Copy Of History Of Buddhism
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Ak'o < moem ordik ;f od'w < ˆ a*gwr rnfaom Ak'<. arG;bGm;jcif;rS pwifco Jh nfh Ak'
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(1) Ak'<. b0wm (2) a&S;OD; Ak'o < moem o (2-1) yxr oHCm,em (bDpD 5 &mpk) o (2-2) 'kw, d oHCm,em (bDpD 4 &mpk) (3) tmaomurif;. omoemjzef@csDjcif; (bDpD 261) o (3-1) wwd, oHCm,em (bDpD 250) o (3-2) *&dacgrodk@ o (3-3) oD&v d uFmESifh jrefrmodk@ jyef@ES@H jcif; (4) qGeC f tifyg,m (bDpD 2 -1 &mpk) (5) *&d-Ak'< tjyeftvSeo f ufa&mufjcif; (bDpD 2 &mpkrS at'D 1 &mpk) o (5-1) tm&S tv,fyi dk ;f odk@ jyef@ESH@jcif; (6) r[m,e ay:ayguv f mjcif; (bDpD 1 &mpkrS at'D 2 &mpk) o (6-1) ESp}f u dra f jrmuf pwkwˆ oHCm,em (7) r[m,e xGe;f um;jyefES@H jcif; (at'D 1 &mpkrS 10 &mpk) o (7-1) tdE, Nd o (7-2) tm&S tv,fyi kd ;f ajrmufykdi;f a'o 7-2 (u) tm&Stv,fydi k ;f 7-2 (c) ywfo;D , 7-2 (*) wm&if; jrpf0Sr;f a'o 7-2 (C) w&kwf 7-2 (i) ud;k &D;,m; 7-2 (p) *syef o (7-3) ta&S@awmiftm&S 7-3 (u) q&D 0d*sm,ef tifyg,m (at'D 7- 13 &mpk) 7-3 (c) crm tifyg,m (at'D 9- 13 &mpk) 7-3 (*) AD,uferf (8) [de,e jzmxGujf cif; (at'D 5 &mpk) (9) wausmhjyef ax&0g' (at'D 11 &mpkrS -) taemufbufodk@ jyef@ESH@jcif;
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(1) Ak'. < b0wm Ak'<0ift& Ak'< od'w < aˆ *gwr (bDpD 546-324) tm; rlvtp rm*"rsdK;EG,f jzpfonfh ous (oufus) rsdK; EG,frS arG;bGm;cJhayonf? ol@tm; ousrked [kvnf; odrw S =f uI t"dy`g,rf mS ous (oufus) rsKd ;EG,. f ynm [k jzpfayonf? aemufydik ;f wGif rm*"wdik ;f jynf tjzpf yl; aygi;f vdu k o f nfh uydvwdik ;f . jynf&h iS jf zpfaom zcifjzpfo l oka'Ng"e &mZm. tkyx f dr;f r_atmufwiG f pnf;Zdrfrsm;jzifh +cH&v H #uf a&S;OD;b0udk jzwfo ef; cJ+h yD;aemuf od'x < onf avmu. yuwdjzpfpOfukd xd;k azguf qdu k af &mufc+Jh yD;aemuf avmu[lonf vGwaf jrmuf Edik fjcif; r&S/d 'kuQ aomursm; 0dik ;f &Hv#u&f aSd =umif;udk tajzxkwcf aJh yonf? olonf ol. t"dy`g,f rJh aom pD;Zdrcf Hpm;r_rsm;udk ypfy,fv#uf &[ef;b0udk cH,cl aJh yonf? ol. tEWdr t"dXmefrmS &aoh&[ef; b0jzifh 'kuQ taygi;f rS rvGwaf jrmufEikd [ f k jzpfI/ pdwt f vdktm; tvGet f rif; ESdyu f Gyfjcif;/ tvGet f rif; tvdv k u dk f jcif;udk yg,o f nfh tv,ftvwfvrf; pOf rZPsdryÉdyÉmudk a&G;cs,cf Jhayonf? aAg"danmifyif[k odrw S o f nfh oabFmozef;yif. atmufY opPmw&m;udk rawG@rcsi;f wpfz0g;rS rcGm[k oH"Xd mefjyKv#uf usifhaqmifcaJh yonf? touf (40)wGif oAŠnKw (ukefpifo)d ^m%fawmfukd &&Scd I Jh a*gw r Ak'[ < k xif&mS ; vmcJah yonf? Ak'<. teufrmS oAŠnKw^m%fpOf &&So d /l Ed;k =um;od&o Sd l [k jzpfay onf? usefaom ol@oufwrf; 45 ESpu f mvywfv;kH tEN, d tv,fyikd ;f a'o jzpfonfh **Fg jrpf0Sr;f wav#muf vSnv fh nfv#uf vlrsdK; EG,f axGaxGxo H dk@ =o 0g'rsm;udk ydk@cs jzef@csDcaJh yonf? Ak'<. t&du k t f &m qufcHrnfo h [ l I l cef@tyfr_ r&Scd Jhjcif;/ =o0g'rsm;tm; w&m;0ifjzpfap&ef rSww f rf;wif r_ jywfvyfcjJh cif;a=umifh aemifESpfaygif; 400 twGi;f wGif t,lurJG sm;pGm ay:xGe;f vmcJhayonf? yxrqH;k taejzifh ,ae@ ax&0g'wGio f m use&f aSd eaom edum, Ak'<0g' t,lrsm;ESifh/ usrf;opfrsm; a&S;a[mif; enf;rsm;udk vufcrH Y_ tajccHonfh *d% k ;f uGJrsm;jzpfonfh r[m,eESihf [de,ersm; [lI jzpfayonf?
(2) a&S;OD; Ak'o < moem bDpD 3 &mpk omoemjyKrif; tmaomu &mZm rwdik frDSxd Ak'o < moemonf **Fgjrpf0Sr;f ESifh ‚. a&S;a[mif; yifrXmaersm;Yom ajz;ajz;csi;f jyef@yGm;v#uf &SdcI Jh / todik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f pnf;urf; 0denf; rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tjiif;yGm;bG,f udprP sm;a=umifh Ak'<. =o0g' rl&if;rsm;udk jyefvnf pkpnf;onfh oHCm,em ESp}f udrw f ifcJhayonf?
(2(2-1) yxr oHCm,em (bDpD 5 &mpk) yxr oHCm,emudk Ak'< tm,kocFg&v$w+f yD; r=umrSu D mvYyif ,ae@ &mh*sf*sm&f [krnfaom &m*smwf &D[m t&yfwiG f Ak'. < t*~om0u}u;D jzpfaom t&Sifr[mu\z }u;D r_;v#uf usi;f ycJah yonf? t a=umif;rSm Ak'<. =o0g'rsm;eSifh oGeo f ifr_ okweW frsm;udk jyefvnfrw S o f m;&efEiS hf &[ef;rsm; twGuf 0denf;rsm;udk owfrw S &f efwdk@ jzpfayonf? Ak'<. nD0rf;uGJv nf;jzpf t"du om0ursm;rSvnf; jzpfaom tmeENmtm; Ak'<. a[majymr_rsm;udk qifhjyefap+yD;/ tjcm;aom om0u}uD; jzpfonfh Oygvt d m; 0denf; Oya'rsm;udk qifjh yefapcJhayonf? ‚wdk@rS ydÉu usrf; awmf. tajccHrsm; jzpfvmI ygVd/ w&kwf wdbuf bmomrsm;jzifh pkpnf;xm;onf [k Ak'&< mZ0if rSww f rf;rsm; t& vufcx H m;ayonf?
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oHCm,emwifonf qdjk cif;rSm Ak'a< [mcJhaom w&m;awmfrsm;udk trsdK;wl&m/ oabmwl&mudk pkI ydÉu d tm;jzifch GJI/ edum,ftm;jzifh cGJI rSww f rf;wifjcif; jzpfayonf? xdt k cg &Sify&k m%ax&fu “ig&h iS f wdk@ oHCm,emwifyGJudk aumif;pGm jyKtyf+yD/ od@k &mwGif igrlum; Ak'
(2d oHCm,em (bDpD 4 &mpk) (2-2) 'kw, tcsKd @aomoHCmrsm;. pnf;urf;enf;vrf; rsm;tay: trsdK; rsKd ;aom avsm&h Jr_rsm;ESifh pyfv#O;f I tcsi;f csi;f tjiif;yGm;r_rsm; a&csdejf rifv h maoma=umifh ygÉvdyw k jf ynf umvmaomu rif;}u;D . tm%mpufjzifh axmufyI Hh / &Sio f AŠumrDax&fO;D aqmifI 'kw, d oHCm,emudk usi;f ycJhayonf? yxr oHCm,emwGif rSww f rf;wifcJah om Ak'. < =o 0g'rsm;ESifh ,ck 0denf; avsm&h Jr_rsm;onf rudu k n f D a=umif; udk jyo&efom 'kx, d oHCm,emtm; usi;f ycJhjcif; jzpfayonf? xdo k C H m,emwifyGJwiG f oabmxm;uGJvJaG om 0Z…Dyw k u W &[ef;wdk@u &[ef;wpfaomif;udk pkpnf;I aumorŠjD ynfwiG f pif+ydKif yxroHCm,emudk wifcJ=h uayonf? xdpk if+ydKio f C H m,em ESpcf krS edum,f/ 0de,/ tbd"rRm/ ygVad wmfrsm; uGJvGJpmG rSww f rf;wifxm;onfukd awG@&ayonf?
(3) tmaomurif;. omomemjzef@csjD cif; (bDpD 261)
b&mrD rS tmaou&mZm. d o d # jywdu k f tmaou&mZm. trdef@jyef jyefwrf; trSwf 6 oHausmufwidk rSfrS tydik ;f tp (bDpD 236)/ 236)/ +Aw
tEd , Nd Edik if H qefcsD t&yfrS Xmyemwdu k }f uD; (bDpD 3 &mpk)
arm&d, jynf&h iS f tmaomurif;}uD; (bDpD 273-232) onf tdEdNjynf ta&S@ydik ;f ,ckacwf atmf&pfo# [kwiG o f nfh uvd*Fe,f uvd*aF oG;acsmif; pD; ppfyJt G m; atmifEidk +f yD;aemuf Ak'b < momod@k ul;ajymif;cJh ayonf? pufqw k &f &GH mS zG,f yÉdyuQrsm;udk aemifw&v#uf rif;}uD;onf jyoem ta&;tcif;rsm;udk pGef@vw $ &f ef qH;k jzwfc+Jh yD;aemuf Xmyemwdu k rf sm;wnfaqmufjcif; owW0gtm;vH;k . toufZD0tm; av;pm;=u&ef rSww f idk rf sm;pdu k x f jl cif; vlom;wdk@tm; "rRw&m;tm; vdu k ef map&ef wdu k w f eG f; E_;d aqmfjcif; rsm;tm;jzifh omoemjyKco Jh nf? olonf Edkiif t H 0Sr;f vrf; rsm;azguv f yk fjcif; aq;&Hkrsm;/ &dyo f mrsm;/ wuUov dk af usmif; rsm;/ wl; ajrmif;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;rsm;vnf; vkyaf qmifcJhayonf? olonf vlrsKd ; bmom *dk%;f Zwfpepfrsm; rcGJjcm;bJ wef;wl qufqcH Jhayonf? Tumvonf Ak'<0g'rSm tdE, dN rS ausmv f Gev f #uf tjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;odk@ OD;pGm yxrjyef@ESH@omG ;aom umvyifjzpfI tmaomurif;}uD;
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csex f m;cJah om ausmufjym; ausmufpmrsm;t& awmifbuf oD&v d uFm/ taemufbuf *&db&k if Edik if rH sm;txdyif Ak'o < moemjyK&ef omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm; apv$wcf aJh =umif;awG@&I ajrxJyifv,f &yf0rS ;f xdyif ayguaf &mufc[ Jh ef&aSd yonf?
(3(3-1) wwd, oHCm,em (bDpD 250) tmaomurif;onf ,ae@acwf ywWem rnfaom ygÉvdyw k t f &yfY bDpD 250 ywf0ef;usifwiG f wwd, oHCm,emudk wifapcJo h nf? ‚udk t&Sif arm*~vdyw k w W \ d }uD;r_;I usi;f ycJah yonf? &nf&, G cf suf rSm oHCmrsm; txl;ojzifh eef;wGi;f ESihf qufE, G af eonfh &[ef;rsm; oef@pifap&efyif jzpfonf? xdo k C H m,emwGif &Sifarm*~vdyw k w W \ d u ,cif oHCm,emrsm;wGif ryg0ifaom uxm0wˆKusr;f udk &Gwzf wfI ydÉuawmfY tpDt pOfxnho f iG ;f onfukd oabmxm;uGJaom &[ef; rsm;u &mZ+*dKvfteD; emvef'g+rdK@Y pif+ydKifoC H m,emudk wifcjJh yefonf? odk@aomf tm%m&Sad om olwdk@. axmufcaH om t,lonf tEdik &f +rJ jzpfonfh "rRwmtwdik ;f tmaom u rif;axmufcHaom t,l0g'udk Ak'o < momemjyKrsm;jzifh xdpk Ofu olwdk@ox d m;aom urBmt h &yf a'o rsm;odk@ apv$wf omoemjyKcJah yonf?
(3(3-2) *&dacgrodk@ tcsKd @aom tmaomu. trdef@jyefwrf; urŠn;f ausmufpmrsm;u tmaomurif;onf *&d (acgr) urBm odk@vnf; Ak'o < moemjzef@cs&D ef tm;pdu k cf aJh =umif; az:jyayonf? xdt k csdeu f tdE, Nd rS *&dtxd e,ferdw f ydik ;f jcm; tqufjywfr_ r&Scd cJh s? trde@f jyefwrf;rsm;onf *&d (acgr) ydik fe,frsm;odk@ odomxif&mS ;onfh Edik fiaH &; pnf;&H;k jcif;rsdK; jzpfa=umif; az:jyaeayonf? *&d{u&mZf v$r;f rd;k csed u f mv Ak'o < moemjyKjcif;udk D l vufc&H onfh bk&ifrsm;. trnfrsm;rSm Antiochus II Theos of the Seleucid Kingdom pDv, ppf'f bk&ifEdkiif HrS tifw, D cdk syf 2 oD;tdk@pf (bDpD 284-247)? Ptolemy II Philadelphos of Egypt tD*spfrS ywdv k rD D zDvm'Jzv f ?dk Antigonus Gonatas of Macedonia rufq'D dke;D ,m;rS tifwD*;kd emhpf *dw k mem (bDpD 276-239)? Magas of Cyrene pD&;D ef (,ck vufAsm;) rS r*~g@pf (bDpD 288-258)? Alexander II of Epirus tD;yf& yfpf (,ck *&D; pf taemufajrmufyikd ;f ) rS tvufZ ef;j'm; 2 (bDpD 272255) wdk@yif jzpfayonf?
tmaomuvufxuf Ak'o < moemjyKjcif; (bDpD 260- 218) tmomu trdef@jyefwrf;t&“Ta'o/ e,fpyfrsm;/ xdrk S ,lZem 600 (5400- 9600 uDvrdk w D m) uGma0;onfh *&db&k if tifw, D u dk sKd tkycf sKyfonfx/d xdx k ufausmI f bk&ifav;yg;jzpfonfh ywdv k rD D. tifwD*akd emhpf/ r*~pf ESifh tvufZef;j'm; tkycf sKyfonfah 'orsm;/ tvm;wl awmifyikd ;f usdK@csf (usKd vD,m) yefa';pf/ ESifh wrf&mygeD (oD&v D uFm) xdwikd f "rR. atmifEkdirf Y_ &S. d ?” (tmaomu jyefwrf; trSwf 13/ awmif 'rDum)? [lIvnf;aumif;
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xdk@xufyI dk ygVdaumufa=umif; rsm;t& tmaomu. tcsKd @aom taxmufawmfrsm;onf *&d Ak'< &[ef;awmfrsm;yif jzpfcI Jh ,Ofaus;r_ ESpcf =k um;Y bmoma&; ul;vl;r_ eD;uyfcJha=umif; awG@&onfrmS “ax&f (t}u;D tuJ) arm*~vdyw k EW iS fh omoem. a&mifjcnf {u&mZfrif; (tmaomu) wdk@ oHCm,emudk aqmif=u^f;+yD;aomtcg/ ax&fav;yg;tm; [dw k pfyg; 'Dwpfyg;ESifh wyg&efwu (*l*s&wfEiS fh qif;*sf rsm;udk &nfoefaom taemufjynfrsm;od@k ) apv$wv f #u/f olonf *&d (,Ge;f ) odk@ apv$wo f rl sm;udk "rR&uQw d [k uif;yGef;ay;cJh.? (r[m0Ho 12)? [lI jzpf.?
