Gvi Pta Gruesa 2008 Annual Science Report

Global Vision International, 2008 Report Series No. 001 ISSN 2008-1 (Print)

GVI Mexico Punta Gruesa Marine Conservation Expedition, Q Roo, Mexico

Annual Report 2008

GVI Punta Gruesa Marine Conservation Expedition Report 2008 Submitted in whole to Global Vision International Amigos de Sian Ka’an Produced by Stuart Fulton – Base Manager Raphael Zara – Expedition Coordinator Chris Mason-Parker - Field Staff Nikki Taylor – Field Staff For a full list of all volunteers who took part in the monitoring programme, please consult the appendices Edited by Daniel Ponce-Taylor – Regional Director

GVI Mexico Address: Apt Postal 17, Col Centro, 77710, Playa del Carmen, Q Roo, Mexico Email: [email protected] Web page: http://www.gvi.co.uk and http://www.gviusa.com

Acknowledgements GVI´s first year at Punta Gruesa ran from the January to December 2008, with Global Vision International (GVI) Staff Members and a total of 93 Expedition Members (EMs). See Appendix VI for a list of Expeditions Members for each phase. The team consisted of a wide range of skills from over 10 countries and the hard work and enthusiasm of the above individuals saw the successful completion of the first full year at Punta Gruesa. GVI Mexico would like to thank all the EMs from this expedition and hope that they will foster a continued interest in the sustainable development and conservation

of

Mexico’s

resources,

through

access

of

the

GVI

website,

http://www.gvi.co.uk, the blog on http://www.gvimexico.blogspot.com and other sources. GVI Punta Gruesa would also like to extend thanks to local partners for their support, including in particular: Gonzalo Merendiz Alonso, Baruch Figueroa-Zavala and Albert Franquesa Rinos of ASK

Finally Regional Office staff, Daniel Ponce-Taylor, Cynthia Arochi Zendejas, Oliver Burdekin and members of the GVI Head Office for their continued support behind the scenes.

Abbreviations

GVI

Global Vision International

ASK

Amigos de Sian Ka’an

CONANP

Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP)

MBRS

Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System

SMP

Synoptic Monitoring Programme

EM

Expedition Member

NSP

National Scholarship Programme

CC

Coral Communities Transect

PI

Point Intercept Transect

FR

Fish Rover Transect

CR

Coral Rover Transect

AF

Adult Fish Transect

JF

Juvenile Fish Transect

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Executive Summary GVI´s primary aims for its first full year at Punta Gruesa included:

•

Establishment of monitoring at strategic sites along the coast, while continued exploration in this new and practically pristine zone.

•

Training of EMs in the MBRS methodology including fish, hard coral, algae and disease identification.

•

Employing the methods of the MBRS Synoptic Monitoring Programme (SMP) for the selected sites within the Mahahual region to provide regional decision makers with up to date information on the ecological condition of the reef.

•

Providing English lessons and environmental education opportunities for the local community.

•

Further developing the current Marine Education programme for the children of Mahahual that works alongside the standard curriculum.

•

Liaise with local partners to develop a successful and feasible programme of research in collaboration with GVI into the future.

•

Continue adding to a coral and fish species list that will expand over time as a comprehensive guide for the region.

•

Continuation of the National Scholarship Programme, whereby GVI Punta Gruesa accepts Mexican nationals on a scholarship basis into the expedition each phase.

•

To assist the local community to create and develop new environmental management strategies.

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Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 3 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 4 Table of Figures ............................................................................................................ 7 List of Tables................................................................................................................. 7 List of Photographs ...................................................................................................... 7 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 8 2. Synoptic Monitoring Programme ........................................................................... 10 2.1 Benthic Cover....................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Fish Populations .................................................................................................. 13 2.3 Physical Parameters............................................................................................. 16 3. Methodology and Training ..................................................................................... 16 3.1 Synoptic Monitoring Programme Training ............................................................. 18 3.2 Physical Parameters............................................................................................. 19 4. Results ..................................................................................................................... 21 4.1 Fish ...................................................................................................................... 21

4.1.1 Adult fish ............................................................................................ 21 4.1.2 Juvenile fish ....................................................................................... 23 4.1.3 Fish Distribution ................................................................................. 24 4.1.4 Biomass ............................................................................................. 26 4.1.5 Adult Fish Diversity ............................................................................ 27 4.1.6 Grazing............................................................................................... 27 4.2 Benthic Data......................................................................................................... 28

4.2.1 Point Intercept transects..................................................................... 29 4.2.2 Coral Community transects................................................................ 30 5. Discussion............................................................................................................... 34 5.1 Fish ...................................................................................................................... 34 5.2 Coral .................................................................................................................... 35 6. Incidental Sightings Programme ........................................................................... 36 6.1 Methodology......................................................................................................... 36 6.2 Results ................................................................................................................. 36 7. Community Work Programme................................................................................ 38 7.1 English Language Programme for Adults ............................................................. 38 7.2 Environmental Awareness Programme.............................................................. 40 7.3 Environmental Education for Children................................................................ 40 7.4 Project Aware’s “Dive into Earth Day” turns into a week in Mahahual................... 41 8. Other Programmes and Activities.......................................................................... 42 8.1 Turtle Nesting Project, Xcacel .............................................................................. 42 9. Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 43 10. References............................................................................................................. 45 Appendix I – SMP Methodology Outlines .................................................................. 47 Appendix II - Adult Fish Indicator Species List......................................................... 51 Appendix III - Juvenile Fish Indicator Species List................................................... 53 Appendix IV - Coral Species List ............................................................................... 54 Appendix V - Fish Species List .................................................................................. 55 Appendix VI -Expedition Members ............................................................................ 60 081 ...................................................................................................................... 60 082 ...................................................................................................................... 62 083 ...................................................................................................................... 64 084 ...................................................................................................................... 66

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Table of Figures Figure 1.1 Location of Punta Gruesa ......................................................................... 9 Figure 3.1 Map of the monitoring (yellow) and training (green) sites for GVI Mahahual............................................................................................................. 17 Figure 4.1 Percentage abundance of adult fish families during 2008 ................... 21 Figure 4.2 Key Adult Family Abundance.................................................................. 22 Figure 4.3 Juvenile fish species seen during 2008 ................................................. 23 Figure 4.4 Key Juvenile Species Seen per Phase.................................................. 24 Figure 4.5 Adult Fish Distribution during 2008 ........................................................ 24 Figure 4.6 Juvenile Distribution during 2008 ........................................................... 25 Figure 4.7 Adult fish biomass at Punta Gruesa during 2008. Average figures for Caribbean and MBRS are included. ................................................................. 26 Figure 4.8 Number of Species during Fish Rover dives......................................... 27 Figure 4.9 Relationship between Acanthuridae and Turf Algae ............................ 28 Figure 4.10 Percentage benthic cover per site in 2008.......................................... 29 Figure 4.11 Number of coral species per site in 2008 ............................................ 30 Figure 4.12 Frequency of Bleaching......................................................................... 31 Figure 4.13 Diseases recorded during 2008 ........................................................... 32 Figure 4.14 Occurence of Predation......................................................................... 33 Figure 6.1 Incidental Sightings of Sharks and Rays during 2008.......................... 37

List of Tables Table 1 Name, depth and GPS points of the first monitoring sites (SMP)............ 18 Table 2 Number of transects conducted per phase................................................ 21 Table 3 Average Biomass per fish during 2008. ..................................................... 26 Table 4 Coral Monitoring Statistics during 2008 .................................................... 28

List of Photographs Photograph 1 Nesting Loggerhead turtle having its carapace measured............. 42

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1. Introduction The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS) extends from Isla Contoy at the North of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, to the Bay Islands of Honduras through Belize and Guatemala and is the second largest barrier reef in the world. The GVI Marine Programme within Mexico initiated the running of its first base, Pez Maya, in the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve in 2003. Since then the programme has flourished, with a sister site being set up in the south of the Yucatan at Mahahual. The current projects of GVI Pez Maya and Mahahual are assisting Amigos de Sian Ka’an (ASK) and Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) to obtain baseline data by conducting marine surveys along the coast of Quintana Roo. By obtaining this data, ASK and its partners can begin to focus on the areas needing immediate environmental regulation depending on susceptibility; therefore, implementing management protection plans as and when required.

Surveys using the same

methodology are being conducted by a number of bodies through the entire Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, in Belize, Honduras and Guatemala, coordinated by the MBRS project group. Such a project is especially significant in current times of rapid development along the Costa Maya coast which includes the Mahahual area, due to the tourism industry generated by the cruise ship pier that was built near the town in 2002. The cruise ship pier was badly damaged following Hurricane Dean in August 2007 and remained out of operation until October 2008 when Mahahual again began receiving cruise ships. The current terminal can berth 3 cruise ships with 3 to 7 arrivals per week during the peak winter season. The cruise ship arrivals see a flood of tourists in to the Mahahual region, an area which at present, only has a limited infrastructure for dealing with large numbers of people. Furthermore, plans are underway to increase the number of cruise ships in port, and on land, develop the roadway through the mangrove system, increasing access to vacation homes and hotels. There are also plans to re-open the small airport about 10 km from Mahahual in an effort to get more people to the area. Such development invites

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degradation of the ecosystems contributing to the health of the reef, as well as activities directly disturbing the reef, such as wave runners and environmental unaware tourists, increasing the pressure on marine resources.

Consequently, effective monitoring is

becoming ever more important. By assessing the health of the marine environment, new policies can be formulated and environmental degradation prevented if the appropriate measures are taken to advocate long-term, sustainable ecotourism. GVI’s presence in Mahahual was finalised in early 2004 with collaboration between ASK and UQROO, contributing in part to the Programa de Manejo Integrado de Recursos Costeros (MIRC), with the Estación Costa Maya (ECM) base running as a fully functional research station from April 2004. Expeditions ran on a 10 week basis until June 2007, working on marine and littoral studies and focusing on local community development. Before Hurricane Dean, GVI briefly moved to Sol y mar, a site 6 km north of Mahahual, where 5 weeks of expedition life happened in a new and improved facility. After Dean’s passing, the base was not able to house the number of staff and EMs, so an alternative was sought out. GVI went back to the ECM, despite it being badly damaged, for one more phase before arriving to Punta Gruesa in January 2008.

Figure 1.1 Location of Punta Gruesa

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Punta Gruesa is located approximately 40 km north of Mahahual, 12 km south of the southern boundary of the Sian Ka´an Biosphere. The area is, at present, relatively unpopulated although many plots of land in the locality are currently in the process of development. This report marks the expedition’s first year at Punta Gruesa. By using divers with appropriate training, data can be provided in the hope of being useful for the decision makers to put into practice effective coastal zone management. The efforts would also provide a comparison with data collected inside the Sian Ka´an Biosphere at our sister base Pez Maya.

