M9

Power Quality Training Courses

Distributed Energy Sources and Power Quality, Energy storage systems

LPQIVES is co-financed by:

LPQIVES is a programme of:

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Module 9 Distributed Energy Sources and Power Quality, Energy storage systems

1 INTRODUCTION The aim of this module is to provide the user a detailed overview of the distributed energy sources in the context of power quality. Great majority of such energy sources are integrated with the grid on different voltage levels. They may produce a lot of power quality related problems then. The consequences, standards and methods which mitigate power quality problems are the essential part of this module. High penetration levels of DER especially Renewable Energy Sources may require energy storage systems. Such configurations require also power quality considerations and are also the content of this module. 1.1 General aims This module’s general aim is to provide the attendants the basic knowledge about DER definitions, types and power quality phenomena which need to be solved. Methods to keep the power quality parameters and reliability under control when interconnecting DER with the electrical system are described. Energy storage techniques to balance the intermittence of RES and available solutions are also described. The aim is achieved through 7 didactic sections, as follows: − Section 1: Definition of DER, RES and embedded generation (wind energy, photovoltaic and fuel cells applications, etc.), available technologies and applications like base and emergency supply, peak shaving, green power etc.; − Section 2: Standards on Integration of DER with electric power system, national and international (IEEE 1547, IEC 61400, Technical Guidelines); − Section 3: DER & Power Quality - Regulations and Rules between Customers and Network Operators; Economic Aspects; − Section 4: Power Quality Causes and Problems: power electronics converters, voltage control, harmonics and interharmonics; - Section 5: Power Quality Measurement and Solutions: methods, active and passive filters as an example solution; − Section 6: Integration with the grid: methods, modules, impact on power quality and reliability; voltage control, system restoration, fault level, technology requirements, grid solutions; practical examples and experience; − Section 7: Energy storage systems - balancing the load, power flows control; 1.2 Target groups This module’s target group includes: DER investors and users, designers, experts, grid operators and utility staff, and all those who wish to expand their knowledge in DER and especially DER system integration PQ related issues.

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2 SPECIFIC AIMS AND TOPICS The pathway of learning consists of a 2 days course, subdivided in sections (with different duration), with these contents and related aims.

Contents Aims

Contents Aims

1st day Introduction to DER, standards and regulations by grid connection and use of DER, rules between customer and network operator The aim of the first day lessons is to introduce the basic knowledge related to DER and the key concept of standards and regulations, 2nd day DER & Power Quality measurement, problems and solutions, energy storage systems. The second day lessons aim is to provide the attendants some practical information and tools recognizing and identifying Power Quality problems by using of DER and the choice of protecting measures. The last section of the course will be dedicated to the possible solutions and explain something more about energy storage systems

Below there’s a detailed overview of the course contents. 2.1

Pathway of learning flow chart Time progression (hours)

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3 COURSE DETAILED PROGRAM General notes: − each day there will be one Lunch break (90 mins) and on the second day also a coffee break which will divide the lesson into parts no longer than 2 hours; − at the beginning of the course the lecturer will explain the course aims; − the course will be divided into theoretical and practical sections; − at the end of the lessons, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the course quality. First day: 30 mins

Participants registration and course introduction

60 mins

Section 1: DER definitions − Definition of DER, RES and embedded generation, available technologies and applications like base and emergency supply, peak shaving, green power etc Modality: Lesson

30 mins

Coffe break

90 mins

Section 2: Standards on Integration of DER with electric power system, national and international (IEEE 1547, IEC 61400, Technical Guidelines); IEEE 1547 IEC 61400 (Wind generation) National Technical Guidelines (e.g. for Germany: VWEW, Eigenerzeugungsanlagen am Mittelspannungsnetz. Richtlinie für Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Eigenerzeugungsanlagen am Mittelspannungsnetz) Modality: Lesson

60 mins

Section 3: Regulations and Rules between Customers and Network Operators − Salaries and costs - Technical service and support Modality: Lesson and discussion

Second day: 120 mins

Section 4: Power Quality Causes and Problems − Power Electronic Converters (converters topology) − Voltage control, harmonics and interharmonics, etc. - Voltage dips and swells by poor dynamics properties of DG (fuel cell) - Overvoltages and undervoltages Modality: Lesson and discussion

60 mins

Section 5: Power Quality Measurement and Solutions IP1547/D07 − Methods of Power Quality Measurement − Power Quality Monitoring − Power Quality solutions: active and passive filters, suitable transformer connections Modality: Lesson and discussion

30 mins

Coffe break

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60 mins

Section 6: Integration with the grid: methods: practical examples and experience − Control aspects; power import / export modes − Impact on power quality and reliability − System restoration, fault level − Technology requirements − Grid solutions Modality: Lesson and discussion

60 mins

Section 7: Energy storage systems − Load balance − Control of power flow Modality: Lesson

60 mins

Final discussion; end of the course; user’s questionnaire; knowledge test; Confirmations of attendance

4 TEACHING METHODS Teaching methods are summarized in three main moments: − knowledge transfer (Lesson) topics exposure by the lecturer with the help of slides and eventually other electronic tools (animations, data sheets, didactic movies…); − deepening/learning verification (Discussion) general discussion stimulated by the lecturer (also during the lesson) to verify knowledge transfer and to eventually deepen particular topics; − practical training (and eventually laboratory activities) group work (~ 6 persons/group) for topics deepening, practical problems solution and case studies overview under the supervision of the lecturer. During all the sections, the lecturer will always attend, with teaching and/or activity coordination duty. 5 DIDACTIC MATERIAL AND TOOLS The didactic tools which will be used by the lecturers will be: − Blackboard − Video-projector − Notebook − Microphone The lecture room will be suitable to allow the use of all the above listed didactic tools and to enable group work for the attendants. Each user will receive, during the registration, a folder containing: − course program; − lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides; − LPQIVES knowledge database access personal key. All this didactic material, and eventually some additional electronic tools, will be available also in electronic format at: http://lpqi.org/custom/1036/ The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire and a knowledge test (which will be both filled and submitted at the end of the course).