tmaomurif;. *&d tm&mrpf ESpb f mom urŠn;f ausmuf k )f ausmufpm (uef'[m/ ubl;vf jywdu
tmaomu. tcsKd @aom taxmufawmfrsm;onf *&dvrl sKd ;rsm; jzpfonf[o l nfh tcsuu f dk oabmxm; udu k n f o D nfh a'guw f m &meef*spfaygv. f pl;prf; r_jzpfaom “tmaomuonf tif'kd-*&db&k if 'D,dk 'd;k wyf ESifh twlwlyif? olonf "rRowfrsm;udk *&dbmompum;/ tm&mrpf bmom pum;rsm;jzifh a&;xd;k cJ. h / ‚wdk@teuf wpfckrmS uef'[m ausmufpmwGif az:jyonfh bmoma&; udik ;f &di_ ;f r_ [lonfh *&d a0g[m& “,lpb D D;,m;” toH;k jzpfI “"rR” twGuf oH;k jcif;yif” jzpf.? ‚rSm“10 ESpf jynfah jrmuf+yD;aemuf/ bk&if yDtkd'gqpD f (tmaomu)onf vlom;rsm; twGu f bmoma&; udik ;f &di_ ;f r_ (*&d-,lpD;bD;,m;) udk trsm;od&ef jyK.? TumvrSpI olonf vlom; wdk@tm; ydkrI dk bmomw&m;Y =unfnKd ap./ avmutvH;k Y t&m&mwd@k tm; aygrsm;ºu,f0 ap.?” (*sDyD um&mw,fv. D *&d rl&if;rS jyefqkd)/ [k jzpf.? rnfr# tjyeftvSef =oZmoufa&mufonfrmS &Si;f vif;jywfom;r_ r&Sad y? odk@aomf tcsdK@aom pma&; q&mrsm;. xifjrifcsurf Sm *&d0g'Drsm;ESihf Ak'<0g'Drsm; t=um;&Sd qifc&pf0g' a&csdew f pfcsKd @onf xdt k csdefrS yif *&De,fajrrsm;Y pwifco Jh nf [l.? olwdk@. axmufjycsurf Sm xdu k mvuyif *&de,fajrrsm;Y Ak'b < mom todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm; &Sad ecJhjcif; jzpfI/ txl;ojzifh tvufZef;j'm; (pdef@uvDrifh tvufZ ef;j'm;) ESifh c&pf,mef acwf}udK umvu Ak'&< [ef; rsm;. =o 0g'/ usi}hf uHr_rsm;ESihf vH;k 0eD;yg;wlaom/ tmaomu rif;. taemufbufodk@ taxmufawmfrsm;rS qif;ouf vmbG,&f aSd om ax&,lx (ygVd-ax&0g'rS ajymif;vnf;[ef&)Sd rsm;yif jzpf.? pD;&fe+f rdK@ (,ck vufAsm;) rS tawG;tac: ynm&Sif [D*pf Dpf udkyif tmaomu apv$waf om omomemjyK tzGJ@. =oZmv$r;f cH&ol[k xifrw S &f ay.? tvufZefj'm;Y ywdv k Drpf acwfumvrS Ak'b < mom0ifrsm;. "rRp=umyHk trSwfrsm;jzifh ocsõKif; *lrsm;udk vnf; awG@&&Sd ay.? tvufZef;j'm;wGif Ak'b < mom0ifrsm; wnf&cdS rJh _EiS hf ywfoufv#uf tcsdK@ okawoD rsm;. axmufjycsufrsm;rSm Tae&mrsm;Y c&pf,mef pifwmrsm;tm; wnfaxmifr_rsm;rSm aemufydki;f wGirf S jzpfcaJh yonf [l.? (a&mbwf vifpq f if)?
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at'D 2 &mpk tvufZef;j'm; c&pf,mef w&m;ao0g'Drsm;u acgi;f ESpv f ;Hk Ak'b < mom (omrae) ESifh tdEdN t0wftpm;rJh &[ef;rsm; (*&dtac: *sifEdkqdkzpfrsm;) . *&dtawG;ac:rsm;ay: =oZmoufa&mufr_rsm;udk todtrSwjf yKcJo h nfrmS “Todk@ t&mwpfck. tjrifq h H;k aom *k%&f nfjzpfaom tawG;tac:rsm;onf a&S;rzGH@+zdK;ao; aom vlrsdK;wdk@tm; tm;opfoGe;f ay;I wdik ;f a'orsm;tay:od@k ‚. tvif;a&miftm; oGe;f csay;.? xdkrS ‚onf *&dokd@ a&muf&v dS m./ yxrOD;pGm ‚. tqG,frmS tD*spv f rl sdK; rsm;. wrefawmfrsm; tpfq&D ;D ,ef;wdk@. umvf';D ef; (bmoma&; acgif;aqmif) rsm;/ *l;vf wdk@. qJvw f pfbke;f }uD;rsm;/ b&ufw ef wdk@. pmre (omrae)rsm;/ qJv h w f @kd . 'oe ynm&Sifrsm;/ &Sio f efarG;xjcif; ta=umif;udk a[majymI =u,fwm&mwd@k . vrf;!$efjzifh *sK' (,k')e,frsm; odk@ a&mufvmaom yg&Sew f @kd . r*~Drsm; yifjzpfI/ tdE, Nd t0wftpm;rJh &[ef;rsm;ESifh a&S;awm ae vl&idk ;f rsm;. 'oe ynm&Sifrsm;onfvnf; xdt k eufwiG f yg0if./ olwdk@tm; ESpfrsKd ;ESpfpm; cGJjcm;v#uf tcsdK@udk pmre (omrae) rsm;[k vnf;aumif; tcsdK@ukd jArRmrsm;[kvnf;aumif; ac:wGi. f ?” [k jzpf.? (uvD;rifw h f atmhzf tvufZef;j'm;/ pxGe;f rufw odk@r[kwf aomifajymif;axG vm pmtkyt f rSwf 1 tcef; 15) 'Gefe,f at rufuif;ZD; . pdef@ tk&d D*if pmtkyt f & c&pfESpf (2) &mpk +Adwef c&pf,mefacwf}udK umv wGif Ak'
(3dvuFmESifh jrefrmod (3-3) oD&vuF modk@ jyef@ESH@jcif; oD&v d uFmonf tmaomu. om; r[dENEiS hf taz: 6 OD;a=umifh bDpD 2 &mpktwGi;f wGif bmomajymif; cJ&h onf? olwdk@onf bk&if}uD; a'0eHy, d wpPEiS hf rl;rwfrsm;pGmudk omoemajymif;apcJo h nf? Ttcsdef umvonf a&S;&d;k pGJ qif[mvdwdk@. A[djk zpfonfh r[m0d[m& bke;f }uD; ausmif;udk wnfaqmufaom umvjzpfayonf? ygVd ydÉuawmftm; rif;}uD; 0dw*W greD vufxuf bDpD 29- 17 ckEpS frsm;wGif oD& d vuFmY rSww f rf;wif a&;rSwcf jJh cif; jzpfI xdYk ax&0g' &d;k &m tm;aumif;cJhayonf? aemufyidk ;f wGif Ak'a< Cmo (at'D 4- 5 &mpk) uJo h dk@ tcsdK@aom tXuxm ynm&Sifrsm; xGe;f um;cJI h olw@kd onf &d;k &m ¹yef;aom tXuxmrsm;udk pepfwus jyKpkcaJh yonf? xdu k mvwGif r[m,e 0g'rSm oD&v d uFmY txdu k t f av#muf =oZmv$r;f rd;k aomfvnf; ax&0g'rS t+yD;wdik f csKyfuidk fEkdi+f yD; oD&v D uFmonf ax& 0g' trmcHe,fajr jzpfvmcJu h m xdkrw S qifh 11 &mpkrS pwifI ta&S@awmiftm&So@kd jyef@ESH@cJah yonf? tdE, dN wdu k if ,f. ta&S@bufe,f (,ckacwf jrefrmESihf xdik ;f ) a'orsm;wGif tdE, dN Ofaus;r_rmS rGev f lrsdK; tay:odk@ t}u;D tus,f vGr;f rd;k cJah yonf? r[m,e/ [de,e *d% k ;f rsm; ruGJrSD bDpD 3 &mpkrS pwifI tdE, dN {u&mZf tmaomu&mZm. omoemjyKjcif;udk rGefwdk@onf cH&onf[k qdak yonf? jrefrmS Edik if H tv,fydki;f &Sd ydoEd;k uJo h dk@ a&S@usaom rGefAk'
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'mG &m0wDrS rGef "rRp=umyHk (at'D 8 &mpk) txl;ojzifh tdE, Nd . *kyw f ,mOfaus;r_EiS fh *kyw f rwdik frSD umv ,Ofaus;r_rsm; v$r;f rdk;aom rGew f dk@. Ak', < Ofaus;r_rsm;onf at'D 5 &mpkESif 8 &mpkt=um; xGe;f um;cJah om rGefb&k ifhEikd if rH sm;. atmufwiG f ta&S@awmiftm&S wav#mufjyef@ESH@cJah yonf? at'D 6 &mpkywf0ef;usifrS pI r[m,e Ak'b < mom wa&G@a&G@yGm;rsm;aeaom ta&S@awmift m&S. ajrmufbufykdi;f wGif rGew f dk@. =oZmatmufY ax&0g' xGe;f um;vmcJah yonf? tmaomu ,we (at'D 2 &mpk) t& tmaomurif;onf ajrmufbuf [dr0EWmudk jzwfv#uf wm &if; jrpf0Srf;a'o cd&k efa'o/ tif'dk Oa&my pum;ajymaom wdck g&, D efwikd ;f a'orsm;odk@ omoemjyKrsm; apv$wf cJhayonf?
(4) qGeC f tifyg,m (bDpD 2 -1 &mpk) tmaomurif;uG,v f eG +f yD; ESpaf ygi;f (50) cef@t =um bDpD 185-173 wGif qGeC f rif; qufukd xlaxmif cJo h nf? arm&d,rif;quf. aemufq;kH jzpfaom bk&if b[mj'mw vky}f ucH &H +yD; ppfo}l uD;csKyf ykp,s arwW qGeC f onf xD;eef;udk &,lcaJh yonf? tmaomu ,we uJo h dk@aom Ak'b < moma&; pmayrsm;u (jArRm a&S;&d;k 0g'D) ykp,sarwWonf Ak'b < mom0ifwdk@tm; vdv k m;jcif; r&SdbJ Ak'o < moemtm; ESdyfpuf uvljyKonf[k a&;om;r_rsm; &Sad yonf? Ak'b < momrsm;u olonf bke;f }u;D ausmif;rsm;udk zsuq f ;D v#uf &[ef;omraersm;udk owfjzwfco Jh nf[k a&;om;cJah yonf? tmaomurif; wnfaqmufcJhaom Ak'< Xmyemwdu k f (apwD) 84000 tm; zsufq;D cJI h (t&f xufyg;)/ Ak'&< [ef;wpfyg;pD. acgi;f wpfv;Hk twGuf a&$'*Fg; 100 qkaiGxw k cf o Jh nf [l.? xyfaygi;f I Ak'
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bmom vuf&mrsm; jzpfonfh apwDaygi;f 84000 tm; rnfo h nft h cgurS vufawG@tm;jzifh zsuq f ;D cJjh cif; r&S[ d k jzpfI? owfygu _ nf ykp,sarwW. g pdwrf oufromjzifh Ak'
(5) *&d-Ak'< tjyeftvSeo f ufa&mufjcif; (bDpD 2 &mpkrS at'D 1 &mpk &mp)k
*&d aiG'*Fg; rif;eENm (1) bDpD 160-135
bDpD 326 ck ywff0ef;usiw f iG f tvufZef;j'm; onf *&dwf onf ,ae@acwf tmz*efepPwef Edik if jH zpf onfh b&ufw;D ,m;udk atmifEdkio f rd ;f ydu k +f yD;csed frS pI *&dbk&ifyidk fEkdiif HrmS tdE, Nd taemufbufyikd ;f ESifh tdrfe;D csi;f jzpfvmcJo h nf? yxrydik ;f bDpD 323 cef@wiG f qDv;l ppf Edik if Hro S nf aemufyidk ;f bDpD 250 cef@rSpI *&d-b&ufwef bk&ifEh dkiif jH zpfvmcJhayonf?
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at'D 11-2 &mpk *E<&a'o&Sd a&S;OD; yxr Ak'&< yk yf mG ;rsm;rS wpfcjk zpfonfh *&d-Ak'< qif;wk
*&d-b&ufw ef bk&if 'rufx&d,mpf (1) onf bDpD 180 wGif tdE, dN jynf ygwvdyw k x W d 0ifa&muf odr;f ydu k I f tif'dk-*&d bk&ifyidk fEidk fiu H dk xlaxmifcaJh yonf? bDpD 1 &mpk tukefyidk ;f wGif ‚tifyg,mY tdE, Nd ajrmufyidk ;f rS a'orsm;pGm yg0ifcaJh yonf? tif'dk-*&d bk&ifrsm; vufatmufwiG f Ak'< bmom onf tm;ay;cs;D ajr‡mufc&H I olwdk@. tEN, d jynftm; 0ifa&muford ;f ydu k fro _ nf arm&d, tifyg,mtm; axmufct H m;ay;&ef jzpfa=umif;jyov#uf qGeC f rif;qufvufatmufY (bDpD 185-73) ESdyfpufcH &ygonf[k qdkaom Ak'o < moemtm; umuG,af pmifha&Smufa=umif;vnf; jyovdck aJh yonf?? tif'dk-*&d rif;rsm;teuf txif&mS ;qH;k aom rif;wpfyg;rSm rif;eENm (eef;pHESpf bDpD 160-135) jzpfI Ak'< bmomodk@u;l ajymif;um r,m,e Ak'b < momtm; tm;ay;cs;D ajr‡muf jyKco Jh nf? olonf tmaomu &mZm odk@r[kwf aemufyidk ;f uk&Sefrif; ueufo# uJo h dk@yif jzpf.? rif;eEN OD;acgif;jzifh aiG'*Fg;wGif wpfcg wpf&H 'vuf &Spcf kygaom p}umyHkEiS hf awG@& ayonf? ,Ofaus;r_ wdu k &f u dk t f jyeftvSef zvS,frr_ sm;wGif rif;eENEiS fh t&Sif em*aoe (em*ode)f wdk@. tjyefvSef ajymqdak om rdvdENynm (bDpD 160 cef@u) onf xif&mS ;.? rif; eENm. t&du k t f &mudk qufco H nfh rif; rsm;pGmtm; "rR. aemufvu kd f 'umrsm;[k olwdk@. '*Fg; rsm;wGif az:jycJh ayonf? ?
rif;eENmESifh 'vuf &Spcf yk g "rRp=umyHk '*Fg;yHk (+ADwdo# jywdu k f
tcsKd @aom =oZmoufa&mufr_rsm;onf r[m,e Ak'<. qifu h jJh zpfpOfay:Y v$r;f rd;k oGm;I *&dewfb&k m; rsm; uJo h dk@ Ak't < m; vl-bk&m; uJo h dk@awG;ac:ar#mjf rif qnf;uyfr_rsm; &Sad yonf? xdu k mvrsm;wGif r=umc% *&d- Ak'r_
(5(5-1) tm&S tv,fyidk ;f odk@ jyef@ESH@jcif;
wDv, d m; wdyf wGif awG@&aom Ak'b < momwdk@. a&$'*Fg; (*ltrSwf 6)
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at'D 1 &mpku oGe;f vkyaf om Ak'b < momwdk@. a&$'*Fg;udk tmz*efepPwef ajrmufyidk ;f wDv, d m;wdyf wl;az:a'owGif &ayonf? xd'k *Fg;wGif jcaoFhykHEiS hf &wemoH;k yg;udk yHak qmifaom (eef'Dyw) yHjk zifh jzpfI (cg&dkpD bmom (a&S@tmz*ef bmompum;) yHjk yift& jcaoFo h nf ta=umufw&m;rsm;udk yg,zf suf jcif;udk yHak qmifonf)/ wpfjcm; wpfbufwiG f a&S@*&d ([Dvifepfpw f ufc)f cg; 0wfpESihf a&S;oufom avmedww f dk@. a&S; ajy;edrw d faqmif ewfb&k m;rsm; aqmif;onf[k qdak om yDw mqdk@pf OD;xkyu f dk aqmif; xm;onfh vH;k 0 ud, k v f ;Hk wnf;enf;yg; vlwpfa,mufu Ak'< "rRp=umudk vSrd fhaeonfyh kHjzifh jzpfayonf? cg&dkpb D momjzifh yHjk yifudk ("rRcgch &f my&m,mw (ud)k )[kjzpfI “Oya' "rRpufudk vSnafh omol” [k teufjzpfayonf? ‚onf tapmydik ;f umvu Ak't < m; ud, k pf m;jyKwifjyjcif; jzpfonf[k oH;k oyf xifjrif=uayonf?
(6) r[m,e ay:aygufvmjcif; (bDpD 1 &mpkrS at'D 2 &mpk &mpk)
ueufo#urif;. uk&eS t f ifyg,m Ak'. < yHjk zifh '*Fg; (ol@trnftm; *&d bmomjzifh bk''f )dk at'D 120
at'D 1 &mpkrS pI tdENdjynf taemufajrmufyikd ;f wGif Edik fiaH &; &_yaf xG;ajymif;vJr_rsm;jzifh r[m,e Ak'<0g' xGef;um;vmcJah yonf? tif'kd-*&d bk&ifhEidk if o H nf wpfpp v$r;f rd;k vm+yD; olw@kd . ,Ofaus;r_tm; tif'dk-pufo, D ef rsm;ESifh bDpD 12 cef@u pwifI uk&eS ftifyg,mtm; xlaxmifcJo h nfh ,kcsDrsm;u vufcH vmcJah yonf? uk&eS w f dk@onf Ak;' &[ef;rsm;. oHCm,em[kyif qdak yonf? ‚onf Ak'b < mom o¾mefopfjzpfI Ak't < m; xm0&bk&m;uJo h dk@ qnf;uyfylaZmfaom t,ljzpfay onf? t,ltqtm;jzifh “jzpfwnfrw _ idk ;f onf Ak'<. obm0Y&SI d (bk&m;jzpfxu kd af om) vlom;wdk@tm; Ak't < jzpf "gwaf wmfu;l ay;r_ (udef;0yfr)_ Ak'u < , kd fymG ;tjzpf cH,al yonf? tdE, Nd taemufajrmufyidk ;f ESifh uk&eS t f ifyg,mwGi;f rS t,lt qrsdK;pHk v$r;f aeaom t,ljzpfonf [l.?”
