.

Pramila agreed and said that they must not waste/ were not to waste any more time then. They had to buy some present for the bride and the groom. They had to have their faces done up too.

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 20 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 GENERAL INTELLIGENCE

west. In what direction was he actually travelling?

1. If PALAM could be given the code no 43, what code no can be given to SANTACRUZ ? A) 123

B) 120

C) 85

D) 75

2. If diamond is called gold, gold is called silver, silver is called ruby and ruby is called emerald, which is the cheapest jewel ? A) Diamond

B) Silver

C) Ruby

D) Gold

3. If water is called blue, blue is called red, red is called white, white is called sky, sky is called rain, rain is called green and green is called air, which of the following is the colour milk? A) White

B) Sky

C) Air

D) Green

4. Find the missing number ?

6

7

5 ? 15 3

9 89 5 3

18 4 50 1 8 A) 69

B) 93

C) 99

D) none of these

5. Find the missing number ?

3 6 12 9

5 10 20 15

4 8 16 ?

A) South

B) North

C) East

D) West

12. One evening before sunset two friends Sham and Ram were talking to each other face to face. If Ram's shadow was exactly to his right side which direction was Sham facing ? A) West

B) North

C) South

D) Data in adequate

13. Abdul ranked ninth from the top and thirty eighth from the bottom in a class. How many students are there in the class A) 46

B) 47

C) 48

B) 10

C) 12

D) 20

(Directions 6 to 7) choose the best alternative as the answer.

D) 45

14. In a class of 60, where girls are twice that of boys, Kunal ranked seventeenth from the top. If there are 9 girls ahead of kunal, how many boys are after him in the rank ? A) 5

B) 7

C) 9

D) 12

15. A bus for Pune leaves for every 30 minutes from a bustand in Mumbai. Enquiry clerk told a passenger that the bus had already left 10 minutes ago and the next bus will leave at 9.35 am. At what time did the enquiry clerk give this information to the passenger ? A) 8.55 am

B) 9.05 am

C) 9.10 am

D) 9.15am

16. A monkey climbs 30 feet at the beginning of each hour and rests for a while when, he slips back 20 feet before he again starts climbing at the beginning of the next hour. If he begins at 9.00 am, at what time will he first touch a flag at 120 feet from the ground ? A) 5.00pm

A) 8

B) 6.00pm

C) 7.00pm these

D)

None

A) Nurse

B) Bed

A) 128

C) Doctor

D) Telephone B) Animals D) Height

8. Five boys took part in race. Rakesh finished before Manoj but behind Gajanan. Ashok finished before Sanjeev but behind Manoj. Who won the race ? A) Rakesh

B) Gajanan

C) Manoj

D) Ashok

o 9. Gopal is facing east. He turns 100 in the o clock wise direction and then 145 in the anti clock wise direction. Which direction is he facing now ?

A) East

B) North

C) North to East

D) South to West

10. Rahul goes to 30 meters North, then turns right and walks 40 meters then again turns right and walks 20 meters, than again turns right and walks 40 meters. How many meters is he from his original position ? B) 10

C) 20

D) 40

11. A direction pole was situated on the crossing. Due to an accident the pole turns in such a manner that the pointer which was showing east, started showing south. One traveller went to the wrong direction thinking it to be the

2. The doctor is the grandfather of F, who is a Psychologist .

A) 42

B) 40

C) 36

D) 44

A) 876

B) 786

C) 785

24. If LADY is coded as 11-0-3-24, how will MAN be coded ? A) 13-1-14

B) 12-0-13

C) 12-0-14

D) 13-0-14

B) 10

C) 13

D) 11

26. If 10th of a month falls three days preceding Sunday on what day will 22nd of the month fall? A) Tuesday

B) Friday

C) Wednesday

D) Thursday

B) 16

C)25

D) Non of these

28. If Rahul finds that he is 12th from the right in a line of boys and 14th from the left, how many boys should be added to the lines so that there are 28 boys in the line ? A) 12

B) 13

16

9

C) 14

?

20 A) 60

B) 50

C) 25

D) None of these

18. I was born August 11. Mohan is younger then me by 11 days. This year, independence day falls on Monday. On what day will Mohan's birthday fall this year ? A) Monday C) Sunday

29. A bus for Delhi leaves every thirty minutes from a bus stand. An enquiry clerk told a passenger that the bus had already left ten minutes ago and the next bus will leave at 9.35a.m. At what time did the enquiry clerk give the information to the passenger ?

R R B

12

6

B) Wednesday D) Can't say

19. If Ram is richer then Shyam but not so rich as mohan then Sham is ? A) Poorer than Ram

A) 9.10 a.m

B) 8.55 a.m

C) 9.08 a.m

D) 9.15 a. m

30. One morning after sunrise, Gangadar was standing facing a pole. The shadow of the pole fell exactly to his right, which direction was he facing? A) East

B) South C) West

D) Data inadequate

31. In an examination Raj got more marks than Moti but not as many as meena. Meena got more marks than Ganesh and Rupali, Ganesh got less marks than Moti but his marks are not the lowest in the group. Who is second in ascending order of marks ?

B) Richer than Mohan

A) Meena

C) Poorer than Mohan

C) Raj

B) Ganesh D) Cannot be determined

D) Richer than Ram 20. 5 bags A, B, C, D and E are Lying in pile one above the other if A is above B, C is above D but below E and D is above A, which bag is in middle ? A) A

B) B

C) D

D) E

32. what is the profession of the E A) Doctor

B) Manager

C) Psychologist

D) None of these

A) Brother

B) Uncle

C) Father

D) Grandfather

34. How many male members are there in the family A) One

B) Three

C) Four

D) Can't determined

35. what is the profession of A

27. Raju's Birthday is on the third Thursday of the month which begins on Monday what is the birth date of Raju ? A) 15

4. C, the jeweller is married to the lawyer.

33. How is A related to E

25. If I am sixth in the queue from either and how many persons are in the queue? A) 12

3. The Manager 'D' is married to A 5. B is the mother of F and E ,

D) 867

D) 20

9

16

D) 173

23. If 123 stands for 987, than 234 stands for ?

KASEEM JAGATI

C) Snow

C) 1270

of

7. A hill always has A) Trees

B) 120

22. 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ?

17. Find the missing number ?

4

Psychologist, Manager lawyer, Jeweller, Doctor and Engineer.

21. 3,10,29,74, ?

6. A hospital always has a

A) 0

II

Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂ

(Directions 32-36) Read the following information carefully and answer the questions given below: 1. There is a group of six persons A, B, C, D, E and F from a family. They are

A) Doctor

B) Lawyer

C) Manager

D) None of these

36. Which of the following is one of the pairs of coupe in the family A) AB

B) AC

C) AD

D) None of these

. DIRECTIONS (37-41) : Notice carefully the following series and answer the questions based on them. A G L 2 0 K WC 3 R M N P D 4 H S T Y OE 6QUNFBKV8 37. Which is the seventh letter from your right ? A) H

B) Q

C) T

D) None of the above

38. If the first half is written in the reverse order then which number / letter will be third from the right to the 21st letter from your right ? A) P

B) U

C) L

D) W

39. Which amongst the following will be 5th from the 12th from the left if every second position is removed beginning from 2 ? A) M

B) V

D) 3

C) S E) None of these

40. One day immediately after sunrise, Gandadhar was standing in front of a pole. The shadow of the pole was falling exactly to his right. Which direction was he facing ? A) East

B) South

C) West

D) Date inadequate

E) None of these

1) A 2) C 3) B 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) D 9) C 10) B 11) B 12) C 13) A 15) D 16) C 17) C 18) A 19) C 21) D 22) A 23) A 24) B 25) D 27) D 28) B 29) D 30) B 31) B 33) D 34) D 35) A 36) C 37) C 38) C 39) E 40) A .

K 8) B D E 14) 20) C Y 26)C 32) D

(ô¢àŸô³êŸ šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺E Ú¥úˆîªq ú£dè†ú£J\öËÀ èµj·ôÚÛdôÂ)

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 22 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Vikas: (Do you) fancy eating something? (àüÁjØ√

AØ√-©-†’çü∆?) fancy = É≠ædç/É≠æd-°æ-úøôç. Conversational English ™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË ¢√∞¡x†’ v°æ¨¡o-©-úÕ-Íí-ô°æ¤p-úø’ Do you/ would you- (question v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’) ´C-™‰-ߪ’-´îª’a. °j† brackets ™ (Do you) îª÷°œ† Nüµ¿çí¬. eg:

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

trip to Tirupathi and other places in South India? (Do you) Know any thing about what he is doing about it?

(ÅC ÆæÍ®. ´’†ç A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ Éûª®Ω îÓôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. -Ç -N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* -E-"™¸ à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* àç îËÆæ’hØ√oúø’?) Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he

a) Mind waiting for sometime =

says. He is in touch, he has told me,

Do/Would you mind waiting for sometime?

with the travel agency which his uncle

Mind =

runs.

Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç

b) Like some coffee = Do/would you like some coffee?

(´÷´‚©’í¬ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡xûÓí¬F, Åçûª serious conversation é¬-†-°æ¤púø’ é¬F, É™« Do you/ would you ´C-™‰Æ œ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçúøô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË¢√∞¡xûÓ -´’-† ≤ƒEo-£œ«-û√uEo èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.) Suhas: Yea. I do feel like it. You do too, don't you? And how about some real good coffee to go with it?

