History Of Christianity[1]

c&pf,mef ,mefomoem. omoem. ordik ;f c&pf,mef omoem ordik ;f onf c&pfawmfEiS hf ol@w ynfah wmf 12 yg;. omomemjyKr_/ acwf+ydKif *dk%;f uGrJ sm;rS c&pf,mef toif;awmfrsm;ESifh c&pf,mefbmomw&m;wdk@ ,SuEf , G v f #u&f adS yonf? c&pf,mef omoemonf tmjAm[H. omoemwpfck jzpfonf? ‚onf tjcm;bmomrsm;ESifh uGJjym;r_rmS c&pf,mef wdk@u c&pfawmfonf xm0&bk&m;/ om;awmf [lI jzpfa=umif; t,lxm;r_yif? c&pf,mef trsm;pku }wdum, crnf;awmf/ om;awmf ESifh oef@&iS ;f aom 0dnm^fawmf [lI oH;k yg;wpfql 0g'udk ,H=k unf=uayonf? c&pf,mefrsm; t=um;Y jrifjh rwfjcif;/ a,&_. vlom; obm0ESifh bk&m; ocif. }wdum, obm0rsm;ESifh ywfoufI ,H=k unfr_ oDt&kd rD sm; uGJjym;v#uf &Sad yonf? TuGJjym;r_ rsm;onf ,ae@xyd if jzpfayonf? rsm;pGmaom c&pf,mef *k% d ;f rsm;u toif;awmf qdo k nfudk vlom;wd@k tm; u,fwif&ef bH&k dyo f m[k em;vnf oabmayguf xm;=uayonf? Todk@ vufcx H m;r_rmS umodv k pfESihf y&dw k ufpwifh toif; awmf ESpcf v k ;Hk rSm udu k n f rD &_ SdI olwdk@u toif;awmfwiG f;Y c&pfawmfonf oef@&iS f;aom 0dnm^f awmftm;jzifh qufvuf aexdik o f nf[k em;vnfxm;ayonf? umodv k pf &d;k &mwGif toif;awmfonf c&pfawmf. ud, k cf E<mjzpf+yD; / y&dw k ufpw f ifh toif;awmfurl c&pf,mef bmom0if tm;vH;k onf c&pfawmf. ud, k cf E<m jzpfonf[k a,bk,s tjrif &Sd=uayonf? tcsdK@aom y&dw k ufpw f ifh bmoma&; okawoDrsm;u ‚udk toif;awmf}u;D [k ac:I a,bk,stm;jzifh ,H=k unforl sm;ESihf c&pfawmfwdk@. yk*v ~ qufqHa&;ay: tav;ay;aom toif;awmfi,f *dk%;f rsm;ESifh zDvmv#uf &Sad yonf? odk@aomf tjcm;aom c&pf,mefrsm;u “toif;awmf [lonf tm;vH;k twGuf r[kwaf cs? trSet f m;jzifh ‚ onf ,H=k unforl sm;. yk*v ~ u d pkq&kH m Xmeom jzpf./ acwfwikd ;f a'owdik ;f rS ,H=k unforl sm;. aemuf qH;k pGef qHq k nf;&mrSm aumifuif; bHo k m jzpf./ xdk@a=umifh toif;awmf. ordik ;f a=umif;onf bHw k dk@. ordik ;f a=umif; r[kwo f nfh tjyif ,H=k unforl sm; t=um; avmuESihf umv. t"du tjzpft ysuf}uD;. ta=umif;t&m (urBmh ed*;Hk ) vnf; r[kwaf cs/” [k qdk=u.? c&pf,mefomoemonf at'D 1 &mpkwiG f a*s&q k vifrS pwifco Jh nf? at'D 301 od@k r[kwf 314 wGif tmar;eD;,m;Edik if H. Edik fiaH wmfbmom jzpfvmcJo h nf? at'D 325 wGif tDo, D dky;D ,m;. Edik if Hawmf bmom/ at'D 337 wGif a*smf*s, D m. Edik if Hawmfbmom/ ESihf at'D 380 wGif a&mrtifyg,m. Edik if H awmf bmomjzpfvmcJo h nf? jzmxGuu f mv (at'D 15 &mpkEiS hf 17 &mpk) wGif wurBmvH;k jyef@ES@H oGm;+yD; urBmh t}u;D qH;k bmomjzpfvmcJo h nf? ‚. ordik ;f wav#muf bmomw&m;wGif *k% d ;f uGJrsm;ESihf bmoma&; oDt&dk D jiif;cHkr_rsm; ºu,f0vS aoma=umifh toif;awmfaygif; rsm;pGm jzmxGuv f mcJah yonf? &drk efumodv k pf/ ta&S@ydik ;f atmfoakd 'gh toif;awmfESifh y&dw k ufpw f ifh wdk@rSm t}u;D qH;k tudik ;f cGJrsm; jzpfayonf? rmwdumm• •

(1) a,&_. b0wm (bDpD 6-4 rS at'D 29- 36) (2) tapmydik ;f c&pf,mef (at'D 33- 325) o (2-1) wynfah wmfrsm; toif;awmf
2-1 (u) a,&_tm; qnf;uyfu;dk uG,fjcif;
2-1 (2) tqH;k rowfaom *sL;omoem
2-1 (3) toif;awmf ud, k fxnf (wynfah wmfrsm;acwf)

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(2-2) wynfah wmfrsm;vGeaf cwf toif;awmf 2-2 (1) Edik if aH wmfEySd fuGyrf _ 2-2 (2) toif;awmf ud, k x f nf (wynfah wmfrsm;vGeaf cwf) 2-2 (3) tapmydik ;f c&pf,mef vufa&; rSww f rf;rsm; 2-2 (4) a&S;OD; yk*K~d vfa&;tr$e;f wifr_rsm; 2-2 (5) tapmydik ;f tjyeftvSef ykwcf yf pGypf GJr_rsm; 2-2 (6) orRmusrf;pm jyXmef;pmtkyf (3) a&mrtifyg,m toif;awmf (313-476) o (3-1) c&pf,mefomoemtm; w&m;0ifjyXmef;jcif; o (3-2) uGepf wefwed ;f onf *&dwf o (3-3) oif;tkyq f &mawmf ydik ef ,f o (3-4) yky& f [ef;rif;ae&mESifh xdyq f ;Hk taetxm; o (3-5) toif;awmfaygi;f pHk oHCm,em o (3-6) Edu k pf fe;D ESifh Edu k fpfe;D acwfvGef zm;omrsm; o (3-7) pD&ifpk ig;ck o (3-8) bke;f }uD;&[ef; 0g' (4) ta&S@taemuf wif;rmr_ jyif;xefvmjcif; (5) tv,facwf tapmydik ;f umv toif;awmf (476-800) o (5-1) jrpf&;dk wpfav#muf a'ocHvrl sdK;rsm;. ajymif;vJr_
5-1 (1) tdik , f mvefEiS fh tdik ;f &pf omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm;
5-1 (2) t*Fvdk-qufcq f if;rsm; (t*Fvyd )f
5-1- (3) a[mfvefrsm;
5-1 (4) e,fomvefEiS fh a[mvefr[kwo f nfh *smref
5-1 (5) puif'aD eAD;,m; o (5-2) tv,facwf tapmydik ;f yky& f [ef;cH,lrr_ sm; o (5-3) wpfausmjh yef um&dkvif*D,ef (6) tv,facwf jrifjh rwfaom toif;awmf (at'D 800-1499) o (6-1)ta&S@yidk ;f /awmifyidk ;f qvmAfhrsm;. ajymif;vjr_
6-1 (1) *&dwf rd& k mAD;,m; odk@ omoemjyK tzGJ@
6-1 (2) qmhAfEiS fh bla*;&D;,ef;wdk@. ajymif;vJr_
6-1 (3) &mhprf sm;. ajymif;vJr_ o (6-2) trsm;}udKufvdkuaf v#m qifajcrSm;tm; &_cH sonfh0g' o (6-3) bke;f }u;D &[ef; jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&; v_y& f mS ;r_ o (6-4) zke;f awmif;,mpum *d% k ;f o (6-5) bdou d fay;jcif;qdik &f m tjiif;yGm;r_ o (6-6) olaumif;jyKjcif; (od'
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(13) y&dw k ufpfwifh jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&; (at'D 1521-1579) o (13-1) rmwifvo l m o (13-2) =o&pf ZGi*f vD Ulrich Zwingli o (13-3) *|ef uJvAf if John Calvin o (13-4) t*Fvyd f jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; (14) wefjyef jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&; o (14-1) x&ifw h f oHCm,em (15) &SmazGawG@&Sdr_ acwf (at'D 1492-1769) o (15-1) c&pf,mef omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm;
15-1 (1)uufovpf ruf&iS frsm;
15-1 (2) y&dw k ufpfwifh udv k dkejD yKjcif; (16) toif;awmfEiS fh ^m%fpOfawmf (at'D 1580- 1800) o (16-1) *,fvv D D,. dk tr_ o (16-2) jyifopf awmfvSeaf &; (17) jyefvnfE;dk ºuvmjcif; (at'D 1720-1906) o (17-1) Ed;k =um;r_}uD;rsm; o (17-2) rlvvufa[mif; jyefvnfxal xmifa&; 0g'D (18) acwf+ydKif ordik ;f (at'D 1848 rS ,ckx)d o (18-1) &k&mS ; tifyg,mtwGi;f &k&mS ;-atmfoadk 'gh toif;awmf o (18-2) qdAk , D uf ,leD,t H wGi;f &k&mS ;-atmfoadk 'gh toifawmf o (18-3) zufqpf0g'
18-3 (1) emZD0g'
18-3 (2) tDwvD zufqpf
18-3 (3) pydejf ynfwiG ;f ppf
18-3 (4) =opwD;,m;rS 'd;k vf zwfpf o (18-4) taemufEidk if rH sm;odk@ ajymif;a&$@vmolrsm; (19) c&pf,mef oDt&dk DrS acwfopf OD;wnfcsuf o (19-1) acwfopf0g'DEiS fh o[Zmw0g'D c&pf,mef o (19-2) tajccH0g'D o (19-3) 'kw, d t}udrf bmwDuef oHCm,em o (19-4) toif;awmfaygi;f pHk nD!w G af &;rl
19-4 (1) uufpo f vpf toif;awmfaygi;f pHk nD!Gwaf &;rl
19-4 (2) y&dw k ufpfwifh toif;awmfwiG ;f nD!Gwaf &;rl (20) Edik if w H um c&pf,mef0g'ESifh tem*gwf wd;k wufz@GH +zdK;r_

a,&_. b0wm (bDpD 66-4 rS at'D 2929-36) bDpD 6-4 ckESpw f iG f *sL;vlrsdK; rdcif rm&drS arG;bGm;cJI h emZ&ufEiS hf *vdvJ a'owGif }uD; jyif;cJo h nf? tD*spf wGif umvtenf;i,f aexdik cf b Jh , G f &Sad yonf? okawoDrsm;u olonf toufo;kH q,f 0ef;usicf ef@rS pwifI omomemjyKjcif;ESifh ol@tm; tHhb, G frsm;udk jyKvkyfEkdio f nf/ (wefckd;jzifh) aq;ukay;Edik o f nf odk@ r[kwf bk&m;&Sif. om;awmf[k owfrw S af om wynfah wmfrsm;udk pnf;&H;k jcif;rsm;udk pwifco Jh nf [k ,H=k unf=uayonf? at'D 33 ckESpw f iG f ,k', D tydik f a&mr+rdK@awmf0ef ydvwfrif;}u;D . trdef@jzifh a*s&q k vifY um;pifwifI uGyfrsucf cH &Jh ayonf? ol@tm; um;pifwif uGyfrsu+f yD;aemuf tkwf*l wpfck wGif *loiG ;f o+*õK[fcJhayonf? c&pf,mefrsm;u c&pfawmfonf aoqH;k +yD; oH;k &ufaemufwiG f cE<mawmftm;jzifh jyefvnf &Sijf yefomG ;cJh onf[k ,H=k unf=uI tkwf*al [mif;avmif; (empty tomb) ordik ;f onf ordik ;f qdik &f m tcsut f vuf