(6(6-1) ESp}f udraf jrmuf pwkwˆ oHCm,em at'D 100 ywf0ef;usifcef@u *svef'g od@k r[kwf u𝔖D ,m;e,fY uk&Seb f &k if ueufo# vufxufwiG f pwkwˆ oHCm,em wpfcu k dk wifco Jh nf [kqakd omfvnf; ax&0g'rsm;twGuf ESpaf ygi;f ESp&f mcef@ apm v#uf oD&v d uFmY ud, k yf idk f pwkwˆ oHCm,em &Scd I Jh ygVdjyXmef;csuu f kd yxOD;qHk;taejzifh ayxuf tuQ&m wifcaJh yonf? xdk@a=umifh pwkwˆ oHCm,emrSm ESpcf kjzpfI wpfco k nf oD&v d uFmwGi/f tjcm; wpfco k nf u&Srf ;D ,m; (om0wˆ om0wˆ0d wD) wGif jzpfayonf?
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jyef@xu G v f maom Ak'b < momESifh ukeo f , G v f rf;a=umif; at'D 1 &mpk
u&Srf ;D ,m; pwkwˆ oHCm,emwGif ueufo#onf oHCm 500 udk pkI &Si0f q d ak rwW,s tm; }uD;r_; apcJo h nf [k qdak yonf? tpdwt f ydik ;f tm;jzifh ‚onf tbd"rRm. tXuxmwGif yg0ifonf jzpfEidk f aomfvnf; ‚ud, k w f idk f jyXmef;csujf zifh wnf&aSd eonfrSm jzpfEikd fp&m &Sad yonf? oHCm,emwGif okwf awmfaygi;f oH;k odef;ESifh tqdak ygi;f ud;k oef;ausmfukd pkaqmif;v#uf +yD;ajrmufap&ef 12ESpf=um onf[k qdak yonf? ToHCm,em. t"du jzpfxeG f;r_rmS r[my&dedAmŠ eokw[ f k xifjcm;aom om0wˆo d wD (u&Srf ;D ,m;) tbd"rRm. wd;k csJ@aom tud;k tum; o+*õKvu f sr;f jzpfonfh us,jf yef@aom tXuxm}uD; tm; usrf;jyKjcif;yif jzpfayonf? okawoDrsm;u xdak cwfxt dk cgwiG f om0wˆd0wD usr;f awmfY a&S;usaom y&mc&pf bmomrS oif ouU&u dk f rSww f rf;tjzpf bmompum;rSm odompGm ajymif;vJomG ;onf[k ,H=k unf=uayonf? T ajymif;vJro _ nf usrf;awmf. tESpo f m&tm; xdcu kd fepfemr_ r&Sad omfvnf; oifouU&u dk f bmom pum;onf tEd, N wGif jArR0g'Drsm;. usrf;oH;k bmompum;jzpfonfh tjyif tjcm;aom tawG;tac: orm;rsm; (bmom vlrsdKK;rcGJ) vnf; oH;k pGJ=uayonf? xdk@a=umifh Ak'. < t,lrsm;onf ydkru dk s,jf yef@aom y&dwo f wfrsm;xHodk@ a&muf&o Sd mG ;ayonf? Tod@k aom ta=umif;jzifh tdE, Nd &Sd Ak'
(7) r[m,e xGe;f um;jyef@ESH@jcif; (at'D 1 &mpkrS 10 &mpk)
r[m,e xGe;f um;jyef@ESH@jcif; (at'D 1 &mpkrS 10 &mpk)
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r[m,eAk'b < monf tdE, Nd . ta&S@bufyikd ;f rSonf ta&S@awmiftm&S ajrmufykdi;f od@k tm&Stv,fyidk ;f w&kyf ud;k &D; ESifh aemufq;Hk at'D 538 wGif *syeftxd jyef@ESH@xeG ;f um;cJhayonf?
(7Nd (7-1) tdE, uk&eS af cwfukef ukyw f rif;qufvufxuf (at'D 4 &mpkrS 6 &mpk) wGif Ak'
Ak'E< iS fh aAm'dowW (11 &mpk ygV tifyg,m) g,m)
tdE, Nd Ak'b < momonf vljzL [Gefrsm;. 0ifa&mufodr;f ydkujf cif; ESifh rD[u D v k zdESdyfra_ =umifh at'D 6 &mpkwiG f tm;enf;oGm;cJo h nf? &Si[ f , d efqidk f. at'D 7 &mpk c&D;oGm;rSww f rf;wGif “tE<&/ 'ef,muwfw,ESifh '&0D' (,ckacwf tE<& y&ma'h&SfEiS fh wrD;vfem;'l; jynfe,f)wGif Ak'<0g'ausmfaZm aecJo h nf? ,ckacwf eDaygjzpfonfh a'o 0ef;usiw f iG f rsm;pGmaom apwDrsm; aysmufys,cf JhI Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;rSm (,ckacwf taemuf befa*g jynfe,fjzpfonf)h *l; ' bk&ifEidk if H qefu rif;. n‡i;f yef;r_rsm;udk cHc&Jh ayonf? xdu k mvtwGi;f umuG,f apmifah &Smufay;cJah om [m&SmAm'etm; [d,efqikd u f aus;Zl;wifxm;ayonf?” [m&Sm Am'erif;rsm;. bk&ifEdkiif +H yD;aemuf rsm;pGmaom bk&ifEikd fiHi,frsm; pkaygi;f ay:xGe;f vmum aemufyidk ;f **Fgjrpf0Sr;f wav#mufrS &mh*sfyw k frsm;tjzpf ay:xGe;f vmI befa*ga'oonf +ydKifbuf ygVrif;tifyg,m atmufY &Sad epOf Ak'b < mom tkypf ;dk onfh tkyfpkrsm;tm; umuG,af pmifha&Smufxm;r_rsm; aysmufu, G f oGm;onf[k qdkjcif;udk rodrom jiif;yg,x f m; ayonf? Ta'o ode[dELN rif;qufrsm;. xd;k ESufr_rsm; a=umifh ygV rif;quf r+ydKysufrw SD iG f r[m,e Ak'
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tEN, d Ak'b < momu at'D 1193 ck ajrmufyikd ;f wGif jzpfymG ;cJh onfh rk[ rR'f cgvufc. f vufatmufY wmuufcf tpPvmrfrpf 0iford ;f olrsm;u emvef'g tm; rD;&d_@crJh u _ dk jiif;y,fxm;jcif;rSm xif&mS ;ayonf? 12 &mpk tukefyidk ;f wGif Ak'k b < mom trmcHe,fjzpfonfh bD[m&fjynfe,ftm; tpPvmrf bmom0ifrsm; atmifEidk f+yD;aemuf Ak'b < momrsm;tm; Edik fiaH &;tm%mydik frsm;. yhHy;kd tm;ay;r_EiS hf vlra_ &;Zwfpepfrsm; tm; axmufct H m;ay;r_rSm qH;k &H;k oGm;cJhayonf/ odk@aomf vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,, f =kH unfru _ kd ESdyu f Gyjf cif; r&Scd Jhacs? xdkrS Ak'b < momonf ajrmufyikd ;f [dr0EWmawmifajcESifh awmifyidk ;f oD&v d uFmwGif ae&m,lcJh ayonf? xdk@jyif t'fAidk w f m ([dENL a0'EW t,l) uJodk@ +ydKifbuf [dELN tkyfpk/ bmhuw f D (bmhuw f ;D tm; AD;&SfE;l / oD0 wdk@uo Jh dk@ bk&m;[k owfrw S o f nfh *dk%;f ) v_y&f mS ;rsm; xGe;f um; vmjcif;ESihf omoemjyK qlzD (tpPvmrf 0dyoem 'oe tkyfpk) rsm;. xd;k azgufr_rsm;a=umifh Ak'b < momrSm arS;rSdefqw k , f w k f vmcJh ayonf?
(7(7-2) tm&S tv,fyidk ;f / ajrmufyidk ;f a'o 7-2 (u) tm&Stv,fyidk ;f Ak'b < momonf Ak'v < ufxufrSpI tm&Stv,fyikd ;f wGif =oZmv$r;f rd;k cJb h , G f &Sad yonf? ax&0g' usrf; oH;k ygVu d sr;f rsm;. pum;pOft& b&ufw;D ,m;rS ukeo f nf nDaemifESpOf D;jzpfaom wufygqk ESifh bmvd < o H dk@ a&mufvm=uI wynfo h m0ursm; jzpfvmcJah yonf? olwdk@onf b&uf bmvdu wd@k onfh Ak'x wD;,m;odk@ jyefaomtcg Ak't < m;&nfp;l I ausmif;aqmif wnfaqmufco Jh nf [l.? tm&Stv,fydki;f onf tdE, Nd w&kyfEiS hf yg&mS ;wd@k . =um;qHkrw S t f jzpf &Sn=f umpGm wnf&cSd aJh yonf? at'D 2 &mpktwGi;f ,cifu [efvrl sdK;wd@k . taemufbufod@k jyef@E@HS ro _ nf txl;ojzifh *&D-b&uf wef bk&ifhEidk if Hjzpfonfh tm&S [DvifepPwufcf (a&S;*&d,mOfaus; r_) xGef;um;&m a'orsm; qDodk@ ,SuEf , G f vmcJah yonf? xdrk w S qifh Ak'o < moemonf ajrmufyikd ;f odk@ jyef@ES@H vmv#uf Ak'b < mom vl@todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm; jzpfwnfvmonftxd jzpfcI Jh tm&Stv,fykdi;f wGif Ak'b < mom bk&ifEdkiif Hrsm;yif &Sv d mcJ. h ? yd;k vrf; r. tcsdK@aomae&mrsm;wGif Ak'b < momapwDrsm;ESihf bke;f }u;D ausmif;rsm; jynfv h ke;D yg; &Sad eaom +rdK@rsm; yg0ifay.? ,if;rSm ta&S@taeufrS vmonfh c&D;oGm;rsm;tm; }udKqdk {nfch &H m Xmaersm; jzpf[ef &S. d ? at'D 2 &mpk 3 &mpku r[m,e ra&m,Surf DS ax&0g',Ofaus;r_onf wmuufcf vlrsKd ;pkrsm;xHodk@ jyef@ESH@omG ;cJhayonf? xdak 'orsm;rSm ,ckacwf ygu pPwef/ u&Srf ;D ,m;/ tmz*efepPwef/ tD&efta&S@ bufyidk ;f ESifh urf;&d;k wef;a'o/ OZbufupPw ef/ wmcfrefepPwefEiS hf wm*spfupPwefwdk@ jzpf.? *E<& . a&S;a[mif;jynfe,frsm;/ b&ufw;D ,m;/ ywfo;D ,m;ESihf qGef';D ,m;wdk@Yvnf; ajrmufrsm;pGm &Scd I Jh xdkrS wqifh w&kyjf ynfodk@ jyefESH@omG ;cJ. h ? xdw k muufcf vlrsdK; pkrsm;teuf Ak'b < momtm; yxOD;qH;k vufcH &,laom vlrsdK;rSmpkrmS wmcD-&Sm[D jzpfI olw@kd . Ak'b < momtm; vufcjH cif;rSm bDpD 3 &mpxuf aemuf ruscJhacs? odk@aomf Tbmomw&m; wpfcw k nf;udo k m tcsKyftjcm ,H=k unfr_ bmomtjzpf rowfrw S cf Jhacs? Zd&k t dk ufpwm bmom/ [dENL/ eufpwd&k , D ef- c&pf,mef (uGefpwefwDEb dk ,frS c&pf,mefbke;f }uD; eufpwdw k ;D ,yfpf (at'D 386-451). c&pfESpfyg; (aumif;uifrS xm0&bk&m;onf vnf; c&pfawmfyifjzpf. [laom) t,l&aSd om c&pf,mef*dk%;f )/ *sL;/ refepfc, D ef (at'D 210-276 wGif yGifhco Jh nfh wrefawmf refe. D bmom -a&S;tD&efvlrsKd ;wdk@. t"du bmomwpfck)/ &Srrf efepfZif Z if (0dnm^f rsm;udk ,H=k unfonhf &d;k &mewfbmom) aemufvu dk rf sm;/ wef&D (a&S; wmhucf f vlrsdK;wdk@. &d;k &mbmom) bmomrsm; tjcm;aom a&S;OD;rlv vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh bmomw&m;wpfck pepfwus r&Sdaom olrsm;vnf; a&maESmv#uf &Sdaeayonf?
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trsKd ;rsdK;aom edum, (eDu,f) ausmif;rsm;onf tm&Stv,fykdi;f ESihf w&kwjf ynfwdk@wiG f at'D 7 &mpk 0ef;usicf ef@txd wnf&aSd eayonf? r[m,ersm;onf xdkumvwGif pwnfI v$r;f rd;k vmaomfvnf; edu,frsm;udk pGJrw S o f nfh om0wˆ0d wDEiS hf "rR*w k w f u rsm;od@k t,lvr$ ;f rd;k cJjh cif; r&Sdacs? usefaom tm&S tv,fydki;f bkef;}uD;ausmif; rsm;onf a&G;cs,x f m;aom 0denf;rsm;udk usio fh ;Hk cJhayonf? tm&Stv,fydki;f a'orsm;ESifh atmufbuf tdE, dN wdu k if ,fwdk@wiG f uk&eS t f ifyg,m uJo h @kd Ak'b < mom bk&ifEdkiif Hrsm;pGm xGe;f ay: zGH@+zdK;vmcJah yonf? at'D 5 &mpkwiG f uk&eS t f ifyg,mtm; vljzL [efrsm;u 0ifa&muford ;f ydu k +f yD; rif[cD v l rif; vufxufwiG f Ak'b < momrsm;rSm rsm;pGm ESdyu f Gycf cH &Jh ayonf? tm&Stv,fydki;f Ak'b < momonf at'D 7 &mpkwiG f tpPvmrfbmom jyef@ES@H xGe;f um; vmaomtcg pwifarS; rSdeo f mG ;+yD; ppfyGJrsm;twGi;f omoedu taqmuftkHrsm;pGm zsuo f rd ;f cHvu dk &f ayonf? rlqvif rsm;u olwdk@tm; c&pf,mefrsm;/ *sK;rsm;uJo h @kd “'if;rpf” usr;f &olrsm; tjzpfowfrw S cf o Jh nf? tvf bD,eDleD u Ak'o < nf wrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfI trnfrmS “Al;Z” jzpfonf[k a&;om;cJah yonf? Ak'b < momonf *sif*pfcef;. odr;f ydu k rf _rsm;aemuf rGef*kdrif;qufrsm;atmufEiS fh/ tDvcf ef;edwf ESifh cg*gwidk ;f cef;edwf wdk@ rif;qufrsm;udk wnfaxmifv#uf olwdk@. Ak'b < momtm; =oZmanmif; ap&ef aqmif=unf;cJah om at'D 13 &mpkwiG f jyefvnf jrifw h ufcJh jyefonf? odk@aomf ESpf 100 twGi;f wGif xdak 'orS rGef*dkrsm;rSm tpPvmrfbmomodk@ ul;ajymif;=uv#uf olwdk@ESit hf wl tm&Stv,fyikd f; a'o tm;vH;k odk@ tpPvmrf omoem jyef@ymG ;oGm;awmhonf? rGef*dk ta&S@ydik ;f ESifh ,Gefrif; quf r#om [de,e Ak'<0g'tm; vufuidk f jyKv#uf usef&cSd Jhayonf?
7-2 (c) ywfo;D , taemufbufqo D dk@ jyef@ESH@omG ;aom Ak'b < momonf t&fqmquf'f ywfo;D , xJodk@/ aemufq;Hk a&S;u rm*D,mem ,ckacwf wmhcfrefepPwef [kwiG o f nfh rJAh f a'orsm; txd a&muf&o dS mG ;ayonf? qdkA, D uf a&S;a[mif;okawoe tzGJ@rS rJAh f a'owGif tvGe}f uD;rm;aom Ak'q < if;wk/ bke;f }uD;ausmif; ESifh toH;k taqmifrsm;udk wl;az:&&Sad yonf? (ywfo;D ,ef;) ywfo;D vlrsKd ;wdk@onf Ak'b < mom omoemjyK&mY wdu k &f u kd yf g0if ywfoufcaJh yonf? ywfo;D vlrsKd ; tdrfa&S@rif;om; tef&SD*sKd (at'D 148) onf w&kwo f dk@ oGm;cJhI Ak'u < sr;f *efrsm;tm; w&kwf bmomodk@ yxrqH;k bmomjyefqo kd l tjzpf xif&mS ;ayonf?