(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ AØ√-©ØË -ÖçC. Fèπÿ\ú≈ éπü∆? ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ ´’ç* 鬰∂‘ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?) ´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ do, does and did †’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o -N-≠æ-ߪ÷-©-†’ -´’®Ó≤ƒ-J -ØÁ-´’®Ω’-¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç. 1st Regular Doing Word (come, go, sing, etc)†’ not ûÓí¬F, question ûÓé¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ do ´Ææ’hçü¿F,

ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Å™«Íí

Sumanth: He does

(ÅüËç Ææ´’Ææu é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’. ¢√∞¡x -Åçèπ◊-™¸†úÕÊ° -vö«-¢Á-™ ¸ -à-ï-FqûÓ Ææçv°æ-C-Ææ’h- †o-ô’x îÁ§ƒpúø’.) Be in touch - Ææç•çüµ¿ç °ô’d-éÓ-´ôç/ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª÷ Öçúøôç/ Contact ™ Öçúøôç.

(ûÁ©’Ææ’.)

Sumanth: He has given us permission but wants us to be careful during the journeys.

by this weekend, he says. That'll give us

( Çߪ’†

ᙫ

It is not going to be a problem at all, he says.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 202

Vikas: He expects to have everything planned

Vikas

Says- present tense

(-ü∆-Eí∫’-Jç-* -Ç-ߪ’-† à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?)

things?

(ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷-© í∫’-Jç-* éπ*aûªçí¬ -á°æ¤p-úø’ -îÁ-•’-û√-†-Ø√o-úø’.) Confirm - éπØ˛°∂æ¢˛’ – °∂æ-¢˛’ – bird ™ ™«í¬.-

í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æߪ’ç report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’?

Sundar: What does he say about it?

Suhas: When did he say he would confirm

Nikhil

™ report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. ÅçûË-é¬ü¿’ ´’†ç report îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ He says ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ééπ\úø he says, reported part *´®Ω ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Å™«Íí, He is in touch, he has told me, with the travel agency which his uncle runs. ÅØË sentence ™ èπÿ-ú≈ ´÷´‚©’í¬ Å®·ûË he has told me -¢√éπuç ´·ç-ü¿’ ®√¢√L. é¬F Ééπ\úø ´’üµ¿u™ ´*açC éπü∆. ÉC èπÿú≈ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-™ ÆæÈ®j-†-üË. a) The exams won't be postponed, the princi-

´÷èπ◊ -Å-†’-´’-A Éî√aúø’. é¬-F

pal says.

enough time for preparation.

II Regular Doing Word (goes, comes, sings, etc)

†’ not ûÓé¬F question -ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ does ´Ææ’hç-ü¿F, Past Doing Word (came, went, sang) †’ not ûÓ é¬F question ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ did ´Ææ’hç-C -Å-E -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. Å®·ûË do, does, did †’ not ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, question 鬆-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’ûª’çö«ç – ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. I do know him well - Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’. ÉC question é¬ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ do know Åçô’Ø√oç. ÉC ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’– Ø√éπ-ûª†’ ûÁ©’Ææ’ (-ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú--´ô-¢Ë’çöÀ?) ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫öÀdí¬ ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. I know him well ņôç éπØ√o I do know him well Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅE ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç. She does sing well (She sings well)

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ She does sing well Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ éπ*aûªçí¬ ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. Å™«Íí I did see him yesterday Åçõ‰ (I saw him yesterday) ؈’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-úÕ-E îª÷¨»-†E í∫öÀdí¬ (Emphasis ûÓ) îÁ°æpôç. ÉN O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’ôç î√™« ´·êuç. -É-™«-îËÊÆh O’ ¶µ«≠æ effectiveí¬ Öçô’çC. Vikas: Sure. Suggest a good place where we get real good stuff

'Íé-°∂ˇ— é¬-ü¿’ ... 'éπu°∂-ß˝’— (Ñ ¢√®√çû√EéÀ -§ƒx-Ø˛ îËߪ’ôç °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÅØ√oúø’. ´’†èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´y-ö«-EéÀ Ææ-J-°æ-ú≈ Æ洒ߪ’ç Öçô’çC.) Suhas: What were the places we would be visiting, did he say?

(´’†ç ¢Á∞Ï} -v°æ-üË-¨»--© -N-´®√--™‰¢Á’i-Ø√ îÁ§ƒp-ú≈?) Vikas: I don't exactly remember. Any way, he will be meeting us this evening.

(Ø√èπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ í∫’®Ω’h ™‰ü¿’. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ¢√úø’ ´’†Lo ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) ´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπÿ Direct Speech -†’ report îËߪ’ôç îª÷-¨»ç.– Reporting verb †’ present tense, past tense -™  -á-™« -J-§Ú®˝d -îË-ߪ÷-™  -îª÷-¨»ç éπ-ü∆. É°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îªü¿-´-¶-ßË’-N ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ

(Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿.) Suhas: Well, What does Nikhil say about our

C) Kumar: I (have) asked my mother to come,

MBA.

(Å®·ûË †’´¤y -áç-G-à îËߪ’¶-ûª’-Ø√o-´-†o-´÷ô). Rajesh: Yes. I am (Å´¤†’.)

B) Sunder: Does the Principal know about your excursion programme? (O’

N£æ…-®Ω-ߪ÷vûª í∫’-Jç-* O’ -v°œ-Eq°æ-™¸èπ◊

b) The students answer was wrong, the teacher says.

´’†ç Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢√∞¡x Ê°®Ω’ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ îÁ°æp-´’çö«ç. -D-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùç ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿-ô-îÁ-°œp†-°æ¤púø’ ÆæJí¬ N†-éπ-§Ú-´ôç -™‰-ü∆ NE ´’J-*-§Ú-´ôç ´©x. Å°æ¤púË´’çö«ç. O’ Ê°Í®-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? / O’J-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ*aç-üÁ-°æ¤p-úø-Ø√o®Ω’? É™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o©’ Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ. a) What did you say your name was? Look at the following words of Suhas from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. i) Suhas: When did he say he would confirm

but she says she will not come.

things?

(-ØË-†’ ´÷ Å´’t-†’ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’. é¬F ®√†-çC (®√†ç-öçC– ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ É™«Íí Åçö«ç éπü∆)

a) Nagesh: So, you are going to do

(éπ*aûªçí¬. ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘ Nagesh: Have you talked to your dad üÌJÍé àüÁjØ√ ´’ç* îÓô’ îÁ°æ¤p) about it? (Ç N≠æߪ’ç O’ (Real good stuff- Eïçí¬ ´’†èπ◊ †îËaô’x ´’ç*í¬ ÖçúË ´Ææ’h´¤.) M. SURESAN Ø√†oí¬JûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈¢√?) Rajesh: Yes. I have (´÷ö«x-ú≈†’.) (Ééπ\úø °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘. ´’S} í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’hØ√oç. öÀ°∂œØ˛ English ´÷ô é¬ü¿’. °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç/Ö§ƒ- Nagesh: What does he say? (Çߪ’-ØË-´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?) £æ…®√-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† English ´÷ô– Snack/ refreshment. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË Some thing to eat; Any thing Rajesh: He says he prefers my doing MCA to to eat? Åçö«®Ω’. Any eats? Let's have some doing MBA. eats ÅE èπÿú≈ informal í¬ Åçö«®Ω’. ( ؈’ MBA éπØ√o MCA îËߪ’ôç better Suhas: Nikhil often says that Cafe 'Shadruchi' ÅE -Ç-ߪ’-†ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.) is the place for good eats and coffee. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Rajesh ûª† Course N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ö«xShall we go there? úø-ôç í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç. Å®·Ø√ Nagesh Åûª-úÕ-E -à-´’-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’? What does he say? ÅE. (Cafe 'Shadruchi' ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…-®√-©èπÿ, coffee éÀ ÆæÈ®j† îÓô’ (The place) ÅE (Ééπ\úø does say ) (=says) present tense ™ E"™¸ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åçô’ç-ö«úø’. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Å™«Íí Rajesh ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ¢Á∞«l´÷? Cafe' - pronunciation - í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo èπÿú≈ He says ÅE preséπu°∂ß˝’ – éπu bank ™ ba ™«í∫ = °∂æ©-£æ…- ent tense ™ îÁ°æpôç -O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ÉC ®Ω-¨»©. ´÷´‚©’í¬ Íé°∂ˇ ÅE pronounce English ™ î√™« Ææ®Ωy≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. -É-™« -Å-†-ôç ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’. îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’ – ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.) Vikas: That suits me fine. Let's go

v°æߪ÷-ù«™x ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçúø-´’-Ø√oúø’). (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç– éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) Ñ conversation ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆ-üËçöÀ? Principal -à´’-Ø√o®Ω’– í∫ûªç– Å®·Ø√ English ™ What does he say - Present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí He wants us ÅE ´’S} present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. É-C ´’†ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. Spoken English™ É™« past conversation report îËÊÆ-ô°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ present tense ¢√úË≤ƒhç. ÉC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ practice îËÊÆh ´’† English Åçü¿çí¬, Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçô’çC.

Ñ

(Åûª†’ ´’†-èπ◊ -Å-Eo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ éπ*aûªçí¬ á°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’?) ii) Suhas: What were the places we would be

sentence 'I have asked my mother... not

visiting, did he say?

come; Kumar

¢√∞¡x´’tûÓ á°æ¤púÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ-† ûª®Ω-¢√ûª ¢√∞¡x´’t ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ report îËÆæ’hØ√o, she says ņôç í∫´’-Eç-î√L. ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ É™« îÁ§Òpa Kesav: I asked my mother to come. But she said she would not come. d) Sampath: Did you see the doctor?

(ú≈éπd-Jo Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-¢√?) Shanmukh: I did. He says the disease is not serious.