2. Synoptic Monitoring Programme The projects at Punta Gruesa and Pez Maya work towards identifying species and their resilience to environmental stressors. The projects also aim to ascertain areas of high species diversity, areas of high algal mass, fish species and abundance.

2.1 Benthic Cover

Caribbean reefs were once dominated by hard coral, with huge Acropora palmata stands on the reef crests and Acropora cervicornis and Montastraea annularis dominating the fore reef. Today, many coral reefs in the Caribbean have been over run by macroalgae during a ‘phase shift’ which is thought to have been brought about by numerous factors including a decrease in herbivory, and an increase in eutrophication and disease (McClanahan & Muthiga, 1998). One of the Caribbean’s key reef herbivore, the long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarium, suffered mass mortalities during 1983-84, resulting in a reduction in number of approximately 90% (Deloach, 1999). This has resulted in a large amount of grazing pressure being removed, providing algae with an opportunity to increase in abundance.

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Fishing pressures, and the subsequent removal of herbivorous fish, such as Parrotfish, has further reduced grazing pressure. The main coral family in the Caribbean was once the Acroporidae. In the mid 1980’s this family suffered from what developed into a massive reduction in abundance.

This

decline has subsequently been attributed to both the disease White Band and natural factors, and has lead to A. palmata and A. cervicornis being added to the US Endangered Species list as ‘threatened’ (NOAA, 2006). The removal of the Acroporids lead to a change in dominance of the non-reef building families Poritidae and Agaricidae and it had been found that sites across the Caribbean have decreased in hard coral coverage by as much as 80% over the last 30 years (Gardener et al., 2003). With the reduction in Acroporas, the decimation of the Diadema population and continued fishing pressures, algal species have been able to flourish, therefore the phase shift from corals to algal dominance is observed. Benthic transects record the abundance of all benthic species as well as looking at coral health. The presence of coral on the reef is in itself an indicator of health, not only because of the current state of the reef, but also for its importance to fish populations (Spalding & Jarvis, 2002). Coral health is not only impacted by increased nutrients and algal growth, but by other factors both naturally occurring and anthropogenically introduced. A report produced by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) in 2004 stated that nearly 66% of Caribbean reefs are at risk from anthropogenic activities, with over 40% of reefs at high to very high risk (UNEP-WCMC, 2006). Naturally occurring events such as hurricanes can have devastating effects on coral reefs in very short periods of time (Gardener et al., 2005). The impact of a hurricane can be felt for some time after the initial strike due to increased sedimentation and nutrient load. Low turbidity and low nutrient levels are required for coral growth and health. An increase in sedimentation has been found to increase mortality rates due to impeded photosynthesis and increased energy required to remove sediment form colony surfaces (Nuges & Roberts, 2003; Yentsch et al., 2002).

Sediment levels can increase after

storms and hurricanes and also as a result of anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, dredging and coastal construction.

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Different coral families have differing resistances to stress.

However, with multiple

stressors present (sediment, removal of herbivores, disease) even the most hardy can succumb to the pressure, resulting in loss of coral coverage (Kenyon et al., 2006; Yentsch et al., 2002). The measurement of percentage coral mortality provides a way of determining the state of health for the colony and these measures are taken during benthic monitoring (Nuges & Roberts, 2003). As a result of the phase shift on Caribbean reefs, the abundance and type of algae present are of particular interest.

It has been found that some macroalgae and

cyanobacteria do not simply occupy space on the reef, but can actively inhibit coral recruitment (Kuffner et al., 2006). Of those algae present on the reef, two key genera are particularly observed, Halimeda and Dictyota. Halimeda is as important genera due to its calcified structure providing large amounts of calcium carbonate which contribute greatly to beaches and adds to the structure of the reef (Littler et al., 1989). Dictyota spp. have been found to not only inhibit the growth of Halimeda spp. through its epiphytic nature, but also certain species have been found to be able to kill coral recruits other than by simply shading (Beach et al., 2003; Kuffner et al., 2006). Due to their opportunistic nature, ability to deal with stress and mechanisms for out-competing coral for space, algae has been able to maintain the coral-algae phase shift. It is not clear what the major culprit for these phase shifts is, but it is believed that the reversal of one or more causative factors could lead to a shift back to coral dominance (Edmunds & Carpenter, 2001).

In the Caribbean the decrease in coral coverage is

beginning to slow (Gardener et al., 2003). Studies in Jamaica have found areas of Diadema resurgence. Within these areas macroalgae coverage has been found to have reduced and the number of young corals has increased (Edmunds & Carpenter, 2001). Through monitoring the abundances of hard corals, algae and various other key benthic species, as well as numbers of Diadema urchin encountered, we aim to determine not only the current health of the local reefs but also to track any shifts in phase state over time.

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2.2 Fish Populations

Large numbers of fish can be found on and around coral reefs.

These fish are

associated with the reef for a variety of reasons. The structural complexity of coral reefs provides shelter for fish, a quick refuge from predators during the day or a safe place to sleep at night. Others rely on the reef directly for food, be they corallivores, such as Butterflyfish, or territorial herbivores like some Damselfish.

The reef also indirectly

provides food for predatory fish, both those that are site attached like Scorpion fish and pelagic predators such as Bar Jacks. Fish surveys are focused on specific species (see Appendix II) which play an important role in the ecology of the reef as herbivores, carnivores, commercially important fish or those likely to be affected by human activities (AGRRA, 2000). The most important herbivorous fish on the reef are the Parrotfish, Scaridae, and the Surgeonfish, Acanthuridae (AGRRA, 2000). Parrotfish feed primarily on uncalcified algae and seagrasses. However, they are more widely known for the scraping of algal turf from dead coral heads with their fused front teeth, which form a beak like structure. Live coral is rarely eaten by parrotfish, with the exception of the Stoplight Parrotfish, Sparisoma viridae, and the Queen Parrotfish, Scarus vetula, which often feed on living Montastrea annularis colonies. Parrotfish also utilise the caves, overhangs and crevices in the reef for protection at night from predators (Deloach, 1999). Surgeonfish often feed in large mixed aggregations on the reef, descending upon damselfish gardens and decimating them before moving on. Feeding continues all day, with Blue Tangs and Doctorfish concentrating their activities on the reef itself, while the Ocean Surgeonfish tend to forage over the sand. All surgeonfish play an important role in limiting the growth of algae on the reef (Deloach, 1999).

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The importance of other fish can be determined by commercial fishing pressure. Many carnivores on the reef such as Groupers and Snappers are important predators and their presence denotes a balanced food chain and also low levels of fishing. Snappers feed nocturnally on crustaceans and small fish and inhabit the reef in daylight hours. Groupers feed during the day, but mainly at dusk and dawn, drawing their prey of fish, crustaceans and cephalopods into their mouths by simply opening them wide, creating a suction effect (Deloach, 1999). Unlike the groupers and snappers, Bar Jacks and Barracuda are pelagic predators and are considered top level carnivores feeding mainly on fish. They are also commercially important fish and their removal has knock on effects to the balance of the food chain (Deloach, 1999). Other predatory fish recorded during fish surveys and which are susceptible to fishing pressures are the many Grunt species, often the most abundant fish on many Caribbean reefs, spending their days around the reef and feeding at night on sea grass beds, and Hogfish, a favourite target for spear fishers, Spanish Hogfish and Triggerfish (Lee & Dooley, 1998; Deloach, 1999). Fish such as Butterflyfish and Angelfish are also commercially important, but for removal for the aquarium trade rather than for commercial fishing. Butterflyfish are coralivores, eating polyps from both hard corals and gorgonians and are considered to be a general indicator of good coral health. Angelfish, once thought to belong to the same family as the Butterflyfish, can also be coralivores, but have evolved over time to feed on sponges, possibly to avoid increased competition for food (AGRRA, 2000 & Deloach, 1999). All reef fish play an important role in maintaining the health and balance of a reef community. Fishing typically removes larger predatory fish from the reef, which not only alters the size structure of the reef fish communities, but with the reduction in predation pressure, the abundance of fish further down the food chain is now determined through competition for resources (AGRRA, 2000). Although each fish is important, the removal of herbivores can have a considerable impact on the health of the reef, particularly in an algal dominated state, which without

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their presence has little chance of returning to coral dominance. Through the monitoring of these fish and by estimating their size, the current condition of the reef at each site can be assessed, any trends or changes can be tracked and improvements or deteriorations determined. Population abundances are determined to some extent by larval recruitment. The vast majority of reef fish are pelagic spawners, releasing their gametes into the water column where they are under the influence of water flow for several weeks. Other forms of spawning include benthic egg laying, which is common among Damselfish and Triggerfish. Despite the fertilised eggs being laid in nests and protected by diligent parents, once hatched, even these larvae have a pelagic period where their distribution is also controlled by water movement.

During this time the fish larvae can travel

hundreds of miles from where they were originally spawned, occasionally, however, due to specific oceanographic influences, larvae may be held close to their site of origin (Deloach, 1999). For larvae that survive their pelagic existence, when they eventually settle, they may be a considerable distance from where they were spawned. Recruitment of these larvae into the populations of the different sites has been found to vary. There are several theories about the difference in recruitment levels between sites, even those which are closely are closely situated.

Some believe that each reef has a specific carrying

capacity and recruitment is based on existing adult abundances. Others believe that abundance of larval recruits is determined after they have settled on a site when competition for resources such as food, space and shelter begin. Rates of predation at specific sites will also play their part in the survival of larval recruits. Recruitment has also been found to vary seasonally (Deloach, 1999). The monitoring of juvenile fish concentrates on a few specific species (see Appendix II). The presence and number of larvae at different sites can be used as an indication of potential future population size and diversity. Due to the extensive distribution of larvae, however, numbers cannot be used to determine the spawning potential of a specific reef. The removal of fish from a population as a result of fishing, however, may influence spawning potential and affect larval recruitment on far away reefs.

The removal of

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juvenile predators through fishing may also alter the number of recruits surviving to spawn themselves (AGRRA, 2000). Together with the information collected about adult fish a balanced picture of the reef fish communities at different sites can be obtained.

2.3 Physical Parameters

For the optimum health and growth of coral communities certain factors need to remain relatively stable. Measurements of turbidity, water temperature, salinity, cloud cover, and sea state are taken during survey dives.

Temperature increases or decreases can

negatively influence coral health and survival.

As different species have different

optimum temperature ranges, changes can also influence species richness. Corals also require clear waters to allow for optimum photosynthesis. The turbidity of the water can be influenced by weather, storms or high winds stirring up the sediment, or anthropogenic activities such as deforestation and coastal construction.