7-2 (*) wm&if; jrpf0rS ;f a'o
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rsufv;Hk jym tm&Stv,fyidk ;f vl ESifh ta&S@tm&S Ak'&< [ef;awmf (bDZmhuv f u Jh /f ta&S@ wm&if;jrpf0rS ;f a'o w&ky/f at'D 9 &mpk/ 10 &mpk)
tm&Stv,fydki;f (w&kw/f wmupPwef/ wm&if; jrpf0Sr;f / Zif*si;f ) a'o rsm;onf tvGew f &m rsm;jym; pGmaom Ak', < Ofaus;r_ vuf&mrsm; (eH&H yef;csDrsm;/ "gwak pwDrsm;/ t0wfyef;csDrsm;/ qnf;uyfylaZmf&m Xmersm;) udk az:jyv#u&f aSd yonf? ‚wd@k rSm tdE, dN ESihf [DvifepPwufcf ,mOfaus;r_ v$r;f rd;k a=umif; udk ay:vGifapayonf? qm&if;'D,ef vuf&monf *E<& yHkpHukd =oZmoufrr_ sm; rsm;vSI/ usrf; pmtkyf rsm;wGiv f nf; *E<&w D dk@. cg&w dk D pmudk awG@&ayonf? tm&Stv,fydki;f om;wdk@onf ta&S@ydik ;f od@k Ak'b < mom qufo, G af y;a&;Y t"duae&mrS yg0ifc[ Jh ef&aSd y onf? Ak'u < srf;rsm;tm; w&kwb f momodk@ pwifbmomjyefcJhorl sm;rS tef&S&*DS sKd (at'D 148) uJo h @kd ygwfoD vlrsdK;rsm; (w&kyt f ac: tefZ)D r[kwaf omfu avmuqDrm (at'D 178) uJo h @dk ,lZD wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;rS tef [lpef odk@r[kwf ZD;uGif ESifh ZD,dk odk@r[kwf uefqef*idk ;f uJo h dk@ qdik 'f , D ef (w&kwf- qlaw SuTe/ 粟特) wdk@ jzpf=u.? Ak'
7-2 (C) w&kwf Ak'b < momonf w&kwjf ynfodk@ at'D 1 &mpk ywf0ef;usicf ef@uyif tm&Stv,fyikd ;f rS wqifh a&muf& Sd cJ[ h ef &Sad yonf? (tcsdK@aom &d;k &m pum;pOft& tmaomu pd;k pHaepOf uwnf;uyif &[ef;awmf wpfyg;onf w&kwjf ynfodk@ a&mufvmcJo h nf[k qdak yonf)? od@k aomf at'D 8 &mpkwiG frS Ak'b < mom tm; jyif;jyif;xefxefv_y&f mS ;onfh yifrXme jzpfvmcJah yonf? at'D 67 wGif &[ef;awmfESpfyg;jzpfonfh rGww f dk ESifh csLzefvefwdk@ a&muf&v Sd m+yD; Ak'b < momonf w&kwjf ynfodk@ w&m;0if rdwq f ufcJhayonf? at'D 68 ckESpw f iG f {u&mZfjynf&h iS f. umuG,af pmifh a&Smuf r_atmufY {u&mZfaejynfawmf vlt , dk ef;ESifh eD;uyfonfh t&yfY ,ae@widk w f nf&aSd eonfh 0wfausmif;jzL ( 白 馬 寺 ) udk wnfaqmufcJhayonf? at'D 2 &mpk tukefcef@wiG f (Ak'
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arwW,s Ak'< (ajrmufyidk ;f 0dik ;f at'D 443)
Ak'b < momonf wefrif;quf (at'D 618-907) tpydik ;f wGif tm;opfavmif;cJah yonf? Trif;quf tm; Edik fi&H yfjcm;rS &d;k &m,Ofaus; r_rsm;u yGiv hf if;pGm ul;pufcI Jh / at'D 4 &mpkrS 11 &mpktwGi;f ajrmuf rsm;pGmaom w&kwf Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;. c&D;oGm;r_rsm;a=umifh tdE, dN &d;k &m,Ofaus;r_rsm;jzifh ul;vl;r_ rSm jyefvnf &Sio f efco Jh nf? wefaejynfawmf csef*if;ef (,ae@- Zdtif Xi'an)onf Ak'< tawG; tac: rsm;. t"du yif&if;a'o jzpfvmcJo h nf? xdrk w S qifh Ak'b < momonf ud;k &D;,m;ESifh uifw&dk SD oHwref rsm;. tultnDjzifh *syefodk@ tacscsciG fh &&Scd aJh yonf? odk@aomfvnf; wefrif;quf. aemufq;kH ydik ;f rsm;wGif Edik if &H yfjcm; ,Ofaus;r_ v$r;f rdk;jcif;rsm;tm; tm;ray;awmhbJ wef{u&mZf 0laZmifu at'D 845 wGif Edik if Hjcm; bmomw&m;tm;vH;k (c&pf,mef epfw&dk , D ef0g'/ Zd&k t dk ufpwm 0g'/ ESihf Ak'<0g'rsm; tygt 0if) udk w&m;r0if [k a=ujimum/ wdik ;f &if; bmom wmtdk0g'tm; axmufycHh aJh yonf? ol. tkycf sKyfajrtESH@ Ak'b < mom0ifwdk@. ydik fqikd fr_rsm;udk jynfolykdio f rd ;f jcif;/ bke;f }uD;ausmif; rsm;/ omoedu taqmuf ttHkrsm;udk zsuq f ;D jcif;/ Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;udk uGyfrsujf cif;rsm;a=umifh Ak'b < mom. &d;k &m ,Ofaus; r_rsm;ESifh tawG;tac: v$r;f rd;k r_rsm;rSm tqH;k owfc&Jh ayonf? odk@aomfvnf; Ak'b < momtm; t}u;D tus,fEydS u f Gycf +Jh yD; ESpw f pf&m aemufyikd ;f qGef rif;quf (at'D 1127-1279) vufxufwiG f Ak'
7-2 (i) (i) ud;k &D;,m;
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Ak'b < momonf ud;k &D;,m;odk@ at'D 327 0ef;usicf ef@wiG f w&kwf oHt rwfrsm;. ud;k &D;,m; bk&ifhEikd fiH *d*k m,d Gm,d,dk xHodk@ tvnfc&D;wGif usrf;*efrsm; qif;wkawmfrsm;udk aqmif=unf; oGm;jcif;jzifh pwif rdwf qufcaJh yonf?? ud;k &D;,m;wGif txl;ojzifh at'D 7 &mpkrS pwifaom ZifAk'<0g' xGe;f um;cJh ayonf? at'D 1392 ckESpf ,Drif;quf. uGejf zL&Sif tpydik ;f *sdKpDteG f umvwGif Ak'
7-2 (p) (p) *syef
t+rD;aygY xdik af eaom Ak'q < if;wk ( em&m pD&ifp/k tqkum umv/ at'D 7 &mpk/ wdu k sKd trsdK;om;jywdu k )f
at'D 6 &mpkwiG f ud&k ;D ,m; bk&if oH;k Edik if Hrw S qifh *syefEidk fio H dk@ Ak'
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tjyifock r qufpyfr_ tpESifh tOD;qH;k jzpfonfh v_y&f mS ;r_ qufpufjcif; edo, rsm;jzpfonf [l.? (martial arts).
Ak'b < momonf *syefEidk if w H iG f ,ae@txd tvGef wufºu v#uyf if &Sad eyonf? Ak'b < mom omoedu taqmufttHak ygi;f 80000 0ef;usicf ef@onf yHrk Sev f nfywfv#uf zGH@+zdK;qJyif &Sad eayonf?
(7(7-3) ta&S@awmiftm&S
aAm"dowW avmu0g& (urfabm'D;,m; 12 &mpk)
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urfabm'D abm'D;,m; Ak'< (14 &mpk)
at'D 1 &mpktwGi;f wGif ta&S@tv,fykdi;f &Sd ywfo;D ,ef; tifyg,m xGe;f um;vmjcif;ESifh bwpfjyef usm;wpfjyef a&mrtifygwdk@a=umifh ukef;wGi;f yd;k vrf;a=umif;wGif xde;f csKyfuef@owfr_rsm; &Scd aJh yonf? xdt k awmtwGi;f wGif a&mrwdk@onf tvGew f &m ºu,f0vmjcif;a=umifh olw@kd . tm&SZrd cf HypPn;f rsm; 0,fvt dk m;rSm jrifhrm;vmjyefonf? T0,fvt dk m;u ajrxJyifv,fa'oESihf w&kwf t=um; a&vrf; a=umif;udk &Sio f efapcJI h tdE, Nd onf tv,f=um;cHa'o jzpfvmcJhayonf? xdt k csderf S pI ukeo f , G f r_ qufo, G af &; pD;yGm;a&; tacscsr_EiS fh Edik if aH &;0ifa&muf pGuzf ufr_ygrusef tdE, dN onf ta&S@awmif tm&Sodk@ jyif;jyif;xefx ef =oZmv$r;f rd;k vmcJah yonf? tdE, Nd . ukeo f , G f vrf;a=umif; rSm jrefrm awmifyidk ;f / &Sr;f (xdik ;f ) awmifyidk f;ESihf tv,fyidk ;f / urfabm'D;,m; atmufyidk ;f / AD,uferfawmifyikd ;f ESifh rsm;pGmaom urf;&d;k wef; +rdK@jyrsm;rSm csw d q f uftjzpf wnfaxmifvmcJah yonf? ESpfaygi;f axmifausmf =oZmv$r;f rd;k cJah oma=umifh tdE, dN ESihf a'owGi;f Edkiif t H rsdK;rsKd ;rSm &d;k &mxH;k wrf; rsm; tajccHtm;jzifh nD!w G af eayonf? ygVd/ oifouU&u dk Ef iS fh tdE, dN usrf;pmoH;k bmompum;rsm;onf ax&0g'ESifh r[m,e Ak'
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tifyg,mrsm;odk@ r[m,e t,lonfvnf; vdu k yf gvmcJah yonf? q&D 0d*s, tifyg,monf awmif bufodk@/ crmtifyg,monf ajrmufbufo@kd =oZmtwGuf +ydKifqkdiv f mcJI h olwdk@. tEkynm vuf&m rsm;onf r[m,e aAm"dowˆ Adrmefrsm; tjzpf az:aqmifcJhayonf?
rvufumrS q&D0*d sm,ef [efjzifh t0avmudw0g& usuo f a&aqmif a&$qif;wk/ *seb f -D tif'edk ;D &Sm;
7-3 (u) q&D 0d*sm,ef tifyg,m (at'D 77- 13 &mpk) tif'dkeD;&Sm; qkrwfwsmu|ef;ay:&Sd zvifbef; rS A[dkjyKaom a&ydik f tifyg,m q&D0d*s, onf pdik v f if'&m [k ac:aom rif;qufatmufY r[m,eESihf [de,e Ak'b < momudk arG;pm;cJah yonf? zvifbef; onf }u;D rm;aom Ak'b < momXme wpfckjzpfcI Jh xdak 'owGif tifyg,mjynf&h iS u f &[ef; aygif; wpf axmifudk ol@eef;wGi;f Y yifhzw d faxmufyx Hh m;cJo h nf [k ,d*siu f az:jyxm;ayonf? twuf&mS ;onf ; wdbufodk@ omoemjyKtjzpf roGm;rSD xkda'o (zvif;bef;) wGif ynmqnf; yl; cJah yonf? q&D 0d*s, rS Ak't < Ekynmrsm;onf ‚. tifyg,mwd;k csJ@r_t wGi;f ta&S@awmiftm&Sodk@ jyef@ESH@cJah yonf? TumvtwGi;f rSm tvGew f &m oyf,yfao&Sm vuf&majrmufru _ kd yHak qmifonfh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom aAm"dowW qif;wkrsm;tm; a'owGi;f wav#mufawG@&ayonf? tvGew f &m vuf&majrmufaom Adou k mrsm;udk Ad;k &d;k Aka"m (at'D 780 cef@wiG f wnfaqmufcI Jh / urBmay:wGif t}u;D qH;k aom Ak'
7-3 (c) crm tifyg,m (at'D (at'D 99- 13 &mpk) aemufydik ;f / at'D 9 &mpkrS 13 &mpkwiG f r[m,eESihf [dENLwd@k =oZm}uD;onfh crmtifyg,monf ta&S@ awmiftm&S u|e;f qG,f. rsm;pGmaom a'orsm;udk xde;f csKyfcaJh yonf? crmrsm;. vufatmufY omoedu taqmufttHkaygi;f 900 ausmu f kd urfabm'D;,m;ESihf tdrfe;D csi;f xdik ;f Edik if w H dk@Y wnf
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aqmufcaJh yonf? tefaumonf TzGH@+zdK;r_. yifrXmejzpfcJhI/ ausmif; 0ef;ESihf +rdK@tzGJ@t pnf;onf +rdK@ae um vl wpfo ef; ywf0ef;usifcef@udk axmufyhHEikd cf Jhayonf? *s,mAmrif (&) at'D 1181-1219 onf }u;D us,q f ;Hk aom bk&ifrsm;teuf wpfyg;jzpf+yD; ab,GeEf Sifh t efaumoG umoGef wGif }uD;rm;aom r[m,e Ak'< qif;wkawmfudk wnfaqmufcaJh yonf? 7-3 (*) AD,uferf at'D 11 &mpkwiG ;f yifrajrjzpfonfh tdE, dN ESihf Ak'
(8) [de,e jzmxGujf cif; (at'D 5 &mpk) [de,e Ak'b < momonf at'D 5 &mpkEiS hf 7 &mpk=um;wGif tdE, Nd ta&S@yidk ;f rS ay:ayguv f mcJah yonf? ‚tm; wcgw&HwiG f r[m,e. *dk%;f uGJ[k owfrw S I f wcgw&HwiG f Ak'
(9) wausmjh yef yef ax&0g' (at'D 11 &mpkrS -)
ax&0g' Ak'
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tpPvmrfrsm; 0ifa&mufvm+yD; tdE, dN yifrajrrS Ak'b < mom qkw, f w k o f mG ;aom at'D 11 &mpkrS pwifI ta&S@awmiftm&SwiG v f nf; r[m,ersm;. arS;rSdefjcif;odk@ OD;wnfomG ;ayonf? tdEN, d wdu k f i,fudk jzwfv#uf wdu k }f uD;rsm;. vrf; a=umif;onf yifv,fa&a=umif;rS oD&v d uFmudk jzwfv#uf ta&S@tv,fyidk ;f rSonf w&kwjf ynftxd zGH@+zdK;vmcJah yonf? xdrk S at'D 11&mpk ywf0ef;usicf ef@wiG f oD&v d uFmrS ygVd rSww f rf;rsm;jzifh ax&0g' Ak'b < momonf a'owGi;f rdwq f ufvmcJah yawmhonf? ordik ;f 0if jrefrmtifyg,mtm; xlaxmifaom taemf&xm (tEk&'k <) at'D (1044- 1077) onf wdik ;f jynftm; pkpnf;v#uf ax&0g Ak'b < momudk axmufyhHcJhayonf? at'D 11 &mpkEiS hf 13 &mpk t=um; aejynfawmfjzpfcaJh om yk*w H iG f axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom apwDyw k ;dk rsm;udk oauFwtjzpf awG@& I ‚ wdk@rS 2000 0ef;usifcef@onf ,ckwikd f wnf&adS eayonf? aejynfawmf yk*t H m; 1287 wGif rGef*kdrsm; odr;f ydu k af om tcg jrefrmrsm; tm%m,kwaf v#mch JhI xdik ;f wd@k wefc;dk xGm;cJah yonf? odk@aomf ax&0g' Ak'b < momonf ,ae@xd jrefrmEdik if . H yifr bmomyif tjzpf usef&aSd eayonf? (19) &mpk aESmifyidk ;f jrefrmwdk@. aemufq;Hk rif;quf. aemufq;kH rif; oDaygrwdik frSD eef;wufvmaom rif;wkef;rif; vufxuf wGif oD[rdk l aypm ygVad wmfrsm;udk ausmufxuftuQ&mwifjcif; jyKvkyI f ‚udk yÌroHCm,em [k uif;yGe;f wyfcJhayonf? xdik ;f Edik fit H m; topfjyefvnf xlaxmifaom pudx k idk ;f rif;qufuvnf; at'D 1260 ywf0ef; usiw f iG f ax&0g' Ak'b < momtm; axmufycHh JhI t,k'N acwf (14 &mpkrS 18 &mpk) wGif ydkrkd tif;jznfch Jh+yD; xdik ;f vl@ todik ;f t0dik ;f . twGi;f tpdwt f ydik f; jzpfvmcJhayonf? 20 &mpktwGi;f ta&S@awmiftm&S Edik if Hrsm; vGwv f yfa&;&vmaom tcg ax&0g'Ak'b < mom tm; aumif;aom jrefrmEdik if w H iG f 0ef}u;D csKyfOD;Ek vufxufY rif;wke;f rif;vufxuf wifcaJh om yÌr oHCm,emrS ausmufxuf tuQ&mrsm;udk yHkESdyfpmjzifh qXr oHCm,em[k uifyGe;f wyfI rSww f rf; wifco Jh nf? xdrk w S w f rf; ydÉuonf &Sit f &[H (jrefrmEdik if Ho@kd Ak'o < moemtm; pwif rdwq f ufo)l ./ ydÉu pmrlEiS fh rwl[I l / &SiOf uUXuJo h dk@ &[ef; ynmwwfrsm;u tjrwfwEd;k r&Scd Jhay? wdu k if ,fa'ojzpfonfh vmtdEk iS fh urfabm'D;,m;rsm;od@k at'D 13 &mpkwiG f ax&0g' wdk@ xd;k azguf 0ifa&muf oGm;cJah yonf? odk@aomf urf;&d;k wef;a'orsm;ESihf ta&S@awmftm&S. u|e;f rsm;qDodk@ 14 &mpkrS pI tpPvmrfomomemrSm tiftm;aumif; xGm;usdKi;f vmI rav;&Sm;/ tif'dke;D &Sm;/ rsm;pGmaom u|e;f rsm; ESifh zdvpfyidk f awmifyidk ;f xd jyef@ESH@omG ;cJah yonf? odk@aomf “uGejf rLepfygw. D pD&ifcsuf [k pGyfpJx G m;aom 1965 pufwifbm vlowfyJ”G [k ac:onfh aoG;ajrus jzpf&yf+yD; ql[mwdk tm%m&vmaom 1966 ckrS pI tif'kde;D &Sm;wGif Ak'b < mom jyefvnf &Sio f efvmEdik cf Jhayonf? “tif'edk ;D &Sm;vlx. k vdt k yfcsut f wGuf tif'kde;D &Sm;wGif bmo}u;D ig;&yftm; w&m;0ifbmomrsm; tjzpf trdef@xw k cf aJh yonf? ‚wd@k rmS tpPvmrf/ y&dw k ufpwifh/ &drk efuufovpf/ [dELN ESifh Ak'
taemufbufodk@ jyef@ESH@jcif;
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c&pfw&m;awmftm; a[maeonfh &Si*f sdKZmzuf (12 &mpk *&d pmrl)
Ak'b < momESifh ywfoufI *&d-Ak'< tEkynmvuf&mrS Ak'
OD;aX;vGiOf ;D jyefqjyKpk dkjyKpkonf onf?