(´’†ç ¢Á∞Ïx Ü∞¡Ÿ} à´E îÁ§ƒpúø’?) Å™«Íí

When did you say the meeting would

be? (Meeting

á°æ¤p-úø’ç-ô’ç-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o¢˛?) (´’S} îÁ°æ¤p ÅE) Ñ ´‚úø’ Å稻©÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. 1) ´÷´‚©’ Spoken English form ™ äéÓ\-≤ƒ-J í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-† -Åç-¨»-©-†’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Present reporting verbs – He/she says, They feel; they want; he/she wants

(éπ-L¨»†’. ÉC Åçûª Bv´-¢Á’iç-üËO’ é¬ü¿çô’-Ø√oúø’ / é¬ü¿-Ø√oúø’.) ÉC (Past event †’ Present ™ report îËߪ’ôç) î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. Now look at the following part of the conversation at the beginning of the passage. Suhas: Well, what does Nikhil say about our

™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE ¢√úÕûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. 2) Conversation ™ ´’†ç report îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË He says, they said, he/she told (some one)

™«çöÀN sentence ´·ç-ü¿’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ sentence *´®Ω, ´’üµ¿u™ é¬F ®√´îª’a. 3) ´’†ç á´-J-ØÁjØ√ à-üÁjØ√ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊-†o°æ¤púø’

trip to Tirupathi and other places in

What did he say his name was?

South India? What is he doing about it?

™«çöÀ

sentence pattern

¢√-úøû√ç.

Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he

Exercise: Report (aloud) the whole conversa-

says. He is in touch, he has told with the

tion at the beginning of this lesson, with the

travel agency which his uncle runs.

reporting verb in the present as well as in the

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. a) Nikhil ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ E"™¸ à´’-†oD, Åçô’-Ø√oúø’? What does Nikhil say about...?

past tense. Suhas

ᙫ

-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 24 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sravya: You look gorgeous today. What a beautiful dress you are in! Who selected it for you?

(-Ñ®Ó-V †’´¤y î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ éπ-E-°œÆæ’hØ√o--´¤-. F -vúÁÆˇ áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ! á´®Ω’ ÂÆ-™„é˙d î˨»®Ω’ -DEo?) gorgeous (Pronunciation: 'í¬ïÆˇ– 'í¬— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Ö†o. áèπ◊\´í¬ American usage.) Lasya: That's my own selection.

(ÅC Ø√ áç°œÍé.) Sravya: This is more beautiful than the one you wore for Kavya's birthday party. (

é¬-´u °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -§ƒ-KdéÀ †’-´¤y -¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o vúÁÆˇ éπØ√o ÉC Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.)

Lasya: But Navya's dress was the most beautiful that day.

(é¬F Ç®ÓV †´u-vúÁÆˇ ÅEoöx Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.) Sravya: And you know she is the tallest of all of us too. That made her the lovelier than any other girl there.

(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûª†’ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ §Òúø-´¤ éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x -Ç®Ó-V Éûª-®Ω’©çü¿J-éπçõ‰ Åçü¿çí¬ Öç-ü¿éπ\-úø.) Lovely= beautiful= Åçü¿-¢Á’i†.

ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ ´uèπ◊h-©†’ ûª®Ω-ûª´’ -¶µ‰-ü∆©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç.

2

§ÚLa

These are the comparisons made in the conversation at the beginning of this lesson. 1) This (Lasya's today's dress) is more beautiful than the one you wore for Kavya's birth day party. dress Kavya birthday party

(ÉC – †’Oy-®ÓV ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o éÀ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o -vúÁÆˇ éπØ√o Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.)

2) But Navya's dress was the most beautiful that day=

Å®·ûË Ç®ÓV Åçü¿J -vúÁÆˇ™x -†-´u -vúÁÆˇ Åûªuçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.

3) ... She is the tallest of all of us too.

est superlative degree forms. 'st' b) finest, simplest, nicest, etcsuperlative degree forms. c) Y Y

*´®Ω ´îËa

ÉN *´®Ω

´îËa

ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ *´®Ω

(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ ûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Òúø-´¤.) 4) That made her lovelier than any other girl

ÅC -Ç-¢Á’-†’ Éûª-®Ω’© éπØ√o Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçúË™« îËÆœçC. 5) She is the cleverest girl among our friends who took the test.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(Ç -õ„-Æˇd ®√Æœ† ´’† -v°∂ç-ú˛q Åçü¿-J™ Ç¢Á’ Åûªuçûª ûÁL-¢ÁjçC).

203

6) Her Brother is even cleverer than she.

Ç¢Á’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁL¢Áj†¢√úø’. 7) No other candidate's rank in the town is so (as) good as his.

Ü®Óx à Éûª®Ω ŶµºuJn ®√uçé˙ èπÿú≈ Åûª-úÕ ®√uçéπçûª ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’.

iest superlative form healthiest (healthy); wealthiest,(wealthy) costliest (costly) etc. d) ful

BÊÆÆœ,

éπL°œûË

Å´¤-ûª’çC.

ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô-©-Eoç-öÀéÀ, ¢√öÀ ´·çü¿®Ω

Lasya: We have another party coming.

(´’†èπ◊ ûªy®Ω-™-ØË ÉçéÓ §ƒKd ÖçC.) Sravya: Who is giving that and what's the occasion?

(á´-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç àçöÀ?) Lasya: Divya is giving it. She has got the 25th rank in CAT. Common Admission Test –(CAT) Sravya: I'm not at all surprised. She is the cleverest girl among our friends who took the test.

(C´u É≤ÚhçC. ™ 25´ ®√uçé˙ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊.)

(-Åç-ü¿’-™ -Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ™‰ü¿’. Ç -õ„Æˇd ®√Æœ† ´’† v°∂ç-ú˛q Åçü¿-®Óx†÷ ûª†’ Åûªuçûª ûÁL-¢Áj-çC.) Lasya: Her brother is even clever than she (her). Last year he got the 18th rank in the IIT entrance test.

(Ç¢Á’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢Áj†-¢√úø’. í∫-ûËú≈C -â-â-öà -áç-võ„-Ø˛q -õ„Æˇd™ Åûª-úÕéÀ 18´ ®√uçé˙ ´*açC.) Sravya: Yea. No other candidate's rank in the town is so good as his.

îÁÊ°p °æ-ü¿l¥-A ¢Ë®Ω’...ÅçûË! 8) Few Parents are as lucky as they.

most superlative form i) beautiful - most beautiful (superlative) ii) skilful - most skilful (superlative) iii) pitiful - most pitiful ( superlative ) most e) superlative Interested - most interested; jealous - most jealous) COMPARATIVE DEGREE -er -r -ier more comparative i) Superlative form 'est' comparative form 'er'

îËJÊÆh

Åçûª Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Öçúø®Ω’. 9) Her elder sister is brighter than all of them but not so hard working.

¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J éπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢ÁjçC é¬F Åçûª v¨¡´’-°æ-úËC é¬ü¿’. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ Comparisons: §Ú©aôç English™ ´‚úø’ Nüµ∆-©’. -Åç-õ‰ ´‚úø’ degrees ™ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. 1) Positive degree 2) Comparative degree 3) Superlative degree (Degrees of comparison adjectives adverbs Adjectives –

èπ◊, èπÿ Öçö«®·. ´Ææ’h-´¤-©’, ´uèπ◊-©’, v°æü˨»-©’, ïçûª’-´¤-©’, -¢Á·-ü¿-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©†’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’.)

Å´¤-ûª’çC.

éÌEo Éûª®Ω ´÷ô-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈, ´·çü¿’ ´©x ´Ææ’hçC.(

*´®Ω,

, ,

í¬F ´·çü¿’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ

Eoç-öÀéÃ, éπ©’°æ¤û√ç.

îË®Ωaôç

í¬F ´ÊÆh ÅC

éπLÊ° ´÷ô-©îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ

Superlative tallest highest Comparative taller higher superlative form b) 'st' '-r ' comparative form Superlative finest simplest nicest Comparative simpler finer nicer c) Y Y iest superlative form ier comparative form Superlative healthiest costliest Comparative healthier costlier d) -ful most superlative form more comparative form Superlative Comparative most beautiful more beautiful most interested more interested

éπL°œ éπ-L°œ

îËÊÆ ´÷ô-©-Eo-çöÀéÃ, îË≤ƒhç.

ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, ûÓ îËÊÆ ™«í¬ØË, îË≤ƒhç.

BÊÆÆœ éπL°œ

ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’ °æü∆-©èπÿ, ´·ç-ü¿’°öÀd îËÊÆ °æü∆-©-Eoç-öÀéÃ, ´·ç-ü¿’ ¢√úÕûË, Å´¤-ûª’çC.

î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. ´’†ç à degree ¢√úÕ-Ø√ äéπõ‰ Å®Ωnç ®√¢√L. Positive Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ ÅE, comparative Åçõ‰ é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ÅF, superlative Åçõ‰ ÅEoç-öÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ÅF ņ’-éÓ-´ôç î√-™« °ü¿l -§Ò-®Ω-§ƒô’. Ñ degrees of comparison ´‚úÕçöx, degree - positive Å®·Ø√, comparative Å®·Ø√, superlative Å®·Ø√ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å™« äéπõ‰ Å®·-†-°æ¤púË ´’†ç correct í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†ô’d. Å®·ûË ´’†ç positive degree™ îÁ§ƒp™, comparative ™ îÁ§ƒp™, superlative™ îÁ§ƒp™ ´’† áç°œ-éπ†’ •öÀd, Ææçü¿®√s¥Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ: a) He is the tallest boy in the class (Superlative) = b) He is taller than any other boy/ all other boys, in the class (comparative) = boys c) No other boy in the class as so as tall as he (positive) =

- é¬xÆˇ Åçü¿-J-™ Åûª-úø’ §Ò-úø-´¤.

Éûª®Ω

é¬xÆˇ™ à Éûª®Ω/ Åçü¿-J éπØ√o Åûª-úø’ §Ò-úø-´¤.