Increased

turbidity reduces light levels and can result in stress to the coral. Any increase in coral stress levels can result in them becoming susceptible to disease or result in a bleaching event. In the near future, GVI Punta Gruesa hopes to be able to use this data for analysis of temporal and seasonal changes and try to correlate any coral health issues with sudden or prolonged irregularities within these physical parameters.

3. Methodology and Training The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System Synoptic Monitoring Programme methodology has been followed in the monitoring of this phase’s sites. At each site transects were undertaken at a depth of 10m, which corresponds with the reef crest at each site. The sites that are monitored as part of the MBRS programme at GVI Mahahual were chosen through discussions with ASK, the Programa de Manejo Integrado de Recursos Costeros (MIRC, a subsidiary of UQROO) and discussions with local fishermen.

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The established sites currently cover the immediate vicinity to Punta Gruesa but more sites are looking to be added to the monitoring programme. Seven of these are currently monitored annually with a range covering 6 km of the coast.

Figure 3.1 Map of the monitoring (yellow) and training (green) sites for GVI Mahahual

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Table 1 lists the locations of the monitoring sites. GPS points are listed here in the WGS84 datum.

Location

Site ID

Depth

Latitude (N)

Longitude (W)

Los Bollos

LB10

10m

19.02 21.8

087.33 54.8

Las Joyas

LJ10

10m

19.01 53.0

087.34 07.6

Los Milagros

LM10

10m

19.01 35.6

087.34 13.3

Costa Norte

CN10

10m

19.01 31.0

087.34 16.5

Las Delicias

LD10

10m

19.01 24.7

087.34 20.2

Las Palapas

LP10

10m

19.01 55.8

087.34 05.0

Flor de Cañón

FDC10

10m

19.02 04.4

087.34 03.4

Table 1 Name, depth and GPS points of the first monitoring sites (SMP).

The methods employed for the underwater visual census work are those outlined in the MBRS manual (Almada-Villela et al., 2003), but to summarise, GVI use three separate methods for buddy pairs. o

Buddy method 1: Surveys of corals, algae and other sessile organisms

o

Buddy method 2: Belt transect counts for coral reef fish

o

Buddy Method 3: Coral Rover and Fish Rover diver

The separate buddy pair systems are outlined in detail in Appendix I.

3.1 Synoptic Monitoring Programme Training

The non-specialist volunteers recruited by GVI all undergo a rigorous training programme prior to taking part in monitoring surveys. There are four expeditions a year, each identified by a three digit code incorporating the year and phase period, i.e. the first phase of 2008 then becomes 081, the second 082 and so on. During each phase, EMs are trained in 5 week periods. During the first 3 weeks, a series of theory and practical sessions are held to develop each EMs knowledge and skills to a standard level, which

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is necessary to obtain reliable data. Each EM focuses on the knowledge and skills required to conduct either fish or coral MBRS SMP transects. The lecture series builds on basic concepts of coral reef ecology and introduces issues that are relevant to marine research monitoring. Hazards of the Reef

Classification and Taxonomy

Goals of the Station

Monitoring Methods and Lecture Demonstration

Introduction to Coral Reefs

Marine Plants and Algae

Introduction to Fish and Coral

Coral Diseases and Predation

Introduction to Coral Identification

Marine Turtles and Megafauna identification

Introduction to Fish Identification

Development of the Quintana Roo Coast

Threats to the Reef

Oceanography

In addition to these lectures, volunteers take part in a number of coral or fish identification workshops with staff members, before taking a computer exam, which requires a minimum 95% score to pass. Underwater training focuses first on developing the necessary dive skills, with an emphasis on high levels of buoyancy control and diving safety procedures. EMs then undergo a series of spots, covering either hard coral and benthic species identification, as well as coral health monitoring techniques, or adult and juvenile fish identification, size estimation exercises and practice transect work. EMs are tested by experienced monitoring staff at each stage, with 100% required before being approved for monitoring.

3.2 Physical Parameters

In addition to the dive survey reports collected at each site, measurements of the following physical parameters are collected on each dive survey made at the permanent SMP monitoring sites:

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Sea state

Surface and depth salinity

Cloud Cover

Surface and depth temperature

Turbidity Sea state is recorded using a modification of the Beaufort scale for wind. Cloud density is recorded through a visual estimation of the cover above the site by dividing the sky into eight and establishing how many sections have 60% or greater coverage. Turbidity is recorded using a Secchi disk marked in half metre intervals, which is lowered into the water until no longer visible. The length of line is then established whilst the disk is reeled in. Salinity samples are taken at the surface of the survey site by the captain from the boat and on the reef itself by one of the survey divers. The samples are tested using a refractometer to obtain direct salinity measurements in parts per thousand (PPT). Surface temperature is recorded using a handheld depth sounder with built in temperature gauge. Bottom temperature is collected from a survey diver using a dive computer.

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4. Results A total of 295 monitoring transects were carried out during 2008. Results obtained from monitoring dives are shown below.

Results are split into fish and benthic data

categories. 4.1 Fish

173 fish transects were conducted during 2008. The numbers of transects per phase and total fish seen per transect are listed in Table 2. The lowest numbers of fish per transect were seen in 083, whilst the highest numbers were seen in 081. 081

082

083

084

phase

30

54

49

40

total fish in phase

391

649

280

321

13.03

12.02

5.79

8.03

total transects in

fish per transect

Table 2 Number of transects conducted per phase

4.1.1 Adult fish

Figure 4.1 Percentage abundance of adult fish families during 2008

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Species belonging to 13 families were recorded during transect monitoring in 2008. The most regularly sighted fish belonged to the Haemulidae family, in total accounting for 45.9% of the fish seen. The next most abundant were fish belonging to the Acanthuridae (21.4%), Balistidae & Monacanthid (6.9%) and Scaridae (6.7%) families. All remaining families account for less than 20% of the total sightings, with some species going unreported during certain phases; Sphyraenidae (082, 083 & 084), Pomacentridae (083), Carangidae (081) and Labridae (084).

Figure 4.2 Key Adult Family Abundance

The Scaridae family appears to show a decline in percentage of the total fish seen between 081 and 084, and the total numbers seen also declined from 082 onwards. The proportion of Haemulidae remained relatively constant ranging between nearly 40% to just over 50% of the total fish seen. There was a marked increase in the numbers of Acanthuridae seen in the third phase (083) where they accounted for 33% of the total fish seen. The maximum for other phases was 21% in 081. Another important family, the Labridae accounted for 2% of the total fish in 082, with 28 sightings, but only 3 other Labridae were sighted during other phases.

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4.1.2 Juvenile fish

Figure 4.3 Juvenile fish species seen during 2008

The most abundant juvenile species seen during 2008 were T. bisfasciatum (34% of total), S. aurofrenatum (28%) and S. partitus (19%), however there were variations in the most abundant during year. Figure 4.4 shows the variations in the four above species throughout the year. From the figure it is possible to see the breeding periods of each of the species.

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Figure 4.4 Key Juvenile Species Seen per Phase

S. aurofrenatum juveniles were highest in number during the later phases of the year; particularly 084 when they were the second most commonly sighted species. T.bifasciatum, S.partitus and H.garnoti were then the most commonly sighted during 081, 082 and 083 respectively, before T.bifasciatum became again the most commonly sighted as the water began to cool in 084.

4.1.3 Fish Distribution

Figure 4.5 Adult Fish Distribution during 2008

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Of the 7 monitoring sites established during the first year at Punta Gruesa, 5 were monitored every phase, with LP and FDC being monitored for the last 3 phases. Between 081 and 084, 3 sites (LD, LM and FDC) showed a very similar pattern, with LB also being similar until the final phase of the year. Almost all sites show a decrease in fish sighted between 081 and 083, with a slight increase in 084, or a large increase in the case of LB, which increased by a factor of 2.5 from 6.83 fish per transect in 083 to 17.37 per transect in 084.

Figure 4.6 Juvenile Distribution during 2008

Juvenile fish numbers peak as the water begins to warm during 082 and 083. The highest number of juveniles seen was at LP during 082, with 20.57 juveniles seen per transect on average. However LP also has the lowest recording of juveniles, at 2 per transect during 084. LD, LM and CN follow the general trend with peaks in the warmer phases and lower recordings during the colder winter phases.

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4.1.4 Biomass

Figure 4.7 Adult fish biomass at Punta Gruesa during 2008. Average figures for Caribbean and MBRS are included.

The biomass recorded during 2008 shows a significant decline from 081 to 084. Figure 4.7 shows that the biomass in 081 was above the MBRS average of 4.618kg 100m-2 (AGGRA, 2005) and approaching the Caribbean wide average (6.367kg 100m-2). However the recorded biomass declined from 5.76kg 100m-2 to a low of 2.03kg 100m-2 in 083, and the value only increased by 0.04kg 100m-2 in 084. The decrease in biomass corresponds with the decrease in the number of fish seen per transect shown in Table 2 The average biomass of individual fish also declined during 2008, by 110.19g. This data is shown in Table 3 and the rate of reduction in biomass also increased by phase. Ave. biomass Phase

per fish (g)

081

264.59

082

242.15

083

212.68

084

154.40

Table 3 Average Biomass per fish during 2008.

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4.1.5 Adult Fish Diversity

Figure 4.8 Number of Species during Fish Rover dives

The fish rover dives record the overall diversity of each site. Most sites show relatively constant diversity, with the more diverse sites (CN, LB and FDC) being constantly above the average diversity (28.82 species per dive). LD has the two lowest species number recordings (14 and 13 in 081 and 084 respectively), although an above average number of species were recorded during 083. LP also had a low number of species recorded during 082, but unfortunately only one fish rover has been conducted at that site, therefore little can be drawn from the results.

4.1.6 Grazing The Ancanthuridae show a direct relationship between population size and the abundance of turf algae on the reef. The highest abundance of turf algae is recorded during the phase with the warmest and clearest water, promoting algal growth. Previous GVI reports also indicate highest algal levels in the third phase of the year.

27

Figure 4.9 Relationship between Acanthuridae and Turf Algae

4.2 Benthic Data

With 2008 being the first year of the new location, the data gathered is limited as comparisons can only be drawn from each phase’s data rather than from corresponding phases over a long period.

Data may vary phase by phase within a year due to

seasonal changes, therefore this must be taken into account with any comparisons made. Some of the statistics from the 2008 phases are illustrated below (Table 4).