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rmwdum • •
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(1) Ak'<. b0wm (2) a&S;OD; Ak'o < moem o (2-1) yxr oHCm,em (bDpD 5 &mpk) o (2-2) 'kw, d oHCm,em (bDpD 4 &mpk) (3) tmaomurif;. omoemjzef@csDjcif; (bDpD 261) o (3-1) wwd, oHCm,em (bDpD 250) o (3-2) *&dacgrodk@ o (3-3) oD&v d uFmESifh jrefrmodk@ jyef@ES@H jcif; (4) qGeC f tifyg,m (bDpD 2 -1 &mpk) (5) *&d-Ak'< tjyeftvSeo f ufa&mufjcif; (bDpD 2 &mpkrS at'D 1 &mpk) o (5-1) tm&S tv,fyi dk ;f odk@ jyef@ESH@jcif; (6) r[m,e ay:ayguv f mjcif; (bDpD 1 &mpkrS at'D 2 &mpk) o (6-1) ESp}f u dra f jrmuf pwkwˆ oHCm,em (7) r[m,e xGe;f um;jyefES@H jcif; (at'D 1 &mpkrS 10 &mpk) o (7-1) tdE, Nd o (7-2) tm&S tv,fyi kd ;f ajrmufykdi;f a'o 7-2 (u) tm&Stv,fydi k ;f 7-2 (c) ywfo;D , 7-2 (*) wm&if; jrpf0Sr;f a'o 7-2 (C) w&kwf 7-2 (i) ud;k &D;,m; 7-2 (p) *syef o (7-3) ta&S@awmiftm&S 7-3 (u) q&D 0d*sm,ef tifyg,m (at'D 7- 13 &mpk) 7-3 (c) crm tifyg,m (at'D 9- 13 &mpk) 7-3 (*) AD,uferf (8) [de,e jzmxGujf cif; (at'D 5 &mpk) (9) wausmhjyef ax&0g' (at'D 11 &mpkrS -) taemufbufodk@ jyef@ESH@jcif;
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(1) Ak'. < b0wm Ak'<0ift& Ak'< od'w < aˆ *gwr (bDpD 546-324) tm; rlvtp rm*"rsdK;EG,f jzpfonfh ous (oufus) rsdK; EG,frS arG;bGm;cJhayonf? ol@tm; ousrked [kvnf; odrw S =f uI t"dy`g,rf mS ous (oufus) rsKd ;EG,. f ynm [k jzpfayonf? aemufydik ;f wGif rm*"wdik ;f jynf tjzpf yl; aygi;f vdu k o f nfh uydvwdik ;f . jynf&h iS jf zpfaom zcifjzpfo l oka'Ng"e &mZm. tkyx f dr;f r_atmufwiG f pnf;Zdrfrsm;jzifh +cH&v H #uf a&S;OD;b0udk jzwfo ef; cJ+h yD;aemuf od'x < onf avmu. yuwdjzpfpOfukd xd;k azguf qdu k af &mufc+Jh yD;aemuf avmu[lonf vGwaf jrmuf Edik fjcif; r&S/d 'kuQ aomursm; 0dik ;f &Hv#u&f aSd =umif;udk tajzxkwcf aJh yonf? olonf ol. t"dy`g,f rJh aom pD;Zdrcf Hpm;r_rsm;udk ypfy,fv#uf &[ef;b0udk cH,cl aJh yonf? ol. tEWdr t"dXmefrmS &aoh&[ef; b0jzifh 'kuQ taygi;f rS rvGwaf jrmufEikd [ f k jzpfI/ pdwt f vdktm; tvGet f rif; ESdyu f Gyfjcif;/ tvGet f rif; tvdv k u dk f jcif;udk yg,o f nfh tv,ftvwfvrf; pOf rZPsdryÉdyÉmudk a&G;cs,cf Jhayonf? aAg"danmifyif[k odrw S o f nfh oabFmozef;yif. atmufY opPmw&m;udk rawG@rcsi;f wpfz0g;rS rcGm[k oH"Xd mefjyKv#uf usifhaqmifcaJh yonf? touf (40)wGif oAŠnKw (ukefpifo)d ^m%fawmfukd &&Scd I Jh a*gw r Ak'[ < k xif&mS ; vmcJah yonf? Ak'<. teufrmS oAŠnKw^m%fpOf &&So d /l Ed;k =um;od&o Sd l [k jzpfay onf? usefaom ol@oufwrf; 45 ESpu f mvywfv;kH tEN, d tv,fyikd ;f a'o jzpfonfh **Fg jrpf0Sr;f wav#muf vSnv fh nfv#uf vlrsdK; EG,f axGaxGxo H dk@ =o 0g'rsm;udk ydk@cs jzef@csDcaJh yonf? Ak'<. t&du k t f &m qufcHrnfo h [ l I l cef@tyfr_ r&Scd Jhjcif;/ =o0g'rsm;tm; w&m;0ifjzpfap&ef rSww f rf;wif r_ jywfvyfcjJh cif;a=umifh aemifESpfaygif; 400 twGi;f wGif t,lurJG sm;pGm ay:xGe;f vmcJhayonf? yxrqH;k taejzifh ,ae@ ax&0g'wGio f m use&f aSd eaom edum, Ak'<0g' t,lrsm;ESifh/ usrf;opfrsm; a&S;a[mif; enf;rsm;udk vufcrH Y_ tajccHonfh *d% k ;f uGJrsm;jzpfonfh r[m,eESihf [de,ersm; [lI jzpfayonf?
(2) a&S;OD; Ak'o < moem bDpD 3 &mpk omoemjyKrif; tmaomu &mZm rwdik frDSxd Ak'o < moemonf **Fgjrpf0Sr;f ESifh ‚. a&S;a[mif; yifrXmaersm;Yom ajz;ajz;csi;f jyef@yGm;v#uf &SdcI Jh / todik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f pnf;urf; 0denf; rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tjiif;yGm;bG,f udprP sm;a=umifh Ak'<. =o0g' rl&if;rsm;udk jyefvnf pkpnf;onfh oHCm,em ESp}f udrw f ifcJhayonf?
(2(2-1) yxr oHCm,em (bDpD 5 &mpk) yxr oHCm,emudk Ak'< tm,kocFg&v$w+f yD; r=umrSu D mvYyif ,ae@ &mh*sf*sm&f [krnfaom &m*smwf &D[m t&yfwiG f Ak'. < t*~om0u}u;D jzpfaom t&Sifr[mu\z }u;D r_;v#uf usi;f ycJah yonf? t a=umif;rSm Ak'<. =o0g'rsm;eSifh oGeo f ifr_ okweW frsm;udk jyefvnfrw S o f m;&efEiS hf &[ef;rsm; twGuf 0denf;rsm;udk owfrw S &f efwdk@ jzpfayonf? Ak'<. nD0rf;uGJv nf;jzpf t"du om0ursm;rSvnf; jzpfaom tmeENmtm; Ak'<. a[majymr_rsm;udk qifhjyefap+yD;/ tjcm;aom om0u}uD; jzpfonfh Oygvt d m; 0denf; Oya'rsm;udk qifjh yefapcJhayonf? ‚wdk@rS ydÉu usrf; awmf. tajccHrsm; jzpfvmI ygVd/ w&kwf wdbuf bmomrsm;jzifh pkpnf;xm;onf [k Ak'&< mZ0if rSww f rf;rsm; t& vufcx H m;ayonf?
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oHCm,emwifonf qdjk cif;rSm Ak'a< [mcJhaom w&m;awmfrsm;udk trsdK;wl&m/ oabmwl&mudk pkI ydÉu d tm;jzifch GJI/ edum,ftm;jzifh cGJI rSww f rf;wifjcif; jzpfayonf? xdt k cg &Sify&k m%ax&fu “ig&h iS f wdk@ oHCm,emwifyGJudk aumif;pGm jyKtyf+yD/ od@k &mwGif igrlum; Ak'
(2d oHCm,em (bDpD 4 &mpk) (2-2) 'kw, tcsKd @aomoHCmrsm;. pnf;urf;enf;vrf; rsm;tay: trsdK; rsKd ;aom avsm&h Jr_rsm;ESifh pyfv#O;f I tcsi;f csi;f tjiif;yGm;r_rsm; a&csdejf rifv h maoma=umifh ygÉvdyw k jf ynf umvmaomu rif;}u;D . tm%mpufjzifh axmufyI Hh / &Sio f AŠumrDax&fO;D aqmifI 'kw, d oHCm,emudk usi;f ycJhayonf? yxr oHCm,emwGif rSww f rf;wifcJah om Ak'. < =o 0g'rsm;ESifh ,ck 0denf; avsm&h Jr_rsm;onf rudu k n f D a=umif; udk jyo&efom 'kx, d oHCm,emtm; usi;f ycJhjcif; jzpfayonf? xdo k C H m,emwifyGJwiG f oabmxm;uGJvJaG om 0Z…Dyw k u W &[ef;wdk@u &[ef;wpfaomif;udk pkpnf;I aumorŠjD ynfwiG f pif+ydKif yxroHCm,emudk wifcJ=h uayonf? xdpk if+ydKio f C H m,em ESpcf krS edum,f/ 0de,/ tbd"rRm/ ygVad wmfrsm; uGJvGJpmG rSww f rf;wifxm;onfukd awG@&ayonf?
(3) tmaomurif;. omomemjzef@csjD cif; (bDpD 261)
b&mrD rS tmaou&mZm. d o d # jywdu k f tmaou&mZm. trdef@jyef jyefwrf; trSwf 6 oHausmufwidk rSfrS tydik ;f tp (bDpD 236)/ 236)/ +Aw
tEd , Nd Edik if H qefcsD t&yfrS Xmyemwdu k }f uD; (bDpD 3 &mpk)
arm&d, jynf&h iS f tmaomurif;}uD; (bDpD 273-232) onf tdEdNjynf ta&S@ydik ;f ,ckacwf atmf&pfo# [kwiG o f nfh uvd*Fe,f uvd*aF oG;acsmif; pD; ppfyJt G m; atmifEidk +f yD;aemuf Ak'b < momod@k ul;ajymif;cJh ayonf? pufqw k &f &GH mS zG,f yÉdyuQrsm;udk aemifw&v#uf rif;}uD;onf jyoem ta&;tcif;rsm;udk pGef@vw $ &f ef qH;k jzwfc+Jh yD;aemuf Xmyemwdu k rf sm;wnfaqmufjcif; owW0gtm;vH;k . toufZD0tm; av;pm;=u&ef rSww f idk rf sm;pdu k x f jl cif; vlom;wdk@tm; "rRw&m;tm; vdu k ef map&ef wdu k w f eG f; E_;d aqmfjcif; rsm;tm;jzifh omoemjyKco Jh nf? olonf Edkiif t H 0Sr;f vrf; rsm;azguv f yk fjcif; aq;&Hkrsm;/ &dyo f mrsm;/ wuUov dk af usmif; rsm;/ wl; ajrmif;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;rsm;vnf; vkyaf qmifcJhayonf? olonf vlrsKd ; bmom *dk%;f Zwfpepfrsm; rcGJjcm;bJ wef;wl qufqcH Jhayonf? Tumvonf Ak'<0g'rSm tdE, dN rS ausmv f Gev f #uf tjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;odk@ OD;pGm yxrjyef@ESH@omG ;aom umvyifjzpfI tmaomurif;}uD;
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csex f m;cJah om ausmufjym; ausmufpmrsm;t& awmifbuf oD&v d uFm/ taemufbuf *&db&k if Edik if rH sm;txdyif Ak'o < moemjyK&ef omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm; apv$wcf aJh =umif;awG@&I ajrxJyifv,f &yf0rS ;f xdyif ayguaf &mufc[ Jh ef&aSd yonf?
(3(3-1) wwd, oHCm,em (bDpD 250) tmaomurif;onf ,ae@acwf ywWem rnfaom ygÉvdyw k t f &yfY bDpD 250 ywf0ef;usifwiG f wwd, oHCm,emudk wifapcJo h nf? ‚udk t&Sif arm*~vdyw k w W \ d }uD;r_;I usi;f ycJah yonf? &nf&, G cf suf rSm oHCmrsm; txl;ojzifh eef;wGi;f ESihf qufE, G af eonfh &[ef;rsm; oef@pifap&efyif jzpfonf? xdo k C H m,emwGif &Sifarm*~vdyw k w W \ d u ,cif oHCm,emrsm;wGif ryg0ifaom uxm0wˆKusr;f udk &Gwzf wfI ydÉuawmfY tpDt pOfxnho f iG ;f onfukd oabmxm;uGJaom &[ef; rsm;u &mZ+*dKvfteD; emvef'g+rdK@Y pif+ydKifoC H m,emudk wifcjJh yefonf? odk@aomf tm%m&Sad om olwdk@. axmufcaH om t,lonf tEdik &f +rJ jzpfonfh "rRwmtwdik ;f tmaom u rif;axmufcHaom t,l0g'udk Ak'o < momemjyKrsm;jzifh xdpk Ofu olwdk@ox d m;aom urBmt h &yf a'o rsm;odk@ apv$wf omoemjyKcJah yonf?
(3(3-2) *&dacgrodk@ tcsKd @aom tmaomu. trdef@jyefwrf; urŠn;f ausmufpmrsm;u tmaomurif;onf *&d (acgr) urBm odk@vnf; Ak'o < moemjzef@cs&D ef tm;pdu k cf aJh =umif; az:jyayonf? xdt k csdeu f tdE, Nd rS *&dtxd e,ferdw f ydik ;f jcm; tqufjywfr_ r&Scd cJh s? trde@f jyefwrf;rsm;onf *&d (acgr) ydik fe,frsm;odk@ odomxif&mS ;onfh Edik fiaH &; pnf;&H;k jcif;rsdK; jzpfa=umif; az:jyaeayonf? *&d{u&mZf v$r;f rd;k csed u f mv Ak'o < moemjyKjcif;udk D l vufc&H onfh bk&ifrsm;. trnfrsm;rSm Antiochus II Theos of the Seleucid Kingdom pDv, ppf'f bk&ifEdkiif HrS tifw, D cdk syf 2 oD;tdk@pf (bDpD 284-247)? Ptolemy II Philadelphos of Egypt tD*spfrS ywdv k rD D zDvm'Jzv f ?dk Antigonus Gonatas of Macedonia rufq'D dke;D ,m;rS tifwD*;kd emhpf *dw k mem (bDpD 276-239)? Magas of Cyrene pD&;D ef (,ck vufAsm;) rS r*~g@pf (bDpD 288-258)? Alexander II of Epirus tD;yf& yfpf (,ck *&D; pf taemufajrmufyikd ;f ) rS tvufZ ef;j'm; 2 (bDpD 272255) wdk@yif jzpfayonf?
tmaomuvufxuf Ak'o < moemjyKjcif; (bDpD 260- 218) tmomu trdef@jyefwrf;t&“Ta'o/ e,fpyfrsm;/ xdrk S ,lZem 600 (5400- 9600 uDvrdk w D m) uGma0;onfh *&db&k if tifw, D u dk sKd tkycf sKyfonfx/d xdx k ufausmI f bk&ifav;yg;jzpfonfh ywdv k rD D. tifwD*akd emhpf/ r*~pf ESifh tvufZef;j'm; tkycf sKyfonfah 'orsm;/ tvm;wl awmifyikd ;f usdK@csf (usKd vD,m) yefa';pf/ ESifh wrf&mygeD (oD&v D uFm) xdwikd f "rR. atmifEkdirf Y_ &S. d ?” (tmaomu jyefwrf; trSwf 13/ awmif 'rDum)? [lIvnf;aumif;
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xdk@xufyI dk ygVdaumufa=umif; rsm;t& tmaomu. tcsKd @aom taxmufawmfrsm;onf *&d Ak'< &[ef;awmfrsm;yif jzpfcI Jh ,Ofaus;r_ ESpcf =k um;Y bmoma&; ul;vl;r_ eD;uyfcJha=umif; awG@&onfrmS “ax&f (t}u;D tuJ) arm*~vdyw k EW iS fh omoem. a&mifjcnf {u&mZfrif; (tmaomu) wdk@ oHCm,emudk aqmif=u^f;+yD;aomtcg/ ax&fav;yg;tm; [dw k pfyg; 'Dwpfyg;ESifh wyg&efwu (*l*s&wfEiS fh qif;*sf rsm;udk &nfoefaom taemufjynfrsm;od@k ) apv$wv f #u/f olonf *&d (,Ge;f ) odk@ apv$wo f rl sm;udk "rR&uQw d [k uif;yGef;ay;cJh.? (r[m0Ho 12)? [lI jzpf.?