é¬xÆˇ™ ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈ Åûª-†çûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’. ÅEo degrees Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ îÁÊ°p °æ-ü¿l¥-A ¢Ë®Ω’.ÅçûË.

eg: Tall, short, fine, beautiful, good, bad etc. Answer to Exercise under lesson No 201

(Å´¤†’. Ñ Ü®Ω’ ¢Á·ûªhç™ á´Jéà -Åç-ûª ´’ç-* ®√uçé˙ ®√-™‰-ü¿’.) Lasya: All of them are quite smart. Few parents are as lucky as they, in having such children.

(¢√Rxçöx Åçü¿®Ω÷ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√∞Ïx. Åçûª Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ü∆ü∆-°æ¤ -Öç-úø®Ω’.) smart= ≤ƒtö¸– ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– Åçü¿-¢Á’i† -ü¿’Ææ’h-™x Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Öçúøôç. Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç– ûÁL-N-í∫©.

M. SURESAN

Sravya: Her elder sister is brighter than all of them but no so hardworking,

(¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ߪ’u -Åç-ü¿-J-éπçõ‰ ûÁL-N-í∫©C. é¬F Åçûª éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆC é¬ü¿’.) Lasya: They're all sure of good careers. That's a thing to be happy about.

(¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´’ç* Nü∆u, ÖüÓu-í¬©’ ûªü∑¿uç. Å-C ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.) í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’: °j conversation Åçû√ §ÚLéπ (comparison)© v°æ≤ƒh-´ØË éπü∆. -E-ûªu -@-N-ûªç-™  ´’†ç §Ú©a-èπ◊çú≈ à Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ Öçúø-üË¢Á÷ éπü∆. äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ Ø√ùuûª, üµ¿®Ω†’, ÅüË ûª®Ω-í∫AéÀ -îÁç-C-† Éûª®Ω ´Ææ’h´¤© Ø√ùu-ûª, -üµ¿®ΩûÓ, äéπ ´uéÀhí∫’ù«-©’, Ç鬮Ωç, íÌ°æp-ü¿†ç, Éûª®Ω ´uèπ◊h© Ç鬮Ωç, íÌ°æp-ü¿†ç, í∫’ù«-©ûÓ §ÚLa à-C, á´®Ω’ áèπ◊\¢Ó E®√l¥-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ®√´-ô¢Á÷, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ í∫öÀdí¬ ¢√Cç--éÓ-´-ô¢Á÷ îËÆæ’hçö«ç éπü∆. Spoken English ™ Ñ §ÚL-éπ©-†’ -á-™« ´uéπh°æ®Ω’≤ƒh¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Grammar ™ Å®·ûË DEo Degrees of comparisons Åçö«-®ΩE ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÃ

O-ô-Eoç-öÀéÀ Å®·†, Å®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ ÅE, Ö†o ÅE, Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. tall = §Òúø-¢Áj†, á-ûÁkh-†, short = §ÒöÀdí¬ Ö†o, fine = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃߪ’-¢Á’i†, etc) Adverbs Åçõ‰, verb -îËÊÆ °æ†’©’ ᙫ ïJí¬®· ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç- ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ – äéπ í∫’ùç à¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ ÖçC ÅE ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ èπÿú≈ adverbs.)

Look at the following. a) No other actor is so tall as Amitabh Bachchan. We are comparing all other actors with Amitabh Amitabh Not so tall as tall positive degree. b) Amitabh is taller than any other actor/all other actors.

(à Éûª®Ω †ô’úø÷ ÅN’-û√-•-îªaØ˛ Åçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’.) Ééπ\úø §ÚLa á´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈ Åçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬-ü¿’ ÅE Åçô’Ø√oç – ÅE – Ééπ\úø

(ÅN’-û√¶¸ à Éûª®Ω †ô’-úÕ/-N’-í∫û√ Åçü¿®Ω’ †ô’-©-éπØ√o §Ò-úø-´¤.) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ we are comparing all other actors with Amitabh. ¢√∞¡}-éπØ√o Éûª†’ §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç. – Amitabh is taller than - Ééπ\úø taller, comparative degree. 1) Amitabh is the tallest of all actors Amitabh we are comparing all other actors with Amitabh -

Åçü¿®Ω’

†ô’--™x

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORT (Spoken ) Reporting Verb Present tense

Lakshmi: I need not Lakshmi says she need not have the have the facial. I had it facial. She had it done the day before. done just yesterday.

Lakshmi said she need not/ did not

Pramila: We have to Pramila says they have to go to the go to the bank or the bank or the ATM too as they have to ATM too. we have to draw some money. draw some money.

Pramila said they had to go to the bank or the ATM as they had to draw some money.

Lakshmi: We need Lakshmi says that they need not, as not. I have enough she has enough cash. cash.

Lakshmi said that they need not/ did not need to, as she had enough cash.

Pramila: Then we had Pramila suggests they had better hurry up. better hurry up.

Pramila suggested they had better hurry up.

Lakshmi: Need I get Lakshmi wants to know if she has to money now or do you get the money now or if she has it. have it?

Lakshmi wanted to know if she had to get the money then or if she had it.

Pramila: I think the Pramila says she thinks the money she money I have should has should be enough and that be enough. You need Lakshmi need not get any. not get any.

Pramila said she thought the money she had should be enough and that Lakshmi need not/ did not need to get any money.

Lakshmi: We must not Lakshmi says that they must not spend spend much time much time there as they have to get there. We have to get back to make other arrangements. back to make other arrangements.

Lakshmi said that they must not spend much time there as they had to get back to make other arrangements.

Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤. Ééπ\úø

¢√∞¡xçü¿J™ Éûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç. Ééπ\úø tallest superlative degree. ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1) *´®Ω +est, +st í¬F´ÊÆh ÅCsuperlative degree. a) tallest, highest, shortest, slightest, etc. ÉN

Reporting Verb Past tense need to have the facial. She had had it done the day before.

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 27 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Sundar: I feel that the food here is better than that in any other restaurant in this area. What do you think?

(Ð vð§ÙêŸÙö˺ Ñìo ÏêŸô¢ ·ôþ§d-·ôÙåx ÚÛÙç¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ íÆ£õô¢Ù ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. ìªî¶y÷ªìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦oîËÂ?) Madan: You're right. This is the best eatery around here.

Madan: My grand father reads these novels, a lot of them.

(÷« ê¦êŸÞ¥ô¢ª Ð ì÷õõª à¦ö° àŸë]ª-÷±ê¦ô¢ª.) Sundar: I remember your telling me that he was ill. How is he? Any improvement?

(ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙë]E ìª÷±y àµí‡pìåªx Þœªô¢ªh. Ïí£±p-èµö° Ñû¦oô¢ª? Ôiû¦ ô¢ª·ÞjÙë¯?)

(ìª÷±y àµí‡pÙC Eá! Ð àŸªåªd-í£-ÚÛ\õ Ïë¶ ÷ªÙ#C.) Sundar: The worst of all is the eatery next to the post office. You get sick once you eat any thing there.

(Î ð¼þ§d-íƈú£ª í£ÚÛ\ì ÑìoC ÍEoÙæ¨ ÚÛÙç¶ ÍëÅ]-÷ª-iÙC. ÖÚÛ-þ§J ÍÚÛ\è[ Ôëµjû¦ AÙç¶ î¦Ù꟪ö¶!) sick = áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù – ÓÚÛª\÷Þ¥ Ð Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ sick = î¦ÙA Íó¶ªuåªxÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íô¢nÙ ÑÙC.

-2

Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂ

Madan: No, unfortunately. He is worse than before.

(ö¶ë]ª, ë]ªô¢-ë]'-ù£d-÷-ø‹êŸªh ÏÙêŸ-ÚÛª-÷³Ùë]ª ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥ ÑÙC.) Sundar: I'm sorry to hear that. Hope he will recover soon.

(Nì-æ°-EÚ¨ ò°ëÅ]Þ¥ ÑÙC. êŸyô¢ö˺ ÚÁõªÚÛªÙæ°ô¢E ÎPþ§h!)

SUPERLATIVE: -ier à¶Ja comparative form ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – iest , – er à¶Ja comparative form ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – est , –r à¶Ja comparative form ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª -st, more ÷³Ùë]ª à¶Ja comparative form ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª most à¶Ja superlative

I am sick of these movies.

worse than that one. (worse - comparative of bad). 5) Is it better than the one I gave you last week? (better - comparative of good). 6) Unfortunately he is worse than before. (worse - comparative of ill).

(Ð ú‡E-÷«-õÙ-ç¶û¶ û¦ÚÛª î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªuåªx ÑÙC.) Once you eat there you get sick.

(ÍÚÛ\è[ AÙç¶ î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªu-åªxÙ-åªÙC.) Madan: No, I don't agree there. There are other restaurants which are worse than that one.

(Î Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ û¶ìª Öí£±p-ÚÁìª. ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñìo ÏÙÚ•Eo íÆ£õ-ô¢-ø‹-õõª ë¯E-ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oô³.) Sundar: But I can tell you this. As no other place are idlis so (as) bad as at that place.

(Ú¥F ÖÚÛæ¨ ÷«vêŸÙ àµí£p-Þœ-õìª. ÏÚÛ\-è[ªìoÙêŸ àµêŸhÞ¥ Ïè†xõª ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\è¯ ÑÙè[÷±.)

ÍEoÙæ¨ÚÛû¦o Íë¶ ÍëůyìÙ! Madan: So do we. (÷´ Íö°¸Þ ÎP-ú£ªhû¦oÙ.) Sundar: OK. See you. Time that I were at home.