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wpfcjk zpfaeayonf? a,&_wynhfrsm;. tapmydik ;f umv vuf&mrsm;wGif rsm;pGmaom &Sijf yef x ajrmufjcif; yHkaqmifr_ taxmuftxm;rsm; &SI d a,&_. &Sijf yef xajrmufjcif;u c&pf,mefomoem jzpfwnfvm&ef tajccHEiS fh wGe;f tm;rsm; jzpfayonf? ol@wynfah wmfrsm;u a,&_onf *vdvJESifh a*s&k qvifY wynfah wmfrsm;ESifh rsuf0g;xifxif awG@qkH+yD; aumif;uifbo Hk dk@ ºu roGm;rSD ajrurBmY &ufaygif; av;q,f aecJo h nf/ aojcif;rS &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif; / aemufq;Hk w&m;pD&ifrnfah e@EiS fh bk&m;ocif. aumif;uifEidk if aH wmftm; jynfhpHkatmif xlaxmifjcif; ponfh ar&S, d a[mude;f rsm;tm; jznfq h ;D &ef olonf wzefºuvmrnfjzpfI [k a&;om;=uayonf? a,&_. b0wmESifh =o0g'awmfrsm; twGuf t"dutcsuftvufrsm;udk c&pf0if av;usrf; (r\J/ rmuk/ vkum/ a,m[ef) Y az:jyxm;ayI wrefawmf 0wˆKESifh &Siaf ygv. k ay;pmrsm;wGiv f nf; tenf; i,f awG@&ayonf? c&pf,mefomoemwGif tay:v$ifq;kH ,H=k unfrr_ mS c&pf0ifusrf; rsm;rS a,&_. aoqH;k jcif;/ &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;onf vlom;wd@k . (tm'HESihf {0wdk@ usL;vGecf Jhaom) tjypfrsm;tm; xm0& bk&m;ocifu ud, k af wmf a,&_tm; paw;I tjypfav#maf y;jcif; jzpfonf[yk if?

c&pf,mefomoem omoem a&S;OD;umv umv (at'D 3333- 325) at'D 1 &mpkwiG f *sL;bmom. *dk%;f wpfct k jzpf *&d a&mrtifyg,m twGi;f ESihf tjyifodk@ pwifI omomem jyef@ESaH om tcsdefEiS fh at'D 313 uGepf wefwED b dk ,f onf *&dwf eef;wufvm+yD; c&pf,mef wdk@tm; Edik if aH wmfvky}f uHru _ mv tqH;k epfcsD (,ae@ wl& uDEikd if H tdpfepf) yxr oHCm,em txd umvudk c&pf,mef omoem. a&S;OD;umv[k qdkEkdiaf yonf? ‚udk yxrrsdK;quf wynfah wmfrsm; toufxif&mS ; &Spd Of toif;awmfrsm; pkpnf;aom wynfah wmfrsm;acwf ;acwf ESifh oif;tkyf q&mawmf rsm; }u;D xGm;vm+yD; bJhpaf &Smhyf (oif;tkyq f &mawmf) e,frsm;udk bJhpaf &Smhyf (tkyx f de;f ol) rsm;u tkycf sLyfjcif; jzpfaom wynfah wmfrsm;vGeacwf facwf [lI tydik ;f ESpfyidk ;f cGJEidk af yonf? odk@aomfvnf; wynfh awmfrsm;vGeaf cwfudk uGefpwefwde;f / *&D*&dk DEiS fh ykyb f dkeaD zhpf (2) vufxufxd =unfnKd av;pm;r_ t}uD; tus,f tm;enf;cJhayonf? (wynfah wmfrsm; qdo k nfudk c&pf,mef bmoma&; a0g[m& t& wrefawmfrsm;[k ac:ayonf?)

wynfah wmfrsm; toif;awmf (Apostolic Church) a&S;OD; toif;awmf[k ac:qdo k nfh wynfah wmfrsm;. toif;awmfukd a,&_. wynfah wmfrsm;ESifh trsdK; awmf taqGawmfrsm;u OD;aqmifcJhayonf? “txl;omoemjyK tzGJ@” (rmuk 16;14) t& a,&_onf ol. wynfah wmfrsm;tm; =o0'awmfrsm;udk urBmtESH@ jzef@csD=u&ef rdef@rSmcJo h nf [l.? Tumv twGuf tajccHusaom tcsut f vuf&if;jrpfrsm;rSm wrefawmf0wˆKrS jzpfI/ xdu k srf;csurf sm;wGif “txl; omoemjyKtzGJ@”rS toif;awmf. &mZ0iftm; ay;xm;ayonf/ (1; 3-11)? yifwufpu f dk@pfEiS fh a*s&q k vif toif;awmf xlaxmifjcif; aygv. k b0wmajymif;vnf;jcif;ESifh yxr&mpk. tv,fY a&mrwGif axmifcsc&H jcif; (tus,cf sKyf) 28; 30-31) *sL;r[kwaf om vlrsKd ; rsm;qDo@kd omoemjyef@ xGuo f mG ;jcif; jzpfayonf? odk@aomf “wrefawmf 0wˆK” ESifh ywfoufaom ordik ;f qdik &f mrSm tjiif;yGm; bG,jf zpf+yD; / xdo k dk@ tjiif; yGm;p&mxJwiG f &Siaf ygv. k usrf;pmrsm; onfvnf; yg0ifayonf? yxrOD; c&pf,mefrsm;onf tpOfojzifh *sL;vlrsdK; pkrsm;rS odk@r[kwf *sL; omoem tjyKcHxm;&olrsm;rS jzpf./ tjcm;wenf;tm;jzifh ajym&aomf a,&_onf *sL;vlrsdK; rsm;tm; w&m;a[majymI xdt k xJrS yxrqH;k wynfah wmfrsm;udk ac:,ljcif; jzpfay./ tapmqH;k aom taxmuftxm;rsm; tm;jzifh wynfah wmfaygi;f 70 [kac:aom “wifajr‡mufxm;onfh tDAif*svpfZm tkyfp”k onf *sL;rsm;rS jzpfI *sL;vlrsdK;EG,t f m; cGJjyxm;jcif; r&Sad cs? *sL;r[kwaf om vlrsdK; pkrsm;. omoem ul;ajymif;jcif;onf olwdk@ twGuf c&pf,mefjzpf&ef wpfpw d w f pfyikd ;f tjzpf *sL;jzpf&ef vdck Jh oavm (tpOftm;jzifh ta&jym; vS;D

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jzwfjcif;ESifh tpm;taomufqkdi&f m Oya'rsm;udk usio fh ;Hk jcif;jzifh cGJjcm;onf) qdo k nfudk qufpyfr&d ef cufcJaeayonf? a&mr ppfAv dk f uGr;f rJvv f pf. b0wmajymif;vnf;jcif;udk taxmuftxm;jyKI &Siaf yw&k. tqH;k tjzwfrmS olw@kd onf xdo k @kd (*sL;bmomuJo h @kd ) jyKcJjh cif; r[kwf/ xdu k pd o P nf a*s&q k vif oHCm,em wGifrS jzpfvmjcif; [k qdk.? (Primacy of Simon Peter ESifh Biblical law in Christianity for the modern debate wGif =unfy h g?) tapmydik ;f toif;awmfrsm;odk@ wynfhawmfrsm; aqmif=unf;vmonfh =o0g'awmfrsm;onf tcsdK@aom *sL;bmoma&; tm%mydik frsm;ESifh yÉdyuQwiG ;f odk@ a&mufcaJh yonf? xdt k csi;f t&monf wajz;wajz;ESifh olwdk@tm; *sL;bk&m;ausmif; (qDeD*g; tcsdK@u qif;EGwfpf [k toHxu G )f rsm;rS ESix f w k cf &H onf txd OD;wnfcaJh yonf? (*srfe;D ,m; oHCm,em Council of Jamnia ud=k unfyh g)? wrefawmf0wˆKwGif &Sif oawzef oawzef ESifh *sdr;f onf *&dwf wdk@tm; tmZmenf rsm;tjzpf rSww f rf; wifxm;ayonf? xd@k a=umifh c&pf,mef taejzifh &AŠKeD *sL;rS oD;oef@ &yfwnf&ef vdt k yfvmcJhayawmhonf? (List of events in early Christianity ESifh Christianity and Judaism wGif=unfy h g?) wrefawmf0wˆK (11; 26) uJo h dk@ rSww f rf; rsm; t& c&pf,mef [laomtrnfukd tEœt d w k +f rdK@rS wynfah wmfrsm;u pwif cH,cl Jhayonf?

a,&_tm; qnf;uyfu;dk uG,jf cif;

aumif;aom od;k xde;f / a,&_ c&pf (3 &mpk)

wynfah wmf todik ;f t0dik f;. ,H=k unfjcif; tajctjrpfwiG f "rRa[mif; ESifh "rRopf c&pf0ifusr;f rsm; yg0if cJo h nf? Tusr;f rsm;wGif tapmydik ;f umv c&pf,mefrsm;. t,lEiS fh "rRaw;rsm;udk tvGef tapmOD; qH;k umv uyif xnfo h iG ;f cJah yonf? a,&_tm; trGe;f wifI jyif;xefpmG cHpm;&aom tjzpf/ tkw*f l a[mif; avmif;ESifh &Sijf yefxajrmufjcif; yHak qmifr_rsm;udv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f cJah yonf? TrSww f rf;rsm;rSm a,&_. um;pifwifc&H +yD; q,fpkESpf wpfct k wGi;f ESihf a*s&kqvif toif;awmf pnf&;Hk odr;f oGi;f aepOf umvrsm;Y jzpfayonf? tapmydik ;f c&pf,mefrsm;. t,lrsm;ESifh "rRaw;rsm;wGif a,&_ ºujref; jcif; ,H=k unfcsufrsm;udk az:jy aeayonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh 1 aum&dEœK 15; 3-4 rS aygvk. rSwcf suf “igonf ud, k w f ikd cf , H o l nftwdik ;f / oifwdk@tm; a&S@O;D pGmay;tyfaom ta=umif;t&m [lru l m;/ c&pfawmfonf usr;f pmvmonftwdik ;f igwdk@ tjypfa=umifh taocHawmfrl.? o+*õK[f+yD;rS/ usrf;pmvmonftwdik ;f oH;k &ufajrmufaomae@Y xajrmufawmfrl.” [lI jzpf./ rsm;pGmaom okawoDrsm;. Tqdt k & a&S;a[mif; t,lrsm;rSm a,&_ aoqH;k +yD; q,fpkESpx f uf apmI/ a*s&q k vif wynfah wmfrsm; todik ;f t0dki;f pnf;&H;k jcif; umvrSyif wnf&cSd o Jh nf [l.? rnfonfh okawoDurS ESpfav;q,fxuf aemufusonf [lIqdk rxm;acs? tjcm;

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aom qufE, G af om tvGeaf &S;usonfh t,lrsm;rSm 1 a,m[ef/ 4;2? 2 wdarmao 2;8? a&mr=o0g' 1; 3-4 ESifh 1 wdarmao 3;16 wdk@onf a&S;usaom ,H=k unfcsuf "rRaw;rsm;Y yg0if ayonf?