tmaomurif;. *&d tm&mrpf ESpb f mom urŠn;f ausmuf k )f ausmufpm (uef'[m/ ubl;vf jywdu
tmaomu. tcsKd @aom taxmufawmfrsm;onf *&dvrl sKd ;rsm; jzpfonf[o l nfh tcsuu f dk oabmxm; udu k n f o D nfh a'guw f m &meef*spfaygv. f pl;prf; r_jzpfaom “tmaomuonf tif'kd-*&db&k if 'D,dk 'd;k wyf ESifh twlwlyif? olonf "rRowfrsm;udk *&dbmompum;/ tm&mrpf bmom pum;rsm;jzifh a&;xd;k cJ. h / ‚wdk@teuf wpfckrmS uef'[m ausmufpmwGif az:jyonfh bmoma&; udik ;f &di_ ;f r_ [lonfh *&d a0g[m& “,lpb D D;,m;” toH;k jzpfI “"rR” twGuf oH;k jcif;yif” jzpf.? ‚rSm“10 ESpf jynfah jrmuf+yD;aemuf/ bk&if yDtkd'gqpD f (tmaomu)onf vlom;rsm; twGu f bmoma&; udik ;f &di_ ;f r_ (*&d-,lpD;bD;,m;) udk trsm;od&ef jyK.? TumvrSpI olonf vlom; wdk@tm; ydkrI dk bmomw&m;Y =unfnKd ap./ avmutvH;k Y t&m&mwd@k tm; aygrsm;ºu,f0 ap.?” (*sDyD um&mw,fv. D *&d rl&if;rS jyefqkd)/ [k jzpf.? rnfr# tjyeftvSef =oZmoufa&mufonfrmS &Si;f vif;jywfom;r_ r&Sad y? odk@aomf tcsdK@aom pma&; q&mrsm;. xifjrifcsurf Sm *&d0g'Drsm;ESihf Ak'<0g'Drsm; t=um;&Sd qifc&pf0g' a&csdew f pfcsKd @onf xdt k csdefrS yif *&De,fajrrsm;Y pwifco Jh nf [l.? olwdk@. axmufjycsurf Sm xdu k mvuyif *&de,fajrrsm;Y Ak'b < mom todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm; &Sad ecJhjcif; jzpfI/ txl;ojzifh tvufZef;j'm; (pdef@uvDrifh tvufZ ef;j'm;) ESifh c&pf,mef acwf}udK umvu Ak'&< [ef; rsm;. =o 0g'/ usi}hf uHr_rsm;ESihf vH;k 0eD;yg;wlaom/ tmaomu rif;. taemufbufodk@ taxmufawmfrsm;rS qif;ouf vmbG,&f aSd om ax&,lx (ygVd-ax&0g'rS ajymif;vnf;[ef&)Sd rsm;yif jzpf.? pD;&fe+f rdK@ (,ck vufAsm;) rS tawG;tac: ynm&Sif [D*pf Dpf udkyif tmaomu apv$waf om omomemjyK tzGJ@. =oZmv$r;f cH&ol[k xifrw S &f ay.? tvufZefj'm;Y ywdv k Drpf acwfumvrS Ak'b < mom0ifrsm;. "rRp=umyHk trSwfrsm;jzifh ocsõKif; *lrsm;udk vnf; awG@&&Sd ay.? tvufZef;j'm;wGif Ak'b < mom0ifrsm; wnf&cdS rJh _EiS hf ywfoufv#uf tcsdK@ okawoD rsm;. axmufjycsufrsm;rSm Tae&mrsm;Y c&pf,mef pifwmrsm;tm; wnfaxmifr_rsm;rSm aemufydki;f wGirf S jzpfcaJh yonf [l.? (a&mbwf vifpq f if)?
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at'D 2 &mpk tvufZef;j'm; c&pf,mef w&m;ao0g'Drsm;u acgi;f ESpv f ;Hk Ak'b < mom (omrae) ESifh tdEdN t0wftpm;rJh &[ef;rsm; (*&dtac: *sifEdkqdkzpfrsm;) . *&dtawG;ac:rsm;ay: =oZmoufa&mufr_rsm;udk todtrSwjf yKcJo h nfrmS “Todk@ t&mwpfck. tjrifq h H;k aom *k%&f nfjzpfaom tawG;tac:rsm;onf a&S;rzGH@+zdK;ao; aom vlrsdK;wdk@tm; tm;opfoGe;f ay;I wdik ;f a'orsm;tay:od@k ‚. tvif;a&miftm; oGe;f csay;.? xdkrS ‚onf *&dokd@ a&muf&v dS m./ yxrOD;pGm ‚. tqG,frmS tD*spv f rl sdK; rsm;. wrefawmfrsm; tpfq&D ;D ,ef;wdk@. umvf';D ef; (bmoma&; acgif;aqmif) rsm;/ *l;vf wdk@. qJvw f pfbke;f }uD;rsm;/ b&ufw ef wdk@. pmre (omrae)rsm;/ qJv h w f @kd . 'oe ynm&Sifrsm;/ &Sio f efarG;xjcif; ta=umif;udk a[majymI =u,fwm&mwd@k . vrf;!$efjzifh *sK' (,k')e,frsm; odk@ a&mufvmaom yg&Sew f @kd . r*~Drsm; yifjzpfI/ tdE, Nd t0wftpm;rJh &[ef;rsm;ESifh a&S;awm ae vl&idk ;f rsm;. 'oe ynm&Sifrsm;onfvnf; xdt k eufwiG f yg0if./ olwdk@tm; ESpfrsKd ;ESpfpm; cGJjcm;v#uf tcsdK@udk pmre (omrae) rsm;[k vnf;aumif; tcsdK@ukd jArRmrsm;[kvnf;aumif; ac:wGi. f ?” [k jzpf.? (uvD;rifw h f atmhzf tvufZef;j'm;/ pxGe;f rufw odk@r[kwf aomifajymif;axG vm pmtkyt f rSwf 1 tcef; 15) 'Gefe,f at rufuif;ZD; . pdef@ tk&d D*if pmtkyt f & c&pfESpf (2) &mpk +Adwef c&pf,mefacwf}udK umv wGif Ak'
(3dvuFmESifh jrefrmod (3-3) oD&vuF modk@ jyef@ESH@jcif; oD&v d uFmonf tmaomu. om; r[dENEiS hf taz: 6 OD;a=umifh bDpD 2 &mpktwGi;f wGif bmomajymif; cJ&h onf? olwdk@onf bk&if}uD; a'0eHy, d wpPEiS hf rl;rwfrsm;pGmudk omoemajymif;apcJo h nf? Ttcsdef umvonf a&S;&d;k pGJ qif[mvdwdk@. A[djk zpfonfh r[m0d[m& bke;f }uD; ausmif;udk wnfaqmufaom umvjzpfayonf? ygVd ydÉuawmftm; rif;}uD; 0dw*W greD vufxuf bDpD 29- 17 ckEpS frsm;wGif oD& d vuFmY rSww f rf;wif a&;rSwcf jJh cif; jzpfI xdYk ax&0g' &d;k &m tm;aumif;cJhayonf? aemufyidk ;f wGif Ak'a< Cmo (at'D 4- 5 &mpk) uJo h dk@ tcsdK@aom tXuxm ynm&Sifrsm; xGe;f um;cJI h olw@kd onf &d;k &m ¹yef;aom tXuxmrsm;udk pepfwus jyKpkcaJh yonf? xdu k mvwGif r[m,e 0g'rSm oD&v d uFmY txdu k t f av#muf =oZmv$r;f rd;k aomfvnf; ax&0g'rS t+yD;wdik f csKyfuidk fEkdi+f yD; oD&v D uFmonf ax& 0g' trmcHe,fajr jzpfvmcJu h m xdkrw S qifh 11 &mpkrS pwifI ta&S@awmiftm&So@kd jyef@ESH@cJah yonf? tdE, dN wdu k if ,f. ta&S@bufe,f (,ckacwf jrefrmESihf xdik ;f ) a'orsm;wGif tdE, dN Ofaus;r_rmS rGev f lrsdK; tay:odk@ t}u;D tus,f vGr;f rd;k cJah yonf? r[m,e/ [de,e *d% k ;f rsm; ruGJrSD bDpD 3 &mpkrS pwifI tdE, dN {u&mZf tmaomu&mZm. omoemjyKjcif;udk rGefwdk@onf cH&onf[k qdak yonf? jrefrmS Edik if H tv,fydki;f &Sd ydoEd;k uJo h dk@ a&S@usaom rGefAk'
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'mG &m0wDrS rGef "rRp=umyHk (at'D 8 &mpk) txl;ojzifh tdE, Nd . *kyw f ,mOfaus;r_EiS fh *kyw f rwdik frSD umv ,Ofaus;r_rsm; v$r;f rdk;aom rGew f dk@. Ak', < Ofaus;r_rsm;onf at'D 5 &mpkESif 8 &mpkt=um; xGe;f um;cJah om rGefb&k ifhEikd if rH sm;. atmufwiG f ta&S@awmiftm&S wav#mufjyef@ESH@cJah yonf? at'D 6 &mpkywf0ef;usifrS pI r[m,e Ak'b < mom wa&G@a&G@yGm;rsm;aeaom ta&S@awmift m&S. ajrmufbufykdi;f wGif rGew f dk@. =oZmatmufY ax&0g' xGe;f um;vmcJah yonf? tmaomu ,we (at'D 2 &mpk) t& tmaomurif;onf ajrmufbuf [dr0EWmudk jzwfv#uf wm &if; jrpf0Srf;a'o cd&k efa'o/ tif'dk Oa&my pum;ajymaom wdck g&, D efwikd ;f a'orsm;odk@ omoemjyKrsm; apv$wf cJhayonf?
(4) qGeC f tifyg,m (bDpD 2 -1 &mpk) tmaomurif;uG,v f eG +f yD; ESpaf ygi;f (50) cef@t =um bDpD 185-173 wGif qGeC f rif; qufukd xlaxmif cJo h nf? arm&d,rif;quf. aemufq;kH jzpfaom bk&if b[mj'mw vky}f ucH &H +yD; ppfo}l uD;csKyf ykp,s arwW qGeC f onf xD;eef;udk &,lcaJh yonf? tmaomu ,we uJo h dk@aom Ak'b < moma&; pmayrsm;u (jArRm a&S;&d;k 0g'D) ykp,sarwWonf Ak'b < mom0ifwdk@tm; vdv k m;jcif; r&SdbJ Ak'o < moemtm; ESdyfpuf uvljyKonf[k a&;om;r_rsm; &Sad yonf? Ak'b < momrsm;u olonf bke;f }u;D ausmif;rsm;udk zsuq f ;D v#uf &[ef;omraersm;udk owfjzwfco Jh nf[k a&;om;cJah yonf? tmaomurif; wnfaqmufcJhaom Ak'< Xmyemwdu k f (apwD) 84000 tm; zsufq;D cJI h (t&f xufyg;)/ Ak'&< [ef;wpfyg;pD. acgi;f wpfv;Hk twGuf a&$'*Fg; 100 qkaiGxw k cf o Jh nf [l.? xyfaygi;f I Ak'
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bmom vuf&mrsm; jzpfonfh apwDaygi;f 84000 tm; rnfo h nft h cgurS vufawG@tm;jzifh zsuq f ;D cJjh cif; r&S[ d k jzpfI? owfygu _ nf ykp,sarwW. g pdwrf oufromjzifh Ak'
(5) *&d-Ak'< tjyeftvSeo f ufa&mufjcif; (bDpD 2 &mpkrS at'D 1 &mpk &mp)k
*&d aiG'*Fg; rif;eENm (1) bDpD 160-135
bDpD 326 ck ywff0ef;usiw f iG f tvufZef;j'm; onf *&dwf onf ,ae@acwf tmz*efepPwef Edik if jH zpf onfh b&ufw;D ,m;udk atmifEdkio f rd ;f ydu k +f yD;csed frS pI *&dbk&ifyidk fEkdiif HrmS tdE, Nd taemufbufyikd ;f ESifh tdrfe;D csi;f jzpfvmcJo h nf? yxrydik ;f bDpD 323 cef@wiG f qDv;l ppf Edik if Hro S nf aemufyidk ;f bDpD 250 cef@rSpI *&d-b&ufwef bk&ifEh dkiif jH zpfvmcJhayonf?
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at'D 11-2 &mpk *E<&a'o&Sd a&S;OD; yxr Ak'&< yk yf mG ;rsm;rS wpfcjk zpfonfh *&d-Ak'< qif;wk
*&d-b&ufw ef bk&if 'rufx&d,mpf (1) onf bDpD 180 wGif tdE, dN jynf ygwvdyw k x W d 0ifa&muf odr;f ydu k I f tif'dk-*&d bk&ifyidk fEidk fiu H dk xlaxmifcaJh yonf? bDpD 1 &mpk tukefyidk ;f wGif ‚tifyg,mY tdE, Nd ajrmufyidk ;f rS a'orsm;pGm yg0ifcaJh yonf? tif'dk-*&d bk&ifrsm; vufatmufwiG f Ak'< bmom onf tm;ay;cs;D ajr‡mufc&H I olwdk@. tEN, d jynftm; 0ifa&muford ;f ydu k fro _ nf arm&d, tifyg,mtm; axmufct H m;ay;&ef jzpfa=umif;jyov#uf qGeC f rif;qufvufatmufY (bDpD 185-73) ESdyfpufcH &ygonf[k qdkaom Ak'o < moemtm; umuG,af pmifha&Smufa=umif;vnf; jyovdck aJh yonf?? tif'dk-*&d rif;rsm;teuf txif&mS ;qH;k aom rif;wpfyg;rSm rif;eENm (eef;pHESpf bDpD 160-135) jzpfI Ak'< bmomodk@u;l ajymif;um r,m,e Ak'b < momtm; tm;ay;cs;D ajr‡muf jyKco Jh nf? olonf tmaomu &mZm odk@r[kwf aemufyidk ;f uk&Sefrif; ueufo# uJo h dk@yif jzpf.? rif;eEN OD;acgif;jzifh aiG'*Fg;wGif wpfcg wpf&H 'vuf &Spcf kygaom p}umyHkEiS hf awG@& ayonf? ,Ofaus;r_ wdu k &f u dk t f jyeftvSef zvS,frr_ sm;wGif rif;eENEiS fh t&Sif em*aoe (em*ode)f wdk@. tjyefvSef ajymqdak om rdvdENynm (bDpD 160 cef@u) onf xif&mS ;.? rif; eENm. t&du k t f &mudk qufco H nfh rif; rsm;pGmtm; "rR. aemufvu kd f 'umrsm;[k olwdk@. '*Fg; rsm;wGif az:jycJh ayonf? ?
rif;eENmESifh 'vuf &Spcf yk g "rRp=umyHk '*Fg;yHk (+ADwdo# jywdu k f
tcsKd @aom =oZmoufa&mufr_rsm;onf r[m,e Ak'<. qifu h jJh zpfpOfay:Y v$r;f rd;k oGm;I *&dewfb&k m; rsm; uJo h dk@ Ak't < m; vl-bk&m; uJo h dk@awG;ac:ar#mjf rif qnf;uyfr_rsm; &Sad yonf? xdu k mvrsm;wGif r=umc% *&d- Ak'r_
(5(5-1) tm&S tv,fyidk ;f odk@ jyef@ESH@jcif;
wDv, d m; wdyf wGif awG@&aom Ak'b < momwdk@. a&$'*Fg; (*ltrSwf 6)
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at'D 1 &mpku oGe;f vkyaf om Ak'b < momwdk@. a&$'*Fg;udk tmz*efepPwef ajrmufyidk ;f wDv, d m;wdyf wl;az:a'owGif &ayonf? xd'k *Fg;wGif jcaoFhykHEiS hf &wemoH;k yg;udk yHak qmifaom (eef'Dyw) yHjk zifh jzpfI (cg&dkpD bmom (a&S@tmz*ef bmompum;) yHjk yift& jcaoFo h nf ta=umufw&m;rsm;udk yg,zf suf jcif;udk yHak qmifonf)/ wpfjcm; wpfbufwiG f a&S@*&d ([Dvifepfpw f ufc)f cg; 0wfpESihf a&S;oufom avmedww f dk@. a&S; ajy;edrw d faqmif ewfb&k m;rsm; aqmif;onf[k qdak om yDw mqdk@pf OD;xkyu f dk aqmif; xm;onfh vH;k 0 ud, k v f ;Hk wnf;enf;yg; vlwpfa,mufu Ak'< "rRp=umudk vSrd fhaeonfyh kHjzifh jzpfayonf? cg&dkpb D momjzifh yHjk yifudk ("rRcgch &f my&m,mw (ud)k )[kjzpfI “Oya' "rRpufudk vSnafh omol” [k teufjzpfayonf? ‚onf tapmydik ;f umvu Ak't < m; ud, k pf m;jyKwifjyjcif; jzpfonf[k oH;k oyf xifjrif=uayonf?
(6) r[m,e ay:aygufvmjcif; (bDpD 1 &mpkrS at'D 2 &mpk &mpk)
ueufo#urif;. uk&eS t f ifyg,m Ak'. < yHjk zifh '*Fg; (ol@trnftm; *&d bmomjzifh bk''f )dk at'D 120
at'D 1 &mpkrS pI tdENdjynf taemufajrmufyikd ;f wGif Edik fiaH &; &_yaf xG;ajymif;vJr_rsm;jzifh r[m,e Ak'<0g' xGef;um;vmcJah yonf? tif'kd-*&d bk&ifhEidk if o H nf wpfpp v$r;f rd;k vm+yD; olw@kd . ,Ofaus;r_tm; tif'dk-pufo, D ef rsm;ESifh bDpD 12 cef@u pwifI uk&eS ftifyg,mtm; xlaxmifcJo h nfh ,kcsDrsm;u vufcH vmcJah yonf? uk&eS w f dk@onf Ak;'
(6(6-1) ESp}f udraf jrmuf pwkwˆ oHCm,em at'D 100 ywf0ef;usifcef@u *svef'g od@k r[kwf u𝔖D ,m;e,fY uk&Seb f &k if ueufo# vufxufwiG f pwkwˆ oHCm,em wpfcu k dk wifco Jh nf [kqakd omfvnf; ax&0g'rsm;twGuf ESpaf ygi;f ESp&f mcef@ apm v#uf oD&v d uFmY ud, k yf idk f pwkwˆ oHCm,em &Scd I Jh ygVdjyXmef;csuu f kd yxOD;qHk;taejzifh ayxuf tuQ&m wifcaJh yonf? xdk@a=umifh pwkwˆ oHCm,emrSm ESpcf kjzpfI wpfco k nf oD&v d uFmwGi/f tjcm; wpfco k nf u&Srf ;D ,m; (om0wˆ om0wˆ0d wD) wGif jzpfayonf?