(ÚÛõªë¯lÙ! Ïí£p-æ¨¸Ú ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙè¯-Lqì î¦è…E.)(Îõ-ú£u-iÙC) OK. See you = ÚÛõªë¯lÙ. Madan: Bye

degree form

à¶þ§h-÷ªF êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ ÚÛë¯. Íô³ê¶ Ð êµÞœ-õÚÛª àµÙë]E adjectives ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo Ñû¦oô³. î¦æ¨Ú¨ comparatives, superlatives form à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Ô EñÙëÅ]ìõ« í£E-Ú¨-ô¦÷±. î¦æ¨ comparatives, superlatives irregular Þ¥ form Í÷±-ê¦ô³. ÍN–

Madan: That is true, perhaps. OK. How good is the novel which you finished yesterday?

ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÚÛª,

(àµð§pìªÞ¥! Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸCNì Ô ì÷õ ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙêŸ Þ•í£pÞ¥ ö¶ë]E.)

ví£øŒo: 1. An unused old temple was given to Mother Theresa ÍE IX Class English text book (page no. 45) ö˺ àŸC-î¦ìª. ÏÚÛ\è[ unused ÚÛª ñë]ªõª disused ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè…. 2. Idioms with backgrounds book Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙç¶

ú£«#ÙàŸÙè….

– ÷ªëÅ]ª-ÚÛôÂ, êµû¦L à¦ö° ÷ªÙ# ví£øŒo. Íô³ê¶ disused Íû¶ë¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ correct. Unused ÍÙç¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ/ Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Íú£õª î¦è[E ÍE Íô¢nÙ. An unused old temple ÍÙç¶ Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Ïí£±pè[« î¦è[E í£±ô¦-êŸì ë¶î¦-õóŸªÙ ÍE Íô¢nÙ. Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè… ÍÙå« ÑÙè[ë]ª ÚÛë¯. Íö° Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ î¦è[-ÚÛÙö˺ ÑÙè…, Î êŸô¦yêŸ Ô Ú¥ô¢éÙêÁ Íô³û¦ ð§è[ªñè[f Þœªè… ÍE Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì sentence ö˺ òÅ°÷Ù. Íö°Ùæ¨ òÅ°÷Ù Ïà¶aC disused. Ú¥ñæ¨d unused Íû¶C ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. Disused ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª î¦è[ª-ÚÛ-ö˺-ö¶E, ÖÚÛ-í£±pè[ª (ÞœêŸÙö˺) Ñìo ÍE. Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè…û¶ Mother Theresa Ú¨à¦aô¢ª ÍE Íô¢nÙ.

áî¦ñª:

1.

2. Idioms with background book - 1) Oxford

a) India is the largest of all democracies in the world/ India is the largest democracy of all in the world ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íì-÷àŸªa. Íô³ê¶ ÍEoæ¨ ÚÛû¦o simplest form, India is the largest democracy in the world Íû¶C. Superlative degree ö˺ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª sentence structure. India is the largest democracy in the world. a) India (subject) + is (verb) + the + largest (superlative) + democracy. b) The Elephant is the strongest animal in the world. (subject + is (verb) + the + strongest (superlative) + animal). Superlative ö˺ sentence structure à¦ö° simple. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁî¦LqÙ-ë]ö°x superlative ÷³Ùë]ª the

÷ªìÙ

adjectives

adverbs ÚÛª comparative, superlative Óö° form

(Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸC-Nì ì÷õö˺x Ïë¶ Þ•í£pC.)

Sundar: I told you, no other novel I have read in years is so good as this one.

worst - superlative of ill. sentences àŸ«è[Ùè…. a) India is the largest democracy in the world. Ð î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ largest - superlative degree Íô¢nÙ:

ví£í£ÙàŸÙ îµ³êŸhÙö˺ òÅ°ô¢ê ÍA-šíë]l ví£â°-þ§y÷ªuÙ. Ïë¶ òÅ°÷Ù ÏÙÚÁ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥:

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 204

Sundar: It's easily the best I have read in years.

(û¶ìª FÚÛª ÞœêŸ-î¦ô¢Ù Ï#aì ì÷õ ÚÛû¦o ÚÛ«è¯ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?)

(ÎóŸªì í£J-ú‡nA îµ³ìo ò°Þ¥ ¤©é¨Ù-#ÙC.) Ïí£±pè[ª Ð Ú¨ÙC

(ÍC Eá! ú£¸ô! Eìo ìª÷±y í£²Jh à¶ú‡ì ì÷õ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?)

Madan: Is it better than the one I gave you last week?

ill = áñªsÞ¥ Ñìo. worse - áñªs/ î¦uCÅ ÓÚÛª\îµjì, ÷³C-Jì) 7) His condition was the worst the day before yesterday.

à¶þ§h àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. ÏÙêŸ÷-ô¢ÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ìoC– M. SURESAN COMPARATIVE: Ú•Eo í£ë¯õ #÷ô¢ – ier à¶Ja, ÷ªJ-Ú•-Eo-æ¨Ú¨ – er à¶Ja, y êÁ ÍÙêŸ-÷ªó¶ªu ÷«å-õÚÛª, y ñë]ªõª – ier à¶Ja, ÏÙÚ•Eo ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª more à¶Ja comparative degree form à¶þ§hÙ. Etymological Dictionary 2) Publications öËºì« ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-꟪ÙC.

Cambridge

ví£øŒo: Ð ÷´è[ª î¦Ú¥u-õÚÛª êµõªÞœª Íô¢nÙ àµí£pÙè…. 1. For that to happen. 2. Planning Commission deputy chairman Monteksingh Ahluwalia on saturday regretted that poverty reduction was not achieved to the desired extent during the years of planned development. 3. Pointing out that the growth process should have been more inclusive. , 1. for that to happen = ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶. e.g. I want to buy a car. For that to happen I need money.

ô¦î¦õE.. The worst of all is the eatery next to the post office. Positive Good, Well Bad, ill evil much, many

Comparative better worse worse more

Superlative best worst worst most

– ÖÚÛ ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛªè[ª Nø‹-Ü-í£åoÙ

áî¦ñª:

(û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦õE ÑÙC. ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶ è[ñªs-Ú¥-î¦L.) 2. ...that poverty reduction was not achieved to the desired extent during the years planned development.

(ví£é°RÚ¥ñë]lÄ ÍÙç¶ ÷ªì í£ÙàŸ-÷ô¢{ ví£é°-RÚÛ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¦ö˺x ›íë]JÚÛÙ êŸÞœª_-ë]õ ÷ªìÙ ÎPÙ#-ìÙêŸ áô¢-Þœ-ö¶ë]ª.) 3. Pointing out that the growth rate should have been more inclusive.

(ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ví£vÚ¨óŸª ÏÙÚ¥ú£h Nú£h'-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¯-LqÙC.)

You can see these irregular comparatives and superlatives in the conversation at the beginning of this lesson: Oå-Eoæ¨ Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª Ð lesson vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡Ùö˺ àŸ«è[-÷àŸªa. 1) I feel that the food here is better that in any other restaurant (better - comparative of good) 2) This is the best eatery around here. (best superlative of good). 3) The worst of all is the eaterie next to the post office. (worst - superlative of bad). 4) There are other restaurants which are

Spoken English

Comparative degree ö˺ Íë¶ meaning êÁ– a) India is larger than any other democracy in the world. comparative ö˺ structure a) India (subject) + is (verb) + larger (comparative) + than any other + democracy in the world. b) The Elephant is stronger than any other animal in the world. ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ šíj structure ö˺û¶ ÑÙè¯L. Positive: No other animal in the world is so (as) strong as the Elephant. Structure - ÏÚÛ\è[ No other êÁ begin Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-

EÙ-àŸÙè… – No other (sub) + verb + so + (positive degree) + as the Elephant. b) No other democracy in the world is as (so) large as India. No other + subject + is (verb) + as (so) + (positive degree) + as India.

ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

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G) Óè[yôÂf q ú‡ÙvèÁîª ú‡) è½ûËÂq ú‡ÙvèÁîª è…) vÚ©–è[«–-à¦æËÀ ö¶ë¯ Ú¥uæËÀ w·Új ú‡ÙvèÁîª 50) í£±ô¢ªù£ªö˺x ÷à¶a ·ÚkxûË šíÆõdô ú‡ÙvèÁîª Íû¶ vÚÁâɺ÷³ îµjí£-K-ê¦u-EÚ¨ Ú¥ô¢éÙ– Ó) 23÷ áêŸö˺ vêŸóŸª-ú‡n-AÚÛÙ G) 21÷ áêŸö˺ vêŸóŸª-ú‡n-AÚÛÙ ú‡) 18÷ áêŸö˺ vêŸóŸª-ú‡n-AÚÛÙ è…) 23÷ áêŸö˺ ÔÚÛ-ú‡n-AÚÛÙ 51) vÞ¥îª ûµT-æ¨îË ò°uÚ©d-JóŸ« ÚÛé°õ îµõª-í£õ Î÷-JÙ# ÑÙè¶ ò°ï£°u-ð»ô¢ (outer membrane) ë¶ÙêÁ êŸóŸ«·ôj ÑÙåªÙC? Ó) Lð¼ vð»æ©ìªx G) šíí‡dèÁ ·ÞkxÚ¥ûË ú‡) Lð¼-ð§-M-ø‹-Ü-·ôjè è…) šúõªu-ö˺âÉÀ 52) øŒK-ô¢Ù-ö˺E ÖÚÛ òŰޜ٠ìªÙ# ô¢ÚÛhÙ, øÉÁù£-ô¢ú£Ù ë¯yô¦ Ú¥uìqô ÚÛé°õª ÏêŸô¢ òÅ°Þ¥-õÚÛª î¦uí‡h àµÙë¶ Nëů-û¦Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? Ó) væ°ûËÂq-íÆ£-¸ôt-ù£ûË G) æ°-þ§d-ú‡úà ú‡) æ°-÷«-ôÁpÄ-ú‡úà è…) væ°ûËÂq-è[ÚÛ{ûË 53) ¤¥ô¢ vð»æ©ìªx Íô³ì þ¼d-ûËÂ-õö˺ ÍCÅ-ÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¶ ¤¥ô¢ ÍiûËÁ Î÷«xõª ÔN? Ó) öµjúˆûËÂ, ÎJb-FûË G) î¦öµjûËÂ, Õþ¼-õ«u-úˆûË ú‡) Îú£pÄ-JdÚ Î÷ªxÙ, ·Þkxú‡ûË è…) væ¨ð¼d-ðƧûËÂ, ú‡úˆdûË 54) 60S ·ôjò˺-âɺ÷³ Ñí£-ví£-÷«éÙö˺ ÑÙè¶ rRNA vð»æ©ìx ú£ÙíÆ£ª-åìÙ ÔC? Ó) 16S rRNA+21 vð»æ©ìªx G) 18S rRNA+30 vð»æ©ìªx ú‡) 23S rRNA+ 5SrRNA+31 vð»æ©ìªx è…) 28S+5.8S+5S rRNA+50 vð»æ©ìªx 55) ÏÙè…-óŸªûË ڥuìqô JšúôÂa šúÙåô ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC? Ó) ÷³Ùò°ô³ G) û¦ÞÂ-í£²ô ú‡) ÏÙèÁô è…) iú£«ô 56) ÏÙè…-óŸªûË îµå-ô¢oK JšúôÂa ÏûËÂú‡d-å«uæËÀ ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC? Ó) ÚÁóŸªÙ-ñ-꟫hô G) ÏáêÂ-ì-Þœô ú‡) Ú¥ì«pô è…) ÷³Ùò°ô³ 57) šúÙvåöËÀ JšúôÂa ÏûËÂqú‡d-å«uæËÀ íÆ£ô wèµjö°Ùè ÍvT-ÚÛõaô (CRIDA) ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC? Ó) ì«uèÅ…Mx G) òµÙÞœª-üŒŠô¢ª ú‡) šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë è…) àµûµjo 58) ÎöËÀ ÏÙè…óŸ« ÏûËÂú‡då«uæËÀ ÎíÆà šïj°@ûË ÍÙè í£GxÚ šï°öËÀh ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC? Ó) ÚÁöËÀÚÛê¦ G) íÆ£ª>óŸ«-ò°ë ú‡) Ít-ë¯-ò°ë è…) õÚÁo 59) ÏÙè[-ú‡Z-óŸªöËÀ æ°Ú¨q-Ú¥-õ@ JšúôÂa šúÙåô ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC? Ó) àŸÙè†íÆ£ªô G) ë]ªô¦_-í£²ô ú‡) õÚÁo è…) ÞœªõtôÂ_ 60) æ°æ° ÏûËÂú‡d-å«uæËÀ ÎíÆà íÆ£Ùè[-Ù-åöËÀ JšúôÂa (TIFR) ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC? Ó) ì«uèÅ…Mx G) òµÙÞœª-üŒŠô¢ª ú‡) àµûµjo è…) ÷³Ùò°ô³

K 1)8) ú‡G 2)9) GG3)10)è… G4) 11)ú‡ 5)G ú‡12)6)ÓÓ13)7) GÓ ú‡ 15) è… 16) G 17) è… 18) ú‡ 19) Ó E 14) 20) G 21) ú‡ 22) è… 23) Ó 24) è… 25) Ó G 27) è… 28) ú‡ 29) Ó 30) ú‡ 31) è… Y 26) 32) è… 33) G 34) è… 35) G 36) G 37) ú‡ 38) è… 39) ú‡ 40) è… 41) Ó 42) G 43) è… 44) ú‡ 45) è… 46) è… 47) G 48) ú‡ 49) è… 50) Ó 51) ú‡ 52) G 53) Ó 54) G 55) Ó 56) G 57) ú‡ 58) Ó 59) ú‡ 60) è…. (ô¢àŸô³êŸ šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺E ÍÙò¶ë]\ô ú£dè†ú£J\öËÀ ðƧuÚÛMd ú£òÅ¡ªuõª)

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 29 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Nagesh: Hi Mangesh, what are you doing in this Travel kit shop? (Are you) buying a bag? (

adjective (larger)+than any other (singular) / than all other (plural)+... c) Positive: No other land animal is so (as) large as the elephant

Mangesh: That's right

Word order: No other+Subject (animal) +verb +so/as + positive adjective+as+the (subject)

Ñ -vö«-¢Á-™¸ éÀ-ö¸ -≥ƒ°ˇ™ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? ¶«uí˚ à´’Ø√o éÌçô’-Ø√o¢√?) (Å´¤†’)

Nagesh: You've bags and suitcases of all sizes, shapes and colours here. (Is) none to your liking?

(Ééπ\úø ÅEo ÂÆj-V©÷, Çé¬-®√©’, ®Ωçí∫’©÷ Ö†o -¶«uí∫’-©’, Ææ÷-ö¸ÍéÆæ’-©’ ÖØ√o®· éπ∫ü∆. FÍéO †îªa-™‰ü∆?) (To your liking = Fèπ◊ †*açC) Look at this one = ÉC îª÷úø’ Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. I want a smaller bag than this. (

Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† -¶«uí˚ éπØ√o ÉC °ü¿lC. Ø√èπ◊ Éçûªéπçõ‰ *†oC 鬢√L )

Nagesh: That One may be the size you want.

(ÅC Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† -ÂÆj-ñ ¸ Å-¢Ìy-a) Mangesh: No that's smaller than the one I want.

(™‰ü¿’. ÅC Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ *†oC) Nagesh: See if this suits you? ( Mangesh: Yes. That's exactly what I want.

-ÉC Ææ-J-§Ú-ûª’ç-üË-¢Á÷ -îª÷-úø’)

(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ é¬¢√-Lqç-ü¿üË.) Nagesh: This looks fine, but look at the price tag here. It says it is Rs. 500/-

(à Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’´‹ à†’-í∫çûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’)

ÉO ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. Å®·ûË ´’†ç îËÊÆ §ÚLéπ ©’ -á°æ¤p-úø’ èπÿú≈ Éçûª simple (Ææ®Ω-∞¡ç)í¬, direct í¬ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Éçé¬ ÆæçéÀx-≠dæ (complex ) -¢Á’i-† §Ú-Léπ©’ èπÿú≈ îËÆæ’hçö«ç. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ Ñ lesson ¢Á·ü¿öx Nagesh, Mangesh conversation îª÷ü∆lç. a) Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want.

(Ŷs! -Éü¿çûª îËߪ’ü¿’.) (More than its worth =

ü∆E N©’´

Åçûª îËߪ’ü¿’.) Nagesh: Let's look for something less expensive.

(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω’†oüË´’Ø√o ÖçüË¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç.) Mangesh: This is the least expensive of all the bags this size here. Let's bargain. See if we can get it for Rs 400. It is not worth more than that.

(Ééπ\-úø’†o Ç ÂÆj-ñ ¸ -¶«uí˚-™x ÉüË Åûªuçûª ûªèπ◊\´. 400 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ -´Ææ’hç-üË-¢Á÷ îª÷-ü∆lç. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ -áèπ◊\-´ îËߪ’-ü¿’) Nagesh: You are right. Let's ask if for Rs 400. 400

(†’-´y-†o-C -¶«í∫’ç-C. ®Ω÷§ƒßª’-©-éÀ≤ƒhúË¢Á÷ Åúø’-í∫’ü∆ç)

Mangesh: Let's try

(¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤™x à†’í∫’ N’í∫û√ à ïçûª’´¤-© éπç-õ‰ /- ÅEo Éûª®Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰ °ü¿lC). The

elephant

(sub)+is(verb)+comparative

™-ûÁj-†C)

(èπ◊ô’ç-•- Ææ-¶µº’u-©ç-ü¿-J-™-†÷ -Å-ûª-úø’ -´-ߪ’Ææ’-™

b) Mangesh: That's want.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

smaller than the one I

(Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπç-õ‰ ÅC *†oC) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ÅçûË éπü∆? È®çöÀ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLéπ. ûª†-é¬\-´-LqçC. ûª†èπ◊ -Å-éπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’-†oC. c) Mangesh: Oh, my! That's more than its worth.

205

°-ü¿l) Positive: Positive degree No other Positive adjective so/as positive adjective

™ ´÷-ö«xúË-ô°æ¤púø’ ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ç ûª®Ω-¢√ûª ´·çü¿’ é¬F, ûª®Ω-¢√ûª

2) Kashmir - cold - state in India (Positive) 3) This - good song - the movie (superlative) 4) Rentachintala - hot place- A.P. (comparative) 5) December - cold month. (Positive) 6) Andhra Pradesh- big state South India (comparative) Answers: 1) This diamond necklace is the costliest jewel in the shop.

(Ñ ≥ƒ°ˇ™ Ñ ´vñ«© necklace Åûªuçûª êK-üÁj-†C) (Superlative degree) 2) No other state in India is as (so) cold as Kashmir.