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tapmydik ;f tjyeftvSef ykwcf yf pGypf GJrr_ sm; "rRopfusrf; pmud, k w f idk f or&d;k us =o0g'rsm;tm; xde;f odr;f apmifh a&Smufjcif; rSm ta&;}u;D vS+yD;/ a&S;jzpf rsm;udk axmufjyv#uf tjyeftvSef ykwcf wfpGyfpJGjcif; rsm;tm; jiif;yg,x f m;ayonf? orRmusrf;qdik &f m rdpm> ya&mfzufrsm; wm;jrpfjcif; (txl;ojzifh &Sifr\JESifh &Siv f u k mwdk@. c&pf0ifY) rsm;a=umifh/ c&pf,mefrsm;onf t,lov D ESifh ywfoufaom bmomjyefrsm;wGif or&d;k usrsm;jzifh v$r;f rd;k xm;jcif;udk cH&ayonf? a&S;OD;toif;awmfrS bJu h af &Smhyrf sm;. t"duyifr tcef;u¾rsm; teuf wpfckrmS bmom jyefrsm; rSeu f efjcif;tm; qH;k jzwfay;&efEiS hf rdp>mt,ludk (tcsi;f csi;f pGyfpJGaom toH;k tESe;f ) wdr;f onfh 0da&m"d t,ltqrsm;udk yg,zf su&f efwdk@ yifjzpf.? bJhpaf &Smhyfrsm;t=um; t,ltquGJrsm; &Sv d #if or&d;k us zGiq fh cdk sufrsm;udk toif; awmftwGuf toH;k jyKavh&aSd yonf? c&pf,mefbufrS umuG,af &;om;ol/ atmfoakd 'gh (or&d;k us0g')D pma&;q&m *sD/ au/ csupf wmwef u ol@ pmtkyw f iG f &Jwif; pGmyif qdx k m;onfrmS a,&_ (acwfrS t,l)ESifh "rRopfusrf;wd@k . tcsdefrS t,lrmS oabmxm; pdk@pdk@ydk@ydk@ uGJvGJr_rsm; &Sad eonf [kjzpfI/ wynfhawmfrsm; tm;vH;k u tapmOD;qH;k toif; awmf. zmomrsm; jzpfaom tEœt d w k frS tufemhw;D ,mhp/f ydv k cD &ufyf/ *syfpw f ifrmwm/ tD&rfe;D ,mhpf wdk@jyKcJo h uJo h dk@ a,&_. =o0g'rsm;udk ajymif;vnf;jcif;tm; a'uwuf cJo h nf [k axmufjyxm;ayonf? (rdpm> ya&mfzuf tEœcd &pf/ aemhpf Asm'dwu f srf;rS eDcv kd ikd w f efpf/ tjypf. om;rsm;udk =unfhyg) a,&_uvnf; rdpm> ya&mfzufrsm;ESifh pyfv#O;f I &Sirf muk 13;21-23 ESifh raumif;aomrsdK;aph (&Sifr\J 13;25-30? 13; 36-43) wGif olwdk@onf c&pf,mef omoemtm; rnfo@kd tzsuf taESmufjyKonfukd wifjycJah yonf? tapmqH;k tjiif; yGm;r_rsm;wGif a,sb, k tm;jzifh c&pfawmf qdak om obm0vnf; yg0ifae./ qdv k dk onfrSm a,&_. (aumif;uifEiS fhqikd af om) jrifhjrwfr_ESihf vlom;tjzpf cH,lr_ rnfodk@ qufpyfonf [laom oDt&dk D aumufcsucf sr_rsm; yifjzpf.? Docetism a'gw h ufcZf ifrsm;u a,&_. vlom;tjzpf cH,rl o _ nf yHak qmifr_r#om jzpf./ xdk@a=umifh vltjzpf 0ifpm;jcif;udk vufrcH[k vufuikd x f m;.? Arianism tm&if;rfepfZif rsm;u a,&_onf aorsdK; (vlom;) r[kwf/ bk&m;jzpfjcif; *k%fEiS v fh nf; rtyfpyf crnf;awmfb&k m;xuf edrhf. (&Siaf ,m[ef 14;28) [k vufuidk x f m;=u.? Trinitarianism oH;k yg;wpfql 0g'Drsm;u crnf;awmfb&k m;/ om;awmfb&k m;ESihf oef@&iS ;f aom 0dnm^fawmfonf vH;k 0 O\Hk wpfqw l nf;om jzpfI toGio f ;kH rsdK;jzifh jzpfwnf &S. d [k vufuikd x f m;ayonf? rsm;pGmaom tkyfpk rsm;u trSew f u,f jzpfwnfro _ nf qef@usib f uf tpdwftydik ;f tajcrlv ESprf sKd ;tm; yHak z: wnf&aSd e onf? yHkrSet f m;jzifh jrifEdkiaf omt&mtm; (&kyaf vmutm;) rdpm> tjzpf/ 0dnm^fawmf (emrfavmu) tm; taumif;tjzpf jrifEdkio f nf [laom ESpcf Gaom ,H=k unfcsufudk vufuidk x f m;=u.? tjcm;aom tkyfpk rsm;u &kyaf vmu emrfavmu ESpfcv k ;kH tm; xm0&bk&m;u zefqif;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh ESpcf v k ;Hk onf taumif;csn;f jzpfonf/ Ttcsi;f t&monf bk&m;ZmwdawmfESifh c&pfjzpfaom a,&_. vlom;Zmwd obm0udk ud, k fpm;jyKwifjyjcif; jzpfonf [k vufuidk x f m;=uayonf? or&d;k us (atmfoadk 'g)h rsm;/ taetxm;/ =o0g'rsm; zGH@+zdK;vm;r_EiS hf trsdK;rsdK;aom t,ltqrsm; t=um; ,SuEf , G jf cif;rsm;onf tqufrjywfaom awmf0if tacstwif aqG;aEG; r_rsm; jzpfayonf? c&pf,mef rsm;pGmu tenf;pk wdwˆdrsm;udk qef@usifI or&d;k us taetxm; wnf&rSd _ pkpnf;jcif;udk todtrSwjf yKvdak om acwfopf bmoma&; t,ltq ynm&Sif Edu k fpfeD c&d'f wnfaxmifcaJh om =o0g'rsm;udk yHkrSeaf vhvm=uayonf? tjcm;aom okawoDrsm;u rSwcf sucf sonfwiG f tjcm;aom t&mrsm; t=um; *sL;-c&pf,mef/ &Sifaygvk 0g' c&pf,mef/ *aemhpw f ufpfEiS fh rmpDuGefEu kd fpf uJo h @kd tjcm; aom tkyfprk sm;. jcm;em;csufrmS a&S;OD;c&pf,mef omoemonf or&d;k us0g'ESihf +ydKib f ufjzpfaeonfh tydik ;f tpr#om jzpfonf[al om apm'uwufaejcif; yifw nf;?

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toif;awmfrs rsm;qdik &f m oHCm,em m,em TacwfumvtwGi;f wGif rsm;pGmaom toif;awmfaygif;pHk oHCm,emrsm;udk pkpnf;jyKvkycf aJh yonf? ‚wdk@rS trsm;pkrSm c&pf,mef 0g'qdik &f m tjiif; yGm;r_rsm; twGuf jyKvyk jf cif; jzpfayonf? epfZ;D ,m; oHCm,em ESpcf k (at'D 325ESifh 382) onf t&D,efw@kd . oGeo f ifrt _ m; t,l0g'opf wDxiG fr_EiS fh rdpm> t,l0g' tjzpf jypfwif&_H@csxm;ayonf/ (Edu k fpfeD t,l Nicene Creed ud=k unfyh g?) {zufqufpf (Ephesus) oHCm,emu epfpwdke, D efepfZif Nestorianism wdk@tm; jypfwif&_H@csI/ tysdKpif rm&dtm; dk adk umhpf Theotokos (bk&m;tm; arG;bGm;ol od@k r[kwf cs;D rGr;f jcif; Blessed Virgin Mary udk oDtw bk&m;ocif. r,fawmf) tjzpf twnfjyKay;cJo h nf? csmvfvupf'ef oHCm,em Council of Chalcedon rSm todomqH;k jzpfI ‚rS c&pfawmfonf “tjynft h 0 vlom;jzpfonf/ tjynft h 0 bk&m;ocifjzpfonf” c&pfawmf. obm0ESpfrsdK;udk twnfjyKcaJh yonf? ‚onf wvH;k w0wnf; jzpfonf[o k nfh tpOftvm ,Hk=unfcsurf S cGJxu G o f mG ;jcif; jzpfayonf? ‚onf ykyv f , D kd onf *&dw. f wGefrf Pope Leo the Great's Tome udk tacscx H m;jcif; jzpfayI bk&m;wpfql0g'udk jypfwif&H_@cs+yD; bk&m;wpfql0g'. =oZmv$r;f rd;k r_uv kd nf; yg,cf sxm;ayonf? odk@aomfvnf; =oZmwuUdr &Sad om toif;awmftm;vH;k u oHCm,emrsm;udk wnDw!Gww f nf; vufco H abmwljcif;um; r&Scd Jhay? Oyrm tm;jzifh epfw&dk , D efepfZ if Nestorianism rsm;ESifh ta&S@buf tqm&D,ef (qD;&D;om;) toif;awmf Assyrian Church of the East rsm;onf {zufquf at'D 431 oHCm,em Council of Ephesus ay:Y uGJumG cJah yonf? ta&S@widk ;f atmodka'ghrsm; Oriental Orthodoxy onf at'D 451 csmvf vupf'ef oHCm,em Council of Chalcedon Y uGJomG ;cJah yonf? yky&f [ef;rif; qm*D;,mhpf (1) Pope Sergius I u at'D 692 uGie f pfqpf oHCm,em Quinisext Council tm; jiif;qefcJhayonf/ (pD&ifpk ig;pkwiG f =unfyh g)? at'D 869-870 ESifh 879-880 uGefpwefwDEb kd Jvf pwkwˆ oHCm,emtm; umodk vpfEiS fh ta&S@ydik ;f atmodak 'ghrsm;u tjiif; yGm;cJhayonf? (Ak'< bmom oHCm,emrsm; uJo h dk@ t}udrf a&wGujf cif; r[kwaf y? c&pf,mefwiG f oHCm,em rsm;vGe;f aoma=umifh rnfonfah 'orS rnfonfh t}udr[ f k a&wGujf cif; jzpfayonf?)