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jyef@xu G v f maom Ak'b < momESifh ukeo f , G v f rf;a=umif; at'D 1 &mpk
u&Srf ;D ,m; pwkwˆ oHCm,emwGif ueufo#onf oHCm 500 udk pkI &Si0f q d ak rwW,s tm; }uD;r_; apcJo h nf [k qdak yonf? tpdwt f ydik ;f tm;jzifh ‚onf tbd"rRm. tXuxmwGif yg0ifonf jzpfEidk f aomfvnf; ‚ud, k w f idk f jyXmef;csujf zifh wnf&aSd eonfrSm jzpfEikd fp&m &Sad yonf? oHCm,emwGif okwf awmfaygi;f oH;k odef;ESifh tqdak ygi;f ud;k oef;ausmfukd pkaqmif;v#uf +yD;ajrmufap&ef 12ESpf=um onf[k qdak yonf? ToHCm,em. t"du jzpfxeG f;r_rmS r[my&dedAmŠ eokw[ f k xifjcm;aom om0wˆo d wD (u&Srf ;D ,m;) tbd"rRm. wd;k csJ@aom tud;k tum; o+*õKvu f sr;f jzpfonfh us,jf yef@aom tXuxm}uD; tm; usrf;jyKjcif;yif jzpfayonf? okawoDrsm;u xdak cwfxt dk cgwiG f om0wˆd0wD usr;f awmfY a&S;usaom y&mc&pf bmomrS oif ouU&u dk f rSww f rf;tjzpf bmompum;rSm odompGm ajymif;vJomG ;onf[k ,H=k unf=uayonf? T ajymif;vJro _ nf usrf;awmf. tESpo f m&tm; xdcu kd fepfemr_ r&Sad omfvnf; oifouU&u dk f bmom pum;onf tEd, N wGif jArR0g'Drsm;. usrf;oH;k bmompum;jzpfonfh tjyif tjcm;aom tawG;tac: orm;rsm; (bmom vlrsdKK;rcGJ) vnf; oH;k pGJ=uayonf? xdk@a=umifh Ak'. < t,lrsm;onf ydkru dk s,jf yef@aom y&dwo f wfrsm;xHodk@ a&muf&o Sd mG ;ayonf? Tod@k aom ta=umif;jzifh tdE, Nd &Sd Ak'
(7) r[m,e xGe;f um;jyef@ESH@jcif; (at'D 1 &mpkrS 10 &mpk)
r[m,e xGe;f um;jyef@ESH@jcif; (at'D 1 &mpkrS 10 &mpk)
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r[m,eAk'b < monf tdE, Nd . ta&S@bufyikd ;f rSonf ta&S@awmiftm&S ajrmufykdi;f od@k tm&Stv,fyidk ;f w&kyf ud;k &D; ESifh aemufq;Hk at'D 538 wGif *syeftxd jyef@ESH@xeG ;f um;cJhayonf?
(7Nd (7-1) tdE, uk&eS af cwfukef ukyw f rif;qufvufxuf (at'D 4 &mpkrS 6 &mpk) wGif Ak'
Ak'E< iS fh aAm'dowW (11 &mpk ygV tifyg,m) g,m)
tdE, Nd Ak'b < momonf vljzL [Gefrsm;. 0ifa&mufodr;f ydkujf cif; ESifh rD[u D v k zdESdyfra_ =umifh at'D 6 &mpkwiG f tm;enf;oGm;cJo h nf? &Si[ f , d efqidk f. at'D 7 &mpk c&D;oGm;rSww f rf;wGif “tE<&/ 'ef,muwfw,ESifh '&0D' (,ckacwf tE<& y&ma'h&SfEiS fh wrD;vfem;'l; jynfe,f)wGif Ak'<0g'ausmfaZm aecJo h nf? ,ckacwf eDaygjzpfonfh a'o 0ef;usiw f iG f rsm;pGmaom apwDrsm; aysmufys,cf JhI Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;rSm (,ckacwf taemuf befa*g jynfe,fjzpfonf)h *l; ' bk&ifEidk if H qefu rif;. n‡i;f yef;r_rsm;udk cHc&Jh ayonf? xdu k mvtwGi;f umuG,f apmifah &Smufay;cJah om [m&SmAm'etm; [d,efqikd u f aus;Zl;wifxm;ayonf?” [m&Sm Am'erif;rsm;. bk&ifEdkiif +H yD;aemuf rsm;pGmaom bk&ifEikd fiHi,frsm; pkaygi;f ay:xGe;f vmum aemufyidk ;f **Fgjrpf0Sr;f wav#mufrS &mh*sfyw k frsm;tjzpf ay:xGe;f vmI befa*ga'oonf +ydKifbuf ygVrif;tifyg,m atmufY &Sad epOf Ak'b < mom tkypf ;dk onfh tkyfpkrsm;tm; umuG,af pmifha&Smufxm;r_rsm; aysmufu, G f oGm;onf[k qdkjcif;udk rodrom jiif;yg,x f m; ayonf? Ta'o ode[dELN rif;qufrsm;. xd;k ESufr_rsm; a=umifh ygV rif;quf r+ydKysufrw SD iG f r[m,e Ak'
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tEN, d Ak'b < momu at'D 1193 ck ajrmufyikd ;f wGif jzpfymG ;cJh onfh rk[ rR'f cgvufc. f vufatmufY wmuufcf tpPvmrfrpf 0iford ;f olrsm;u emvef'g tm; rD;&d_@crJh u _ dk jiif;y,fxm;jcif;rSm xif&mS ;ayonf? 12 &mpk tukefyidk ;f wGif Ak'k b < mom trmcHe,fjzpfonfh bD[m&fjynfe,ftm; tpPvmrf bmom0ifrsm; atmifEidk f+yD;aemuf Ak'b < momrsm;tm; Edik fiaH &;tm%mydik frsm;. yhHy;kd tm;ay;r_EiS hf vlra_ &;Zwfpepfrsm; tm; axmufct H m;ay;r_rSm qH;k &H;k oGm;cJhayonf/ odk@aomf vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,, f =kH unfru _ kd ESdyu f Gyjf cif; r&Scd Jhacs? xdkrS Ak'b < momonf ajrmufyikd ;f [dr0EWmawmifajcESifh awmifyidk ;f oD&v d uFmwGif ae&m,lcJh ayonf? xdk@jyif t'fAidk w f m ([dENL a0'EW t,l) uJodk@ +ydKifbuf [dELN tkyfpk/ bmhuw f D (bmhuw f ;D tm; AD;&SfE;l / oD0 wdk@uo Jh dk@ bk&m;[k owfrw S o f nfh *dk%;f ) v_y&f mS ;rsm; xGe;f um; vmjcif;ESihf omoemjyK qlzD (tpPvmrf 0dyoem 'oe tkyfpk) rsm;. xd;k azgufr_rsm;a=umifh Ak'b < momrSm arS;rSdefqw k , f w k f vmcJh ayonf?
(7(7-2) tm&S tv,fyidk ;f / ajrmufyidk ;f a'o 7-2 (u) tm&Stv,fyidk ;f Ak'b < momonf Ak'v < ufxufrSpI tm&Stv,fyikd ;f wGif =oZmv$r;f rd;k cJb h , G f &Sad yonf? ax&0g' usrf; oH;k ygVu d sr;f rsm;. pum;pOft& b&ufw;D ,m;rS ukeo f nf nDaemifESpOf D;jzpfaom wufygqk ESifh bmvd < o H dk@ a&mufvm=uI wynfo h m0ursm; jzpfvmcJah yonf? olwdk@onf b&uf bmvdu wd@k onfh Ak'x wD;,m;odk@ jyefaomtcg Ak't < m;&nfp;l I ausmif;aqmif wnfaqmufco Jh nf [l.? tm&Stv,fydki;f onf tdE, Nd w&kyfEiS hf yg&mS ;wd@k . =um;qHkrw S t f jzpf &Sn=f umpGm wnf&cSd aJh yonf? at'D 2 &mpktwGi;f ,cifu [efvrl sdK;wd@k . taemufbufod@k jyef@E@HS ro _ nf txl;ojzifh *&D-b&uf wef bk&ifhEidk if Hjzpfonfh tm&S [DvifepPwufcf (a&S;*&d,mOfaus; r_) xGef;um;&m a'orsm; qDodk@ ,SuEf , G f vmcJah yonf? xdrk w S qifh Ak'o < moemonf ajrmufyikd ;f odk@ jyef@ES@H vmv#uf Ak'b < mom vl@todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm; jzpfwnfvmonftxd jzpfcI Jh tm&Stv,fykdi;f wGif Ak'b < mom bk&ifEdkiif Hrsm;yif &Sv d mcJ. h ? yd;k vrf; r. tcsdK@aomae&mrsm;wGif Ak'b < momapwDrsm;ESihf bke;f }u;D ausmif;rsm; jynfv h ke;D yg; &Sad eaom +rdK@rsm; yg0ifay.? ,if;rSm ta&S@taeufrS vmonfh c&D;oGm;rsm;tm; }udKqdk {nfch &H m Xmaersm; jzpf[ef &S. d ? at'D 2 &mpk 3 &mpku r[m,e ra&m,Surf DS ax&0g',Ofaus;r_onf wmuufcf vlrsKd ;pkrsm;xHodk@ jyef@ESH@omG ;cJhayonf? xdak 'orsm;rSm ,ckacwf ygu pPwef/ u&Srf ;D ,m;/ tmz*efepPwef/ tD&efta&S@ bufyidk ;f ESifh urf;&d;k wef;a'o/ OZbufupPw ef/ wmcfrefepPwefEiS hf wm*spfupPwefwdk@ jzpf.? *E<& . a&S;a[mif;jynfe,frsm;/ b&ufw;D ,m;/ ywfo;D ,m;ESihf qGef';D ,m;wdk@Yvnf; ajrmufrsm;pGm &Scd I Jh xdkrS wqifh w&kyjf ynfodk@ jyefESH@omG ;cJ. h ? xdw k muufcf vlrsdK; pkrsm;teuf Ak'b < momtm; yxOD;qH;k vufcH &,laom vlrsdK;rSmpkrmS wmcD-&Sm[D jzpfI olw@kd . Ak'b < momtm; vufcjH cif;rSm bDpD 3 &mpxuf aemuf ruscJhacs? odk@aomf Tbmomw&m; wpfcw k nf;udo k m tcsKyftjcm ,H=k unfr_ bmomtjzpf rowfrw S cf Jhacs? Zd&k t dk ufpwm bmom/ [dENL/ eufpwd&k , D ef- c&pf,mef (uGefpwefwDEb dk ,frS c&pf,mefbke;f }uD; eufpwdw k ;D ,yfpf (at'D 386-451). c&pfESpfyg; (aumif;uifrS xm0&bk&m;onf vnf; c&pfawmfyifjzpf. [laom) t,l&aSd om c&pf,mef*dk%;f )/ *sL;/ refepfc, D ef (at'D 210-276 wGif yGifhco Jh nfh wrefawmf refe. D bmom -a&S;tD&efvlrsKd ;wdk@. t"du bmomwpfck)/ &Srrf efepfZif Z if (0dnm^f rsm;udk ,H=k unfonhf &d;k &mewfbmom) aemufvu dk rf sm;/ wef&D (a&S; wmhucf f vlrsdK;wdk@. &d;k &mbmom) bmomrsm; tjcm;aom a&S;OD;rlv vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh bmomw&m;wpfck pepfwus r&Sdaom olrsm;vnf; a&maESmv#uf &Sdaeayonf?
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trsKd ;rsdK;aom edum, (eDu,f) ausmif;rsm;onf tm&Stv,fykdi;f ESihf w&kwjf ynfwdk@wiG f at'D 7 &mpk 0ef;usicf ef@txd wnf&aSd eayonf? r[m,ersm;onf xdkumvwGif pwnfI v$r;f rd;k vmaomfvnf; edu,frsm;udk pGJrw S o f nfh om0wˆ0d wDEiS hf "rR*w k w f u rsm;od@k t,lvr$ ;f rd;k cJjh cif; r&Sdacs? usefaom tm&S tv,fydki;f bkef;}uD;ausmif; rsm;onf a&G;cs,x f m;aom 0denf;rsm;udk usio fh ;Hk cJhayonf? tm&Stv,fydki;f a'orsm;ESifh atmufbuf tdE, dN wdu k if ,fwdk@wiG f uk&eS t f ifyg,m uJo h @kd Ak'b < mom bk&ifEdkiif Hrsm;pGm xGe;f ay: zGH@+zdK;vmcJah yonf? at'D 5 &mpkwiG f uk&eS t f ifyg,mtm; vljzL [efrsm;u 0ifa&muford ;f ydu k +f yD; rif[cD v l rif; vufxufwiG f Ak'b < momrsm;rSm rsm;pGm ESdyu f Gycf cH &Jh ayonf? tm&Stv,fydki;f Ak'b < momonf at'D 7 &mpkwiG f tpPvmrfbmom jyef@ES@H xGe;f um; vmaomtcg pwifarS; rSdeo f mG ;+yD; ppfyGJrsm;twGi;f omoedu taqmuftkHrsm;pGm zsuo f rd ;f cHvu dk &f ayonf? rlqvif rsm;u olwdk@tm; c&pf,mefrsm;/ *sK;rsm;uJo h @kd “'if;rpf” usr;f &olrsm; tjzpfowfrw S cf o Jh nf? tvf bD,eDleD u Ak'o < nf wrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfI trnfrmS “Al;Z” jzpfonf[k a&;om;cJah yonf? Ak'b < momonf *sif*pfcef;. odr;f ydu k rf _rsm;aemuf rGef*kdrif;qufrsm;atmufEiS fh/ tDvcf ef;edwf ESifh cg*gwidk ;f cef;edwf wdk@ rif;qufrsm;udk wnfaxmifv#uf olwdk@. Ak'b < momtm; =oZmanmif; ap&ef aqmif=unf;cJah om at'D 13 &mpkwiG f jyefvnf jrifw h ufcJh jyefonf? odk@aomf ESpf 100 twGi;f wGif xdak 'orS rGef*dkrsm;rSm tpPvmrfbmomodk@ ul;ajymif;=uv#uf olwdk@ESit hf wl tm&Stv,fyikd f; a'o tm;vH;k odk@ tpPvmrf omoem jyef@ymG ;oGm;awmhonf? rGef*dk ta&S@ydik ;f ESifh ,Gefrif; quf r#om [de,e Ak'<0g'tm; vufuidk f jyKv#uf usef&cSd Jhayonf?
7-2 (c) ywfo;D , taemufbufqo D dk@ jyef@ESH@omG ;aom Ak'b < momonf t&fqmquf'f ywfo;D , xJodk@/ aemufq;Hk a&S;u rm*D,mem ,ckacwf wmhcfrefepPwef [kwiG o f nfh rJAh f a'orsm; txd a&muf&o dS mG ;ayonf? qdkA, D uf a&S;a[mif;okawoe tzGJ@rS rJAh f a'owGif tvGe}f uD;rm;aom Ak'q < if;wk/ bke;f }uD;ausmif; ESifh toH;k taqmifrsm;udk wl;az:&&Sad yonf? (ywfo;D ,ef;) ywfo;D vlrsKd ;wdk@onf Ak'b < mom omoemjyK&mY wdu k &f u kd yf g0if ywfoufcaJh yonf? ywfo;D vlrsKd ; tdrfa&S@rif;om; tef&SD*sKd (at'D 148) onf w&kwo f dk@ oGm;cJhI Ak'u < sr;f *efrsm;tm; w&kwf bmomodk@ yxrqH;k bmomjyefqo kd l tjzpf xif&mS ;ayonf?