081

082

083

084

Total coral transects in phase

21

32

35

34

Total corals in phase on CC transects

410

558

523

519

Average corals per transect

20

17

15

15

Table 4 Coral Monitoring Statistics during 2008

28

The phases are relatively consistent, with a slight dip in transects during 081 being reflected in the number of corals recorded. This removed some of the possible errors from the analysis as the frequencies are derived from similar quantities of data from each phase. 4.2.1 Point Intercept transects The PI transects offer an overview of the biodiversity of the monitored sites by recording the variety and frequency of species found on each transect. Below is a graph illustrating the biodiversity throughout 2008 per phase. Algae and hermatypic corals are the most commonly found species on the transects throughout the year, with sponges also having a presence. The remainder of the species are generally small in size and less abundant than those mentioned above, which is reflected in the graph.

Figure 4.10 Percentage benthic cover per site in 2008

Algae is the most common species overall, which is to be expected as the Caribbean reefs have been seen to have undergone a change from coral dominance and shifted to algal dominance.

This indicates a decline in coral cover, and therefore a possible

29

decline in reef health. As more data is collected, this pattern will hopefully emerge and show whether the reef has reached equilibrium, or if it is on a declining trend. If the trend of algal proliferation emerges, this could be a sign of other pressures and changes on and around the reef affecting the balance and contributing to a decline in coral cover, such as overfishing, eutrophication and nutrification, within other.

4.2.2 Coral Community transects The CC section of the transects offer more insight into the presence and health of individual coral colonies. Figure 4.11 below outlines the variety of species found during 2008 at each site.

Numbe r of Spe cie s Obse rv e d at e ach site on the Coral Rov e r Transe cts 35

Number of species

30 25

81

20

82

15

83 84

10 5

La

s

P

al

C

ap

añ

as

on

te de F

lo

r

os C

M s Lo

ta

ila

N

gr

or

os

s ya Jo s

La

s La

Lo

s

D

B

el

ol

ic

lo

ia

s

s

0

Site

Figure 4.11 Number of coral species per site in 2008

Even though data is missing from some sites, the overall biodiversity of corals remains constant, the exception being Las Palapas in 083.

This could be due to mis-

identification of some corals that has increased the diversity, skewing the results. Otherwise, there seems to be little in the way of an upward or downward trend in diversity throughout the year.

30

The CC data also records the health of the species found, including presence of bleaching, disease and predation. There are three classifications of bleaching recorded, including full, pale and partial. Full bleaching is complete loss of zooxanthallae leaving a bright white appearence, pale is a lightening of colour and partial is a mixture of bleaching within one colony.

The graph below illustrates the frequency of each

bleaching type during each phase of 2008.

Figure 4.12 Frequency of Bleaching

The most common type in all phases is pale bleaching, with full and partial remaining fairly low and constant. The presence of pale bleaching is not necessarily a sign of poor coral health, as this type does not appear to have much of an adverse affect on the colony other than discolouration. Also, it is far more common on Siderastrea siderea species, which is a very abundant species on the reefs in the area, therefore the presence of pale bleaching will be high. With the predicted changes in climate, there is potential to see a rise in bleaching presence amongst corals over the next few years, therefore this baseline data will provide a good comparison for the future data to assess the impacts of the changes.

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Disease is also predicted to be a consequence of the changes in climate, which will also be indicated through use of the baseline data of 2008 compared with future data. Below, Figure 4.13, the presence of disease recorded on transects is illustrated by phase.

Comparison of Disease Recorded per Phase

Frequency

30 25

Dark Spot

20

White Plague Yellow Blotch

15

Black Band

10

Red Band

5

Unknown

0 81

82

83

84

Phase

Figure 4.13 Diseases recorded during 2008

By far, the most common is dark spot disease, which, like pale bleaching, is most common on Sidersatrea siderea species and is therefore likely to be prevelant in line with the abundance of the species it commonly affects. Presence of the other diseases is low, with only a few cases recorded for each. This is a positive result so far, as the lack of disease indicates a resilience to these impacts by the corals. This may change as the environmental conditions alter over the next few years, which may result in weakened colonies that become more susceptible to impacts such as disease.

A

comparison can be made as more data is collected throughout 2009. Finally, predation that is present on the reef is also reviewed through the data collection. If the balance of predators is upset, it is likely that more and more corals will be affected by these impacts. Figure 4.14 below shows the recorded predation during the four phases.

32

Frequency of observations

Predation Recorded in 2008 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Tunicate Sponge Gorgonian Coral Parrotfish Damselfish 81

82

83

84

Phase

Figure 4.14 Occurence of Predation

Overgrowth of corals by other species is the most common form of predation on the reefs as recorded in 2008. Sponge predation is the most common of these, present in all phases and also the most frequent in all cases. Sponges are abundant on the reefs, and with algae becoming the dominant species overall, other species compete for space with the most aggressive and fast growing species taking over the slower more passive species. This is likely to continue until the balance is shifted again away from algal dominance. The presence of mobile predation is low, with little evidence of parrotfish, damselfish, snail or worm predation. They are present on the reefs, but the data suggest they are at a suitable level whereby energy is available for them without adversely affecting the corals due to their feeding.

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5. Discussion 5.1 Fish

The first years data shows a similar distribution to Caribbean wide trends. The population numbers of commercially fished species (Scaridae, Balistidae and Serranidae in particular) show a general decline. However, as this is the first year’s data collected at Punta Gruesa it is too early to confidently say that the overall fish population has declined over the 12 months. As many commercially significant fish have a large home range (Health Reefs, 2005), one years surveying in one location will not be representative of the population. At present the second years data collection is underway and this will shed more light on the migrational behaviour of the species. Of the three species mentioned above, Scaridae have a small home range thus their decline from 7.7% of the total fish to 3.7% of the total between 081 and 084 indicates a potentially important reduction. This is doubly significant with the Scaridae’s role as the dominant grazer in the absence of the herbivorous urchin, Diadema antillarum (Mumby et al., 2006). Few long spine sea urchins were seen during the transects conducted by the juvenile fish recorder during 2008. However we believe the population to be underrepresented by the surveyors. Long-spined Sea Urchins are present on the reef, however the numbers remain low and parrotfish are the dominant grazers. The methodology for data collection for long-spined sea urchins and Banded Coral Shrimp is under review. Previous studies by GVI and others (GVI Mahahual 074; GVI Pez Maya, 083, 081; Núñez-Lara et al., 2003) have shown the Acanthuridae to be the most commonly sighted fish during surveying. However, the previous GVI studies were conducted on areas with different reef structures to Punta Gruesa. Punta Gruesa has low structural complexity, with a wall dropping from 10m to 20m and a narrow section of reef crest which supports the highest diversity. The other sites form spur and groove structures with more habitats available possibly influencing the fish community structure. On the reefs of Punta Gruesa, Haemulidae are the dominant species. The Acanthuridae are roving herbivores and have preference for certain types

34

of algae that are common on exposed reef flats (Sluka & Miller, 2001) which are not generally present on the reef crests of Punta Gruesa. This is likely the reason for the lower number recorded. The close relationship between Acanthuridae and turf algae is also seen at Punta Gruesa. Juvenile species appear avoid competition by breeding at different times of year. Recruitment is also strong when compared with other studies (Gonzalez-Salas et al., 2003). This is encouraging for future of the reef but possibly indicates the fishing pressure on the adult species. T. Bifasciatum recruits year round (Hamilton et al., 2006) and proportionally more juveniles of this species were seen during the winter months, however highest numbers were actually seen in the warmer summer months which is consistent with other studies (Hunt von Herbing & Hunte, 1991). During GVI´s second year at Punta Gruesa further data will be collected including expanding the number of monitoring sites to include different reef environments.

5.2 Coral

The biodiversity of the reef concerning invertibrates and immobile species is high, but the dominant species are algae and coral. The reef health is positive, with little indication of an increase in disease or predation. However, with little to compare it to, the data will serve as a baseline from which to expand and compare future data in order to gain a better idea of how the reef is progressing, particularly facing the threats of human impacts and climate change. In addition, we will have 3 sets of data that will be analyzed and compared. The 3 years of data collected in Mahuahual, the 4 years of data collected in Pez Maya, and the data from Punta Gruesa, which will allow further analysis from the data obtained in a protected area, the data collected in a developed area with increasing tourism impact, and an undeveloped area with considerable fishing activity and high potential to begin development in the very near future.

35

6. Incidental Sightings Programme GVI Mahahual has implemented an incidental sightings programmer since in April 2004, due to the high number of turtles and other species seen on dives in the area. Species which make up the incidental sightings list are: •

Sharks and Rays

•

Eels

•

Turtles

•

Marine Mammals

These groups are identified to species level where possible and added to the data collected by OBIS-SEAMAP a worldwide database. 6.1 Methodology

Each time an incidental sighting is seen on a dive it is identified, where possible, to species level and the date, time, location, depth it was seen at, and size are all recorded. The EMs are given a Marine turtles presentation during their training which aids identification of turtle species. All dives are logged by GVI Punta Gruesa, which gives a total effort for this survey. Previous Mahahual expeditions have recorded turtle nesting sites during the nesting season. However in Punta Gruesa there are no nesting beaches so this programme has been discontinued.

6.2 Results

A total of nineteen turtles were seen in the four phases of 2008. The break down of this number is as follows: six green turtles, eight Hawksbills and five Loggerheads. Bottlenose dolphins were observed on eleven occasions, always at the surface on route to the dive sites.

36

Figure 6.1 Incidental Sightings of Sharks and Rays during 2008

Figure 6.1, above shows sightings for the three most common elasmobranch species for the dive sites in the area. Southern Stingrays were by far the most abundant species. A total of ninety-four individuals were identified over 48 occasions with twenty being the highest number seen on any one dive at the site Los Bollos. In the four phases of 2008 seven Nurse sharks were observed on the reef. Spotted Eagle Rays were seen ten times, three of these occasions within the lagoon. Only two Yellow Stingrays and three Lesser Electric Rays were recorded for the entire year. The low incidents of sightings may be attributed to a lack of consistent data recording. Large temporal gaps in the data set indicate this to be the case. Furthermore the lower than expected figures for Yellow Stingray and Lesser Electric Rays may be due to the particular habitat type these species most commonly inhabit. Experience indicates that observations made within the lagoon (the favoured habitat of the aforementioned species) while snorkelling are less likely to be recorded than those made while scuba diving. Moving forward every effort will be made to improve the consistency of recording for all sightings, allowing for the future gathering of a reliable data set.