Edu k pf ef ED iS fh Edu k pf ef D acwfveG f zmomrsm; tapmydik ;f umv toif;awmf zmomrsm;udk txufwiG f az:jycJ+h yD;ay+yD? odk@aomfvnf;/ c&pf,mef omoem. aemufydik ;f tarGcHrsm;onf c&pf,mef t,ltq qdik &f m oDt&kd D usrf;wGJrsm;udk a&;om;cJh onfh rsm;pGmaom }uD;us,o f nfh zmomrsm;udk topf arG;xkwaf y;cJh ayonf? ‚wdk@txJwiG f pdef@=o*wf pwif Augustine/ *&D,&dk D epfZifZmhyfpf Gregory Nazianzus/ a*s&q k vifrS pD&;D vf Cyril of Jerusalem rDvefrS trfb&dk@pf Ambrose of Milan/ *s&Dr;dk Jerome ESifh tjcm;aom xif&m S ;onfh zmom}u;D rsm; yg0ifayonf? xdt k usKd ;qufrsm;a=umifh ADa*;vfEiS fh [d&k ifhpf. acwfumvrsm;ESifh quf pyfjcif; r&Sad wmhbJ pmayESifh ausmif;awmf t,l0g' aqmif&Gurf _rsm;rSm a&$acwfo@kd a&muf&cdS aJh yonf? *|ef cs,&f q D dkpwrf John Chrysostom ESifh atoifeDq;D ,mhpf Athanasius uJo h dk@ tcsKd @aom zmomrsm;rSm rdpm> bdik Zf efwidk f {u&mZfrsm;. jynfEiS f'%fay;jcif;/ ESdypf ufni‡ ;f yef;r_jyKjcif; odk@r[kwf taoowfjcif;rsm; xdccH &Jh ayonf? olw@kd a&;cJo h nfh usr;f aygi;f rsm;pGmudk Edu k fpfeED iS hf Edu k fpfeD acwfveG f zmomrsm;. usrf;awmfrsm;tjzpf t*Fvdyb f momodk@ jyefqcdk Jhayonf?

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bke;f }uD;&[ef;0g' bkef;}uD;&[ef; 0g'onf avmuDaemufo@kd aumufaumufygatmif vdu k jf cif;tm; pGef@yg,o f nfh &aoh 0g' yHkpw H pfckyif jzpfI/ aumif;uifEidk if aH wmf wpfcw k nf;udo k m tm&Hjk yKv#uf emrfyidk ;f qdik &f m (avmukwW &m) aemufodk@ aumufaumufygatmif vdu k jf cif; jzpfayonf? txl;ojzifh ESdrcfh sr_ tusifh/ 'kuq Q if;&J cHjcif; tusifh/ tdraf xmif,o l m;arG; tvkyu f dk a&Smif=unfaom jA[Rp&d, tusifhrsm;yif jzpfayonf? ‚ onf *sL;omoemY tjrpfw, G cf aJh om &d;k &musr;f pOfrsm;udk vufcv H mcJo h nfh rdom;pkrsm;jzpfonfh toif;awmf. a&S;OD;umvuyif pwifcaJh yonf? bwWZd q H &m &Siaf ,m[eftm; rlvyuwd &[ef; omra% yHpk aH wG@&ayonf? xdk@jyif bkef;}u;D &[ef; 0g'tm; wynfah wmfrsm; (wrefawmfrsm;). todik ;f t0dik ;f tpnf;t&H;k rsm;uvnf; vHa_ qmftm;ay;cJah =umif; wrefawmf0wˆKuJo h dk@ rSww f rf;rsm;wGif az:jy xm;ayonf? bkef;}uD;&[ef; 0g'rSm tD&DrufwufcEf iS hf pDEb kd ufwufcf [lI ESpfrsKd ; jzpfI? tD&Drufwufcf bke;f }uD;onf awm& &[ef; jzpfum woD;yk*v ~ aexdik f usi}fh uH+yD;/ pDEb kd ufwufcf bke;f }uD;rsm;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh bkef;}uD;ausmif; rsm; jzpfonfh ausmif;xdik b f ke;f awmf}u;D uGyu f Jr_ 0denf;atmufY todik ;f t0dik ;f jzifh aexdik f usi}fh uHayonf? rlvtpY c&pf,mef bke}f uD;tm;vH;k rSm awm& &[ef;rsm;om jzpfI tefwdkeD onf *&dwf Anthony the Great . yrmaemufo@kd vdu k cf =Jh uayonf? odk@aomf emrfyidk ;f qdik &f m vrf;!$ef twGuf tzGJ@tpnf;wnfaxmif&ef vdt k yfcsuf wcsKd @a=umifh at'D 318 wGif &Sifypfcdkr;D ,mhpu f ol. aemufvu dk frsm;tm; tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;&ef OD;aqmifcJ&h mrS yxOD;qH;k bke;f }u;D ausmif; jzpfvmcJah yonf? aemufrsm;r=umrSw D iG f tvm;wl zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifr_rsm;rSm tD*spfoJuEœm& wpfav#mufEiS fh usefaom a&mr tifyg,m. xuf0uf ta&S@ydik f;wGif jyef@ES@H omG ;cJhayonf? bke;f }uD;&[ef; 0g' xGe;f um;r_. yifr xif&mS ;r_rsm; tjzpf ta&S@bufrS pdef@ bufpJvf onf*&dwf St. Basil the Great ESifh taemufbufwiG f ausm=f um;aom bifepf'ufpw f ed ;f tkycf sKyfr_ Oya' Benedictine Rule udk zefw;D cJhaom pdef@ bifepf 'ufpf wdk@yif jzpf.? xdOk ya'onf tv,facwf wav#mufv;kH wGif tajccHusaom Oya' wpf& yf jzpf vm cJah yonf?

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5-1 (4) e,fomvefEiS fh a[mvefr[kwo f nfh *smref at'D 698 wGif aemhoAf D;,ef; bif;eud'ufwif; bke;f }uD; &Sif 0Dvb D a&mh't f m; yky&f [ef;rif; qm*D,mhpf (1)u ,ckacwf e,fomvef[k ac:aom z&D; pfpif Frisians rsm;. bJhpaf &Smhyt f jzpf ud, k fpm;vS,f cef@t yfcJhayonf? 0Dvb D a&mh'o f nf Ox&ufcsf Utrecht Y toif;awmfwpfcu k kd wnfaxmifcJhayonf? z&D;pfpif bk&if &J@'fb'k f u at'D 716 ESifh 719 =um;umvwGif c&pf,mef yifrXme rsm;pGmtm; zsufq;D ypf cJah omtcg 0Dvb D a&mh'. f vuf&mrS rsm;pGmwdk@ukd zsuo f rd f;cHc&Jh ayonf? t*Fvyd f omoemjyK bdek dazhpt f m; 0Dvb D a&mh'u f dk uln&D ef apv$wcf Jh+yD; z&D;&Sm;Y toif;awmfrsm; jyefvnf xlaxmif& ef/ *smref. a&S; a[mif;vlrsdK;rsm;. a'orsm;wGif w&m;a'oem qufvufa[majym&ef apmifrcJah yonf? bdek Dazhpo f nf at'D 754 ckESpw f iG f towfccH &Jh ayonf?

5-1 (5) puif'aD eAD;,m; puif'aD eAD;,m;wGif tapmydik f; c&pf,mef omoem jyKjcif;udk b&DrefrS tmcDbJhpfa&Smhyf tefp*f g Ansgar, Archbishop of Bremen “ajrmufyidk ;f apwref”. vufxufwiG f rS pwifcaJh yonf? c&pf,mef buf,rd ;f *syfpw f if bk&if [m&Jv'f f cvmhuf vufxuf at'D 820 ywf0ef;usifcef@u a'ocH

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tmar; eD;,ef; rsdK;EG,f tefpf*gtm; bke;f awmf}u;D tzGJ@wpfcEk iS t hf wl 'def;rwf *syw f v f efodk@ apv$wcf Jh ayonf? aemuf (2) ESpt f =um bk&if [m&Jvf't f m; eef;csarmif;xkw+f yD;aemuf tefpf*gonf *smreDodk@ jyefvmcJI h omoemjyKvyk fief;rSmvnf; wpfpw d w f pfa'or#om atmifjrifcJhayonf? tefpf*gonf ol@. vufaxmuf a'opm&D &[ef; 0ufwfrmESit hf wl qGD'ifEikd if H rmvm&if a&uefay:&Sd bD;,mcgodk@ at'D 829 wGio f mG ;cJhayonf? xdak 'owGif at'D 831 Y bk&ifhydkif b¾mxde;f [m*D,m tygt0if bk&m; ausmif; toif;i,fudk zGJ@Eidk cf Jhayonf? omoemajymif;vnf;jcif;rSm vGefpmG aES;auG;cJhayonf? odk@aomf 'de;f rwfrS pdef@uEk(wf) (4)ESifh aemfa0;rS tdv k ufzf (1) wd@k uJho@kd aom rif;rsm;vufxuf aemufyidk ;f at'D (1000) acwfumvwGif puif'DaeAD;,ef; e,frsm;onf c&pf,mef omoemwpfcw k nf; jzifo h m jynfhEu S af vawmhonf? •

at'D 863 wGif uGefpwefwED b kd JvfrS oif;tkyfq&mawmfu pdef@ pDa&;vfESihf pdef@ rufo'dk ;D ,mhpf wdk@tm; qvmAufrsm;xHo@kd c&pf,mefomoemjyK&ef apv$wcf aJh yonf? olw@kd onf orRmusr;f tm; qvmAdkepf bmompumjzifh jyefqckd aJh yonf?