(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æçZ - é¬Qt®˝ Åçûª îªL-í¬ Öç-úøü¿’) (positive degree)

that's more than its worth Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ bag üµ¿®Ωèπ◊, ü∆E N©’-´èπ◊ Åçõ‰ È®çöÀ ´’üµËu §ÚLéπ. d) Mangesh: It is not worth more than that. bag

ÉC èπÿú≈ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ, N©’-´èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u Ö†o §ÚLéπ - ûÁ-LÊ° ¢√éπuç.

e) Nagesh: Let's look for something less expensive. bag

Ééπ\-úø èπÿ-ú≈ Ñ èπÿ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ §ÚLéπ. É™« ´’†ç È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, Éü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §Ú©’Ææ’hçö«ç. Åô’-´ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ degree of comparison †’ •öÀd word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) èπÿú≈ ´÷®Ω’ûª’çô’çC. ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®çöÀ éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ÖçúË sentence word order èπÿ, È®çöÀE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ compare îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Öç-úË sentence word order èπÿ î√-™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC. 1) È®çöÀéπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ superlative degree ™E adjective ´·çü¿’ the éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ®√¢√L. eg: a) The elephant is the biggest of

(-v°æ-ߪ’-ûªoç -îË-ü∆lç.) all land animals / the biggest land animal. -í∫-ûª lesson ™ adjectives of compariM. SURESAN son í∫’-J-ç-* éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç b) Hyderabad is the largest city in A.P. éπü∆? ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’ (A.P. ™ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ÅA-°ü¿l †í∫®Ωç) ûª®Ω’-í∫’©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v°æA-éπ~ùç @Nûªç™ C) He is the most popular actor on the îËÆæ÷hØË Öçö«ç. -ü∆-EéÀ ´’† conversation (Spoken English) ™ v§ƒüµ∆†uç î√™« áèπ◊\´. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†ç Telugu screen. (ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ®Ω O’ü¿ Åûª-úø’ Åûªuçûª v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo correct í¬ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ, 3 degrees of comparison ™ ¢√éπuE®√tùç ᙫ - Ö-†o †ô’úø’) Öçô’çüÓ í∫-ûª lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. ü∆Eo ´’®Ó ≤ƒJ 鬕öÀd superlative adjective ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ the ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ. èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îª÷ü∆lç: a) Superlative: 2) Å™«Íí È®çöÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤úø’ comThe Elephant is the largest land animal. parative adjective -ûª®Ω-¢√ûª than any other / than ¶µº÷îª-®Ω ïçûª’-´¤™x à†’í∫’ ÅA-°-ü¿lC. all other ûª°æpèπ◊ç-ú≈ ®√-¢√L. than any other Å®·ûË ÉC superlative. Éçü¿’™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’- Ç ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, singular number; Than all other Å®·ûË -Ç -ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, plural number Jéπ) î√-™« simple. The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+the+superlative Å´¤-û√®·. adjective+... b) The elephant is larger than any other land animal / all other land animals.

Pacific c) He is older than any other members / all other members of the family.

(Éûª®Ω ´’£æ…Ææ´·-vü∆© éπç-õ‰

(ÉC- Ø√-é¬\-´-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ °ü¿lC) Åçõ‰ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Ééπ\úø Mangesh §Ú©’Ææ’h†oC È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h´¤©†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ -Å-N ûª†-é¬\-´©-Æœ† bag, ûª†’ îª÷Ææ’h†o bag.

(î√© ¶«í∫’ç-CC é¬-F üµ¿®Ω îª÷-úø’ 500 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’) Mangesh: Oh, my! that's more than its worth.

2

a) The Prime Minister is more powerful than any other minister / all other ministers.

(-É-ûª®Ω ´’çvûª’-©ç-ü¿-J éπç-õ‰ èπÿú≈ -v°æ-üµ∆-†-´’ç-vAéÀ ÇCµ-鬮Ωç -áèπ◊\-´) b) The Pacific is deeper than any other ocean / all other oceans in the world.

as a) No other tree here is so (as) tall as the coconut tree there.

´≤ƒh®·.

(Ééπ\-úø’†o à îÁô’d èπÿú≈ Ç éÌ•s-J-îÁôdç-ûª §Òúø’-í∫’é¬ü¿’) b) No other metal is so (as) bright as gold.

(à Éûª®Ω ™£æ«´‚ •çí¬-®Ω-´’çûª v°æé¬-¨¡-´çûªç é¬ü¿’) c) No other student in the class is as (so) good at the subject as Janaki (class subject

™ Éûª®Ω Nü∆u-®Ω’n-™„-´®Ω÷ Ç ™ ñ«†éπçûª ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬-ü¿’.) Ñ patterns (¢√é¬u© †´‚-Ø√©’) Ñ ´‚úø’ degrees ™ °j† îª÷°œ†õ‰x Öçú≈L. É™« È®çúÕ-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-î√Lq† ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç– superlative, comparative. Ñ È®çúø’ degrees ™ sentences ™ not ®√ü¿’. positive degree ™ sentence – no other ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº´’-´¤-ûª’çC. (Å®·ûË, ÅEo-öÀ-éπØ√o... é¬ü¿’, ÅØË superlative Öçô’çC. ü∆E Ææçí∫A ûªy®Ω-™ØË îª÷≤ƒhç.) É°æ¤púø’ in the conversation at the beginning of the lesson -™« È®çöÀ-F §Ú™«aç ņ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ î√© ´·êu-¢Á’i† Å稡ç. È®çöÀ-ØË/-É-ü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©ØË §ÚLa†-°æ¤úø’ superlative degree Öçúøü¿’. Positive, Comparative ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçö«®·. 1) This is bigger than the one I want.

(Ø√é¬\-´-Lq-† -ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ÉC °ü¿lC) – Comparative (bigger) DEéÀ positive degree: The one I want is not as (so) big as this. superlative lesson Exercise: Practise the following aloud. Make sentences using the following words, using the degree given in brackets. eg: Mt Everest - high peak in the world. (comparative) (Mt-Mount(PeakAns: Mt Everest is higher than any other peak in the world. 1) This diamond necklace - costly jewel in the shop - (superlative)

DEéÀ

Öçúøü¿’. -Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ´îËa

™ îª÷ü∆lç.

°æ®Ωy-û√© Ê°®Ωx-´·çü¿’

¢√úøû√ç)

Pê®Ωç)

3) This is the best song in the movie. superlative degree.) 4) Rentachintala is hotter than any other place / all other places in A.P.

(Ç *vûªç™ ÉC Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp §ƒô–

(Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ È®çô-*ç-ûª© Éûª®Ω à v°æüË-¨»-E-éπç-õ‰/ Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o ¢ËúÕ v°æü˨¡ç) 5) No other month is so (as) cold as December. ( December 6) Andhra Pradesh is bigger than any other state/ all other states in South India.

à (Éûª®Ω) ØÁ™«

Åçûª îªL-é¬ü¿’)

(ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-ûªç™ Éûª®Ω à ®√≠æZç/Éûª®Ω ®√≥ƒZ-©-éπç-õ‰ -Çç-vüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸ °ü¿lC)

1. How

to pronounce the words? Is there

any rule please. b) Occasion, situation - what is the difference between these words? ( give some examples).

öÀ. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤, Í®°æ™„x

i) Any good English - English dictionary will give you the symbols of pronunciation refer to it. ii) Situation =

°æJ-Æ œnA. äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ äéπ Æ洒ߪ’ç™ Ö-†o /-ï-®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†© éπ©®·éπ. A difficult situation = éÀx-≠dæ °æJ-ÆœnA; financial situation = ÇJnéπ °æJ-Æ œnA political situation = ®√ï-éÃߪ’ °æJ-Æ œnA. Occasion = Ææçü¿®Ωs ¥ç – Ééπ\úø Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©’, °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© éπç-õ‰ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ v§ƒ´·êuç áèπ◊\´. °j† situation ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«x occasion ¢√úøôç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ éπü∆. I have met him on two or three occasions =

ÅûªEo ؈’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. a) On the last occasion that I met him, he was in a difficult situation =

ÅûªEo ؈’ -Éçûªèπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Åûª†’ î√-™« éÀx-≠dæ °æJ-Æœn-A™ ÖØ√o-úø’.

b) She was able to manage the situation

= Ç °æJ-Æœn-AE Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ -îªéπ\-C-ü¿lí∫-©’í∫’-ûª’ç-C.

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 31 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

Laxman: Hi Suman, do you know Bhavan is in

áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’çô’çC.)

town?

Laxman: OK. A happy time in Delhi to you and your mom.

(¶µº´Ø˛ Ü-∞x-éÌ-î√aúø’ (ÖØ√oúø’) ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Suman: Oh, is he? when did he come?

(†’´¤y, O’ Å´÷t Åéπ\úø Ææ®Ωü∆í¬ í∫úø-§ƒ©E Ø√ éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o.)

(Å´¤Ø√? á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√aúø’?) Laxman: Yesterday. He won the first round of the badminton match.

(E†o -¶«u-úÕtç-ô-Ø˛ -´÷u-î˝™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ -®ıç-ú˛ ÈíL-î√úø’.) Suman: That's no surprise to me. I knew he would win. He is certainly a better player than his rival in this round.

(ÅüËç Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l Ǩ¡a®Ωuç é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø’ Èí©’≤ƒh-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ñ ®ıç-ú˛™ -ûª-† v°æûªuJn-éπç-õ‰ Åûª-úø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Çô-í¬úø’) (rival=È®j´™¸= v°æûªuJn, §ÚöÃ-ü∆-®Ω’) Laxman: I was sure of that too. Mind you,

Suman: Thank you.

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. È®ç-úÕçöÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ´‚úø’ degrees (positive,

comparative

and

superlative)

Öçö«®·. Ç degrees ™E sentences ™, Word order ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®ç-úÕçöÀE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLa†°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’ ÅE èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. Now look at the following sentences from the

Amar is not so (as) short as Anand.