37

7. Community Work Programme Mahahual, as part of the section of the Quintana Roo coastline labeled as Costa Maya, has in recent years come under great pressure to develop as an international destination for tourists (Bezaury et al 1998). To the north, the coastal zone from Cancun to Tulum, the “Riviera Maya”, has already rapidly expanded over the last 30 years; the Costa Maya, surrounded by protected areas including the Sian Ka’an biosphere reserve and the Chinchorro and Xcalak Marine Protected Areas is now seen as a key area for tourism development that has the opportunity to grow in a more measured and controlled fashion. To assist local communities in being an active part of this development, and helping them guide it towards a sustainable future, GVI is committed to local capacity building through its community programmes. A central part of this aspect of GVI’s role in Mexico is teaching both English and environmental awareness. By assisting locals to take a more independent role in development of the tourism industry, GVI hopes to provide locals in Mahahual with the tools to develop the area beneficially for themselves, whilst protecting it for the future. Consequently, during both the child and adult education programs, wherever possible an environmental theme has been included within the structure of the lessons. The implementation of an introduction to TEFL program been embraced by the volunteers, and feedback shows that the EMs greatly enjoy and appreciate the opportunity to participate in the teaching experience and are happy that they can interact with and contribute directly to the community in addition to providing marine research data. 7.1 English Language Programme for Adults

The English Language Programme was initiated in 2004 in partnership with Orlando Iglesias Barron (MIRC) and Arturo Barbabosa (Dorados Tourism Cooperative). From January 2006, all EMs that took part in the community English teaching completed an Introduction to TEFL course, designed and developed by GVI’s TEFL consultant, Amy

38

Schirmer, with experienced teaching staff from the successful GVI Tulum project, to help prepare EMs for entering the classroom. By going over basic teaching techniques and linguistic exercises with EMs before they teach, it is hoped that the lessons will be a more effective resource for local students, and therefore encourage ongoing attendance. The course is broken down into lectures, workshops and review sessions covering topics such as learning and teaching theory, lesson planning, classroom management, vocabulary and grammar and error correction techniques. The Intro to TEFL and community programmes also require periodic review sessions with the EMs after the course. The training partly focused on EMs previous experiences both as teachers and pupils, and on Expedition staff’s experiences teaching here in Mexico. GVI Mahahual enjoyed another year of student participation in the English Language Programme, with community members from all areas of employment attending the classes as well as several primary and secondary school students. 2008 has to be the most successful TEFL year. During the four phases at Punta Gruesa, attendance was surpassed, with one of our opening sessions having standing room only. There is fluctuation in the number of students coming to class throughout the 6 weeks of teaching, but each week there were new students eager to join and learn. This year marked changes in the way students were invited to attend the programme, as groups of EMs went out to the town and recruited potential students for the classes that took place on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 18.30 to 20.00, being held at the Vicente Kau Chau Primary School and during the summer at Tequila Beach, a bar and restaurant in Mahahual. The number of students expected and the number showing up for the first session varied slightly, but attendance was at an all time high. Due to hurricane Dean, many people left the town, or came to it looking for working opportunities. At the beginning of the course, we reminded students of who we are and what we do to get the word out that GVI had not left Mahahual, only moved 40 km north. We increased the number of groups by offering beginner, intermediate and advanced levels. The adults were then allocated a level with one or two EM teachers, according to ability and trade. The lessons generally focused on the material suggested in the Intro to TEFL programme for the particular level of the students. By using a variety of teaching methods, from simple word games to complex dialogue for more advanced students,

39

lessons were kept as real and exciting as possible with an emphasis on a relaxed learning environment progressing at a pace set by the students. A few younger students from our work at the school have shown a further interest in learning English. Because the younger students do not have specific objectives in mind, they are generally taught basic grammar and vocabulary, following the Intro to TEFL programme as closely as possible and advancing at their own pace. Each phase brings new and old faces, and attendance, as always, fluctuated due to weather, cruise ship in town, or personal obligations. Despite this fact, most students were there and committed with the classes throughout the year.

7.2

Environmental Awareness Programme

GVI’s Environmental Awareness Programme in Mahahual was set up in association with Irene Ku Doporto and Francisco Chimal Chan (Department of Environmental Education – ASK). This multi faceted programme, which is also supported by CONANP, includes activities such as environmental education for children in English and Spanish, beach cleans, workshops for children and adults, and school festivals and outings.

7.3

Environmental Education for Children

This phase teaching material concentrated on a variety of important environmental and science related concepts. Fun and educational presentations and games were created for the children in an effort to raise awareness about the fragile environment just outside their classroom. This phase biodiversity and basic ecology were the main themes for the younger children.

While development and tourism was discussed with the older

classes in terms of jobs and money for coastal areas, the effect that this can have on the environment in terms of damage to the reef if left unchecked was also discussed, trying to bring both sides of development and conservation to the table. The Environmental Education Programme began 28 January, changing the schedule from Fridays to Thursdays, from 9:30 to 10:30 am. GVI EMs taught at the Vicente Kau Chan Primary School for 7 weeks our first phase and continued throughout the year with

40

3 classrooms, with a total of 75 students, ranging in ages from 6 to 13, with a brief interruption for the summer vacations. During this time, a children´s workshop was organized also on Thursdays. The outcome was not as successful as we hoped, since one day out of three that were organized were attended by 4 students. Lack of children in town and advertisement were key factors. We expect next summer to be better. To contribute to the environmental activities in school, a mural was designed and painted by the EMs on the 081 phase. A marine theme that included fishes, soft and hard corals and divers was completed after 7 weeks, with it being unveiled on the last Thursday of TEFL, 13th of March. It is a beautiful mural reminding the students of the activities we practice in the sea they have a few meters away. Eduardo Barquet, headmaster of the school, was very pleased with the end product and hoped to have another mural done by us in the near future. Another ground-breaking event was the return of GVI to the secondary school in order to continue with the environmental awareness programme with the older students. The lectures also took place on Thursdays from 11am to 12pm in the “Telesecundaria”. All the students knew GVI from their passing through the primary school. Many topics could have been repeated, but time was taken to explain them in detail and more in depth. We had an excellent response from the students and they were happy to have us back in their school.

7.4 Project Aware’s “Dive into Earth Day” turns into a week in Mahahual This year was a good one in terms of activities with other dive shops and businesses in Mahahual. For two months GVI, alongside Dreamtime, Bucaneros del Caribe, Tortuga Azul, Margarita de Sol, and Matan Ka’an hotel with the support of the Businessmen Association of Mahahual organized the first Dive into Earth week, where for a week (22nd April onward) activities involving snorkelling, diving, dissections, games and lectures involving the importance of conserving our planet. September brought the Mahahual dive centres together one more time to undertake a beach and reef clean in Mahahual town. GVI was invited to take part and provide divers for a reef clean as part of the overall effort. Using boats provided by the town´s dive centres the divers collected rubbish from the shore side of the reef to the west of the spur and groove formations. Other projects also included cleaning of the mangroves and beach front.

41

Large amounts of waste were collected and data collected from the effort were sent to PADI Project Aware.

8. Other Programmes and Activities 8.1 Turtle Nesting Project, Xcacel The summer phases coincide with the start of the turtle nesting season. As a result, over a two week period EM’s from Mahahual travelled to Xcacel, 2km north of the XelHa resort in Tulum, to spend 2 nights at the turtle nesting project there.

The project is

managed by Flora, Fauna y Cultura de Mexico, A.C. and runs for six months every year from May to October. The EMs spent their days relaxing and trying to sleep, as from 9pm to 4am they patrolled the four beaches being monitored by the project. If a nesting turtle was encountered during these patrols, and her eggs deemed to be at risk due to the location of her nest, the eggs were collected and moved to man-made nests higher up the beach to reduce the risk of them being washed away by the tide. Measurements of the turtle’s carapaces were made and any growths or damage recorded. As turtles return to the same beach each time they nest many had been tagged on previous visits, these tags were checked for and if none were found a new tag was secured to the turtle. Everyone that took part in the project returned exhausted but elated by the whole experience.

Photograph 1 Nesting Loggerhead turtle having its carapace measured.

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9. Conclusions The GVI Pta Gruesa Programme continues to thrive while the team actively collaborates with local partners ASK and UQROO, the local community, the Mahahual Tourism Cooperative, the Municipality’s tourist board and other local stakeholders. During this first year, GVI Pta Gruesa has:

•

Continued the monitoring effort, monitoring all of the 7 permanent sites

•

Discovery of new sites to add to the monitoring programme for future phases

•

Trained 93 Expedition Members in the MBRS SMP survey methodology

•

Continued the SMP for the region

•

Provided English lessons within the local community of Mahahual

•

Established GVI Punta Gruesa as an effective research base

•

Expanded the MBRS database created at GVI Pez Maya for both bases, with increased data analysis facilities to aid future reporting

•

Continued collaboration with MIRC at UQROO and ASK for the GVI Mahahual Programme

•

Continued to document sightings of fish and hard coral species within the area, refining a comprehensive species list for the region

•

Continued the development of a long term Environmental education syllabus based around a workbook produced by GVI Mexico staff

43

During the next year, GVI Punta Gruesa intends to continue its work on the SMP as well as its work alongside its sister expedition, GVI Pez Maya. In addition, GVI Punta Gruesa will also carry on its work within the community, further developing the Marine Education Programme for the local primary school children and, through the continued application of GVI’s Introduction to TEFL course for EMs, increase the effectiveness and scope of the English courses offered to the local community. Finally, GVI Mahahual aims to extend its programme as outlined above wherever possible and through continued discussions with local partners.

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10. References AGRRA (2000) Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA). The AGRRA Rapid Assessment Protocol. http://www.agrra.org/method/methodhome.htm Almada-Villela P.C., Sale P.F., Gold-Bouchot G. and Kjerfve B. (2003) Manual of Methods for the MBRS Synoptic Monitoring System: Selected Methods for Monitoring Physical and Biological Parameters for Use in the Mesoamerican Region. Mesoamerican Barrier Reef Systems Project (MBRS). http://www.mbrs.org.bz. Aronson R.B. and Precht W.F. (2001) White-band disease and the changing face of Caribbean coral reefs. Hydrobiologia 460: 25-38. Beach, K., Walters, L, Borgeas, H, Smith, C., Coyer, J., Vroom P. (2003) The impact of Dictyota spp. on Halimeda populations of Conch Reef, Florida Keys. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 297: 141-159. Bezaury, J.C., C.L. Sántos, J. McCann, C. Molina Islas, J. Carranza, P. Rubinoff, G. Townsend, et al. 1998. Participatory Coastal and Marine Management in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Proceedings: International Tropical Marine Ecosystems Management Symposium (ITMEMS). 9. Connell, J. H. (1978). Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199:1302–1310. Deloach, N. (1999) Reef fish behaviour: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. Publications. Artegrafica. Verona, Italy.

