Efek Media Massa

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EFEK MEDIA MASSA

TIPOLOGI EFEK MEDIA  PHASE

1: ALL-POWERFUL MEDIA  PHASE 2: THEORY OF POWERFUL MEDIA PUT THE TEST  PHASE 3: POWERFUL MEDIA REDISCOVERED  PHASE 4: NEGOTIATED MEDIA INFLUENCE

PHASE 1: ALL-POWERFUL MEDIA  Terjadi

antara 1920-a – PD II  Asumsi: Media punya kekuatan pengaruh secara langsung & kuat  Metodologi Kualitatif (Observasi)  Media dikaji: Cetak, Radio, Film

PHASE 2: THEORY OF POWERFUL MEDIA TO THE TEST  Terjadi

sejak PD II – awal 1960-an  Asumsi: Media hanya memiliki kekuatan pengaruh yg kecil/ terbatas & berfungsi sbg perantara  Metodologi Kuantitatif (Survai)  Media dikaji: Cetak, Radio, Film

PHASE 3: POWERFUL MEDIA REDISCOVERED  Terjadi

sejak awal 1960-an – 1970-an  Asumsi: Media tetap memiliki kekuatan pengaruh yg kuat  Metodologi Kuantitatif (survai longitudinal)  Media dikaji: TV

PHASE 4: NEGOTIATED MEDIA INFLUENCE  Terjadi

sejak 1970-an  Asumsi: Media memiliki kekuatan pengaruh yg kuat khususnya dlm mengkonstruksi gambaran khalayak mengenai realitas sosial  Metodologi Kualitatif (paradigma konstruktivisme)  Media dikaji: TV

MAIN KINDS OF MEDIA-INDUCED CHANGE  Cause

intended change  Cause unintended change  Cause minor change (form or intensity)  Facilitate change (intended or not)  Reinforce what exists (no change)  Prevent change

TYPES OF MEDIA EFFECT  Reciprocal  Konsekuensi

pd orang atau institusi yg menjadi objek liputan media. Interaksi antara objek dg media.

 Boomerang  Perubahan

dg arah berlawanan sbgmn dimaksudkan

 Third-party  Efek

effects

yg mengarah pd keyakinan bahwa orang lainlah yg dipengaruhi oleh media bukan dirinya sendiri  Sleeper effect: Efek yg tidak segera muncul.

TYPOLOGY OF MEDIA EFFECTS INTENTIONALITY Planned Effects

• Propaganda • Individual response

TIME

• Media campaign • News learning • Framing • Agenda Shor t term

• Diffusion in development • News diffusion • Diffusion of innovation • Distribution of knowledge

setting • Social control • Socialization • Individual reaction • Collective reaction • Media violence

• Event outcomes • Reality

Unplanned Effects

defining • Institutional change • Cultural change

Long term

TYPOLOGY OF MEDIA EFFECTS 

Propaganda 



Individual response 



Proses yg terjadi dlm diri individu utk mengikuti media atau melawan media mengikuti eksposure pd pesan2 yg didesain utk mempengaruhi sikap, pengetahuan atau perilaku

Media campaign 



Upaya dg sengaja & sistematis utk pembentukan persepsi, manipulasi kognisi & perilaku langsung utk mendapatkan tanggapan sbgmn diinginkan propagandis

Situasi dimana sejumlah media digunakan dg cara terorganisasi utk mendapatkan tujuan persuasif & informasional pd populasi terpilih

News learning 

Efek kognitif jangka pendek pd eksposure berita media massa

TYPOLOGY OF MEDIA EFFECTS 

Agenda-setting 



Framing 



Konsekuensi2 yg tdk direncanakan & tdk diprediksi dr terpaan individual pd stimulus media

Collective reaction 



Pengaruh pd publik pd news angles, kerangka tafsir & ‘spin’ yg mengkontekstualisasikan peristiwa2 & laporan2 berita

Individual reaction 



Proses dimana perhatian diberikan pd item2/ isu2 dlm liputan media mempengaruhi urutan tatanan kesadaran publik pd isu2 & atribusi yg signifikan

Sama spt reaksi pd individu tp terjadi scr serentak pd orang2 dlm situasi atau konteks yg dihayati bersama

Development communication 

Serangkaian kampanye di dunia ketiga utk mempengaruhi jaringan interpersonal & struktur otoritas komunitas/ masyarakat

TYPOLOGY OF MEDIA EFFECTS 

News diffusion 



Diffusion of innovation 



Konsekuensi dr informasi & berita media utk distribusi pengetahuan dg referensi ttt pd jenis2 sumber media & variasi asal sosial

Socialization 



Penyerapan inovasi teknologi baru ttt dlm populasi mll iklan & publikasi umum

Distribution of knowledge 



Penyebaran kesadaran pd peristiwa (berita) ttt pd populasi dlm waktu ttt utk menerima informasi dg referensi ttt pd penetrasi & alat ttt

Pembelajaran & adopsi norma, nilai & ekspektasi perilaku dlm situasi2 & peran2 sosial ttt

Social control 

Kecenderungan sistematis utk mendorong konformitas pd satu tatanan/ pola perilaku yg mapan

TYPOLOGY OF MEDIA EFFECTS 

Event outcomes 



Reality defining & construction of meaning 



Proses yg sama dg kontrol sosial tp berbeda dlm hal perlakuan thdp struktur2 kognisi kerangka2 interpretasi yg luas dibandingkan perilaku

Institutional change 



Dukungan media pd kekuatan2 institusional dlm resolusi peristiwa2 kritis, misal revolusi, dll

Efek resiprokal sbg konsekuensi dr keberadan instirusi sbg objek media

Cultural change 

Perubahan pola nilai, perilaku & simbol scr menyeluruh pg sebagian atau seluruh masyarakat (sentrifugal & sentripetal)

TEORI AGENDA-SETTING  





MAXWELL MC COMBS & DONALD SHAW Pokok pemikiran teori ini berkaitan dg fungsi belajar dr media massa. Diasumsikan bahwa khalayak tidak hanya mempelajari isu-isu pemberitaan, tp jg mempelajari seberapa besar arti penting diberikan pd suatu isu atau topik berdasarkan cara media massa memberikan penekanan thdp isu atau topik tsb Hal-hal yg dipandang penting oleh media, kemudian dipandang penting jg oleh khalayak. Dengan kata lain agenda media kemudian menjadi agenda khalayak/ publik Efek agenda-setting  

Level 1: agenda-setting (what to think) Level 2: priming (how to think about)

TEORI AGENDA-SETTING ISSUES

DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA ATTENTION

CONSEQUENT PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF ISSUES

X1

X1

X2

X2

X3

X3

X4

X4

X5

X5

X6

X6

AGENDA MEDIA

AGENDA PUBLIC

TEORI AGENDA-SETTING GATEKEEPERS & INFLUENTIAL MEDIA

Rogers & Dearing’s model of differential agendasetting PERSONAL EXPERIENCE & INTERPERSONAL

MEDIA AGENDA

PUBLIC AGENDA

POLICY AGENDA

REAL-WORLD INDICATORS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF AN AGENDA ISSUES OR EVENT

CULTIVATION THEORY 

Cultivation analysis is third component of a research paradigm called “Cultural Indicators” that investigates:   



The central hypothesis: 



The institutional processes underlaying the production of media content Images in the media content Relationship between exposure to television’s message & audience beliefs & behaviors Viewing television gradually leads to the adoption of beliefs about the nature of the social world which conform to the stereotyped, distorted & very selective view of reality as portrayed in a systematic way in television fiction & news

The central concepts:  

Mainstreaming Resonance

TERIMA KASIH

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