(5(5-2) tv,f tv,af cwf tapmydik ;f yky&f [ef;cH,rl r_ sm; a&mr+rdK@awmfonf tv,facwf tapmydik ;f umvrS tDwmvD u|ef;qG,Yf jzpfymG ;cJhaom ppfyGJrsm;twGi;f uaomif;ueif; jzpfjcif; ysupf ;D qH;k &_;H jcif; rsm; twGi;f wGif tr_ywfc&Jh ayonf? {u&mZfjynf&h iS f *syfpw f if (1) onf a*gw h o f pfcf vlrsdK;}uD;0g' tkycf sKyfjcif;udk qef@usifv#uf tDwvDtwGi;f tifyg,m csKyfuidk fr_ tm; jyefvnfwu d scidk frmatmif &nfoefcaJh yonf? T0g'jzef@csDr_rmS tenf;ESifh trsm; atmifjrifr_ &&Scd I Jh / tDwvDodk@ apmifh=unfEh idk &f ef tufpq f mcsw d f tifyg,mudk &mAifem;wGif xlaxmifcaJh yonf? odk@aomf tifyg,m. =oZmv$r;f r_rmS twdik ;f twm wpf&yfr#om jzpfcaJh yonf? odk@aomf u|ef;qG, f onf tm;enf;vnfjcif;/ xdk@aemuf vGe;f (rf)bwf'w f kd@. usL;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif; rSm &ifu h suv f mjcif; ESifh ppfyGJrsm;. tusdK; qufu a&mrtm; rdru d , kd frdr&d yfwnfap&ef xm;&pfcJhayonf? xdk@a=umifh yky&f [ef; rsm;onf tydv k t dk yfcsufrsm;tjzpf +rdK@awmftm; au|;arG;apmifha&Smuf&ef yky&f [ef; ydik f ajrrsm;Y pdu k fysdK; a&; vkyjf cif;/ tjyeftvSef em;vnfr_ pmcsKyfrsm;csKyfjcif;/ vGef;(rf)bwf ppfrif;}u;D rsm;tm; umuG,af &; p&dwaf =u;aiGrsm; ay;jcif; +rdK@awmftm; apmifha&Smuf&ef ppfom;rsm; iSm;&rf;jcif; rsm; vkyf aqmif&ef olwdk@u, dk o f w l dk@ zGJ@pnf;vmcHayonf? (+rdK@awmfqo kd nfrmS yky&f [ef;rif;ESifh ol. yky&f [ef; ud, k x f nf tzGJ@0ifrsm;aeonfh ae&mudk qdv k I kd / jynfot l m;vH;k aeaom +rdK@udk rqdv k dkay)? wpfppjzifh tifyg,musq;Hk cef;ESifh taxmuftyHhrsm; ay;ydk@ru _ sq;Hk cef; tusKd ;qufrsm;u yky&f [ef;rsm; tbdk@ tjcm; aom axmufyHhr&_ &Sad &; vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk &SmazG&ef ta=umif;zefvmawmhonf? trsm;qH;k rSm txl;ojzifh a[mfvefrsm;xHrS jzpfcJhayonf?

(5k if*, D ef (5-3) wpfausmjh yef um&dv wpfausmjh yef um&dv k if*, D ef acwfumvrSm pmayESihf ,Ofaus;r_ &Sio f efarG;bGm;vmonfh at'D 8 &mpk aESmif;ydik ;f ESifh 9 &mpkrsm; twGi;f yif jzpfI csm;vfrde;f ESifh vl;0pf onf ydik ;f ,mhpf eef;oufrsm; twGi;f wGif rsm;qH;k xGe;f um;cJayonf? xdu k mvwGif pmay/ tEkynm/ Adou k mynm/ w&m;pD&ifr_ynm/ 0wfjyK qkawmif;onfh enf;ESifh emrfyidk f;qdik &f m avhvmr_rsm; wd;k wufcaJh yonf? TumwGif acwfopf (t*Fvdyfpm) pmvH;k tao;wdk@. rlvtp umvdv k if*, D ef pmvH;k tao; (a&;om;r_) rsm;vnf; zGH@+zdK; vma=umif; awG@&ayonf? yHkrSefr[kwaf om ajymif;vnf;r_rsm; jzpfvmrnfh vufwifbmom. pHESe;f xm;r_onfvnf; zGH@+zdK; vmcJah yonf? (Medieval Latin ud=k unfyh g)? &H;k awmf (eef;awmf)ESifh bkef;awmf}u;D rsm;. az:jyr_rsm;t=um; pmaytoH;k tESe;f qdik &f m jyoemrsm;udk ajz&Si;f &ef csm;vfrde;f onf ausmif; rsm;udk wnfaxmifcI Jh / ol@eef;awmfrS ausmif;rsm;onf Oa&my wcGifrS oDtadk 'gzh f/ aygvf

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onf a'uef/ tifef*Jvb f wf/ tuGv D ;D eD,m;rS aygvv f DemhpfESihf a,muf rS tmvful tifwdk@ uJo h dk@aom pmay avhvmolrsm;tm; qGJaqmifcaJh yonf?

(6) tv,facwf jrifrh m;csed f toif;awmf (at'D 800800-1499) tv,facwf jrifhrm;csdeu f mvonf csm;vfrde;f eef;wuf bduo f u d cf aH om at'D 800 rS 15 &mpk eD;yg; uGe;f pwefwED dkbJvf usq;Hk onfh at'D 1453/ ESpw f &mppfyJG tqH;k owfaom at'D 1453/ urBo pftm; &SmazGawG@&Sdjcif; 1492 ESifh y&dw k ufpw f ifh jyKjyifajymif;vnf;jcif; at'D 1515 txd jzpfcaJh yonf?

(6(6-1)ta&S@yidk ;f / awmifyidk ;f qvmAfrh sm;. ajymif;vnf;r_

ruf &uf'f [dk@pfay:rS pdef@ pD&;D vf ESifh pdef@ rufo'dk ;D ,mhpf trSww f & ausmufwidk f

at'D 800 xdwidk f Oa&my taemufyikd ;f tm; c&pf,mefrif; rsm; vH;k vH;k v#m;v#m; tkycf sKyfcJhaomfvnf; Oa&my ta&S@yidk ;f wGif omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm; v_y&f mS ;ae&aom a'orsm; &Sad ecJah yonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh pdef@ pD&;D vfEiS fh pdef@ rufodk';D ,mhpw f dk@onf Oa&my ta&S@yikd f;rS qvmApfvlrsdK; rsm; xHodk@ omoemjyKrsm; wd;k csJ@atmifjrifcI Jh / orRu sr;f ESifh 0wfjyKqkawmif;rsm;udk qvmEdkApf bmomjzifh jyefqcdk Jah yonf? at'D 988 wGif udA. f ESpjf cif; cHr_rS c&pf,mef omoemonfh uDAif &kpf (vlrsKd ;) rsm;xHodk@ jyef@ESH@omG ; cJI h ,lu &de;f / b,fvm&kpfESifh &k&mS ;wdk@wiG f c&pf,mefomoemudk xlaxmifEikd cf Jhayonf? at'D 9 &mpkEiS fh 10 &mpktwGi;f wGif c&pf,mef omoemonf uDAif &kpf (vlrsdK;) rsm;tygt 0if Oa&my ta&S@ydik ;f twGi;f odk@ twGi;f qufqaH &;rsm; }uD;rm;pGm jyKvkycf aJh yonf? qvmhAfrsm;tm; c&pf,mef omoemjyKjcif; odk@r[kwf c&pf,mefr_ jyKjcif;udk bdik Zf efwikd frS avhvmr_ tm;taumif;qH;k xJrS wpfO;D jzpf onfh oif;tkyq f &mawmf zdk;wD;,mhpu f taumiftxnf az:cJjh cif; jzpfayonf? rdak &;AD;,m; bk&if &mwufpv f mhAf.u rdak &AD;,ef; (vlrsKd ;) wd@k tm; olwkd@. ud, k yf idk f bmompum;jzifh omoemjyK&ef omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm;vdck siaf =umif; arwWm&yfcHcsut f m; wkH@jyefonf taejzifh bdik Zf efwidk f {u&mZf rdu k u f ,f (3) u pD;&D;vfEiS fh rufokd';D ,mhpw f @kd tm; a&G;cs,cf aJh yonf? nDtpfuEdk SpOf ;D onf qvmEdkApf wdik ;f &if; bmompum;udk ajymqd=k u+yD;/ orRusrf; pmESihf rsm;pGmaom bk&m;&Scd ;dk usrf;pmrsm;udk bmom jyef cJhayonf? bmomjyeftm; olw@kd jyifqif+yD; tjcm;aom a'ocH bmompum;rsm;jzifh xyfqifh ul;,lv#uf ujym;bmompum; (bHb k mompum;) jzifh qvmEdkApf toif;awmfa[mif; pum;udk zefw;D cJhayonf? rufodk';D ,mhpo f nf aemufyidk ;f wGif qmhAfrsm; bmomul;ajymif;&ef qufvuf vkyaf qmifcaJh yonf? qvmEdkApf 0wfjyKqkawmif;enf;onf wdik ;f jynftm; *&d=oZmv$r;f rd;k r_tm; wefjyef aqmif&u G rf _jyK&ef enf;vrf;wpfcjk zpfonf[k &_jrifaom bla*;&D;,ef qm bd;k &pf. zdwaf c:r_a=umifh tcsdK@aom wynfh awmfrsm;onf bl;a*;&D;,m;odk@ jyefvmcJhayonf? tcsdew f kd twGi;f wGiyf if pD;&D;vf ESifh rufodk 'D;,mhpf. wynfah wmfrsm;onf tem*gwf qvmhAf bl;a*;&D;,ef; bke;f awmf}uD;tm; *vm*dv k ufwufcf tuQ&m

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Glagolitic alphabet

twGi;f ESifh orRusr;f pmqdik &f m jyXmef;pmtkyw f iG ;f odk@ jyifqifwnf aqmuf&ef

xdr;f ay;cJah yonf? bla*;&D;,m;tm; oif;tkyfq&mydik f a'otjzpf uGefpwefwED b kd JvfrS at'D 945 wGif w&m;0if tod trSwf jyKay;cJah yonf? qmAD;,m;tm; 1345 ckESpw f iG v f nf;aumif; &k&mS ;tm; 1589 wGif vnf;aumif; todtrSwf jyKcJhayonf? Twdik ;f jynfrsm;onf Tod@k owfrw S af om tcsde@f ae@&uf rwdik frDS ESpfaygif; rsm;pGm uyif bmomul;ajymif; +yD;om; jzpfayonf? qvmhAf ta&S@buf/ awmifbufyikd ;f odk@ omoemjyKvkyfief; rSm }uD;pGmatmifjrifru _ kd &cJah yonf? tb,fa=umifq h kdaomf omoemjyKrsm;onf rlvXmaewdik ;f &if;om; bmompum;rsm;udk a&mr bke;f awmf}uD; rsm; vufcx H m;onfh vufwifbmomxuf vnf;aumif;/ *&dbmomxuf vnf;aumif; OD;pm;ay; oH;k pGJcjJh cif;a=umifh jzpfayonf?