New World

Edmunds, P.J. and Carpenter, R.C. (2001) Recovery of Diadema antillarum reduces macroalgal cover and increases abundance of juvenile corals on a Caribbean reef. PNAS 98(9): 5067-5071. Gardener, T.A., Cote, I.M., Gill, J.A., Grant, A., Watkinson, A.R. (2005) Hurricanes and Caribbean Coral Reefs: Impacts, recovery patterns, and role in long-term decline. Ecology 86(1): 174-184. Gardener, T.A., Cote, I.M., Gill, J.A., Grant, A., Watkinson, A.R. (2003) Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals. Science 301: 958-960. Hamilton, S. L, et al. (2006). Consistent Long-term Spatial Gradients in Replenishment for an Island Population of Coral Reef Fish. Marine Ecological Progress Series, 306, 247-256 Humann, P. and Deloach, N. (2003) Reef Fish Identification: Florida, Caribbean Bahamas. New World Publications. Star Standard Industries, Jacksonville, FL.

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Hunt von Herbing & Hunte. (1991). Spawning and Recruitment of the Bluehead Wrasse, T. Bifasciatum in Barbados, West Indies. Marine Ecological Progress Series, 72, 49-58 Kenyon, J.C., Vroom, P.S., Page, K.N., Dunlap, M.J., Wilkinson C.B., Aeby, G.S. (2006) Community Structure of Hermatypic Corals at French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: Capacity for Resistance and Resilience to Selective Stressors. Pacific Science 60(2): 153-175. Kuffner, I.B., Walters, L.J., Becerro, M.A., Paul, V.J., Ritson-Williams, R. and Beach, K.S. (2006) Inhibition of coral recruitment by macroalgae and cyanobacteria. Marine Ecology Progress Series 323: 107-117 Lee, A.S. and Dooley, R.E. (1998) Coral Reefs of the Caribbean, The Bahamas and Florida. Macmillan Education Ltd, London. Littler, D.S, Littler, M.M, Bucher, K.E. and Norris, J.N. (1989) Marine Plants of the Caribbean: A Field Guide from Florida to Brazil. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. McClanahan, T.R. and Muthiga, N.A. (1998) An ecological shift in a remote coral atoll of Belize over 25 years. Environmental Conservation 25: 122-130. NOAA, 2006. NOAA Fisheries http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/

Office

of

Protected

Resources.

Nugues, M.M, and Roberts, C.M. (2003) Partial mortality in massive reef corals as an indicator of sediment stress on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46: 314-323. Spalding, M.D. and Jarvis, G.E. (2002). The impact of the 1998 coral mortality on reef fish communities in the Seychelles. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44: 309-321. Sulke & Miller. 2001. Herbivorous Fish Assemblages and Herbivorouy Pressure on Laamn Atoll, Republic of Maldives. Coral Reefs, 50, 255-262 UNEP-WCMC (2006). In the front line: shoreline protection and other ecosystem services from mangroves and coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Yentsch, C.S., Yentsch, C.M., Cullen, J.J., Lapointe, B., Phinney, D.A., Yentsch, S.W. (2002) Sunlight and Water Transparency: cornerstones in coral research. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 268: 171-183.

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Appendix I – SMP Methodology Outlines Buddy method 1: Surveys of corals, algae and other sessile organisms At each monitoring site five replicate 30m transect lines are deployed randomly within 100m of the GPS point. The transect line is laid across the reef surface at a constant depth, usually perpendicular to the reef slope. The recent discovery of two Spur and Groove sites (DP & LG) at a depth of 20m will allow for additional future monitoring. In keeping with Scuba diving profiles at such depths, 10m transect lines will be used in order to provide sufficient time to successfully complete monitoring surveys and return to the surface safely.

Owing to the nature of the Spur and Groove reef orientation,

transects will be laid perpendicular to the shoreline. The first diver of this monitoring buddy pair collects data on the characterisation of the coral community under the transect line. Swimming along the transect line the diver identifies, to species level, each hermatypic coral directly underneath the transect that is at least 10cm at its widest point and in the original growth position. If a colony has been knocked or has fallen over, it is only recorded if it has become reattached to the substratum. In addition to identifying the coral to species level, the diver also records the water depth at the top of the corals, at the beginning and end of each transect. In cases where bottom topography is very irregular, or the size of the individual corals is very variable, water depth is recorded at the top of each coral beneath the transect line at any major change in depth (greater than 1m). The diver then identifies the colony boundaries based on verifiable connective or common skeleton. Using a measuring pole, the colonies projected diameter (live plus dead areas) in plan view and maximum height (live plus dead areas) from the base of the colonies substratum are measured. From plane view perspective, the percentage of coral that is not healthy (separated into old dead and recent dead) is also estimated.

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The first diver also notes any cause of mortality including diseases and/or predation and any bleached tissue present. The diseases are characterised using the following ten categories: o

Black band disease

o

Red band disease

o

White band disease

o

Hyperplasm and Neoplasm (irregular growths)

o

White plague

o

Predation and type

o

Yellow blotch disease

o

Bleaching and type

o

Unknown

o

Dark spot disease

Furthermore, bleaching is characterised as a percentage and any other features of note are also recorded. Areas of mortality (old and recent), disease, predation and bleaching are summed to provide an estimate of unhealthy coral. This final value will be used with GIS software and future reporting. The second diver measures the percentage cover of sessile organisms and substrate along the 30m transect, recording the nature of the substrate or organism directly every 25cm along the transect. Organisms are classified into the following groups: Coralline algae - crusts or finely branched algae that are hard (calcareous) and extend no more than 2cm above the substratum Turf algae - may look fleshy and/or filamentous but do not rise more than 1cm above the substrate Macroalgae - include fleshy and calcareous algae whose fronds are projected more than 1cm above the substrate. Three of these are further classified into additional groups which include Halimeda, Dictyota, and Lobophora Gorgonians Hermatypic corals - to species level, where possible Bare rock, sand and rubble Any other sessile organisms e.g. sponges, tunicates, zoanthids, hydroids and crinoids. Where possible, these are recorded to order or family.

48

Buddy method 2: Belt transect counts for coral reef fish At each monitoring site 8 replicate 30m transects lines are deployed randomly within 100m of the GPS point. The transect line is laid just above the reef surface at a constant depth, usually perpendicular to the reef slope.

The first diver is responsible for

swimming slowly along the transect line identifying, counting and estimating the sizes of specific indicator fish species in their adult phase. The diver visually estimates a two metre by two metre ‘corridor’ and carries a one meter T-bar divided into 10cm graduations to aid the accuracy of the size estimation of the fish identified. The fish are assigned to the following size categories: 0-5cm

20-30cm

5-10cm

30-40cm

10-20cm

>40cm (with size specified)

The buddy pair then waits for three minutes at a short distance from the end of the transect line before proceeding.

This allows juvenile fish to return to their original

positions before they were potentially scared off by the divers during the adult transect. The second diver swims slowly back along the transect surveying a one metre by one metre ‘corridor’ and identifying and counting the presence of newly settled fish of the target species. In addition, it is also this diver’s responsibility to identify and count the Banded Shrimp, Stenopus hispidus. This is a collaborative effort with UNAM to track this species as their population is slowly dwindling due to their direct removal for the aquarium trade. The juvenile diver also counts any Diadema antillarum individuals found on their transects. This is aimed at tracking the slow come back of these urchins.

Buddy Method 3: Coral & Fish Rover divers At each monitoring site the third buddy pair completes a thirty minute survey of the site in an expanding square pattern, with one diver recording all adult fish species observed. The approximate density of each fish species is categorised using the following numerations:

49

Single

(1 fish)

Few

(2-10 fish)

Many

(11-100 fish)

Abundant

(>100 fish)

The second diver swims along side the Fish Rover diver and records, to species level, all coral communities observed, regardless of size. The approximate density of each coral species is then categorised using similar ranges to those for fish: Single

(1 community)

Few

(2-10 communities)

Many

(11-50 communities)

Abundant

(>50 communities)

Analyzing the rover data gives us a broader view of additional organisms that may constitute the reef site but that may not be represented from the randomly placed transect lies. In the case of fish data, the rover data aids in collecting population size information of target species that may keep away from a transect line due to the intimidating and possibly invasive nature of unnatural objects and divers on the reef.

50

Appendix II - Adult Fish Indicator Species List The following list includes only the adult fish species that are surveyed during monitoring dives. Scientific Name

Common Name

Scientific Name

Common Name

Acanthurus coeruleus,

Blue Tang

Scarus guacamaia

Rainbow Parrotfish

Acanthurus bahianus,

Ocean Surgeonfish

Scarus vetula

Queen Parrotfish

Acanthurus chirurgus,

Doctorfish

Sparisoma viride

Stoplight Parrotfish

Chaetodon striatus,

Banded Butterflyfish

Scarus taeniopterus

Princess Parrotfish

Chaetodon capistratus,

Four Eye Butterflyfish

Scarus iserti

Striped Parrotfish

Chaetodon ocellatus,

Spotfin Butterflyfish

Sparisoma aurofrenatum

Redband Parrotfish

Chaetodon aculeatus,

Longsnout

Sparisoma chrysopterum

Redtail Parrotfish

Butterflyfish Haemulon flavolineatum

French Grunt

Sparisoma rubripinne

Yellowtail Parrotfish

Haemulon striatum

Striped Grunt

Sparisoma atomarium

Greenblotch Parrotfish

Haemulon plumierii

White Grunt

Sparisoma radians

Bucktooth Parrotfish

Haemulon sciurus

Bluestriped Grunt

Epinephelus itajara

Goliath Grouper

Haemulon carbonarium

Caesar Grunt

Epinephelus striatus

Nassau Grouper

Haemulon chrysargyreum

Smallmouth Grunt

Mycteroperca venenosa

Yellowfin Grouper

Haemulon aurolineatum

Tomtate

Mycteroperca bonaci

Black Grouper

Haemulon melanurum

Cottonwick

Mycteroperca tigris

Tiger Grouper

Haemulon macrostomum

Spanish Grunt

Mycteroperca interstitialis

Yellowmouth Grouper

Haemulon parra

Sailor’s Choice

Epinephelus guttatus

Red Hind

Haemulon album

White Margate

Epinephelus adscensionis

Rock Hind

Anisotremus virginicus

Porkfish

Cephalopholis cruentatus

Graysby

Anisotremus

Black Margate

Cephalopholis fulvus

Coney

Lutjanus analis

Mutton Snapper

Balistes vetula

Queen Triggerfish

Lutjanus griseus

Gray Snapper

Balistes capriscus

Gray Triggerfish

Lutjanus cyanopterus

Cubera Snapper

Canthidermis sufflamen

Ocean Triggerfish

Lutjanus jocu

Dog Snapper

Xanithichthys ringens

Sargassum

surinamensis

51

Lutjanus jocu

Dog Snapper

Xanithichthys ringens

Sargassum Triggerfish

Lutjanus mahogoni

Mahaogany Snapper

Melichthys niger

Black Durgon

Lutjanus apodus

Schoolmaster

Aluterus scriptus

Scrawled Filefish

Lutjanus synagris

Lane Snapper

Cantherhines pullus

Orangespotted Filefish

Ocyurus chrysurus

Yellowtail Snapper

Cantherhines macrocerus

Whitespotted Filefish

Holacanthus ciliaris

Queen Angelfish

Bodianus rufus

Spanish Hogfish

Pomacanthus paru

French Angelfish

Lachnolaimus maximus

Hogfish

Pomacanthus arcuatus

Grey Angelfish

Caranx rubber

Bar Jack

Holacanthus tricolour

Rock Beauty

Microspathodon chrysurus

Yellowtail Damselfish

Scarus coeruleus

Blue Parrotfish

Sphyraena barracuda

Great Barracuda

Scarus coelestinus

Midnight Parrotfish

52

Appendix III - Juvenile Fish Indicator Species List The subsequent list specifies the juvenile fish species and their maximum target length that are recorded during monitoring dives.