Let's now try to change the comparative degree

(

statements in the conversion between Laxman

Å-´’®˝, -Ç-†ç-ü˛ Åçûª §ÒöÀdé¬ü¿’.) comparative ™, positive ™ Amar, Anand position ´÷®Ωôç, comparative ™ ™‰E not – positive ™ ®√´ôç îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. positive ™ ´÷´‚-©’í¬

tage in badminton

(؈÷ Å™«ØË -Å-†’èπ◊-Ø√o. ÉçéÓöÀ í∫’®Ω’hçéÓ. ¶µº-´-Ø˛, ûª†- v°æûªuJn -v¨¡´ù˝ éπç-õ‰ §Ò-úø´¤. -¶«u-úÕtç-ô-Ø˛™ ÅC (§Ò-úø-´¤) Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫°æúË N≠æߪ’ç.) Advantage = Åú≈y-Ed-ñ ¸–'ú≈y— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= Ææ£æ…ߪ’-é¬J. ´’†èπ◊ ¢Ë’©’ éπ-L-Tç-îËC. Mind you = í∫’®Ω’h ûÁaéÓ/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ, (ñ«ví∫ûªh ÅE èπÿú≈)

1) He is certainly a better player than his rival.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(Åûª-úÕ v°æûªuJn éπç-õ‰ Åûª-úø’ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’) Ééπ\úø §ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’– Bhavan, Sravan ´’üµ¿u)

the next match. fare =

(ûª®√y--ûª -´÷u-î˝™ ᙫ

(

E†o †’´¤y

exam

ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?)

How did he fare in the debate contest last

(comparison only between two) (taller- comparative degree) 3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than Sravan's.

Åûª†’

debate

4) That (AP Express) is faster than the special train. (special train

¢Á’içC– (´éπh %ûªy) §ÚöÙ ᙫ î˨»úø’?)

Suman: He has good chances of winning that

AP Express

¢Ëí∫-´ç-ûª-

5) This is certainly better than that =

ÉC ü∆E-

(comparison only between two)

(-Ø√éπç-õ‰, ´÷ Å´’t áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV-©’ç-ô’çC–

com-

parison only between two. Longer - comparative)

(O’ Å´’t†’ -úµÕ-Mx á°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?)

È®ç-úÕçöÀ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†°æ¤púø’, superlative, comparative, posiSuman: This Wednesday. tive ™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) (Ñ •’üµ¿-¢√®Ωç) ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Laxman: Have you booked the tickÅ™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ ets? §ÚLéπ È®ç--úÕç-öÀ ´’üµ¿uØË. M. SURESAN (-öÀÈé-ô’x -•’é˙ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?) 1) §ÚLéπ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿uØË Å®·-†Suman: Yes, by the AP Express. °æ¤púø’, superlative degree Öçúøü¿’. (Å´¤†’. à°‘ -áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ™) 2) È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ comparative Laxman: That's good. That's faster than the degree, positive degree word order èπÿ È®çspecial train you thought of going by. úÕçöÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ (´’ç* °æEî˨»´¤. †’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊†o comparative, superlative word order èπÿ ÂÆp-≠æ-™ ¸ -võ„®·-Ø˛ éπç-õ‰ ÉC ¢Ëí∫-çí¬ î√™«ûËú≈ -Öçô’çC. -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-C.) džçü˛, Å´’®˝ ÅØË Éü¿l-JE §Ú™«a-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ. Suman: It is. This is more comfortable than that 1) Å°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’. too. 2) Comparative ™ sentence èπ◊ ´·ç-ü¿’ džçü˛, (ÉC ü∆E éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ææ’êçí¬ Öçô’çC) sentence èπ◊ *´®Ω Å´’®˝ ´ÊÆh, positive degree Laxman:This is certainly better than that in ™ Ñ ´®ΩÆæ ´÷J Å´’®˝ sentenceèπ◊ ´·ç-ü¿’, every respect. When are you returndžçü˛ sentence èπ◊ *´-®Ω- -´≤ƒh®·. ing? 3) Comparative ™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, positive ™ not (à Nüµ¿çí¬ îª÷ÆœØ√, Ç ÂÆp-≠æ-™¸ -võ„®·-Ø˛ ´Ææ’hçC. comparative ™ not Öçõ‰ positive ™ éπçõ‰- à°‘ -áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ´’ç*C. á°æ¤púø’ AJnot ®√ü¿’. íÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?) Comparative: stay there will be longer.

(Íé~´’- éπç-õ‰ Ê£«´’ Ééπ\úø

Sankar:

(Taller - comparative degree) -

§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË, É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ superlative Öçúøü¿’. DEéÀ positive degree: Kshema is not so (as) tall as Hema.

Ê£«-´’ -Åç-ûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’) comparison (È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’

only between two

§ÚLéπ): Comparative: Sunder is cleverer than Sukumar (

Sukumar is not so (as) clever as Sundar

Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝, Ææ’çü¿-®Ωçûª ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’ é¬úø’.) Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ ´·êu -N-≠æ-ߪ÷©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: 1) Comparative ™, Sundar ´·çü¿’, Sukumar *´®√ ÖØ√o®·. ÅüË positive™, ¢√öÀ ≤ƒnØ√©’ û√®Ω’-´÷-È®j, Sukumar ´·çü¿÷, Sundar *´-®Ω ´-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. 2) Comparative ™ not ™‰ü¿’, positive ™ not ÖçC éπü∆. ÉçéÓ example îª÷ü∆lç: (

Comparative: Vijayawada is hotter than Hyderabad .

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛ -éπç-õ‰, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ¢ËúÁ-èπ◊\´) (Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ´·çü¿÷, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ *´®Ω.

Not

™‰ü¿’)

Positive: Hyderabad is not so (as) hot as Vijayawada.

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøçûª ¢ËúÕ-é¬ü¿’) (£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ´·ç-ü¿’, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø *´®Ω;

Not

Å®·Ø√ éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J Ø√ marks éπç-õ‰ F marks- áèπ◊\-´ . (éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J–last time )

ª Omkar: Å®·Ø√, -Ñ≤ƒJ Ø√ marks , í∫-ûª≤ƒ-J -Åç-ûª ¶«í¬ Öç-ö«-ߪ’-†o †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊™‰ü¿’. (†´’téπç Ø√èπ◊™‰ü¿’ =I am not sure). Sankar: -Ñ college ¢Á·ûªhç ™„éπa®Ω®˝q-™  -O’ ™„éπa®Ω®˝íÌ°æp.Omkar:- O’ ™„éπa®Ω®˝ èπÿú≈ íÌÊ°p, é¬F †’´y-†oô’d ´÷ ™„éπa®Ω®˝ Åçûª íÌ°æp-é¬úø’. Sankar: ؈ ’ Tuition -BÆæ ’éÓ-¢√-©-† ’èπ◊ç-ô ’-Ø√o-† ’. á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡x-´’ç-ö«´¤? Omkar: O’ lecturer ü¿í∫_®ΩÍé ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. Answer: Sankar: Isn't this the toughest of all our question papers? Omkar: No. This is not as (so) tough as the paper last time. Sankar: But your marks were higher than mine last time. Omkar: But I am not sure that my marks this time will be as good as my marks last time. Sankar: Your lecturer is the best/greatest (of all) in the college. Omkar: Your lecturer is good too, but not so (as) good as our lecturer. Sankar: I want to take tution. who do you want me/to go to/suggest that I go to? Omkar: Go to your lecturer.

ÖçC) POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE 1) He is certainly a better player than his

His rival is not so (as) good a player as he (is)

rival. 2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan.

Sravan is not so (as) tall as Bhavan

3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than

Sravan's movements are not so (as) quick as

Sravan's. 4) AP Express is faster than the special train.

Bhavan's The special train is not so (as) fast as the AP Express.

Anand is shorter than Amar. (

5) This certainly is better than that.

That certainly is not so (as) good as this.

Positive:

6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.

Mine (Ø√C) will not be so (as) long as mother's stay.

Å-´’®˝ éπç-õ‰ -Ç-†ç-ü˛ §ÒöÀd)

(؈’ ¢√®√-E-éπ-™«x AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh†’. Å´’t Åéπ\úø

´≤ƒh®·. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ

Positive:

6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.

to Delhi?

Suman: I will return in a week. My mother's

as

Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝ éπç-õ‰ Ææ’çü¿®˝ ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’)

comparative)

éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’ Laxman: OK. When are you taking your mom

éπç-õ‰

comparison only between two) (faster-

too.

(ÅC èπÿú≈ ÈíLîË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o®·.)

ûª®√yûª

the last exam paper.)

(Kshema,

(v¨¡´ù˝ éπü¿-L-éπ-© éπç-õ‰ ¶µº´Ø˛ éπü¿-L-éπ©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ Öçö«®·) (quicker - comparative)

week? (

´’† question papers ÅEoöx ÉC Å-A éπ-≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC éπü∆? (éπ≠dçæ = tough) - superlative ¢√úøçúÕ) Omkar: é¬ü¿’ ÉC §Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ paper Åçûª éπ≠dç æ é¬ü¿’. (§Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ paper=the paper last time/

£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøçûª ¢ËúÕ-é¬ü¿’

îË≤ƒhúÓ îª÷ü∆lç.) îËߪ’-ôç/-Ç-úøôç ™«çöÀN.

How did you fare in the exam yesterday?

so (as),

Hema is taller than Kshema.

§Ò-úø-´¤)

quicker than Sravan's.

Laxman: Let's see how he is going to fare in

´·çü¿’ Éçé¬:

v¨¡´ù˝ éπç-õ‰ ¶µº´Ø˛ §Ò-úø-´¤.

Suman: Moreover, Bhavan's movements are

(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Sravan éπü¿-L-éπ-© -éπç-õ‰ Bhavan éπü¿-L-éπ©’ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ Öçö«®·.)

206

(better- comparative degree of good-

2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan =

Exercise: Sankar:

the beginning of the lesson:

(Better- comparative degree)

positive degree statements: Practise the following aloud in English:

conversation between Laxman and Suman at

Bhavan is taller than Sravan, that rival of his. That certainly is an advan-

and Suman, at the beginning of this lesson into