6-1 (1) *&dwf rd&k mAD;,m; odk@ omoemjyK tzGJ@ *&dwfr&dk mAD;,m;. bk&ifvnf;jzpf/ xif&mS ;aom arSmfq&m}uD;vnf; jzpfaom &mhpw f pfvmhAu f bdik Zf ef wdik t f m; rd&k mAD;,ef; (vlrsdK;) rsm;tm; ud, k yf ikd f bmompum;jzifh a[majymEdik faom "rRq&mrsm; apv$waf y;yg& ef arwWm&yfccH Jh aomtcg/ bdik Zf efwikd f {u&mZf rdu k u f ,f (3) onf uGefpwefwdefEiS fh rufodk';D ,mhpf nDt pfudk ESpaf ,mufukd a&G;cs,cf Jhayonf? olwdk@. rdcifrmS oufomavmedwf jrpf&;dk a'orS qvmhAf vlrsdK;jzpfI nDt pfukdESpOf ;D rSm t&yfa'ooH;k qvmEdAk pf bmompum;udk u|rf;usifpGm ajymEdik fayonf? omoemjyKtzGJ@onf csucf si;f vufiif;yif pD;&D;vpfcf pmaytuQ&mudk wDxiG cf I Jh / usr;f pmESifh bk&m;&Scd ;dk rsm;udk qvmEdkApf bmomodk@ jyefqckd aJh yonf? TqvmApf toH;k tESef;rS qvmEdkApf toif;awmfa[mif;. rlvtajccH jzpfvmcJah yonf? aemufyidk ;f wGif ‚rS qvmEdkApf toif; awmf tjzpf qifu h JjzpfvmI ‚rS bHk bk&m;&Scd ;kd pm bmompmaytm; &k&mS ; atmfoadk 'gh toif;awmf ESifh tjcm;aom qvmApf c&pf,mef toif;awmfrsm;u qufvuf oH;k pGJv#ufyif &Sad yonf? qvmhAf ta&S@ydik ;f ESifh awmifyidk ;f odk@ omoemjyKaom tzGJ@rsm;rSm vufwif/ *&d pmayrsm;xuf a'ocH bmom pmayrsm;udk toH;k jyKjcif;a=umifh t}uD;tus,f atmifjrifru _ dk &&Sad yonf? *&dwf rd&k mAD;,m;wGifrl uGefpwefwed fESifh rufodk';D ,mhpf wdk@onf taemufykdi;f odk@r[kwf toif;awmf. vufwifXmecGJudk ud, k f pm;jyKaom *smref omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm;ESihf yufyif;wd;k cJ&h ayonf? ‚XmecGJrsm;rSm jrwfaom a&mr tifyg,mtm; csm;vfrde;f rS xlaxmifjcif; jzpfa=umif; tom;ay; ud, k fpm;jyKI bmompum; ,Ofaus; r_ rsm;rSm wpfajy;nD wpfom;wnf; jzpf&ef (yifr vufwif udo k m bHo k ;kH &ef) w&m;0if vkyfaqmifay onf? olwdk@onf vufwif bk&m;&Scd ;kd pmudo k m oH;k I/ rd&k mAD;,m;ESifh qvmApfvlrsdK;wd@k onf olwdk@ ydik fqidk faom omoemjyK&m e,fajrrsm; jzpfonf[k owfrw S x f m;ayonf? xdyq f idk w f ;dk r_ (yÉdyuQ) wd;k &ifv h maomtcg nDaemifESpOf ;D rSm c&pf,mefrsm;t=um; toif;tyif;uGJ+yJr_ udk rvdv k m;aoma=umifh yky&f [ef;rif;tm; awG@I omoemjyK e,frsm;Y omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm;t=um; cdu k &f efpum;rsm;r_rsm;rS a&Smif=uOf&eftwGuf oabmwlnrD u _ kd &&ef a&mrodk@ c&D;xGucf aJh yonf? uGefpwefonf a&mr&Sd bke;f }uD;ausmif; wpfausmif;od@k 0ifI/ ol. trnfudk pD&;D vf [k ajymif;cJhayonf? xdek mrnfjzifh ol@tm; ,ae@ odaejcif; jzpfayonf? od@k aomf rsm;r=umrSD owif;ywfrsm;twGi;f olonf xdak e&mYyif uG,v f eG f tedpPa&mufcaJh yonf? yky&f [ef;rif; tif'&D;,ef; (2) u rufokd';D ,mhpt f m; qmrD,ef (,ck qmAD;,m; &Sd p&if; rfpum rufx&dk Apfum) . tmcDbJhpfa&Smhyf bGJ@ukd cs;D jr‡ichf JhI/ rd&k mAD;,m;ESifh yifEdke;D ,m; a'otm;vH;k tm; pD&if csuyf dkicf iG fhEiS fh qvmEdkApf bmompum; bk&m;&Scd kd;pmrsm;udk w&m;0ifo;Hk pGJyidk fciG u fh dk ay;tyf+yD; at'D 869 wGif jyefvnf apv$wcf aJh yonf? odk@aomf r=umrSDwiG f olw@kd naD emiftm; zdwfrEœujyKcJhaom

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wefjyef jyef jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; a&; wefjyef jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; odk@r[kwf umodv k pf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;onf y&dw k ufpw f ifw h dk@. jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&;udk umodv k pftoif;awmfrS wk@H jyefaom jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;yif jzpfayonf? wefjyef jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&;. tESuo f m&rSm jyefvnf qef;opfaom &d;k &m tavhtusirhf sm;udk csrw S &f ef/ twnf jyKxm;aom umodv k pf =o0g'tm; "rRq&mrsm;ESifh qdik faom ud, k u f siw hf &m; &if;jrpftm; jyKjyif owfrw S &f ef/ y&dw k ufpw f ifhrsm;. jyef@us,v f mr_udk &yfwef@ypfEidk fa&;udk tajzxkw&f efwdk@ jzpfayonf? odk@jzifh ‚onf a,Zl;wf Jesuits &[ef;oHCmrsm;tm; rGr;f rHoifwef;ay;onfh qifrDem&D; seminaries rsm; xlaxmifjcif; / urBmESit fh 0Sr;f omoemjyKvkyif ef;rsm; jyefvnf qef;opfapjcif;/ atmfoadk 'ghyHkpH 0dnm^fa&;&mrsm;udk zGH@+zdK;xGe;f um;apjcif; (az:xkwjf cif;) (‚wdk@rmS pydew f dk@. pdww f efc;kd ynmESifh/ jyifopfwdk@. 0dnm^fa&;&m t,luo Jh @kd jzpfonf) rsm;udk bmoma&; tpDt pOfopfrsm; tjzpf xlaxmif v_y&f mS ;cJhayonf? xdq k ufpyfr_ tm;vH;k rSm =o0g'rsm;udk jyefvnf twnfjyKay;onfh owfrw S af om f yk f zGifhqcdk surf sm;jzifh usrf;pmudk zGifhqadk y;I “a&mr tEkywdavmr” Roman Catechism tjzpf xkwv ay;aom x&ifh oHCm,emrS qH;k jzwfowfrw S cf sufrsm;yif jzpfayonf? tdik , f mvef/ pydef/ jyifo pfEiS fh tjcm;ae&mrsm;onf wefjyef jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif wpfausmif; wpf*gxm wpf&mG wpfyk'fqef;=uaomfvnf; ‚wd@k . yifrcsuw f ikd frmS tDwvDyif jzpfayonf? yky&f [ef; rif; trsdK;rsKd ;uvnf; ol@acwfEiS o hf l 0dedp, P rsm; wm;jrpfyw d fyifaom pmtkyfrsm;pm&if; Index Librorum Prohibitorum udk jyKpk=uayonf? 0dedp, P qdo k nfrmS t,lvJrG _EiS fh t,lvJjG cif;udk ckcHay;r_ wdk@tm; ppfa=umI (apm'em)I w&m;pGJqdjk cif; jzpfayonf? yky&f [ef; rif; pde@f ydki;f ,mhpf (5) (15661572) onf rdp>m t,lrsm;ESifh toif;awmftwGi;f avmuDqidk &f m csdK;azgufr_rsm;udk &yfwef@apjcif; a=umifo h mru/ ol. bmomw&m;udik ;f &di_ ;f r_ bufqo D @kd qnf;uyfr_EiS fh y&dw k ufpw f ifw h dk@. av#muf vGJcsurf sm;. yifrudk pDppfq;Hk jzwfjcif;rsm;a=umifh vlodrsm;ayonf? ydik f;,mhpo f nf ol. yky&f [ef;rif; &mxl;udk qif;&Jom;wdk@tm; rsm;pGmaom tv_ay;jcif;/ axmufyahH 0iSjcif;/ aq;ukay;jcif; rsm;jzifhpwif cJah yonf? olonf qif;&Jom;ESifh vlrrmwdk@tm; =unh&f _apmifah &Smufjcif; / omoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;tm; axmufyhHay;jcif;rsm;jzifh vlord sm;ayonf? ol. wpf+ydKifeufwnf; aqmif&u G rf _rsm;teuf a&mr. a&S@a[mif; c&pf,mef ajratmufocsKõ if; *ltm; jyefvnf&mS azGawG@&jdS cif;vnf; yg0ifayonf? 'dik t f mruf'f rufual vmhcsf Diarmaid MacCulloch u “T a&S;a[mif; tmZmenfrsm;tm; wpf}udrx f yfavmif; I az:jyjcif;rSm umodv k pfrsm;onf vwfqwfv#u&f adS om tmZmenfrsm;jzifh pwifc+Jh yD;/ jynfwiG ;f jynfy omoemjyKajrrsm;Y Oa&myajrmufyikd ;f rS y&dw k ufpw f ifw h @kd tm; jyefvnf atmifEdkiaf p&ef v_y&f mS ;r_yif jzpfayonf? ajratmufocsKõ if;*lonf rsm;pGmaom aqmif&u G rf _rsm;ESifh ol&Jaumif;wd@k tm; tm;oGi;f ay;jcif;udk oufaojyv#uf &Sd.” [k az:jyxm;ayonf?