Scientific Name

Common Name

Max.

target

length (cm) Acanthurus bahianus

Ocean surgeonfish

5

Acanthurus coeruleus

Blue tang

5

Chaetodon capistratus

Foureye butterflyfish

2

Chaetodon striatus

Banded butterflyfish

2

Gramma loreto

Fairy basslet

3

Bodianus rufus

Spanish hogfish

3.5

Halichoeres bivittatus

Slipperydick

3

Halichoeres garnoti

Yellowhead wrasse

3

Halichoeres maculipinna

Clown wrasse

3

Thalassoma bifasciatum

Bluehead wrasse

3

Halichoeres pictus

Rainbow wrasse

3

Chromis cyanea

Blue chromis

3.5

Stegastes adustus

Dusky damselfish

2.5

Stegastes diencaeus

Longfin damselfish

2.5

Stegastes leucostictus

Beaugregory

2.5

Stegastes partitus

Bicolour damselfish

2.5

Stegastes planifrons

Threespot damselfish

2.5

Stegastes variabilis

Cocoa damselfish

2.5

Scarus iserti

Striped parrotfish

3.5

Scarus taeniopterus

Princess parrotfish

3.5

Sparisoma atomarium

Greenblotch parrotfish

3.5

aurofrenatum

Redband parrotfish

3.5

Sparisoma viride

Stoplight parrotfish

3.5

Sparisoma

53

Appendix IV - Coral Species List This list was begun for Mahahual in April 2004.

Verified new sightings from this

expedition are in red. This list is compiled from all coral monitoring dives, including Coral Rover survey dives started in January 2005, and incidental sightings Family

Genus

Species

Family

Genus

Species

Acroporidae

Acropora

cervicornis

Meandrinidae

Dendrogyra

cylindrus

Acroporidae

Acropora

Palmata

Meandrinidae

Dichocoenia

stokesii

Acroporidae

Acropora

prolifera

Meandrinidae

Meandrina

meandrites

Agariciidae

Agaricia

agaricites

Milliporidae

Millepora

alcicornis

Agariciidae

Agaricia

Fragilis

Milliporidae

Millepora

complanata

Agariciidae

Agaricia

grahamae

Mussidae

Isophyllastrea

rigida

Agariciidae

Agaricia

lamarcki

Mussidae

Isophyllia

sinuosa

Agariciidae

Agaricia

tenuifolia

Mussidae

Mussa

angulosa

Agariciidae

Agaricia

Undata

Mussidae

Mycetophyllia

aliciae

Agariciidae

Helioceris

cucullata

Mussidae

Mycetophyllia

ferox

Antipatharia

Cirrhipathes

Leutkeni

Mussidae

Mycetophyllia

lamarckiana

Astrocoeniidae

Stephanocoenia

intersepts

Mussidae

Mycetophyllia

Reís

Caryophylliidae

Eusmilia

fastigiana

Mussidae

Scolymia

sp.

Faviidae

Colpophyllia

Natans

Pocilloporidae

Madracis

decactis

Faviidae

Diploria

clivosa

Pocilloporidae

Madracis

formosa

Faviidae

Diploria

labrynthiformis

Pocilloporidae

Madracis

mirabilis

Faviidae

Diploria

strigosa

Pocilloporidae

Madracis

pharensis

Faviidae

Favia

Fragum

Poritidae

Porites

astreoides

Faviidae

Manicina

areolata

Poritidae

Porites

divaricata

Faviidae

Montastraea

annularis

Poritidae

Porites

furcata

Faviidae

Montastraea

cavernosa

Poritidae

Porites

porites

Faviidae

Montastraea

faveolata

Siderastridae

Siderastrea

radians

Faviidae

Montastraea

franksi

Siderastridae

Siderastrea

sidereal

Faviidae

Solenastrea

bournoni

Stylasteridae

Stylaster

roseus

Faviidae

Solenastrea

hyades

54

Appendix V - Fish Species List This list was begun for Mahahual in April 2004. This list is compiled from the Adult and Rover diver surveys. Family

Genus

Species

Common Names

Acanthuridae

Acanthurus

Bahianus

Ocean surgeonfish

Acanthuridae

Acanthurus

Chirurgus

Doctorfish

Acanthuridae

Acanthurus

Coeruleus

Blue tang

Atherinidae, Clupeidae, Engraulididae

Silversides, Herrings, Anchovies

Aulostomidae

Aulostomus

Maculates

Trumpetfish

Balistidae

Balistes

Capriscus

Gray triggerfish

Balistidae

Balistes

Vetula

Queen triggerfish

Balistidae

Canthidermis

Sufflamen

Ocean triggerfish

Balistidae

Melichthys

Niger

Black durgon

Balistidae

Xanithichthys

Ringens

Sargassum triggerfish

Bothidae

Bothus

Lunatus

Peacock flounder

Carangidae

Caranx

Bartholomaei

Yellow jack

Carangidae

Caranx

Crysos

Blue runner

Carangidae

Caranx

Ruber

Bar jack

Carangidae

Trachinotus

Falcatus

Permit

Centropomidae

Centropomus

Undecimalis

Common snook

Chaenopsidae

Lucayablennius

Zingaro

Arrow blenny

Chaetodontidae

Chaetodon

Aculeatus

Longsnout butterflyfish

Chaetodontidae

Chaetodon

Capistratus

Foureye butterflyfish

Chaetodontidae

Chaetodon

Ocellatus

Spotfin butterflyfish

Chaetodontidae

Chaetodon

Sedentarius

Reef butterflyfish

Chaetodontidae

Chaetodon

Striatus

Banded butterflyfish

Cirrhitidae

Amblycirrhitus

Pinos

Red spotted hawkfish

Congridae

Heteroconger

Longissimus

Brown garden eel

Dasyatidae

Dasyatis

Americana

Southern stingray

Diodontidae

Diodon

Holocanthus

Balloonfish

55

Elopidae

Megalops

Atlanticus

Tarpon

Gobiidae

Coryphopterus

Dicrus

Colon Goby

Gobiidae

Coryphopterus

Eidolon

Palid Goby

Gobiidae

Coryphopterus

Glaucofraenum

Bridled goby

Gobiidae

Coryphopterus

Lipernes

Peppermint goby

Gobiidae

Coryphopterus

personatus/hyalinus

Masked/glass goby

Gobiidae

Gnatholepis

Thompsoni

Goldspot goby

Gobiidae

Gobiosoma

Oceanops

Neon goby.