7-2 (*) wm&if; jrpf0rS ;f a'o
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rsufv;Hk jym tm&Stv,fyidk ;f vl ESifh ta&S@tm&S Ak'&< [ef;awmf (bDZmhuv f u Jh /f ta&S@ wm&if;jrpf0rS ;f a'o w&ky/f at'D 9 &mpk/ 10 &mpk)
tm&Stv,fydki;f (w&kw/f wmupPwef/ wm&if; jrpf0Sr;f / Zif*si;f ) a'o rsm;onf tvGew f &m rsm;jym; pGmaom Ak', < Ofaus;r_ vuf&mrsm; (eH&H yef;csDrsm;/ "gwak pwDrsm;/ t0wfyef;csDrsm;/ qnf;uyfylaZmf&m Xmersm;) udk az:jyv#u&f aSd yonf? ‚wd@k rSm tdE, dN ESihf [DvifepPwufcf ,mOfaus;r_ v$r;f rd;k a=umif; udk ay:vGifapayonf? qm&if;'D,ef vuf&monf *E<& yHkpHukd =oZmoufrr_ sm; rsm;vSI/ usrf; pmtkyf rsm;wGiv f nf; *E<&w D dk@. cg&w dk D pmudk awG@&ayonf? tm&Stv,fydki;f om;wdk@onf ta&S@ydik ;f od@k Ak'b < mom qufo, G af y;a&;Y t"duae&mrS yg0ifc[ Jh ef&aSd y onf? Ak'u < srf;rsm;tm; w&kwb f momodk@ pwifbmomjyefcJhorl sm;rS tef&S&*DS sKd (at'D 148) uJo h @kd ygwfoD vlrsdK;rsm; (w&kyt f ac: tefZ)D r[kwaf omfu avmuqDrm (at'D 178) uJo h @dk ,lZD wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;rS tef [lpef odk@r[kwf ZD;uGif ESifh ZD,dk odk@r[kwf uefqef*idk ;f uJo h dk@ qdik 'f , D ef (w&kwf- qlaw SuTe/ 粟特) wdk@ jzpf=u.? Ak'
7-2 (C) w&kwf Ak'b < momonf w&kwjf ynfodk@ at'D 1 &mpk ywf0ef;usicf ef@uyif tm&Stv,fyikd ;f rS wqifh a&muf& Sd cJ[ h ef &Sad yonf? (tcsdK@aom &d;k &m pum;pOft& tmaomu pd;k pHaepOf uwnf;uyif &[ef;awmf wpfyg;onf w&kwjf ynfodk@ a&mufvmcJo h nf[k qdak yonf)? od@k aomf at'D 8 &mpkwiG frS Ak'b < mom tm; jyif;jyif;xefxefv_y&f mS ;onfh yifrXme jzpfvmcJah yonf? at'D 67 wGif &[ef;awmfESpfyg;jzpfonfh rGww f dk ESifh csLzefvefwdk@ a&muf&v Sd m+yD; Ak'b < momonf w&kwjf ynfodk@ w&m;0if rdwq f ufcJhayonf? at'D 68 ckESpw f iG f {u&mZfjynf&h iS f. umuG,af pmifh a&Smuf r_atmufY {u&mZfaejynfawmf vlt , dk ef;ESifh eD;uyfonfh t&yfY ,ae@widk w f nf&aSd eonfh 0wfausmif;jzL ( 白 馬 寺 ) udk wnfaqmufcJhayonf? at'D 2 &mpk tukefcef@wiG f (Ak'
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arwW,s Ak'< (ajrmufyidk ;f 0dik ;f at'D 443)
Ak'b < momonf wefrif;quf (at'D 618-907) tpydik ;f wGif tm;opfavmif;cJah yonf? Trif;quf tm; Edik fi&H yfjcm;rS &d;k &m,Ofaus; r_rsm;u yGiv hf if;pGm ul;pufcI Jh / at'D 4 &mpkrS 11 &mpktwGi;f ajrmuf rsm;pGmaom w&kwf Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;. c&D;oGm;r_rsm;a=umifh tdE, dN &d;k &m,Ofaus;r_rsm;jzifh ul;vl;r_ rSm jyefvnf &Sio f efco Jh nf? wefaejynfawmf csef*if;ef (,ae@- Zdtif Xi'an)onf Ak'< tawG; tac: rsm;. t"du yif&if;a'o jzpfvmcJo h nf? xdrk w S qifh Ak'b < momonf ud;k &D;,m;ESifh uifw&dk SD oHwref rsm;. tultnDjzifh *syefodk@ tacscsciG fh &&Scd aJh yonf? odk@aomfvnf; wefrif;quf. aemufq;kH ydik ;f rsm;wGif Edik if &H yfjcm; ,Ofaus;r_ v$r;f rdk;jcif;rsm;tm; tm;ray;awmhbJ wef{u&mZf 0laZmifu at'D 845 wGif Edik if Hjcm; bmomw&m;tm;vH;k (c&pf,mef epfw&dk , D ef0g'/ Zd&k t dk ufpwm 0g'/ ESihf Ak'<0g'rsm; tygt 0if) udk w&m;r0if [k a=ujimum/ wdik ;f &if; bmom wmtdk0g'tm; axmufycHh aJh yonf? ol. tkycf sKyfajrtESH@ Ak'b < mom0ifwdk@. ydik fqikd fr_rsm;udk jynfolykdio f rd ;f jcif;/ bke;f }uD;ausmif; rsm;/ omoedu taqmuf ttHkrsm;udk zsuq f ;D jcif;/ Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;udk uGyfrsujf cif;rsm;a=umifh Ak'b < mom. &d;k &m ,Ofaus; r_rsm;ESifh tawG;tac: v$r;f rd;k r_rsm;rSm tqH;k owfc&Jh ayonf? odk@aomfvnf; Ak'b < momtm; t}u;D tus,fEydS u f Gycf +Jh yD; ESpw f pf&m aemufyikd ;f qGef rif;quf (at'D 1127-1279) vufxufwiG f Ak'
7-2 (i) (i) ud;k &D;,m;
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Ak'b < momonf ud;k &D;,m;odk@ at'D 327 0ef;usicf ef@wiG f w&kwf oHt rwfrsm;. ud;k &D;,m; bk&ifhEikd fiH *d*k m,d Gm,d,dk xHodk@ tvnfc&D;wGif usrf;*efrsm; qif;wkawmfrsm;udk aqmif=unf; oGm;jcif;jzifh pwif rdwf qufcaJh yonf?? ud;k &D;,m;wGif txl;ojzifh at'D 7 &mpkrS pwifaom ZifAk'<0g' xGe;f um;cJh ayonf? at'D 1392 ckESpf ,Drif;quf. uGejf zL&Sif tpydik ;f *sdKpDteG f umvwGif Ak'
7-2 (p) (p) *syef
t+rD;aygY xdik af eaom Ak'q < if;wk ( em&m pD&ifp/k tqkum umv/ at'D 7 &mpk/ wdu k sKd trsdK;om;jywdu k )f
at'D 6 &mpkwiG f ud&k ;D ,m; bk&if oH;k Edik if Hrw S qifh *syefEidk fio H dk@ Ak'
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tjyifock r qufpyfr_ tpESifh tOD;qH;k jzpfonfh v_y&f mS ;r_ qufpufjcif; edo, rsm;jzpfonf [l.? (martial arts).
Ak'b < momonf *syefEidk if w H iG f ,ae@txd tvGef wufºu v#uyf if &Sad eyonf? Ak'b < mom omoedu taqmufttHak ygi;f 80000 0ef;usicf ef@onf yHrk Sev f nfywfv#uf zGH@+zdK;qJyif &Sad eayonf?
(7(7-3) ta&S@awmiftm&S
aAm"dowW avmu0g& (urfabm'D;,m; 12 &mpk)
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urfabm'D abm'D;,m; Ak'< (14 &mpk)
at'D 1 &mpktwGi;f wGif ta&S@tv,fykdi;f &Sd ywfo;D ,ef; tifyg,m xGe;f um;vmjcif;ESifh bwpfjyef usm;wpfjyef a&mrtifygwdk@a=umifh ukef;wGi;f yd;k vrf;a=umif;wGif xde;f csKyfuef@owfr_rsm; &Scd aJh yonf? xdt k awmtwGi;f wGif a&mrwdk@onf tvGew f &m ºu,f0vmjcif;a=umifh olw@kd . tm&SZrd cf HypPn;f rsm; 0,fvt dk m;rSm jrifhrm;vmjyefonf? T0,fvt dk m;u ajrxJyifv,fa'oESihf w&kwf t=um; a&vrf; a=umif;udk &Sio f efapcJI h tdE, Nd onf tv,f=um;cHa'o jzpfvmcJhayonf? xdt k csderf S pI ukeo f , G f r_ qufo, G af &; pD;yGm;a&; tacscsr_EiS fh Edik if aH &;0ifa&muf pGuzf ufr_ygrusef tdE, dN onf ta&S@awmif tm&Sodk@ jyif;jyif;xefx ef =oZmv$r;f rd;k vmcJah yonf? tdE, Nd . ukeo f , G f vrf;a=umif; rSm jrefrm awmifyidk ;f / &Sr;f (xdik ;f ) awmifyidk f;ESihf tv,fyidk ;f / urfabm'D;,m; atmufyidk ;f / AD,uferfawmifyikd ;f ESifh rsm;pGmaom urf;&d;k wef; +rdK@jyrsm;rSm csw d q f uftjzpf wnfaxmifvmcJah yonf? ESpfaygi;f axmifausmf =oZmv$r;f rd;k cJah oma=umifh tdE, dN ESihf a'owGi;f Edkiif t H rsdK;rsKd ;rSm &d;k &mxH;k wrf; rsm; tajccHtm;jzifh nD!w G af eayonf? ygVd/ oifouU&u dk Ef iS fh tdE, dN usrf;pmoH;k bmompum;rsm;onf ax&0g'ESifh r[m,e Ak'
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tifyg,mrsm;odk@ r[m,e t,lonfvnf; vdu k yf gvmcJah yonf? q&D 0d*s, tifyg,monf awmif bufodk@/ crmtifyg,monf ajrmufbufo@kd =oZmtwGuf +ydKifqkdiv f mcJI h olwdk@. tEkynm vuf&m rsm;onf r[m,e aAm"dowˆ Adrmefrsm; tjzpf az:aqmifcJhayonf?
rvufumrS q&D0*d sm,ef [efjzifh t0avmudw0g& usuo f a&aqmif a&$qif;wk/ *seb f -D tif'edk ;D &Sm;
7-3 (u) q&D 0d*sm,ef tifyg,m (at'D 77- 13 &mpk) tif'dkeD;&Sm; qkrwfwsmu|ef;ay:&Sd zvifbef; rS A[dkjyKaom a&ydik f tifyg,m q&D0d*s, onf pdik v f if'&m [k ac:aom rif;qufatmufY r[m,eESihf [de,e Ak'b < momudk arG;pm;cJah yonf? zvifbef; onf }u;D rm;aom Ak'b < momXme wpfckjzpfcI Jh xdak 'owGif tifyg,mjynf&h iS u f &[ef; aygif; wpf axmifudk ol@eef;wGi;f Y yifhzw d faxmufyx Hh m;cJo h nf [k ,d*siu f az:jyxm;ayonf? twuf&mS ;onf ; wdbufodk@ omoemjyKtjzpf roGm;rSD xkda'o (zvif;bef;) wGif ynmqnf; yl; cJah yonf? q&D 0d*s, rS Ak't < Ekynmrsm;onf ‚. tifyg,mwd;k csJ@r_t wGi;f ta&S@awmiftm&Sodk@ jyef@ESH@cJah yonf? TumvtwGi;f rSm tvGew f &m oyf,yfao&Sm vuf&majrmufru _ kd yHak qmifonfh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom aAm"dowW qif;wkrsm;tm; a'owGi;f wav#mufawG@&ayonf? tvGew f &m vuf&majrmufaom Adou k mrsm;udk Ad;k &d;k Aka"m (at'D 780 cef@wiG f wnfaqmufcI Jh / urBmay:wGif t}u;D qH;k aom Ak'
7-3 (c) crm tifyg,m (at'D (at'D 99- 13 &mpk) aemufydik ;f / at'D 9 &mpkrS 13 &mpkwiG f r[m,eESihf [dENLwd@k =oZm}uD;onfh crmtifyg,monf ta&S@ awmiftm&S u|e;f qG,f. rsm;pGmaom a'orsm;udk xde;f csKyfcaJh yonf? crmrsm;. vufatmufY omoedu taqmufttHkaygi;f 900 ausmu f kd urfabm'D;,m;ESihf tdrfe;D csi;f xdik ;f Edik if w H dk@Y wnf
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aqmufcaJh yonf? tefaumonf TzGH@+zdK;r_. yifrXmejzpfcJhI/ ausmif; 0ef;ESihf +rdK@tzGJ@t pnf;onf +rdK@ae um vl wpfo ef; ywf0ef;usifcef@udk axmufyhHEikd cf Jhayonf? *s,mAmrif (&) at'D 1181-1219 onf }u;D us,q f ;Hk aom bk&ifrsm;teuf wpfyg;jzpf+yD; ab,GeEf Sifh t efaumoG umoGef wGif }uD;rm;aom r[m,e Ak'< qif;wkawmfudk wnfaqmufcaJh yonf? 7-3 (*) AD,uferf at'D 11 &mpkwiG ;f yifrajrjzpfonfh tdE, dN ESihf Ak'
(8) [de,e jzmxGujf cif; (at'D 5 &mpk) [de,e Ak'b < momonf at'D 5 &mpkEiS hf 7 &mpk=um;wGif tdE, Nd ta&S@yidk ;f rS ay:ayguv f mcJah yonf? ‚tm; wcgw&HwiG f r[m,e. *dk%;f uGJ[k owfrw S I f wcgw&HwiG f Ak'
(9) wausmjh yef yef ax&0g' (at'D 11 &mpkrS -)
ax&0g' Ak'
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tpPvmrfrsm; 0ifa&mufvm+yD; tdE, dN yifrajrrS Ak'b < mom qkw, f w k o f mG ;aom at'D 11 &mpkrS pwifI ta&S@awmiftm&SwiG v f nf; r[m,ersm;. arS;rSdefjcif;odk@ OD;wnfomG ;ayonf? tdEN, d wdu k f i,fudk jzwfv#uf wdu k }f uD;rsm;. vrf; a=umif;onf yifv,fa&a=umif;rS oD&v d uFmudk jzwfv#uf ta&S@tv,fyidk ;f rSonf w&kwjf ynftxd zGH@+zdK;vmcJah yonf? xdrk S at'D 11&mpk ywf0ef;usicf ef@wiG f oD&v d uFmrS ygVd rSww f rf;rsm;jzifh ax&0g' Ak'b < momonf a'owGi;f rdwq f ufvmcJah yawmhonf? ordik ;f 0if jrefrmtifyg,mtm; xlaxmifaom taemf&xm (tEk&'k <) at'D (1044- 1077) onf wdik ;f jynftm; pkpnf;v#uf ax&0g Ak'b < momudk axmufyhHcJhayonf? at'D 11 &mpkEiS hf 13 &mpk t=um; aejynfawmfjzpfcaJh om yk*w H iG f axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom apwDyw k ;dk rsm;udk oauFwtjzpf awG@& I ‚ wdk@rS 2000 0ef;usifcef@onf ,ckwikd f wnf&adS eayonf? aejynfawmf yk*t H m; 1287 wGif rGef*kdrsm; odr;f ydu k af om tcg jrefrmrsm; tm%m,kwaf v#mch JhI xdik ;f wd@k wefc;dk xGm;cJah yonf? odk@aomf ax&0g' Ak'b < momonf ,ae@xd jrefrmEdik if . H yifr bmomyif tjzpf usef&aSd eayonf? (19) &mpk aESmifyidk ;f jrefrmwdk@. aemufq;Hk rif;quf. aemufq;kH rif; oDaygrwdik frSD eef;wufvmaom rif;wkef;rif; vufxuf wGif oD[rdk l aypm ygVad wmfrsm;udk ausmufxuftuQ&mwifjcif; jyKvkyI f ‚udk yÌroHCm,em [k uif;yGe;f wyfcJhayonf? xdik ;f Edik fit H m; topfjyefvnf xlaxmifaom pudx k idk ;f rif;qufuvnf; at'D 1260 ywf0ef; usiw f iG f ax&0g' Ak'b < momtm; axmufycHh JhI t,k'N acwf (14 &mpkrS 18 &mpk) wGif ydkrkd tif;jznfch Jh+yD; xdik ;f vl@ todik ;f t0dik ;f . twGi;f tpdwt f ydik f; jzpfvmcJhayonf? 20 &mpktwGi;f ta&S@awmiftm&S Edik if Hrsm; vGwv f yfa&;&vmaom tcg ax&0g'Ak'b < mom tm; aumif;aom jrefrmEdik if w H iG f 0ef}u;D csKyfOD;Ek vufxufY rif;wke;f rif;vufxuf wifcaJh om yÌr oHCm,emrS ausmufxuf tuQ&mrsm;udk yHkESdyfpmjzifh qXr oHCm,em[k uifyGe;f wyfI rSww f rf; wifco Jh nf? xdrk w S w f rf; ydÉuonf &Sit f &[H (jrefrmEdik if Ho@kd Ak'o < moemtm; pwif rdwq f ufo)l ./ ydÉu pmrlEiS fh rwl[I l / &SiOf uUXuJo h dk@ &[ef; ynmwwfrsm;u tjrwfwEd;k r&Scd Jhay? wdu k if ,fa'ojzpfonfh vmtdEk iS fh urfabm'D;,m;rsm;od@k at'D 13 &mpkwiG f ax&0g' wdk@ xd;k azguf 0ifa&muf oGm;cJah yonf? odk@aomf urf;&d;k wef;a'orsm;ESihf ta&S@awmftm&S. u|e;f rsm;qDodk@ 14 &mpkrS pI tpPvmrfomomemrSm tiftm;aumif; xGm;usdKi;f vmI rav;&Sm;/ tif'dke;D &Sm;/ rsm;pGmaom u|e;f rsm; ESifh zdvpfyidk f awmifyidk ;f xd jyef@ESH@omG ;cJah yonf? odk@aomf “uGejf rLepfygw. D pD&ifcsuf [k pGyfpJx G m;aom 1965 pufwifbm vlowfyJ”G [k ac:onfh aoG;ajrus jzpf&yf+yD; ql[mwdk tm%m&vmaom 1966 ckrS pI tif'kde;D &Sm;wGif Ak'b < mom jyefvnf &Sio f efvmEdik cf Jhayonf? “tif'edk ;D &Sm;vlx. k vdt k yfcsut f wGuf tif'kde;D &Sm;wGif bmo}u;D ig;&yftm; w&m;0ifbmomrsm; tjzpf trdef@xw k cf aJh yonf? ‚wd@k rmS tpPvmrf/ y&dw k ufpwifh/ &drk efuufovpf/ [dELN ESifh Ak'
taemufbufodk@ jyef@ESH@jcif;
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c&pfw&m;awmftm; a[maeonfh &Si*f sdKZmzuf (12 &mpk *&d pmrl)
Ak'b < momESifh ywfoufI *&d-Ak'< tEkynmvuf&mrS Ak'
OD;aX;vGiOf ;D jyefqjyKpk dkjyKpkonf onf?
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