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pefw r&D, r*~, D dk&D Santa Maria Maggiore bk&m;ausmif;rS o*Fg,em

yky&f [ef;rif; aygvf (3) (1534-1549) OD;pD;aom x&ifh oHCm,em Council of Trent (1545-1563) rS qDrGefeD simony ta0;a&muf ajr&Sif0g'/ aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f aumif;pm;a&;0g' tjcm;aom csdK;azgurf _rsm; uJo h dk@ aocsmaom bke;f awmf}uD; rsm;qdki&f m cspm;r_rsm;udk az:xkwf rde@f qckd Jhayonf? tvm;wlyif tjcm; aom &d;k &m "avhrsm;ESifh toif; awmf. w,loef pdwu f ;l rsm; jzpfonfh &d;k &m =o0g'wdk@tm; jyefvnf twnfjyKjcif;rsm; vkycf Jhayonf? xd&k ;kd &mrsm;rSm oif;tkyfq&mrsm; ud, k x f nf (tzGJ@tpnf;)/ bke;f awmf}uD; rsm; tcrf;tem;/ w&m;awmf 7 csuf/ taoG;awmf ajymif;vJjcif; (vlxu k aygifrkHEiS hf pyspf0idk f wdk@tm; v_'gef;=uaom tcrf;tem;wGif ‚wd@k onf c&pfawmf. taoG;awmf tom;awmfrsm; tjzpf pifppfajymif;vnf;oGm;onf[k ,H=k unfcsu)f / "gwaf wmf/ pHjyyk*~dKvfEiS fh olawmfpifrsm; (txl;ojzifh r,f awmf rm&d) wdk@tm; txGÉt f jrwfxm;jcif;/ u,fwifjcif;cH& &ef tvd@k imS ,Hk=unfcsuEf iS fh aumif;rGefpmG usiafh qmifr_ ESpcf v k ;Hk r&Sdrjzpf vdt k yfjcif; / aumif;uifbYHk =um;cH pcef; wnf&jdS cif;/ yky&f [ef;ydik frsm;. tmrcHcsuf (a&mif;&ef r[kw)f ponfjzifh jzpfayonf? ‚wd@k tm;vnf; xdo k C H m,emrS xyfrH t wnfjyKcJah yonf? wenf;tm;jzifh y&dw k ufpw f ifhrsm;. =o0g'qdik &f m jyKvJjcif;rsm;udk vH;k 0 todtrSwf rjyK jiif; yg,v f u dk jf cif; jzpfayonf? ToHCm,emonf a0;vHoaD cgiaf om a'orsm;rS bke;f awmf}uD; rsm;. ynm&nf wd;k wufru _ v dk nf; tm;ay;cJah yonf? rDv if. oif;tkyq f &m pde@f csm;vf abmf&kdr, D dk (1538-1584) onf a0;vHoaD cgiq f ;kH aom a'orSjzpfI tqifjh rifh *k%&f nf&v Sd mcJjh cif;rSm Oyrm wpf&yfyif jzpfayonf?

&SmazGawG@&Sad om acwf (1492(1492-1769) &SmazGawG@&Sdaom acwfonf c&pfwkdzm udv k efbwfpf (1492) . a&a=umif;c&D; rS pwifcI Jh / ‚onf Oa&my udv k edk D ruf&iS ;f v_y&f mS ;r_. trSwo f n‡mvnf; jzpfayonf?

c&pf,mefomoemjyK omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm; umodv k pf ruf&iS ;f rsm; &SmazGawG@&Sdaom acwftwGi;f wGif/ a&mr umodv k pf toif;awmfonf urBmopfqo D dk@ c&pf,mef omoemtm; jzef@cs&D efEiS fh wdik ;f &if; rlv l vlrsdK;rsm;tm; c&pf,mef omoemtwGi;f od@k ul;ajymif;ap&ef twGuf omoemjyK ruf&iS ;f rsm;pGmudk xlaxmifcaJh yonf? wpfcsdew f nf;wGi/f z&efppf ZmAD;,m; uJo h dk@ omoemjyK ruf&iS ;f rsm;/ tvm;wl tjcm;aom a,Zl;wf/ =o*wfpwife, D ef;/ z&efppfpuifEiS fh 'dkrDeu D ef rsm;rSm tm&SbufEiS fh ta&S@zsm;qDo@kd a&G@v#m; vmcJhayonf? ay:wll*Drsm;u tmz&duodk@ omemjyK ruf&iS ;f rsm; apydk@caJh yonf? xdo k moemjyK ruf&iS ;f rsm;rS wpfcsdK@rSm tifyg,mjynf&h iS frsm;ESifh yl;aygi;f v#uf tjcm;olrsm;tm; ESdyu f yG fr_rsm; &Scd Jhayonf? tjcm;aom ruf&iS ;f rsm; (w&kwjf ynfodk@ omoemjyK

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aom rufw, D dk &ufp. D a,Zl;wf) rsm;rSm tifyg,mjynf&h iS frsm;. ,Ofaus; r_ odr;f oGi;f jcif; (omoem jyK rdi_ ;f wdu k jf cif;xuf) +idr;f csrf;pGm yl;aygif; aqmif&u G jf cif;rsdK;jzifh csn;f uyfcaJh yonf?

y&dw k ufpw f ifh udv k edk cD sJ@jcif; urBmopfY y&dw k ufpw f ifhrsm;. txif&mS ;qH;k udv k ekd cD sJ@jcif; rSm t*Fvef yl&w D efrsm; Puritans . ajrmuf tar&duodk@ ajcqef@jcif; yif jzpfayonf? pyde/f jyifopfwkd@ESihf rwlbJ/ t*Fvdyf udv k dkeDrsm;onf a'ocH vlrsdK;rsm;tay:odk@ tDAif*svu dk f (omoemjyK) vkyaf qmifjcif;rSm th=H oavmufatmif pdu k t f m; &Scd Jhay onf? yl&w D ef odk@r[kwf bk&m;zl;rsm;onf yl&w D ef0g'tm; vufco H rl sm; ud, k w f idk f xlaxmif+yD; tcsKyf tjcmydik f e,fajrwGif aexdik &f ef t*Fvefudk pGef@cGmcJah yonf? yl&w D efrsm;onf t*FvefrS xGucf mG cJo h nf rSm olwdk@. bmoma&; t,ltqa=umifh zdEdSycf sKyfcs,cf &H r_rsm;a=umifh jzpfayonf? yl&w D eft rsm;pkrmS wdik ;f jynf. ajredrfhyidk ;f wGif tajccsc+Jh yD; / xdkae&mwGif vdiyf kdi;f qdik &f m ud, k u f siw hf &m; ysuyf sm;r_rsm;udk awG@&v#uf tpd;k &taejzifh bmoma&;t& udik w f , G &f efukd wk@aH ES;aejcif; rsm;udk vufrcHEidk jf cif;wdk@ a=umifh olwdk@onf olwdk@. tdrfruftwdik ;f yl&w D efwkd@. udk,yf ikd f urBmopftm; xlaxmif&ef xGucf mG vm cJjh cif; jzpfayonf?

toif;awmfEiS fh ^m%fpOfawmf (1580(1580-1800) *vDv, D . dk tr_&ifqidk cf ef;

&H;k awmfjrwf D dk (19 &mpk *sKd ;Zuf eDc;dk vd/ a&mbwf zvD,&l D . yef;csrD )S rwaf &S@arSmufrS *vDv,

*vDv, D . dk tr_udpo P nf/ ol. udkyg; epfuif tmuoa&;&mtm; axmufyt hH m;ay;r_a=umifh a&mr umodv k pf toif;awmfEiS fh yÉdyuQ jzpfc&Jh jcif; jzpfayonf? ‚tm; ordik ;f wGif bmoma&;ESifh ody`H a&;& wdk@ qufpyfvmaom umv[k owfrw S af vh&adS yonf? at'D 1610 wGif *vDv, D o dk nf ol. =u,fwm&m wrefawmf Sidereus Nuncius pmtkyu f dk yHkESdyf xkwaf 0cJhayonf? ‚wGif th=H oavmufaom pl; prf;r_jzpfonfh oljyKvkyaf om tEk=unfhrSeaf jymif; topfudk az:jycJah yonf? ‚ESit fh jcm;aom &SmazGawG@&cdS surf sm;u tmumoa&;&m qdik &f m em;vnf Edik fr_ cufcJaejcif; rsm;udk ajz&Si;f &ef taxmuftyHh jzpfcI Jh / aumfyife;D uyfp. f [Dv, D pdk ifx&pf heliocentric oDt& dk D uJo h dk@ tajccH oif&;kd rsm;ay:Y pdwf0ifpm;r_ jyefvnf opfqef;apcJo h nf?

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wefjyef ta&;,ljcif;tm;jzifh rsm;pGmaom ynm&Sifrsm;u urBmonf v_y&f mS ;onf[k qdkjcif;/ aeonf 0ifxu G o f mG ;vmjcif; r&Sb d J A[djk yK&yfaeonf[k qdjk cif; rsm;onf rdpm> t,ljzpfonf[k qufvuf udik pf GJ xm;ayonf? xdak cwfumvu olw@kd . t,ltqwpfcsdK@onf orRmusrf;pmyg ay;xm;csuEf iS hf 0da&m"d jzpfaejcif; rsm;rSm rdpm> t,l[k em;vnf;xm;=uayonf? *vDv, D . dk bufwiG frl oDt&dk q D idk &f m/ tmum o qdik &f m/ tawG;tac:qdik &f m tjiif;yGm;bG,jf zpfr_rsm;rSm txGÉt f xdyo f dk@a&mufvmI aemufq;Hk wGif ol@tm; tr_wifppfaq;v#uf at'D 1633 ckESpw f iG f t,lysurf t _ wGuf jypf'%fjzpfaom axmif'%fudk ay;cJah yonf? odk@aomf trSww f u,fwiG f olc&H aom axmif'%frmS ol@pmtkyw f iG f yky&f [ef;rif;tm; apmfum;r_a=umifh jzpfI/ aumfhyg;epfuifonf tmumoESifh ywfoufaom odyq `H idk &f m taxmuftxm; rSm jynfph Hv k aHk vmufr_ r&Scd Jhacs? (ol@ot D &kd w D iG f tmumoa&;&m tcsut f vufrsm;ygaomfvnf;/ xdk tcsuf tvufrsm;rSm urBm. a&G@v#m;aer_onf tjcm;aom axmufyhHr_rsm; r&Sad cs[k jzpfI/ p=u0Vm qdik &f m qGJt m; oDt&dk D tm; &SmazGrawG@ro DS nf txdom jynfph ckH Jhayonf)?

jyifopfawmfveS af &; jyifopf &Dbmyvufuif jyuQ'def ESifh bke;f awmf}uD;rsm; qef@usiaf &; tcsdet f q/

jyefvnfE;dk ºuGonf onfh 0g' (1720(1720-1906) jyefvnfE;dk ºuGaom 0g' odk@r[kwf jyefvnfE;kd ºuolrsm;qdo k nfrmS uJvAf ifepfrsm;ESifh 0ifpav,ef; wdk@. jyefvnfE;dk ºur_udk ud, k fpm;jyKI/ Ed;k xr_}uD;[k ac:qdak yonf? ajrmuftar&duwGif tDAif*svu D ,frsm;/ y&ufbidk w f m 0g'Drsm;/ bwWZd H0g'Drsm;ESihf rufoadk 'gh0g'D toif;awmfrsm;. ay:xGef;wd;k wufvmr_ukd awG@ &ayonf? xdv k y_ &f mS ;r_onf wajz;ajz;ESihf tm;aysmhomG ;aomtcgwiG f ‚onf jyefvnf tpm;xd;k ol rsm; v_y&f mS ;r_tm; jrifw h ufvmap&ef ay;tyfcaJh yonf?