Gobiidae

Gobiosoma

Prochilos

Broadstripe goby

Grammatidae

Gramma

Loreto

Fairy basslet

Grammatidae

Gymnothorax

Funebris

Green moray

Grammatidae

Gymnothorax

Moringa

Spotted moray

Haemulidae

Anisotremus

Virginicus

Porkfish

Haemulidae

Haemulon

Album

White margate

Haemulidae

Haemulon

Aurolineatum

Tomtate

Haemulidae

Haemulon

Carbonarium

Ceaser Grunt

Haemulidae

Haemulon

Flavolineatum

French grunt

Haemulidae

Haemulon

Macrostomum

Spanish grunt

Haemulidae

Haemulon

Plumierii

White grunt

Haemulidae

Haemulon

Sciurus

Bluestriped grunt

Haemulidae

Haemulon

Striatum

Striped grunt

Haemulidae

Anisotremus

Surinamensis

Black margate

Haemulidae

Haemulon

Parra

Sailor’s choice

Holocentridae

Holocentrus

Adscensionis

Squirrelfish

Holocentridae

Holocentrus

Rufus

Longspine squirrelfish

Holocentridae

Myripristis

Jacobus

Blackbar soldierfish

Holocentridae

Neoniphon

Marianus

Longjaw squirrelfish

Holocentridae

Sargocentron

Bullisi

Deepwater squirrelfish

Holocentridae

Sargocentron

Coruscum

Reef squirrelfish

Holocentridae

Sargocentron

Vexillarium

Dusky squirrelfish

Kyphosidae

Kyphosus

sectatrix/incisor

Chub

Labridae

Bodianus

Rufus

Spanish hogfish

Labridae

Clepticus

Parrae

Creole wrasse

Labridae

Halichoeres

Bivittatus

Slipperydick

56

Labridae

Halichoeres

Garnoti

Yellowhead wrasse

Labridae

Halichoeres

Maculipinna

Clown wrasse

Labridae

Halichoeres

Pictus

Rainbow wrasse

Labridae

Halichoeres

Poeyi

Blackear wrasse

Labridae

Halichoeres

Radiatus

Puddingwife wrasse

Labridae

Lachnolaimus

Maximus

Hogfish

Labridae

Thalassoma

Bifasciatum

Bluehead wrasse

Labridae

Xyrichtys

Martinicensis

Rosy razorfish

Labridae

Xyrichtys

Novacula

Pearly razorfish

Labrisomidae

Malacoctenus

Triangulatus

Saddled blenny

Lutjanidae

Lutjanus

Analis

Mutton snapper

Lutjanidae

Lutjanus

Apodus

Schoolmaster snapper

Lutjanidae

Lutjanus

Cyanopterus

Cubera snapper

Lutjanidae

Lutjanus

Griseus

Grey snapper

Lutjanidae

Lutjanus

Jocu

Dog snapper

Lutjanidae

Lutjanus

Mahogoni

Maghogony snapper

Lutjanidae

Lutjanus

Synagris

Lane snapper

Lutjanidae

Ocyurus

Chrysurus

Yellowtailed snapper

Malacanthidae

Malacanthus

Plumieri

Sand tilefish

Syngnathidae

Micrognathus

ensenadae

Harlequin pipefish

Monacanthidae

Aluterus

Scriptus

Scrawled filefish

Monacanthidae

Cantherhines

Macrocerus

White spotted filefish

Monacanthidae

Cantherhines

Pullus

Orange spotted filefish

Mullidae

Mulloidichthys

Martinicus

Yellow goatfish

Mullidae

Pseudupeneus

Maculates

Spotted goatfish

Myliobatidae

Aetobatus

Narinari

Spotted eagle ray

Opistognathidae

Opistognathus

Aurifrons

Yellowhead jawfish

Ostraciidae

Acanthostracion

Quadricornis

Scrawled cowfish

Ostraciidae

Lactophrys

Bicaudalis

Spotted trunkfish

Ostraciidae

Lactophrys

Triqueter

Smooth trunkfish

Pempheridae

Pempheris

Schomburgki

Glassy sweeper

Pomacanthidae

Holacanthus

Ciliaris

Queen angelfish

Pomacanthidae

Holacanthus

Tricolour

Rockbeauty

Pomacanthidae

Pomacanthus

Arcuatus

Grey angelfish

57

Pomacanthidae

Pomacanthus

Paru

French angelfish

Pomacanthidae

Stegastes

Leucostictus

Beaugregory

Pomacentridae

Abudefduf

Saxatilis

Seargant major

Pomacentridae

Chromis

Cyanea

Blue chromis

Pomacentridae

Chromis

Enchrysurus

Yellowtail reef fish

Pomacentridae

Chromis

Insolata

Sunshinefish

Pomacentridae

Chromis

Multilineata

Brown chromis

Pomacentridae

Microspathodon

Chrysurus

Yellowtailed damsel fish

Pomacentridae

Stegastes

Adustus

Dusky damselfish

Pomacentridae

Stegastes

Diencaeus

Longfin damselfish

Pomacentridae

Stegastes

Leucostictus

Beaugregory

Pomacentridae

Stegastes

Partitus

Bicolour damselfish

Pomacentridae

Stegastes

Planifrons

Threespot damselfish

Pomacentridae

Stegastes

Variabilis

Cocoa damselfish

Scaridae

Scarus

Coelestinus

Midnight parrotfish

Scaridae

Scarus

Coeruleus

Blue parrotfish

Scaridae

Scarus

Guacamaia

Rainbow parrotfish

Scaridae

Scarus

Iserti

Striped parrotfish

Scaridae

Scarus

Taeniopterus

Princess parrotfish

Scaridae

Scarus

Vetula

Queen parrotfish

Scaridae

Sparisoma

Atomarium

Greenblotch parrotfish

Scaridae

Sparisoma

Aurofrenatum

Redband parrotfish

Scaridae

Sparisoma

Chrysopterum

Redtail parrotfish

Scaridae

Sparisoma

Radians

Bucktooth parrotfish

Scaridae

Sparisoma

Rubripinne

Yellowtail parrotfish

Scaridae

Sparisoma

Viride

Stoplight parrotfish

Sciaenidae

Equetus

Lanceolatus

Jackknife fish

Sciaenidae

Equetus

Punctatus

Spotted drum

Sciaenidae

Pareques

Acuminatus

Highhat

Scombridae

Scomberomorus

Maculates

Spanish mackerel

Scombridae

Scomberomorus

Regalis

Cero

Scorpaenidae

Scorpaena

Plumieri

Spotted scorpionfish

Serranidae

Cephalopholis

Cruentatus

Graysby

Serranidae

Cephalopholis

Fulvus

Coney

58

Serranidae

Epinephelus

Adscensionis

Rockhind

Serranidae

Epinephelus

Guttatus

Red hind grouper

Serranidae

Epinephelus

Itajara

Goliath grouper

Serranidae

Epinephelus

Striatus

Nassau grouper

Serranidae

Hypoplectrus

Aberrans

Yellowbelly hamlet

Serranidae

Hypoplectrus

Chlorurus

Yellowtail hamlet

Serranidae

Hypoplectrus

Guttavarius

Shy hamlet

Serranidae

Hypoplectrus

Indigo

Indigo hamlet

Serranidae

Hypoplectrus

Nigricans

Black hamlet

Serranidae

Hypoplectrus

Puella

Barred hamlet

Serranidae

Hypoplectrus

Unicolor

Butter hamlet

Serranidae

Liopropoma

Rubre

Peppermint basslet

Serranidae

Mycteroperca

Bonaci

Black grouper

Serranidae

Mycteroperca

Interstitialis

Yellowmouth grouper

Serranidae

Mycteroperca

Tigris

Tiger grouper

Serranidae

Mycteroperca

Venenosa

Yellowfin grouper

Serranidae

Paranthias

Furcifer

Creolefish

Serranidae

Rypticus

Saponaceus

Greater soapfish

Serranidae

Serranus

Tabacarius

Tobaccofish

Serranidae

Serranus

Tigrinus

Harlequin bass

Serranidae

Serranus

Tortugarum

Chalk bass

Sparidae

Calamus

Calamos

Saucereyed porgy

Sphyraenidae

Sphyraena

Barracuda

Great barracuda

Synodontidae

Synodus

Intermedius

Sand diver

Tetraodontidae

Canthigaster

Rostrata

Sharpnosed puffer

Tetraodontidae

Sphoeroides

Splengleri

Bandtail puffer

Torpedinidae

Narcine

Brasiliensis

Lesser electric ray

Urolophidae

Urolophus

Jamaicensis

Yellowstingray

59

Appendix VI -Expedition Members 081

Lyndon Jay Neal

Expedition Coordinator

Raphael Zara

Expedition Leader

Hew Dalrymple-Hamilton

Head of Science

Peter Andrews

Diving Instructor

Theodore Dayno

Head of Diving

Hannah Milde

Science and Community

Jamie Hughes

Science

Jo Scott-Smith

Science and Community

Luke Walsh

Science

Maura Santora

Science

Damien Haberlin

Expedition Member

Gill Blair

Expedition Member

Darren Taylor

Expedition Member

Peter Robinson

Expedition Member

Richard Crisp

Expedition Member

Stephanie Hovey

Expedition Member

Neil Armour

Expedition Member

Lucy Paice

Expedition Member

Nicky Finch

Expedition Member

Rob Britton

Expedition Member

Nathan Dake

Expedition Member

Paul Harrington

Expedition Member

Beatrice Maury

Expedition Member

Jaime Neil

Expedition Member

Connie Schultz

Expedition Member

Jessamijn Alberts

Expedition Member

Olivier Robert

Expedition Member

Peter Zoon

Expedition Member

Ron Pinder

Expedition Member

60

Woulter Wolkers

Expedition Member

Wendy Glenisson

Expedition Member

Alana Potts

Expedition Member

Edith Mendosa

Expedition Member NSP

61

082 Raphael Zara

Programme Coordinator

Theodore Dayno

Base Manager

Hew Dalrymple-Hamilton

Science

Amy Milman

Science

Hannah Milde

Head of Community work

Darren Taylor

Community

Damien Haberlin

Science

Peter Andrews

Science & Dive Instructor

James Hughes

Science

John Howlett

Expedition Member (Second 5 weeks)

Helen Howlet

Expedition Member (Second 5 weeks)

Jake Sumner

Expedition Member (Second 5 weeks)

Kathryn Noiles

Expedition Member (Second 5 weeks)

Petra Lóf-Nilsson

Expedition Member (Second 5 weeks)

My Vogel

Expedition Member (Second 5 weeks)

Christie Osburn

Expedition Member (Second 5 weeks)

Marc Wetrich

Expedition Member (Second 5 weeks)

Jennah Caster

Expedition Member (Second 5 weeks)

Amanda Whelihan

Expedition Member (Second 5 weeks)

Crystal Kulscar

Expedition Member (Second 5 weeks)

Renee Murphy

Expedition Member (Second 5 weeks)

Rachel Philips

Expedition Member (Second 5 weeks)

John Thompson

Expedition Member (Second 5 weeks)

Vivian Fernandes

Expedition Member

Kate Larkin

Expedition Member

Sara Lowe

Expedition Member

Hannah Roberts

Expedition Member (First 5 weeks)

Matt Jenkinson

Expedition Member (First 5 weeks)

Samuel Da Silva

Expedition Member

Tyler DeHaven

Expedition Member

62

Hilary Garvey

Expedition Member

Chris Derbyshire

Expedition Member

Heather Kindness

Expedition Member

Phil Doherty

Expedition Member

Matt Shedd

Expedition Member

Vicki Marlatt

Expedition Member (First 5 weeks)

63

083 Raphael Zara

Programme Coordinator

Emily Hynes

Science

Ian Litchfield

Science

Damien Haberlin

Science & Dive Instructor

Jeremy Collins

Science & Dive Instructor

Stuart Fulton

Science & Dive Instructor

Dean Rawlins

Science & Dive Instructor

Kate Larkin

Science

Vivian Fernandez

Science

Neil Armour Hew Dalrymple-Hamilton

Science

Natasha Gilbertson

Expedition Member

Nigel Lunn

Expedition Member

Jay Calvert

Expedition Member

Mark Chatting

Expedition Member

Gyneth Tan

Expedition Member

Monica Kar

Expedition Member

James Trayer

Expedition Member

Thomas Clay

Expedition Member

Schuyler Whelan

Expedition Member

Hanna Karlsson

Expedition Member

Grace Yuen

Expedition Member

Sarah-Jane Owen

Expedition Member

Joanna Moores

Expedition Member

Martin Doser

Expedition Member

James Connell

Expedition Member

Graeme Wallbank

Expedition Member

Daniel Cross

Expedition Member

Jasmine Gartshore

Expedition Member

Victoria Burchell

Expedition Member

Oihane Erdaide Goienetxe

Expedition Member

64

Eva Aylagas Martinez

Expedition Member

Oliver Millar

Expedition Member

Lowri Casimiro

Expedition Member

65

084 Raphael Zara

Programme Coordinator

Stuart Fulton

Science & Dive Instructor

Jeremy Collins

Science & Dive Instructor

Damian Haberlin

Science & Dive Instructor

Hew Dalrymple-Hamilton

Science

Dean Rawlins

Science & Dive Instructor

Nikki Taylor

Science

Kate Larkin

Science & Dive Instructor

Adrian Torres

Expedition Member & NSP

Osiris Balchara

Expedition Member & NSP

Polona Pengal

Expedition Member

Charlie Smith

Expedition Member

Joel Stibbard

Expedition Member

Sam Balderson

Expedition Member

Alexandra Ainscough

Expedition Member

Penny McFarlane

Expedition Member

Stuart McFarlane

Expedition Member

Pamela MacDonald

Expedition Member

Andrew Morin

Expedition Member

Denise Testa

Expedition Member

Sophie Glover

Expedition Member

Peter Johnson

Expedition Member

Tim O´Donnell

Expedition Member

Lindsey Garwood

Expedition Member

Stephen Walker

Expedition Member

Nicola Fletcher

Expedition Member

Nicholas Wagner

Expedition Member

Cassie Leisk

Expedition Member

66