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6 EXISTING KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS The user’s existing knowledge should include: Topic

Basic

Mathematical analysis Statistic Electrical circuits Power systems Power quality

Level Medium •

High

• • • •

7 ACQUIRED COURSE KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS At the end of this course the user will have learned the basic aspects related to: − DER definitions; − Standards on Integration of DER with electric power system, national and international; − DER and Power Quality: causes and problems, measurements and solutions; − Integration with the grid; − Energy storage systems.

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ANNEXES - MIDAS REPORT

Press PR-00019, Dugan R., 2003, IEEE Electrical Insulation, PQ, reliability and DG The distributed generation (DG) owner's reliability, measured by the sustained interruption indices, should improve markedly if DG has been installed and operated properly. However, because this is just one customer out of hundreds or thousands on the feeder, the improvement does not show up the utility's traditional reliability indices. There can be a positive or negative impact on the utility-level indices in these cases: DG can reduce the number or the duration of sustained interruptions if automated switches are available to restore power in DG-supplied islands or to DG-supported alternate feeds; the loss of fusesaving on laterals can significantly degrade the utility-level indices. There is little opportunity for DG to affect the PQ of other customers, as measured by the indices for voltage sags, which are related to faults and interruptions. DG can still have adverse impacts on harmonics and steady-state voltage regulation, which are other aspects of PQ. Utilities should consider tracking ASIFI, ASIDI, and other indices that are based on load size rather than the number of customers. As a supplement to the traditional reliability indices, these would better show the positive impacts of DG, assuming DG owners tend to be larger customers.

PR-00012, Gomez J., 2002, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Coordinating overcurrent protection and voltage sag in distributed generation systems The new scenario implies that the time-voltage characteristic of a protective device changes into a zone that modifies previous methodologies and increases the dropout susceptibility of sensitive equipment.

Publication REP-00122 Huber P., 2002, Critical Power, Demand - Powering Public Networks - The Vulnerable Public Grid - A New Profile for Grid-Outage Risks - Powering Critical Nodes www.lpqi.org

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Fuelling the Digital Economy Hard Power

Resilient Power - Tiers of Power - Adding Logic to the Grid: The Static Transfer Switch - Generation and Transmission - Distribution and Distributed Generation - On-Site Power - Stored Energy - Backup Generators - "Uninterruptible Power" - Monitoring, Control, and Reliability-Centered Maintenance - Resilient Design

Private Investment and the Public Interest^ - Assess Vulnerabilities - Establish Critical-Power Standards for Facilities Used to Support Key Government Functions -

Share Safety- and Performance-Related Information, Best Practices, and Standards Interconnect Public and Private Supervisory Control and DataAcquisition Networks Secure Automated Control Systems Share Assets Enhance Interfaces Between On-Site Generating Capacity and ThePublic Grid Remove Obstacles

REP-00124, Dugan R., 2002, Rural Electric Power Conference, Distributed generation impact on reliability and power quality indices Properly sited distributed generation (DG) can increase the feeder capacity limit, but this does not necessarily produce an improvement in system reliability or power quality, as quantified by standard indices. The DG may have a positive impact on reliability through faster system restoration following a fault. The DG can also improve reliability for the owner, and may reduce the severity of voltage sags near the DG. Indices normalized to the number of customers dilute these positive benefits. The DG often has a negative impact on reliability indices through sympathetic tripping, required changes to utility overcurrent device settings, and increased fuse blowing. The utility cannot assume DG automatically improves system reliability, and action may be required to ensure that reliability does not actually degrade for other customers

REP-00129, Gellings C., 2004, ELECTRICAL POWER QUALITY AND UTILISATION' 2004 Cracow, POWER QUALITY AND THE POWER DELIVERY SYSTEM OF THE FUTURE The paper discusses four vulnerabilities already present in today’s power system. These are: - The Security of Power Delivery and Market Systems; - The Quality of Power Supplied; - The Reliability of Power Supplied; - The Availability of Affordable Energy Services. They will continue to degradate. Resolving these vulnerabilities will yield benefits in the trillions of dollars annually. The paper discusses such solutions in terms of technologies and systems development.

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REP-00135, 2004, ENIRDGnet, Technical assessment of DG technologies and tendencies of technical development The purpose of this report is to provide key information on distributed generation responding to the waits of non-specialists who have to deal with these technologies. This document is made of a series of concise summaries tailored for the needs of political decision makers providing information on the peculiarity of each DG technologies and in particular on: - The impact on the utility network operation - The impact on the environment - The technical / commercial maturity and the market potentials - The economic issue - The relevancy with the customer needs - The regulatory barriers and policy framework requirements

REP-00136, 2003, ENIRDGnet, Guidelines for improved DG and RES related information access The objective of the report is to evaluate a sample of different sources of existing DG and RES (renewable energy systems) related information, to identify future needs for such information system, to establish requirements and make recommendations for the operation of the system.

REP-00134, 2003, DGFacts, Evaluation of the quality of supply requirements specified by existing standards, national legislation and relevant technical reports inside and outside EU The aim of the DGFACTS project is to solve the set of quality of supply problems arising from the integration of Distributed Generation into the electric Distribution networks. This report gives an overview on Power Quality (PQ) standards applicable in different countries, and also compiles topics of Power Quality which deserve a special attention in the framework of the project DGFACTS. General information is presented http://dgfacts.labein.es/dgfacts/index.jsp

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