Ed;k xr_}uD; yxrOD;qH;k Ed;k xr_}uD;rSm at'D 1730- 1740 wGi/f tar&duef udv k ekd De,frsm; y&dw k ufpw f ifh bmoma&; pdwjf yif;xefolrsm;. vdi_ ;f u,uf yifjzpfayonf? bk&m;w&m;ESiq fh kid af om olawmfpifw&m;rsm;udk a[majymjcif;/ 0wfjyKenf; &d;k &d;k rsm;ESifh ESu&f id_ ;f aom yk*v ~ u d tjypfrsm;ESihf a,&_c&pf. ud, k pf m; tjypf cH,al y;r_rsm; tav;ay; a[majymonfh &d;k &m jyKjyif ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkycf aJh yonf? ordik ;f ynm&Sif qpf'eD tD; tmvfpxGr;f Sydney E. Ahlstrom u ‚onf “Edik if w H umqdik &f m y&dw k ufpf wifrh sm; uaomif;ueif; jzpfjcif;. wpfpw d w f pfyikd ;f r#om jzpf.” [k &_jrifxm;ayonf? ‚onf *smr%DwiG f ydik ;f ,pfwufZif/ t*FvefwiG f tDAif*svu D Jvf jyefvnfE;dk xjcif; ESifh rufokd@'ufZifrsm; udv k nf; jzpfay:apcJhayonf? ‚onf 0wfjyKtoif; xlaxmifjcif;. touf0n d m^f jyefvnf &Sio f efa&;udk A[dkjyKcJhI? 0wfjyKvx l q k ikd &f m pka0;r_rsm;/ y&ufbikd w f m 0g'Drsm;ESifh 'gch sf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;/ *smref jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;/ bwfywufpfrsm;ESihf rufoakd 'gh toif;awmfrsm;od@k rsm;pGm xda&muf cJah yonf? xdk@tjyif aus;u|ef vlO;D a&;rsm;xHo@kd vnf; jyef@ESH@caJh yonf? 'kw, d t}udrf Ed;k xr_}uD; (1800- 1830) onf yxrt}udrfEiS hf rwlnaD wmhbJ/ ‚onf toif;awmfrJhrsm;odk@ OD;wnfv#uf wufºuaom awG@qHkr_rsm;tm;jzifh yk*v ~ u d u,fwifjcif;cH&r_tm; &du k o f iG ;f cJhayonf? ‚onf refrGefESifh jrifjh rwfaom v_y&f mS ;r_tzGJ@ uJo h dk@aom jyefvnf tpm;xd;k r_0g'. tpydik ;f tkyfpkrsm;od@k vnf &du k cf wfomG ;ayonf? wwd, Ed;k xr_}u;D onf 1857 wGif pwifc+Jh yD; urBmESit fh 0Sr;f txl;ojzifh t*Fvyd f pum;ajymEdik fiHrsm;odk@ jyeff@ESH@vy_ &f mS ;cJhayonf? ajrmuf tar&durS Ed;k xr_}u;D xJodk@ aemufqHk; 0ifvm aom tkyfpkrSm yifwufpu f w dk Jv0f g'Drsm; jzpfI/ olw@kd . a&aomufjrpfrmS rufoakd 'ghpf/ 0ufpav,ef wdk@ jzpfayonf? jrifjh rwfaom v_y&f mS ;r_tzGJ@onf 1906 ckEpS w f iG f avmhtif*s,v f pf+rdK@ tZlpm vrf;r ay:rS

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pwifcJhayonf? yifwufpu f w dk Jv0f g'Drsm;onf aemufyikd ;f wGif ESu+f cdKub f , G f v_y&f mS ;r_ movement tm; OD;aqmifca Jh yonf?

Charismatic

jyefvnf tpm;xd;k 0g'rD sm; jyefvnftpm;xd;k 0g'Drsm;qdo k nfrmS toif;tzGJ@}uD; pkpnf;xm;jcif; r&So d nfh trsdK;rsdK;aom v_y&f mS ;r_ tzGJ@rsm;udk ud, k pf m;jyKI/ acwf+ydKif c&pf,mef omomemrsm;/ rlvyifr rSeu f efaom c&pf,mefrS vrf;vGJ aom tzGJ@rsm;[k todt rSwf jyKcH&olrsm; jzpfayonf? xdt k kypf krsm;onf jyefvnf wnfaqmuf &ef }uHpnfv#uf “wrefawmf 0wˆKtm;” vrf;jyusr;f tjzpf oH;k avh&adS yonf? jyefvnf tpm;xd;k 0g'Drsm;onf 'kw, d Ed;k xr_acwf}uD;wGif wd;k wufzG@H +zdK;vmcJI h / y&dw k ufpw f ifh jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh ordik ;f 0if qufo, G fr_ &Scd Jhayonf? odk@aomf uGJjym;jcm;em;onfrSm ‚wd@k onf olw@kd u, kd o f w l @kd jyKjyif ajymif;vJjcif; jyKvkyo f nf[k rnfonft h cgwiG rf S raz:aqmifay? a,&_acwfumv twdik ;f toif;awmf tm; qufvuf wnf&aSd ponf[k aºu;a=umf+yD;/ toif;awmfwiG ;f wGif aysmufq;Hk aeonf[k olwdk@ axmufjyaom tcsufrsm;tm; jyefvnf tpm;xd;k jcif;om jzpfcJhayonf? xdt k oif;tzGJ@rsm;rSm “aemuf ydik ;f ae@&uf olawmfpifrsm; toif;awmf” (refrGef) ESihf “a,a[m0g oufaocH v_y&f mS ;r_” rsm; jzpfay onf?

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toif;awmfv;Hk qdik &f m 0g' toif;awmfv;Hk qdik &f m 0g'onf c&pf,mef tkyfpkrsm;twGi;f tjyeftvSef ajymqdkaqG;aEG; jcif; enf;jzifh wpfpp pD;vH;k nD!w G rf &_ v Sd m&ef v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G af om vrf;pOfukd ud, k fpm;jyKayonf? xdpk um;vH;k ,l rpfepfZif (toif;awmfv;Hk qdik &f m 0g') qko d nfrmS *&da0g[m& ,lurdk DeD rSqif;oufvm+yD; (tacscsae xdik af om avmu) [k jzpfayonf/ od@k aomf rsm;aomtm;jzifh xdx k uf ydkrdkajymifajrmufaom teufudk aqmifonfh “wpfv;Hk wnf; wpf0wnf; p=um0Vm” [kvnf; jzpfEikd af yonf? toif;awmfaA' oD;jcm; trnf owfrw S fr_ jyefvnfziG q fh dkjcif; tm;jzifh aemufyikd ;f yHkaqmifonfrmS xdv k _y&f mS ;r_tm; umodv k pf ESifh y&dw k ufpw f ifh tjzpf cGJjcm;xm;ayonf? (xdo k wfrw S fr_rmS umodv k pf toif;awmfro S m jzpfI/ tjcm;aom toif;awmfrsm;u vufrcHacs?)

umodv k pf toif;awmfv;Hk qdik &f m 0g' vGecf aJh om &mpktwGi;f umodv k pf toif;awmfEiS hf ta&S@wdik ;f atmfoadk 'gh *dk%;f }u;D rsm; t=um; jyef vnf yl;aygi;f &ef rsm;pGmaom v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk aqmif&u G fc=Jh uayonf? wd;k wufr_rsm; &Sad omfvnf; aemufq;Hk *d% k ;f uGJqdki&f m ajz&Si;f csuw f iG f yky&f [ef;rif; qdik f&m txGÉt f xdy&f mxl; ESifh vGwv f yfaom atmfoadk 'gh toif;awmfi,frsm;u twm;tqD; jzpfaecJah yonf? 1894 ck Ed0k ifbmv 30 &ufae@wiG f yky&f [ef;rif; vD,kd (13) u wrefawmfqidk &f m ay;pmudk &du k fESdyf xkwaf 0cJhayonf? xdpk mwGif (ta&S@ydik ;f toif;awmfrsm;tm;) umuG,f apmifha&Smufjcif;onf ta&;}uD;I/ toif;awmf wpfcv k ;kH twGuf ta&S@wikd ;f &d;k &mrsm;udk qufvufwnf&&Sd efvadk =umif; az:jyxm;ayonf? 1965 ck 'DZ ifbm 7 &ufae@wiG f yky&f ef[ef;rif; aygvf (6)ESifh toif;awmfv;Hk qdki&f m oif;tkyq f &mawmf tufoefem*d;k &mhpf (1) wdk@. yl;wGJa=ujimcsuw f iG f 1054 ckESpfrS tjyeftvSef tquftoG,f jzwfcJh=ujcif;tm; &kyo f dr;f a=umif; az:jyxm;ayonf? a&S;a[mif; ta&S@widk ;f toif;awmf. =o 0g'wpfcsdK@ESifh pyfv#O;f I ul;vl;qufqaH &;Y ajz&cufaom jyoemrsm;rS wpfcsdK@rmS Filioque, Scholasticism 'kuQp&d,tm; &nfoefaom tusif/h bk&m;ocif.

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Zpfjrpfawmf/ a[pDcsuf 0g'/ pwkwu ˆ &l;qdwf/ vufwif tifyg,m wnfaxmifrw _ dk@ESifh rSwcf suw f pfcsKd @yif jzpfayonf? tvm;wlyif vufawG@ydik ;f Y yky&f [ef;rif;. ta&;ygrt _ m; zGiq fh dkcsufEiS fh toif;awmfi,f tm; toif;awmf}uD;jzpfonfh umodv k pf toif;awmfu r+rdKcsbJv#uf rnfodk@ wpfaygif; wpfpnf; wnf; jzpfEidk frnfenf; qdo k nfEiS fh olw@kd .ud, k fyikd f bmoma&; t,ltqrsm;/ bk&m; &Scd ;dk jcif; "avhrsm;/ &d;k &mtarGqufcHr_rsm; rnfodk@ pGef@ypf&rnfenf; [lonfh jyoemrsm;yif jzpfayonf? umodv k pf toif;awmfEiS fh y&dwufpw f ifh todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;=um; qufqaH &;tm; &dak oav;pm;&ef aumfruf&iS frsm; zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifI tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;&ef tm;ay;jcif;/ 1999 ckESpw f iG f vlom&if urBmvH;k qdik &f m zuf'a&;&Si;f ESifh twl =o 0g' n‡dEid_ ;f r_ yl;aygi;f a=ujimcsuf uJo h @kd aom =o 0g'qdik &f m nD!w G rf &_ aSd p&ef &nf&, G cf sujf zifh tcsut f vuf taxmuftxm;rsm; pkaqmif; xkwv f yk fjcif;rsm;vnf; &Sad yonf?

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